1920’S

“THE JAZZ AGE”

RED SCARE

• CZAR NICHOLAS II LOST HIS POPULARITY

• VLADIMIR I. LENIN TOOK POWER 1917

• REFERRED TO AS THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION/GOVERNMENT

• FARMS, INDUSTRIES, LAND, AND TRANSPORTATION BECAME GOVERNMENT OWNED

COMMUNISM

• LENIN MADE COMMUNISM THE OFFICIAL IDEOLOGY OF THE SOVIET UNION

• COMMUNISM:

1) GOVT. OWNS ALL LAND/PROPERTY

2) SINGLE POL. PARTY CONTROLS GOV.

3) INDIVIDUALS HAVE NO RIGHTS

4) GOV. VOWS TO STIR UP OTHER REVOLUTIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES TO SPREAD COMMUNISM

RED SCARE• AMERICANS CALLED FOR

KNOWN COMMUNISTS TO BE JAILED OR DEPORTED

• PALMER RAIDS: • ARREST SUSPECTED

COMMUNISTS—Many were immigrants and were sent back to their home country—most were innocent

• REACTIONS TO PALMER RAIDS?

SACCO AND VANZETTI• APRIL 15, 1920 – GUNMEN ROBBED AND KILLED A GUARD OF

A SHOE FACTORY IN MASS.

• POLICE ARRESTED TWO ITALIAN IMMIGRANTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE CRIME

• NICOLA SACCO AND BARTOLOMEO VANZETTI WERE CARRYING GUNS WHEN THEY WERE ARRESTED

• GUN MATCHED THE ONE USED IN THE CRIME

• MANY SUSPECTED THE REASON THEY WERE ARRESTED WAS BECAUSE?– They were immigrants

• CONVICTED, APPEALED, CONVICTION UPHELD

• 1927: Electric Chair

SACCO AND VANZETTI

LABOR STRIKES OF 1919

• BOSTON POLICE STRIKES OF 1919: 19 OFFICERS FIRED FOR UNION ACTIVITY, WHOLE DEPARTMENT WENT ON STRIKE

• RESULT OF A POLICE STRIKE: Riot• STRIKERS WERE REPRIMANDED BY THE

GOVERNMENT

STEEL AND COAL STRIKES

• STEELWORKERS IN GARY, IN

• THE CORPORATION’S PRIVATE POLICE FORCE KILLED 18 STRIKERS AND BEAT HUNDREDS MORE

• STRIKES DROPPED IN THE EARLY 20’S DUE TO BOOMING ECONOMY AND WAGE INCREASES

FEATURES OF REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS OF THE 1920’S

• SUPPORTED BUSINESSES

• WANTED SOCIAL STABILITY THAT WOULD PROMOTE ECONOMIC GROWTH

HARDING AND COOLIDGE PRESIDENCIES

SIMILARITIES

1) REPUBLICANS

2) BELIEVED IN ISOLATIONISM

3) NATIVIST

DIFFERENCES

1) COOLIDGE FAVORED SMALLER FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

2) LAISSEZ FAIRE-Coolidge

HARDING: “GETTING BACK TO NORMALCY”

COOLIDGE: “THE BUSINESS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IS BUSINESS

TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL

• HARDING SCANDAL

• 1921-1922 HARDING’S SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR (ALBERT FALL) GAVE OIL DRILLING RIGHTS ON GOVERNMENT OIL FIELDS IN TEAPOT DOME, WYOMING TO TWO PRIVATE OIL CO.

• ALBERT FALL RECEIVED $300,000 IN ILLEGAL PAYMENTS (JAIL)

VICE PRESIDENT TAKES OVER• Warren G. Harding

suffered a heart attack on August 2, 1923

• Calvin Coolidge took office

• Coolidge ran again in 1924 and won

– “Keep Cool With Coolidge”

• Laissez-faire policy led to a great economic boom and a growth in consumer economy

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT

*15 NATIONS AGREED NOT TO USE THE THREAT OF WAR IN THEIR DEALINGS OF ONE ANOTHER

*UNREALISTIC, FAILURE

II. BUSINESS BOOM

GROWTH OF A CONSUMER

• 1914-1926: AVERAGE WAGE ROSE MORE THAN 28%, # OF MILLIONAIRES DOUBLED

• CONSUMER ECONOMY: ECONOMY THAT DEPENDS ON A LARGE AMOUNT OF BUYING

CONSUMER ECONOMY

• INSTALLMENT PLAN…• BY 1929: AMERICANS WERE

USING THE INSTALLMENT PLAN TO BUY ALMOST EVERYTHING

• BUYING GOODS ON CREDIT– DO WE USE CREDIT TODAY TO

BUY GOODS?– AVERAGE CREDIT CARD DEBT

OF AN AMERICAN FAMILY IS $8,700 IN 2008

– In 2008, the American public owes 2.6 trillion dollars in consumer debt

HENRY FORD

• 1907: FORD SOLD 30,000 MODEL T’s

• Wanted more… cheaper…• IMPROVED ASSLY. LINE

EFFICIENCY **• ONE MODEL-T EVERY 24

SECONDS– PRICE IN 1910: $1000– PRICE IN 1914: $490

See page 348-349 and page 350—MME sheet

BUSINESS BOOM OF THE 1920’S

• REASONS: 1) DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSUMER

ECONOMY

2) BUYING ON INSTALLMENT PLANS

3) GROWTH OF AUTOMOBILE, STEEL, OIL, ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES

4) USE OF THE ASSEMBLY LINE

5) LAISSEZ-FAIRE POLICIES

III. SOCIETY IN THE 1920’S

CHANGE’S IN WOMEN

• FLAPPER: A NEW TYPE OF WOMAN: YOUNG, REBELLIOUS, FUN LOVING, BOLD

• FLAPPER IMAGE: SHORTER DRESSES, SHORT HAIR, WEARING MAKE-UP

WOMEN WORKING AND VOTING

• STATUS CHANGED VERY LITTLE DURING THE 1920’S– But women were becoming more

social

• FIRST WOMAN ELECTED TO THE CONGRESS AND GOVERNOR IN THE 1920’S

• VOTER TURN OUT WITH WOMEN WAS LOW IN THE 20’S

POPULATION CHANGES• DEMOGRAPHICS: STATISTICS

THAT DESCRIBE A POPULATION

• MAJOR CHANGE = 6 MILLION MOVED FROM RURAL AREAS TO CITIES

• AFRICAN-AMERICANS STILL LIVING IN THE SOUTH (LOOKING TO MOVE NORTH B/C RACIAL TENSIONS)

– Page 355 in text book

• FRENCH SPEAKING CANADIANS TRAVELED TO NEW ENGLAND TO WORK

• LOS ANGELES BECAME A MAGNET FOR MEXICANS AND DEVELOPED A DISTINCT BARRIO (SPANISH-SPEAKING NEIGHBORHOOD)

DEMOGRAPHICS• GROWTH OF THE SUBURBS: AMERICAN

SUBURBS EXPLODED

• ELECTRIC TROLLEYS, RAILWAY CARS, AUTOMOBILES, BUSES

AMERICAN HEROES

• CHARLES LINDBERGH: FIRST FLIGHT OVER THE ATLANTIC 1927

(Spirit of St. Louis) NEW YORK TO PARIS

AMELIA EARHART

• FLEW ACROSS ATLANTIC IN 1932

• FLEW SOLO FROM HAWAII TO CALIFORNIA

• 1937: ATTEMPTED TO FLY AROUND THE WORLD (DISAPPEARED IN PACIFIC)

SPORTS HEROES

• BOXERS: JACK DEMPSEY, GEORGES CARPENTIER

• BASEBALL: GEORGE HERMAN “BABE” RUTH

• OLYMPICS: GERTRUDE EDERLE (SWIMMING) ENGLISH CHANNEL

DEMPSEY

RUTH

EDERLE

IV. MEDIA AND THE JAZZ AGE

GROWTH OF THE MASS MEDIA

• MASS MEDIA: FILMS, NATIONWIDE NEWS, RADIO BROADCASTING, NEWSPAPER

• HOLLYWOOD WAS BORN

MOVIES

• BETWEEN 1922-1930 THE # OF PEOPLE ATTENDING MOTION PICTURES ROSE FROM 40 MILLION TO 90 MILLION PER WEEK (125% INCREASE)

• THE JAZZ SINGER

“Talkies” vs. Silent

movies

NEWSPAPERS

• 1920-1930: CIRCULATION ROSE 42%

• THE NEW YORK TIMES• SAN FRANCISCO

EXAMINER• NEW YORK JOURNAL

• Helped Create a Common Culture

RADIO

• 1920-1930: HOUSEHOLDS WITH A RADIO ROSE FROM 20,000 TO 13,750,000

• NBC BORN

FIGURES OF THE JAZZ AGE

• Radio combined with the great African American migration to the cities to produce another highlight of the 1920’s : JAZZ

• Louis Armstrong

• Duke Ellington

• George Gershwin (Rhapsody in Blue)

DUKE ELLINGTON

Louis Armstrong

LOST GENERATION

• SET OF WRITERS DURING THE 1920’S

• BELIEF THAT THEY WERE LOST IN A GREEDY, MATERIALISTIC WORLD THAT LACKED MORAL VALUES

• MANY LEFT THE COUNTRY

• ERNEST HEMINGWAY, F. SCOTT FITZGERALD (GREAT GATSBY)

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

• 1914-1930: HARLEM GREW FROM 14,000 TO 200,000 AFRICAN AMERICANS

• HARLEM BECAME A NATIONAL CENTER FOR JAZZ AND LITERARY WORKS

• Langston Huges: Most studied African American Poet: “I, Too,” 1926

CULTURAL CONFLICTS

• 1920: 18TH AMENDMENT-PROHIBITION

• 1919 VOLSTEAD ACT: PASSED TO ENFORCE PROHIBITION (95% OF PEOPLE IN KANSAS OBEYED THE LAW, 5% OF PEOPLE IN N.Y. OBEYED THE LAW)

• BOOTLEGGERS: SUPPLIERS OF ILLEGAL ALCOHOL (SMUGGLED FROM CARIBBEAN OR CANADA) (OTHERS MADE IT)

SPEAKEASIES

• ILLEGAL BARS

• BOOTLEGGERS PROVIDED THEM WITH ALCOHOL

RESULTS OF PROHIBITION

• ORGANIZED CRIME

• LARGE ORGANIZATIONS WERE FORMED BY CRIMINALS THAT CONTROLLED THE DISTRIBUTION OF ALCOHOL

• BOOTLEGGERS OFTEN EXPANDED INTO OTHER ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES

AL CAPONE

• MOST NOTORIOUS GANGSTER ORGANIZATIONS WERE IN CHICAGO

• TOP OF CHICAGO’S ORGANIZED CRIME NETWORK WAS AL CAPONE (“SCARFACE”)

• PAID OFF POLICE, POLITICIANS, JUDGES

• 1931: CONVICTED OF TAX EVASION, SENT TO PRISON

St. Valentine’s Day Massacre

FUNDAMENTALISM

• SET OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS INCLUDING TRADITIONAL CHRISTIAN IDEAS

• BASED ON INTERPRETATION OF THE BIBLE

SCOPES TRIAL

• EVOLUTION: HUMAN BEINGS DEVELOPED OVER TIME FROM SIMPLE LIFE FORMS

• ILLEGAL TO TEACH IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

• TEACHER JOHN SCOPES ASKED A FRIEND TO FILE SUIT AGAINST HIM

• HUGE TRIAL (BROADCAST OVER AMERICAN RADIO)

– William Jennings Bryan: Prosecutor– Clarence Darrow: Defendant– Trial held in Dayton, TN

• GUILTY ($100 FINE)

• BIGGER ISSUES SUCH AS FUNDAMENTALISM VS. SCIENCE WERE EXPOSED AND DISCUSSED

RACIAL TENSIONS• 1919: CHICAGO RIOTS

– Boy drowned after being hit with stones by Whites– Led to 13 days of rioting– “Red Summer” Riots in 25 cities

• Revival of the KKK in the early 20’s– Continued lynching and other violent acts against

Blacks and other groups– Eventually law enforcement put down and KKK

disappeared by late 20’s

NAACP worked hard to combatdiscrimination

MARCUS GARVEY• LEADER OF THE UNIA (UNIVERSAL

NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

• “BUILD UP AFRICAN AMERICANS SELF RESPECT AND ECONOMIC POWER”

• URGED AFRICAN AMERICANS TO RETURN TO “MOTHERLAND AFRICA”

• GATHERED $10 MILLION FOR A STEAMSHIP

• 1925: ARRESTED ON FRAUD CHARGES

• UNIA COLLAPSED

Michigan Department of EducationHigh School Content Expectations

U.S. History and Geography

• 6.1.5

• 6.2.3

• 7.1.1