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©1993. Used by permission of Springer-Verlag.
1. Cells are fundamental units of life2. Cells use chemical or solar energy to function and reproduce3. Cells are macromolecular factories4. Cells move, divide (mitosis), and sense environmental conditions
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©1993. Used by permission of Springer-Verlag.
A prokaryotic cell
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©1993. Used by permission of Springer-Verlag.
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(b) ©1980. Used by permission of Elsevier Science.
Mitochondria are organelles that metabolize conversion of chemical energy from food into ATP.
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Introduction to chromatin scales
Electron micrograph of D.Melanogasterchromatin: arrays of regularly spacednucleosomes, each ~80 A across.
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Courtesy of Dr. Julian Heath.
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©1982. Used by permission of Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury MA.
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Molecular composition of bacterial cells by weightMolecular composition of bacterial cells by weight:
Small molecules 74%water 70%amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, ions 4%
Macromolecules 26%proteins 15%RNA 6%DNA 1%lipids 2%polysaccharides 2%
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©1991 Larry Gonick.
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©1982, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Used by permission.
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20 types of amino acids in proteins
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Protein 3D structure
Protein Data Bank (PDB) http://www.rcsb.org
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Protein Data Base accession code 1VII ({C.J. McKnight, D.S. Doering, P.T. Matsudaira, P.S. Kim, J. Mol. Biol. 260 126 (1996)).
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Elastic rod model
DNA looping induced by a Lac repressor tetramer
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Protein Data Base accession code 1EHZ (H. Shi and P.B. Moore, RNA 6 1091 (2000)).
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©1993. Used by permission of Springer-Verlag.
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Fatty acids
Cellulose (polysaccharide)
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A single peptide (protein building block)
A polypeptide chain
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A tyrosine (TYR) amino acid (one of 20 naturallyoccurring amino acids)
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Peptide torsion angles and secondary structure
• omega = 180 deg, phi & psi are variable• minimize E({phi,psi}) – protein folding problem
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Secondary structure elements: alpha & 3-10 helices
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Secondary structure elements: beta sheets
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The Ramachandran plot
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Turns of the polypeptide chain
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Side chain conformations
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Protein 3D structure (second look)
Protein Data Bank (PDB) http://www.rcsb.org
Protein functions: enzymes, gene regulation
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• Microtubules (25 nm): cytoskeleton• Actin filaments (F-actin; 7 nm): actin cortex
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Cell membranes are crowded: channels, receptors, pumps, actin cortex attachment points
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©1993. Used by permission of Springer-Verlag.
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©1993. Used by permission of Springer-Verlag.