1920-world war ii roaring twenties to world war ii
TRANSCRIPT
1920-World War II
Roaring Twenties to World War II
• Life in US after World War I was good• More modern conveniences freed women
from household chores• Electricity became more available• Other inventions included gas stoves,
toasters, sliced bread, baby food• Radio: WSB started in Atlanta• 1927: first talking motion picture• Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse
Life in the Roaring Twenties
Life magazine represents the Roaring Twenties with their coverhttps://swogdog.wikispaces.com/Industry+and+Economics+Mod+4
20s couture designs belonging to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Kyoto Costume Institute. http://girldir.com/fashion-trends/fashion-muse-spring-2008-flapper
http://pmi.itmonline.com/Series/2001/american_voices.htm
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/is3099/jazzcult/20sjazz/
• Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop
• Price of cotton also dropped• 1924: major drought (period with little or no
rain) hit Georgia• Georgia farmers did not have the “good life”
that many Americans enjoyed• Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related
business to close
The Destruction of King Cotton
The Boll Weevil
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_weevil
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/boll-weevil-info.htm
• Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold
• “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people lose all their wealth
• Total losses by end of year: $40 billion• Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share –
dropped to $22 per share• Some stocks worth less than 1¢
The Bottom Drops Out
http://blacktuesday.info/
Crowds outside the stock exchange on Black Tuesdayhttp://www.nytstore.com/ProdDetail.aspx?prodId=2492
http://bvapush.pbwiki.com/Black+Tuesday
• Many people had borrowed too much money• Factories produced more goods than they could sell• As people and businesses had problems making
money, banks did not get paid for loans• “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a
portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up
• Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank
• laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone
Causes of the Great Depression
• 1932: 13 million unemployed• 9,000 banks closed• 31 Georgia banks failed• Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover – shacks
where homeless people gathered • Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments
to feed hungry• Schools were often forced to close or shorten
schedules• Georgians were already suffering from economic
problems before Black Tuesday
Living Through The Depression
Two Children in a Hoovervillehttp://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/879
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elkridge/DepressionYears.htm
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elkridge/DepressionYears.htm
• President Hoover’s plan: government would buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price
• Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy
• Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government
• Plan did not employ enough people to really help
Easing the Burden
• 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president• New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the
depression– Examined banks for soundness– Give jobs to unemployed workers– Tried to improve American’s lives
• Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work
The New Deal
Effects of some of the New Deal Programs
• Civilian Conservation Corps: Put young men to work in rural and forested areas, planting trees and terracing fields to prevent soil erosion. Worked on dams, roads, and forest fire prevention– Lived in army-type camps– Paid $30 a month by the government, $22
of which was sent to parents– The effect of this program was that
many improvements to the state’s infrastructure were completed.
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elkridge/DepressionYears.htm
Effects of some of the New Deal Programs
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): • Aimed to bring farm income back up to WWI levels
– Paid farmers to produce less cotton, corn, wheat, rice, and milk and fewer hogs
– Bought farm products to distribute to people on relief
– The effect was to raise farm prices and thus enable farmers to buy manufactured goods.
Effects of some of the New Deal Programs
• Rural Electrification (REA):
• A major reform effort to provide electrical power to rural areas of the country.– The effect was to enable many rural areas in
Georgia to have electricity
Effects of some of the New Deal Programs
• Social Security Act:– Began to provide government pensions or
retirement pay, to older citizens.– It provided federal money to state
governments to help people who were unemployed or unable to work.
– The effect of this Act was to improve the social and economic life of Americans in need.
Legacy of the New Deal
• Produced great and lasting change in America.
• Was not successful in ending the Great Depression, but gave hope and helped Americans get through the hard times
• The New Deal resulted in a general acceptance that government will take an active role in attempting to better the life of citizens in this country.
• Richard B. Russell (1931-1933)– Worked to reorganize state government like a successful
business– Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years
• Eugene Talmadge (1933-1937), (1941-1943)– A conservative white supremacist– Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia. He tried to rid
the state of them.– He used federal funds to build roads more than to help the
unemployed
• Eurith “Ed” Rivers (1937-1941)– Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in
Georgia– Began programs for public housing– Term ended with corruption problems
Georgia’s New Deal Governors
• Talmadge re-elected in 1940– Began to use some New Deal programs– Used his power as governor to remove state
officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges
• Ellis Arnall– 1st governor to serve a four year term– Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons– Removed poll tax– New state constitution– Led Georgia to be the first state in the nation to
allow 18 year olds to vote
Georgia’s New Deal Governors
•Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength
Country Leader Quick FactsJapan Emperor
HirohitoAttacked China seeking raw materials
Italy Mussolini Attacked Ethiopia and Albania
Germany Adolf Hitler Nazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents
Soviet Union
Josef Stalin Built up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents
Increasing Tensions
World Leaders
Adolf Hitler-Germany
Emperor Hirohito-Japan
Josef Stalin –Soviet Union
Benito Mussolini –Italy
• 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland)
• Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
• Great Britain and France declared war• Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed
to split Poland with Germany• By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway,
Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain
The War Begins
• Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain
• Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union
• Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union
• American ships began escorting British ships in convoys
A Neutral United States
• President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries
• Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped
• The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941
• Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean
• The USA declared war on Japan• Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
“A Day That Will Live In Infamy”
Pearl Harbor
USS Arizona - Pearl Harbor Memorial, Hawaiihttp://liberalsarecool.blogspot.com/2008/12/dec-7-1941.html?referer=sphere_search
• Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor
• 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles
• Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units
• Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force
American Military Forces
Seven pilots from Tuskegee Airmen class 42I posing in front of a single propeller airplane.http://www.blackarchives.org/node/83
Tuskeegee Airmen
• 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa
• 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies• American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated
plan to recapture Europe• D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern
France• Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France• April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and
Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide
The War In Europe
• at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs
• His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs
• April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs
• Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned
• Vice President Harry Truman became president
Georgia Loses A Friend
http://www.gastateparks.org/net/go/parks.aspx?LocationID=49&s=0.0.1.5
• 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region
• 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands
• Japan refused to surrender• President Truman authorized the use of atomic
bombs to force Japan’s surrender• Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan• Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb
dropped on Nagasaki• Over 50 million people died in the war
The War in the Pacific
Hiroshima, Japan
Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945.Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945.
Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945.© Archive Photos/Popperfoto
In this picture released by the US Army, a mushroom cloud billowed, about one hour after the atomic bomb was detonated above Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945. About 140,000 are believed to have died in the blast. (US Army Photo Via Hiroshima Peace Museum Memorial)
• The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people
• Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed
• 6 million people killed in the Holocaust
The Holocaust
Concentration Camps - World War II
• 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed
• Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy
• Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer
• Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing)
• Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war
• Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food
• POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases
Georgia During World War II
Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II
• Macon and Milledgeville: location of weapon plants in Georgia
• Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards: War production facilities that provided an area to build naval vessels.
• Bell Aircraft: Early 1942 announced plans to locate a plant to build B-29 bombers-then America’s largest military plane-in Marietta– Fall 1943, the huge facility was in full operation– Employed 20,000 civilian workers
[Photograph of the Liberty ship F. Southall Farrar under construction (second view), J.A. Jones Construction Company shipyard, Brunswick, Georgia], 1944 May 23
Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II
• Military Training facilities:– Fort Benning, known as “home of the U.S.
Infantry”. It was the largest infantry training school in the world
– Hunter Airfield (Savannah)– Warner Robins Air Service Command (Macon)– Fort McPherson (Atlanta)– Camp Gordon (Augusta)
Antiaircraft soldiers on stateside maneuvers with their mobile 3-inch gun M3 in 1941.http://www.antiaircraft.org/3inch.htm
Sixteen Negro soldiers recently won the coveted `wings' of the U.S. Army paratroopers at Fort Benning, in the southern U.S. state of Georgia. The picture shows some of them riding high in a C-47 transport plane preparing to make one of the required five qualifying jumps." March
1944. 208-FS-1783-1. http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/#train
Fort Benning, Georgia, 1941
photo courtesy of Barbara & Kenneth Goodin
Collection
Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II
• Carl Vinson• Georgia Representative to the
United States Congress• Elected to house in 1914• Served for more than 50 years• Respected for knowledge and
commitment to military preparedness
• Driving force behind building a naval fleet in the pacific Ocean (believed the navy was our nation’s 1st line of defense)
• Sponsored legislation creating the U.S. Army Air Corps (later became U.S. Air Force)
http://www.medaloffreedom.com/CarlVinson.htm
Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II
• Richard Russell:• Georgia Senator to the
United States Congress• First elected in 1932• Served through 1971• Developed a similar
reputation to Carl Vinson’s for helping build America’s military strength during World War II
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Constitutional_Crisis_Averted.htm
• Everyone was expected to help in the war effort
• Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war
• G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life– Low cost loans for homes or business– College education opportunities
• Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war
The War’s Effect on Society
World War II – Effect on Georgia
• During the war, the annual income for the average Georgian doubled
• More Georgians were employed in manufacturing than in agriculture
• End of war marked a period of rapid social and economic change in Georgia
• Hundreds of thousands of Georgia GIs had served in far off places and their view of the world changed
• Young Georgians had a chance for a better life• Postwar Georgia would never be quite the same