1986 asteroid a
TRANSCRIPT
Mining Asteroids
• Bakground • Target asteroid • Methods of Mining
• Important Parameters
• Equipment
• Returns
Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets
• Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets is a book by John S. Lewis That discusses the development of interplanetary space within our solar system.
• Lewis makes a predicEon that the abundant resources of the solar system, including effecEvely-‐limitless solar energy, could support a vast civilizaEon of 1016 people. (10 Million Billion)
• He argues that shortage of resources is "...an illusion born of ignorance."Lewis calculated the value of M-‐type asteroid 3554 Amun at $20 trillion: $8 trillion worth of iron and nickel, $6 trillion worth of cobalt, and $6 trillion in plaEnum-‐group metals.
• Since the book was published, the price ofpla@num, for example, has tripled
Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets
• *
Asteroid selec@on
• An important factor to consider in target selec@on is orbital economics, in par@cular the delta-‐V(Δv) and travel +me to and from the target.
• Near-‐Earth asteroids are considered likely candidates for early mining ac+vity. Their low Δv loca+on makes them suitable for use in extrac+ng precious metals reducing the economic cost of transpor+ng supplies into Earth orbit
Comparison Requirements Mission Delta V
This table shows a comparison of Δv requirements for various missions. In terms of propulsion energy requirements, a mission to asteroid 1986 a near-‐earth asteroid compares favorably to alterna+ve mining missions
• Earth surface to LEO 8.0 km/s • LEO to near-‐earth asteroid 1986 7.1 km/s] • LEO to Lunar surface 6.3 km/s • LEO to moons of Mars 8.0 km/s
Target: Asteroid 1986 AD
• Asteroid Appearance • Size 2km •Metallic Contents Gold Pla@num Silver Iron Nickel Various Rare Earths
1986 Orbit
• Near Earth • 220,000.000 MI
• 6-‐700 days • 2 Round Trips annually
• Orbits Sun • Follows Earth
Asteroid mining
• Asteroid mining:The act of exploiDng raw materials from asteroids in space.
• Minerals mined from Asteroids provide Mega profits from Gold, PlaDnum, Silver, and other valuable elements returned to Earth.
• Our first target asteroid 1986 DA M class asteroid • At todays prices this relaDvely small metallic asteroid with a
diameter of 2 km contains greater than $1 trillion plus of the plaDnum group in US dollars worth of industrial and precious metals.
• In fact, all the gold, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, osmium, palladium, plaDnum, rhenium, rhodium and ruthenium that we now mine from the Earth's crust, and that are essenDal for our economic and technological development, came originally from the rain of asteroids that hit the Earth aUer the crust cooled
Orbital Characteris@cs
• Asteroid 1986 DA has a 4.7-‐year orbit around the Sun that brings it nearly as far out as the orbit of Jupiter. Although it periodically approaches Earth's orbit, it never crosses it, so the asteroid does not endanger Earth.
• In an ar@cle in the current issue of the journal Science, Dr. Steven Ostro of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and colleagues reported that the reflec@on was far brighter than that received from any of the five dozen other asteroids observed from Arecibo. This brightness indicates that the asteroid, which is 1.6 miles wide, is made of metal rather than stony minerals.
• Since 1986 DA is apparently made of metal, astronomers assume it has much the same composi@on as metallic meteorites that reach Earth's surface. These mainly consist of iron, with some nickel and traces of other metals, including pla@num and gold. The Na@onal Aeronau@cs and Space Administra@on said that Asteroid 1986 DA is a poten@al source of usable metal.
• Asteroid 1986 DA: Radar Evidence for a Metallic ComposiDon.Ostro, S. J., D. B. Campbell, J. F. Chandler, A. A. Hine, R. S. Hudson, K. D. Rosema, and I. I. Shapiro.Science
• 252, 1399-‐1404 (1991).Abstrac tEchoes from the near-‐earth object 1986 DA
• significantly more reflecEve than other radar-‐detected asteroids. This result supports the hypothesis that 1986 DA is a piece of NiFe metal derived from the interior of a much larger object that melted, differenEated, cooled, and subsequently was disrupted in a catastrophic collision.
• This 2-‐kilometer asteroid, which appears smooth at cenEmeter to meter scales but extremely irregular at 10-‐ to 100-‐meter scales, might be (or have been a part of) the parent body of some iron meteorites.
Mining Op@ons
• There are three op@ons for mining: • Bring back raw asteroidal material
• Transport the asteroid to a safe orbit around the Moon or Earth
• .There are several op+ons for material extrac+on: Material is successively scraped off the surface in a process comparable to Strip mining
Asteroid 1986 DA: Radar Evidence for a Metallic
ComposiDon
• Echoes from the near-‐Earth object 1986 DA show it to be significantly more reflec@ve than other radar-‐detected asteroids.
• This result supports the hypothesis that 1986 DA is a piece of NiFe metal derived from the interior of a much larger object that melted, differen@ated, cooled, and subsequently was disrupted in a catastrophic collision.
• This 2-‐kilometer asteroid, which appears smooth at cen@meter to meter scales but extremely irregular at 10-‐ to 100-‐meter scale, indicates it might have been a part of the parent body of some iron meteorites.
Research ScienDsts & InsDtuDons that evaluated DA1986
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Ins@tute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109-‐ S. J. OSTRO , K. D. ROSEMA
• Na@onal Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-‐ D. B. CAMPBELL
• Harvard-‐Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138-‐, J. F. CHANDLER, I. I. SHAPIRO
• Na@onal Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Box 995, Arecibo, PR 00613-‐, A. AHINE
• Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164,
R. S. HUDSON
ASTROID 1986 DA-‐CharacterisDcs
• M-‐type Mars Crossover, near Earth asteroid • 2.3 kilometer diameter
• Composi@on from radar reflec@vity include: – 100,000 Tons of Pla@num = $1 Trillion* – 10,000 tons of Gold -‐ $90B – 10,000,000,000 tons of Iron@ $10,000/ton= 100T
– 1,000,000,000 tons of Nickel@$12,133/ton=$12T *1990 Prices Total Asteroid = $114 Trillion
Total Time
• Total trips = 97,630 • 2 per year = 48,814 years • Revenue at
Phase I System Timeline
2012
Asteroid Mining System
SOS 1 Operation AMS 1 Production
Increasing market acceptance $
Loan Approval Process
Design Engineering, & Performance
Demonstration
Assembly, Integration,
& Test Launch
Ops On - Orbit Check - ou
& Demo - Production
ATP Launch Demo
Complete CDR
Design Engineering, & Performance
Demonstration
Assembly, Integration,
& Test
Launch
Ops
On Orbit
Check out & Demo
- Production
2014 2012 Today
Production Program
Pre Production Phase LC&D Phase (Launch, Check-out
& Demo Phase)
Ops Phase (On-orbit
Operations Phase)
DP & Phase (Design, Production, & Test Phase)
Engineering & Funding Activities On Orbit
Operations
Technical Requirements
• Required Delta V = 7’1km/sec • Development of Tools
– Drilling core samples and returning to Earth -‐ Shuole Gold 1,215lbs $22m per Cu p= $597M
Pla@num 1,219lb $33m per cu p= $893M Silver 650lbs $185K per cu p= $9.3M
*Limit of 33,000 lbs per trip using current Shuole – Alternate New Earth return would increase returns and lower cost
IOSTAR Space Tug
Grappler!Propellant Tank"
Reactor!
www.iostarcorp.com IOSTAR™ Doc. 1058-04!
IOSTAR CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION"
Radiator!
Commercial Space Transportation System!Enormous ∆V, Very High Power"
Primary Function: !Rescue Satellites"" "Augment Launches"" "Deorbit (LEO, MEO, GEO)"" "Rendevous/Reconnaissance"
Secondary Function: "High Power Communications """ "Space Based Radars"" "Specialized High Power Payloads"" "Power Generation and Delivery"
Even Distribu@on
• Cu p of mixed METAL = 32.1 cubit p • Weight of ore = 33,000 lbs
• Composite Price = $500 Million per cu p
• Price per load = $16,050 Million
• Two Trips per year = $32,100 Million
ROUGH FINANCIALS
• REVENUE PER TRIP = $16,050M PER • NUMBER OF TRIPS PER YEAR = 2
• TOTAL REVENUE PER YEAR = *$32,100 M
• SUNK COST = $5,000M PER IOSTAR + $500M
• RECURRING COST = $2,000M
• AMORTIZATION COST = $334M PER YEAR FIRST 15 YS
Revenue Summary Depends on Mining Op@on
REVENUE PER YR $32,100M MISSION COST TOTAL COST RC Fixed IOSTAR & $5,100M ($354)M RETURN S/C
FIXED COST $354M VARIABLE COST $140M TOTAL COST PER MISSION $494M COST PER YR $988M
Asteroid Itokawa
• Launched 2003 • Size of Asteroid 1782p, .34mi • Distance to Asteroid RD Trip = 3 Billion miles,~ 2x Sun 300Mmi • Time seven years Rd trip • Sample Return Date June 13,2010 • Australian Outback (Woomera TR) • Mission Cost $138 Million, 12.7 Billion Yen
Caterpillar – Lunabo@cs Mining Equip.
HAYABUSA REENTRY PLAN