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  • 8/4/2019 1987 Timothy Sphere Contact Pressure

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    Int. J. Mech. Sci. Vo l. 29, No. 10/11. pp. 713-719, 1987 0020 7403/87 $3 .00 + 00Printed in Gre at Britain. ~31987 Pergam onJournals Ltd.

    T H E C O N T A C T P R E S S U R E D I S T R I B U T I O N D U R I N G P L A S T I CC O M P R E S S I O N O F L E A D S P H E R E S

    S. P. T I M O T H Y , * J. M. P E A R S O N t and I. M. HUTCH~NGSD e p a r t m e n t o f M a t e r i a l s S c i e n ce a n d M e t a l l u r g y , U n i v e r s it y o f C a m b r i d g e , P e m b r o k e S t re e t , C a m b r i d g e

    C B 2 3 Q Z , U . K .(Received 16 January 1987; and in rer, sed jbrm 25 June 1987)

    A b s t r a c t - - P r e s s u r e - s e n s i t i v e f il m h a s b e e n u s e d t o e x a m i n e t h e f o r m o f t h e c o n t a c t p r e s s u r ed i s t r i b u t i o n f o r l e a d s p h e r e s p l a s t i c a l l y c o m p r e s s e d b e t w e e n h a r d s t e e l p l a t e n s . T h e m e a n c o n t a c tp r e s s u r e a t t a i n e d a m a x i m u m v a l u e o f 0 . 6 -0 . 7 t i m e s t h e V i c k e rs h a r d n e s s o f t h e u n d e f o r m e d s p h e r ew h e n t h e s p h e r e h a d b e e n d e f o r m e d t o 0. 25 ~ a/R ~, 0 .3 0 , w h e r e a i s th e co n t ac t r ad i u s an d R i s t h er a d i u s o f th e u n d e f o r m e d s p h e r e . T h e f o r m o f t h e p r e s su r e d i s t ri b u t i o n c h a n g e d m a r k e d l y a s t h ec o n t a c t a r e a i n c r e a s e d i n s i z e , w i t h a n i n c r e a s i n g l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e l o a d b e i n g s u p p o r t e dt o w a r d s t h e c o n t a c t p e r i m e t e r . T h e r e s u l t s a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n sp r o p o s e d b y M a t t h e w s [Acta Metall. 2 8 , 3 1 1 - 3 1 8 ( 1 9 8 0 ) ] t o r co n t ac t b e t w een s p h e r e s . F a i ra g r e e m e n t i s o b t a i n e d i f t h e s p h e r e is a s s u m e d t o d e t o r m b y p o w e r - l a w c r e e p , w h i c h is th o u g h t t or e fl e c t t h e o b s e r v e d t i m e - d e p e n d e n t p l a s ti c d e t o r m a t i o n o f t h e l e a d .

    I . I N T R O D U C T I O NT h e m e a n p r e s s u re r e q u i r e d t o d e f o r m a m e t a l s p h e r e p la s ti c a ll y b e t w e e n h a r d , s m o o t hp a r a l le l p la t e n s h a s b e e n s h o w n t o v a r y w it h t h e a m o u n t o f d e f o r m a t i o n i n a m a n n e r w h i c h isc h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e i n it i a l d e g r e e o f w o r k h a r d e n i n g i n th e u n d e f o r m e d s p h e r e [ 1 , 2 ] . T h i sg e o m e t r y is r el e v a n t t o s t u d ie s o f m e t a l w o r k i n g p r o c e ss e s s u c h a s f o rg i n g , t h e d e f o r m a t i o n o fa s p e r i t ie s ( o f t e n a s s u m e d s p h e r i c a l) d u r i n g c o n t a c t b e t w e e n s o l id b o d i e s , a n d t h e e v a l u a t i o no f t h e s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s o f m e t a l p o w d e r s [ 2 ]. P r e v i o u s w o r k w a s r e st r ic t e d t om e a s u r e m e n t s o f o v e r al l lo a d s a n d g e o m e t r y c h a n g e s, a n d is e x t e n d e d h e r e b y u s i n g ac o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e p r e s s u r e - se n s i t i v e fi lm t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f o r m o f t h e p r e s s u r ed i s t r i b u t io n o v e r t h e c o n t a c t a r e a .

    2 . E X P E R I M E N T A L M E T H O DA r e c e n t l y d e v e l o p e d p r e s s u r e - s e n s i t iv e p o l y m e r i c fi lm , F u j i P r e s c a l e F i l m ( D r a c a r d L t d ,

    M a i d s t o n e , K e n t , U . K . ) w a s u s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e s . T h e f i l m i s u s e d a s ad o u b l e l a y e r o f t w o f il m s, d e s i g n a t e d A - f il m a n d C - f il m . T h e A - f il m i s a v a i l a b l e i n s e v e r a lt y p e s c o v e r i n g d i f f e r e n t r a n g e s o f p r e s s u r e s e n s it iv i t y . I n t h e p r e s e n t w o r k , ' h i g h - p r e s s u r e ' A -f il m w a s u se d , w h i c h r e g i s t e rs p r e s s u r e s in t h e r a n g e 2 5 - 7 0 M P a . W h e n s h e e t s o f A - f il m a n dC - f i lm a r e p l a c e d in c o n t a c t a n d s u b j e c t e d t o n o r m a l p r e s s u r e , a r e d c o l o u r d e v e l o p s o n t h ei n i ti a ll y w h i t e C - f il m , t h e d e n s i t y o f w h i c h i n c r e a s e s w i t h t h e p r e s s u r e . B y s u i t a b l e c a l i b r a t i o n ,a c o r r e l a t i o n c a n b e e s t a b l is h e d b e t w e e n t h e c o l o u r d e n s i t y a n d t h e a p p l ie d p r e s s u r e. T h et h i c k n e s s o f t h e d o u b l e l a y e r o f f il m is 2 0 0 ~ m .

    T h e m a x i m u m p r e s s u r e t h a t c o u l d b e m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e fi lm w a s l o w c o m p a r e d w i t h t h ep l a s t ic f l o w s t re s s e s o f m o s t m e t a l s . H o w e v e r , t h e i n d e n t a t i o n h a r d n e s s o f le a d l ie s w i t h i n t h er a n g e o f m e a s u r e m e n t s c o v e r e d b y t h e fi lm , a n d s o le a d w a s u s e d f o r t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s . L e a ds p h e r e s ( 0.0 3 ~o C u ) , 5 0 .8 m m i n d i a m e t e r , w e r e p r o d u c e d b y s a n d - c a s t i n g i n a s u i t a b l e m o u l d .T h e r i se r s a n d r u n n e r s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c as t in g s , a n d t h e s u rf a c e s o f t h e s p h e r e s w e r eg r o u n d t o a s m o o t h f i n is h w i t h fi n e e m e r y p a p e r . O n e s p h e r e w a s s e c t i o n e d a l o n g i t s m i d -p lan e an d no s ig n i f i can t po ros i ty w as ev iden t . I t s m ea n V icker s ha rd nes s was 59 __+ 2 MP a.T h e m e a n V i c k e r s h a r d n e s s o f t h e tw o s p h e r e s d e f o r m e d b y c o m p r e s s i o n w a s f o u n d ,

    * P r e s e n t a d d r e s s: A l c a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l L t d , B a n b u r y L a b o r a t o r i e s , B a n b u r y , O x f o r d s h i r e O X 1 6 7 S P , U . K .t P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : C e n t r a l E l e c t ri c i ty G e n e r a t i n g B o a r d , N o r t h W e s t R e g i o n , S c i e n ti fi c S e r v ic e s D e p a r t m e n t ,G e o r g e S t r e e t, M a c c l e sf i el d , C h e s h i r e , U . K .71 3

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    714 S .P . TIMOTHY e t a l .h o w e v e r , t o b e 2o"'v/o l o w e r ; t h i s v a r i a t i o n i n m e a n h a r d n e s s b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t s p h e r e sp r o b a b l y r e s u l t s f r o m s m a l l d if f e r e n c e s i n t h e a s -c a s t m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s .

    T h e s p h e r e s w e r e c o m p r e s s e d i n a s e r i e s o f i n c r e m e n t a l s t e p s b e t w e e n q u e n c h e d a n dt e m p e r e d t o o l s te e l p l a t e n s w h i c h h a d b e e n g r o u n d a n d p o l i s h e d t o 1 # m d i a m o n d f in is h, in as e r v o - h y d r a u l i c t e s t i n g m a c h i n e . T h e l o a d i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 .E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u n d e r n o m i n a l l y u n l u b r i c a t e d c o n d i t i o n s , a n d a l s o w i t h a th i nl a y e r o f m o l y b d e n u m d i s u l p h id e g r e a se b e t w e e n t h e s p h e r e a n d t h e f il m . T h e l o a d o n t h es p h e r e w a s in c r e a s e d g r a d u a l l y o v e r 2 m i n a n d t h e n m a i n t a i n e d c o n s t a n t f o r a f u r t h e r 2 ra i n ,a s r e c o m m e n d e d b y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f t h e p r e s su r e -s e n s it i ve f il m . T h e s p h e r e w a s t h e nu n l o a d e d a n d r e m o v e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e f il m ; t h e d i a m e t e r s o f t h e f l a t te n e d c o n t a c t s u r f a ce so f t h e s p h e re w e r e m e a s u r e d t o w i t h i n 0.5 m m , a n d t h e c o l o u r e d i m a g e d e v e l o p e d o n t h e C -f il m w as p h o t o g r a p h e d o n t o c o l o u r t r a n s p a r e n c y f il m f o r lo n g - t e r m p r e s e r v a t io n o f th er e su l ts , s in c e th e i m a g e m a y b e c o m e d e g r a d e d m o r e t h a n t w o h o u r s a l t e r l o a d i n g . T h e c o n t a c ts u r fa c e s o f t h e u n l o a d e d s p h e r e s w e r e f o u n d t o b e p l a ne . T h e s p h e r e w a s t h e n r e l o a d e d t o as l i g h tl y h i g h e r l o a d t h a n b e f o r e a g a i n s t n e w s h e e t s o f p r e s s u r e -s e n s i t iv e f il m .

    T h e c o l o u r t r a n s p a r e n c ie s o f t h e f il m s a n d o f a r e f e r e n c e c h a r t r e l a ti n g p r e s s u r e t o c o l o u rd e n s i t y , s u p p l i e d b y t h e f il m m a n u f a c t u r e r , w e r e d ig i t i z e d w i t h a s c a n n i n g d e n s i t o m e t e r . T h ed i s t r ib u t i o n s o f p r e s su r e a l o n g t h e r a d ii o f t h e c o n t a c t c i rc l es w e r e th e n c o m p u t e d f r o m t h er a d i a l c o l o u r - d e n s i t y p r o f i l e s , a f t e r t h e s e h a d b e e n a v e r a g e d c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l l y .

    3 . R E S U L T ST h e m e a n c o n t a c t p r e s s u re P ( c a lc u l a te d f r o m t h e a p p l i e d l o a d a n d t h e m e a s u r e d c o n t a c t

    a r e a o f th e d e f o r m e d s p h e r e s ) is p l o t t e d a g a i n s t aiR f o r l u b r ic a t e d a n d u n l u b r i c a t e d s p h e r e si n F ig . 2, w h e r e a i s t h e m e a n c o n t a c t r a d i u s a n d R i s t h e r a d i u s o f t h e u n d e f o r m e d s p h e r e .T h e s p h e r es w e r e o b s e r v e d t o c r e e p d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f c o n s t a n t l o a d m a i n t a i n e d a t t h e e n do f e a ch d e f o r m a t i o n i n c r e m e n t , s o t h a t t h e c o n t a c t r a d i u s e x p a n d e d b y a sm a l l a m o u n td u r i n g t h i s t i m e . V i c k e r s h a r d n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t s o n t h e f i n a l f l a t t e n e d s p h e r e s u r f a c e sr e v e a le d n o s y s te m a t i c v a r i a t io n i n h a r d n e s s a c r o s s t h e c o n t a c t d i a m e t e r s . T h e m e a n V i c k e rsh a r d n e s s o f t h e se s u r f a c e s w a s f o u n d t o b e 4 8 _+ 2 M P a f o r t h e l u b r i c a t e d s p h e r e ( fi n al a/Rr a t i o = 1 .1 2) a n d 5 0 + 1 M P a f o r t h e u n l u b r i c a t e d s p h e r e ( fi n al a/R rat io = 1 .23).

    I m a g e s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e p r e s s u r e - s e n s i t i v e f i l m a t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s o f d e f o r m a t i o n o f t h eu n l u b r i c a t e d s p h e r e , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r e s s u r e p r o f il e s , a r e s h o w n i n F ig s 3a n d 4 . T h e f o r m s o f t h e p r e s s u r e p r o f i le s f o r t h e l u b r i c a t e d s p h e r e s w e r e q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h e se .T h e m a x i m u m c o n t a c t p r es s ur e P m a x r e g i s t e r e d b y t h e f i lm a t e a c h s t a g e o f c o m p r e s s i o n i sc o m p a r e d w i t h t h e m e a n c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e P i n F i g . 2 . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e t o t a l l o a d a c t i n go v e r t h e c o n t a c t a r e a , a s c a l c u l a t e d b y i n t e g r a t i n g t h e p r e s s u r e p r o f i l e s r e g i s t e r e d b y t h e f i lm ,w a s a lw a y s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e m e a s u r e d l o a d f o r a/R ~, 0 . 8 , whereas fo r aiR ~ 0 . 8 i t becam eless (Fig. 5).

    ~ b a dV / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AA i l m I ~ I [ filmF / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ~

    2 a

    tF IG . 1 . T h e sp h eres w ere co m p ressed b e tw een h a rd p l an e p a ra l l e l p l a t en s , w i th t h e p res su re - sen s it i v e

    f i lm in t e rp o sed a t b o th co n tac t p o in t s .

  • 8/4/2019 1987 Timothy Sphere Contact Pressure

    3/7

    Contact pressure distribution of lead spheres 715

    60

    8. z+O

    o 20

    Lubricated/ ~ a n Pmax

    \~ ~ o ~

    I I I I I I I I I 1 I02 04 06 08 10 1-2a i r

    :~ 60

    "E8 2 0

    unlubricated

    / ~ ~ P m a xm m ' ~ - m \

    ~ m ' ' ~ mm n ~ u m ' ~ , . . , . ~ n

    O f ~ 0 ~ " - "" -~ 0 ~ P o // ol I I I I I I 1 I I I I02 04 06 08 10 12a/R

    FIG. 2. Variation with dimensionless contact radius, a/R, of the mean contact pressure, P , calculatedfrom the applied load and the measured value of a and o f the maximum contact pressure, Pmax,

    registered by the pressure-sensitive film. (a) Lubricated contact; and (b) unlubricated.

    4. DISCUSSIONT h e v a r i a t i o n o f P w i t h a /R (Fig. 2 ) was s imi l a r f o r bo th the lub r i ca t ed a nd un lu br i ca t e d

    spheres , i nc r eas ing to a m ax im um m ean co n tac t p r essu re o f ~ 33 M Pa (0.6- -0 .7 t imes theVicker s hardne ss o f the cas t lead ) a t 0 .25 ~ a / R ~ , 0 .3 0, a n d t h e n d i m i n i s h i n g w i t h i n c re a s i n ga / R . T h i s b e h a v i o u r i s c l o s e t o t h a t r e p o r t e d b y C h a u d h r i et al . [ 1 ] f o r t h e c o m p r e s s i o n o fb r a s s a n d p h o s p h o r b r o n z e s p h e r e s w h i c h w e r e c a p a b l e o f w o r k - h a r d e n i n g b y a s m a l la m o u n t . U n l i k e t h o s e m a t e r i a l s , h o w e v e r , t h e l e a d s p h e r e s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t w o r kc o n t i n u e d t o d e f o r m u n d e r c o n s t a n t a p p l i e d l o a d . T h e l o w e f fe c t iv e r a t e o f w o r k - h a r d e n i n go f t h e l e a d i m p l i e d b y F i g . 2 m a y b e a t t r i b u t e d t o d y n a m i c r e c o v e r y ( or p o s s i b l yr e c r y s ta l l iz a t i o n ) d u r i n g t h e l o a d i n g c y c l e o f d e f o r m a t i o n , w h i c h w o u l d t e n d t o c o u n t e r a c ta n y s t r a in h a r d e n i n g d u e t o c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c s li p i n t h e p l a s ti c z o n e a t t h e r e l a ti v e ly h i g hh o m o l o g o u s t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s ( a b o u t 0 .5 t im e s t h e m e l t i n g te m p e r a t u r e ) ;w h e n t h e l o a d i n g cy c l e i s c o m p l e t e d , d e f o r m a t i o n c o n t i n u e s f u r t h e r u n d e r c o n s t a n t l o a d b yc r ee p . T h e c r e e p b e h a v i o u r o b s e r v e d u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s i s in a g r e e m e n t w i t h e a rl ie r w o r kb y M u l h e a r n a n d T a b o r [ 3 ] a n d A t k i n s et al . [- 4] , w h o f o u n d t h a t t h e i n d e n t a t i o n h a r d n e s s o fl e a d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r ea s i n g t im e o f l o a d i n g .

    I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d f r o m F i g s 2 a n d 4 t h a t t h e n o r m a l s t r es s e s a t t h e i n t e rf a c e w e re o f t e nh i g h ; b o t h t h e m e a n a n d l o c a l c o n t a c t p r e s s u re s w e r e i n s o m e p l a c e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e u n i a x i aly i e ld s tr e s s o f t h e l e a d ( a s s u m e d t o b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e t h i r d o f it s V i ck e r s i n d e n t a t i o nhard nes s, i .e . 16- -20 M Pa) .

  • 8/4/2019 1987 Timothy Sphere Contact Pressure

    4/7

    716 S. P. TIMOTHY t al.

    a )

    c )

    e )

    0

    a / R - 0 .1 3

    0 7 0

    b )

    d )

    1"23

    0 " 2

    0"93

    I i5 0 m m

    FIG. 3. Typ ical colour d ensity patterns registered by the pressure-sensitive film at variou s stages ofcompression. Similar behaviour was observed under lubricated and unlubricated conditions.

    I t c a n b e s e en f r o m F i g s 3 a n d 4 t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e r e g i st e r ed b yt h e p r e s s u re - s e n s it i v e f i l m c h a n g e d s i g n i fi c a n t ly as t h e a m o u n t o f c o m p r e s s i o n w a s i n c re a s e d .A t l o w a / R , t h e p r e s s u r e is d i s t r i b u t e d r e la t iv e l y u n i f o r m l y , b u t t h e r e g i o n a w a y f r o m t h ec e n t r e o f th e c o n t a c t a r e a s u p p o r t s a n i n c r e a s i n g l y l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f th e a p p l i e d l o a d a st h e s p h e r e i s c o m p r e s s e d f u r t h e r. T h e p r e s s u r e o n t h e a x i s f ir st t e n d s t o z e r o a t a / R ~ . 0.7 ; th is

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    Contact pressure distribution of lead spheres 717

    ~a) aiR=0-13:ir -ad i a l distanceI a ' R : 0 7 0

    u

    . . . .

    FIG. 4, The radial pressure distributions (solid ines)derived from the density maps shown in Fig. 3, Ineach case the colour density pattern was digitized and translated into a two-dimensional pressuredistribution. The pressure values plotted here represent the circumferential average of" thatdistribution for each value of radius. The mean pressure over the whole contact area, derived from themeasured pressure distribution, is also shown in each case (broken line).

    W"- - 1We - o

    "

    I I I I 1 I02 04. 06 0"8 1.0 12a /RFIG. 5. Variation in the load as calculated from the pressure-sensitive film, W', with a/R forunlubricated contact; W is the measured load.

    very low pressure region expands in size as def ormat ion proceeds. The form of the pressuredistr ibutio n does not depend strongly on the extent of lubrication at the sphere-filminterface; the insensitivity of the m ean contact pressure to the presence of a lubricant on thecontact surface (Fig. 2) has also been reported previously [1].

    Agreement between the actual applied loads and those determined by integrating thepressure profiles derived from the film was, however, poor, due to ass umptio ns made and toseveral errors an d uncertainties in the exper imental techniques, the influence of which wasdifficult to assess quantitatively. For example, it was assumed that the pressure d istri butionM~ 29:10/II-D

  • 8/4/2019 1987 Timothy Sphere Contact Pressure

    6/7

    7 1 8 S . P . T I M O T H Y e t a / .

    d i d n o t c h a n g e s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h i n c r e m e n t s o f a iR d u r i n g b o t h t h e l o a d i n g c y c le a n dc o n s t a n t l o a d p e r i o d s o f e a c h t e st , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s h e a r t r a c t i o n s a t t h e c o n t a c t w a su n k n o w n , e s t i m a t i o n o f p r e s s u re s b e l o w 2 5 M P a w a s o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e s in c e t h e fi lmc a l i b r a t io n w a s u n c e r t a i n i n t h a t r a n g e , f l u c t u a ti o n s o c c u r r e d i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d d e n s i ty o r't h e p h o t o g r a p h i c f i lm , p re s s u re g r a d i e n t s u n d o u b t e d l y e x i s t e d o v e r d is t a n ce s s m a l l c o m p a r e dw i t h t h e r e s o l u t i o n l i m i t o f t h e fi lm , a n d t h e p r e s s u r e s c l o s e t o t h e c o n t a c t e d g e w e r e l i k e ly tob e u n d e r e s t i m a t e d s i n c e t h is r e g i o n w a s e x p o s e d t o t h e p r e s s u r e f o r t im e s l es s t h a n t h e f u lle x p o s u r e t i m e r e q u i r e d b y t h e P r e s c a l e fi lm . T h i s l a s t l i m i t a t i o n t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l m e t h o dm a y b e i m p o r t a n t i n e x p l a i n i n g w h y t h e t o t a l l o a d c a l c u l a t e d b y i n t e g r a t in g t h e p r e s su r ep r o f i le s w as l e ss t h a n t h e a p p l i e d l o a d t b r a/R ~, 0.8 (F ig . 5) , an d wh y Pmax (Fig . 21 dec reas edf r o m i t s m a x i m u m v a l u e b e y o n d t h e i n t e r v a l 0 .6 ~ a/R ~, 0 .8 , s ince a l a rge p ro po r t io n o f thea p p l i e d l o a d w a s s u p p o r t e d v e r y c l o s e t o t h e c o n t a c t p e r i m e t e r ( se e F i g . 4 ). A t l o w a/R , i t m a yb e t h a t s h e a r s tr e s se s g e n e r a t e d a t t h e s p h e r e - f i l m i n t e r f a c e d u r i n g e x p a n s i o n o f t h e c o n t a c te d g e i n f l u e n c e t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e fi lm ; t h e c a l c u l a t e d n o r m a l l o a d s w o u l d t h e r e t b r e a l w a y s b el a r g e r t h a n t h e t r u e l o a d s s i n c e t h e i r e ff e c t w o u l d n o t b e c o m p e n s a t e d f o r i n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n .D e s p i t e t h e s e s h o r t c o m i n g s , t h e t e c h n i q u e o f u s in g a p r e s s u re - s e n s i t i v e f il m d o e s a p p e a r t op r o v i d e u s ef u l q u a li t a ti v e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e c o n t a c t p r e s s u re d i s t r i b u t i o n w h i c h w o u l d b ed i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n i n o t h e r w a y s .

    T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s i n F i g . 4 m a y b e c o m p a r e d t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r e s s u r ed i s t r ib u t i o n s f o r c o n t a c t b e t w e e n s p h e re s p r o p o s e d b y M a t t h e w s [ 5 ] a n d d i s c u ss e d b yJ o h n s o n [ 6 ] , F o r m a t e r i a l s w h i c h e x h i b i t p o w e r - l a w w o r k - h a r d e n i n g d u r i n g u n i a x i a l

    0t~v(3_

    w o r k - h a r d e n in g

    n : 2n = 5 / , . n = 1 0 ~ ~n : o e

    I I I I [ i I I0 2 O-Z+ 0-6 018r / a 1-0

    t-~

    power taw creep

    m = ~m = 5 ~

    m = 2

    m = l

    fI I I I I I I I I0 0-2 04 0"6 0"8 10r /a

    F I G . 6 . V a r i a t i o n i n r a d i a l p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n P ( r / a ) w i t h r / a ( M a t t h e w s , 1 9 8 0 ) f o r ( a ) w o r k . -h a r d e n i n g [ e q u a t i o n ( 1 )] a n d ( b) p o w e r - l a w c r e e p [ e q u a t i o n 1 2) ].

  • 8/4/2019 1987 Timothy Sphere Contact Pressure

    7/7

    Co n ta c t p r e s s u re d i s t r ib u t io n o f l e a d s p h e r e s 7 1 9

    d e f o r m a t i o n , t h e c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e P ( r ) i s g iven by,P ( r ) - (2n + 1) (1 - r E / a 2 ) 1/2n/5, (1)2n

    w h e r e P i s t h e m e a n c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e , a is t h e c o n t a c t r a d i u s , r is th e r a d i a l d i s t a n c e f r o m t h ec e n t r e a n d n i s t h e r e c i p r o c a l o f t h e w o r k - h a r d e n i n g i n d e x . F o r m a t e r i a l s w h i c h d i s p l a yp o w e r - l a w c r ee p ,

    P ( r , t ) - ( 2 m - 1) (1 - r 2 / a 2 ) - 1 / 2 r a v ( t ) , (2)2mwhere m i s t he c r eep exponen t r e l a t ing un iax ia l s t r a in r a t e to s t r ess , and t i s t he t ime o fl o a d i n g . T h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s g i v e n b y e q u a t i o n s ( l ) a n d (2 ) a r e q u i t e d i f fe r e n t , a s s h o w ni n F ig . 6 , d e p e n d i n g s t r o n g l y o n t h e c o n s t i t u t i v e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e m a t e r i a l. T h e e x p e r i m e n -t a l ly d e t e r m i n e d p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e s e m b l e m o r e c l o s e l y t h e f a m i l y o f c u r v e s g i v e n b ye q u a t i o n ( 2 ) [ F i g . 6 ( b ) ] , a l t h o u g h t h e p r e s s u r e r i s e s t o a m a x i m u m v a l u e n e a r t h e c o n t a c tp e r i m e t e r r a t h e r t h a n t e n d i n g t o i n fi n it y . T h e g e n e r a l c o r re l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a lr esu l t s i n F ig . 4 an d the cu rves in F ig . 6(b) , r a ther tha n those in F ig . 6 (a ), i s cons i s t en t w i th thew o r k d e s c r i b ed a b o v e , i n d i c a t i n g th a t t h e l e a d is d e f o r m i n g a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i n a t i m e -d e p e n d e n t m a n n e r , a l t h o u g h i t s a c t u a l b e h a v i o u r m a y n o t b e a c c u r a te l y d e s c r ib e d b y p o w e r -l aw c reep .

    5. C O N C L U S I O N ST h e f o r m o f t h e c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r l e a d s p h e r e s p la s t ic a l ly c o m p r e s s e d

    be tw een ha rd p lane para l l e l p l a t ens ha s been inves t iga ted by us ing p ressu re - sens i tive f ilm . I tw a s f o u n d t h a t t h e v a r i a t i o n in b o t h t h e m e a n c o n t a c t p r e s s u re , a n d t h e f o r m o f th e p r e s s u r ed i s t r i b u t i o n , w i t h d i m e n s i o n l e s s c o n t a c t r a d i u s a i R was r e l a t ive ly insens i t ive to the degree o fl u b r i c a t i o n a t t h e s p h e r e - f i l m i n te r fa c e . T h e m e a n c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e r e a c h e d a m a x i m u m v a l u eo f ~ 0 . 6 -0 . 7 t i m e s th e V i c k e rs h a r d n e s s o f t h e u n d e f o r m e d s p h e r es a t 0.2 5 ~ a i r , ~ 0.30. Ar e g i o n o f l o w p r e s s u r e w a s o b s e r v e d a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e c o n t a c t a r e a w h i c h i n c r e a s e d in s iz e a st h e d e f o r m a t i o n p r o g r e ss e d , a n d t h u s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e a p p l ie d l o a d s u p p o r t e d t o w a r d st h e c o n t a c t p e r i m e t e r a l s o i n c r e a s e d . T h e g e n e r a l f o r m o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e dp r e s s u re d i s t r i b u t i o n s is s i m i l a r t o t h a t p r o p o s e d b y M a t t h e w s [ 5 ] f o r c o n t a c t d e f o r m a t i o n o fa s p h e r e u n d e r g o i n g p o w e r - l a w c r e e p .

    R E F E R E N C E S1. M . M . CHAUDHRI, I . M. HUTCHINGS an d P. L. M AKm , P h i l . M a g . 49A, 493-503 (1984).2 . M . M . CHAUDHRI and I . M. H urcs lrqG S, J . M a t e r . S c i . L e t t . 3, 79-82 (1984).3. T. O . MULHEARN an d D . TAaOR , J . I n s t . M e t a l s 89, 7-12 (1960--1961).4. A. G. ATKINS, A. SILVERIO an d D. TABOR, J . I n s t . M e t a l s 94, 369-378 (1966).5. J. R. MATTHEWS, A c t a M e t a l l . 28, 311-318 (1980).6. K. L. JOHNSON,C o n t a c t M e c h a n i c s , pp. 199-201 . C am br idg e Univ ers i ty Press (1985).