1970’sRock ‘n’ roll had become big

business• Recording sessions more

elaborate• Performances become

more staged• Thanks to the sheer scale

of the industry, rock’s identity as an outsider’s art form had never been so precarious

1980’s

• We will watch a video, “Up from the Underground”

• What are the major musical styles and who are the main contributors?

1980’s• What was the operating philosophy of MTV? What is its

significance?• How did rock re-invent itself in the 1980s?• In what ways were the videos of Devo and the Eurythmics a

breakthrough?• What is the race barrier? How did “Billie Jean” cross it?• How does Run DMC change rap music?• To what degree does Madonna’s steamy video “Justify my Love”

show the limitations of music videos?• Why is Lollapalooza important to the history of rock?• How do “alternative” rock with its outspoken and unkept

musicians relate to music as a business, an industry?

The 1980’s

Rock Videos and MTV

• Radio vs. Cable

• MTV debut Aug. 1, 1981

• Vee-jays

• Friday Night Videos

The 1980’s

Technological Developments

• Cassette tapes vs Compact Discs

• By 1983 ca. 50% of total profits came from cassette sales ($3.78 billion)

• Walkmans

Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson

• Thriller biggest selling album of all time

• Over 45 million sold

• Transitions from Jackson Five to solo artist

Thriller

• Mini-film vs. promotional video

• “White only” policy changes

• Elaborate staging

• Sophisticated special effects

• Plot

• Innovative choreography

Thriller

• Uniquely recognizable bass riff

• Strong backbeat and vocals

• Slowly rising melody climaxes on title creating tension

• Superior production values

Bruce Springsteen

Bruce Springsteen

• Born to Run, 1975• Lyrics are arguably poetic• Frustrations, confusions, dreams

and disappointments of average working-class person

• Themes of unemployment, social issues, Vietnam vets, rage and frustration against “the establishment”

Born to Run

• Double-time drum flourish

• Transitions to saturated 8-beat rhythm– Would come to typify punk and

new wave

• Whole band lays down driving rock beat

• Simple guitar riff

Born to Run

• Thickens texture with sax

• No subtlety

• Little or no syncopation

• Memorable riff

• Basic I IV V harmonies – Wanders into distant

harmonies as song progresses

Born in the USA

• Strong story line• Simple riffs and rhythms• Subtle details

– “Sent me off to a foreign land/to go and kill the yellow man”

• Heavy backbeat– Electronic enhancement– Resembles a rifle shot

Born in the USA

• Riff becomes title phrase but organic unity throughout– Doubles with high piano line

• Other instruments layer in and out

• Riff and backbeat ever-present even thoughout drum solo

Madonna

MadonnaBorderline

• Essentially un-original music

• Simple rhythms and synthesized sounds grafted to pop style

• Sounds up-to-date because of layered texture

• 16 beat rhythm

MadonnaBorderline

• Melody and harmonies traditional and simple

• Verse could be late 60’s or early 80’s

• Chorus echoes 50’s teen pop

Like a Prayer

• Keeps same basic approach

• Very simplistic

• Begins with string of jarring juxtapositions

• Guitar figures with quasi-hard metal sound

• Religious accompaniment– choir and organ

U2

U2Gloria

• General characteristics true for much of U2’s music in the 1980’s

• Four textures– Low– Middle– High– Vocal

Gloria

• Repeated notes at 8-beat speed in bass

• Beat-keeping on bass drum (low)

• Angular guitar line moving at 8-beat speed (high)

• Strong bass, wide range

• Insistent drum patterns

Gloria

• Little syncopation– Mostly in irregular accents on

Edge’s guitar line

• Chorus– Bass stops persistent beat– Drums shift to disco beat– Guitar less relentless– More harmonic activity– Higher register

Gloria

• Bono’s vocals meant to evoke a choirboy– Reverberation sounds like a

cathedral

• Extended instrumental interlude (ca. 2:20)

• 8-beat bass added to 16-beat drums and choked guitar

Gloria

• Trademark sounds– “Open sound”– Wide registral spacing– Prominent timekeeping at 8-

and 16-beat levels– Relentless guitar and bass

Gloria

• Trademark sounds– “Open sound”– Wide registral spacing– Prominent timekeeping at 8-

and 16-beat levels– Relentless guitar and bass

I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For

• What does the song mean?