1.a particularly gruesome massacre of african-american prisoners of war occurred at _________. 2.at...

1. A particularly gruesome massacre of African-American prisoners of war occurred at _________.

2. At the battle of Chancellorsville, ___________ was shot by his own troops.

3. The Union’s total control of the Mississippi was finally established by the Battle of _________.

4. ___________ is famous for his “March to the Sea,” wherein his troops burned the South to destroy the South’s will to fight.

5. ______________ ran against Lincoln for Pres. in 1864.

A. Vicksburg B. AppomattoxC. Antietam D. GettysburgE. Fort Pillow G. Fort SumterF. Gen. McClellan H. Gen. ShermanI. Gen. Jackson J. Gen. Grant

1. A particularly gruesome massacre of African-American prisoners of war occurred at _________.

2. The Union’s total control of the Mississippi was finally established by the Battle of _________.

3. ___________ is famous for his “March to the Sea,” wherein his troops burned the South to destroy the South’s will to fight.

4. ______________ ran against Lincoln for Pres. in 1864.5. Lee surrendered at _______________.

A. Vicksburg B. AppomattoxC. Antietam D. New OrleansE. Fort Pillow G. Fort SumterF. Gen. McClellan H. Gen. ShermanI. Gen. Jackson J. Gen. Grant

1. Lincoln originally requested that militia volunteer for ______-day enlistments.

2. The first major battle between forces from the North and the South occurred at ____________.

3. Lincoln gave command to Gen. _____________ after the initial Union defeats.

4. After success in defending Virginia, Lee moved the Army of Virginia north, hoping to stir rebellion in ___________.

5. The bloodiest day of the war, with over 23,000 casualties, was fought at __________.

6. Lincoln made the Emancipation Proclamation after the Union victory at _____________.

7. The Emancipation Proclamation liberated slaves in what region?

8. Gettysburg dashed Southern hopes for aid from ____________.9. Why is McClellan criticized for his victory at Antietam?10. The Battle of Gettysburg was the last time the South did what?

THEME: The Civil War, begun as a limited struggle over the Union, eventually became a total war to end slavery and transform the nation.

1. Lincoln originally requested that militia volunteer for ______-day enlistments.

2. Lincoln gave command to Gen. _____________ after the initial Union defeats.

3. The bloodiest day of the war, with over 23,000 casualties, was fought at __________.

4. The Emancipation Proclamation liberated slaves in what region?

5. The Battle of Gettysburg was the last time the South did what?

Map: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Bull Run & 90 Day War• Optimism runs high: • Lincoln calls up 75,000 militia for 90 days• Pressure to engage South leads to Bull Run.• Union outnumbers South, but “Stonewall” Jackson holds

and Southern reinforcements win the field.• Union drive to Richmond ends, humiliating retreat to DC

EFFECTS:

1. South overconfident, invades MD and PA

2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation.

3. Lincoln appoints McClellan commander.

http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/lincpix/mclell.jpg

McClellan

McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign

• 1861: George B. McClellan given command of Army of the Potomac

• Good organizer and drillmaster trained troops well, popular with them

• Overcautious and slow to commit, arrogant• 1862: McClellan moves, finally, on Richmond• Takes one month to capture Yorktown with 100,000

troops• Stalls at Richmond, routed in Lee’s counter-attack, the

Seven Day’s BattlesHOW WOULD A VICTORY FOR McCLELLAN HAVE

CHANGED THE WAR?

Map: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.


EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN

• McClellan removed from command

• Hardens North’s resolve

• Move toward total war

• Embrace Anaconda Plan and Emancipation as strategies (vs. moral decisions)

• Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers, spreading war to the west and deep south

Robert E. Lee

Lee takes command of Confederate forces after Johnson is wounded at Richmond during the Peninsular Campaign. Responsible for aggressive Southern strategy during Seven Days Battles.

Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives)

Robert E. Lee


Second Bull Run• McClellan is defeated at Richmond, replaced by

Gen. Pope as Union commander

• Lee moves north toward Washington, DC

• Gen. Pope engages Lee at Second Bull Run, August 29-30, 1862, and is crushed.

• Lee and Army of N. VA move into MD, hoping to stir rebellion.

• MD stays neutral

• Armies meet at Antietam Creek, Maryland

on Sept. 17, 1862

Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam

The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of AntietamThis map illustrates the anaconda plan at work. The Union navy closed southern harbors while Grant's troops worked to seal the northern end of the Mississippi River. The map also shows the Battle of Antietam (September 1862), in which Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee were finally defeated by the Union army under General George McClellan.


Antietam, September 17, 1862• McClellan returned to command• Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac• Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his division of

forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours!• It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000

(2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day)• Some consider Antietam the high water mark of the

South’s chances for victory (vs. Gettysburg) because foreign powers never come as close to endorsing Conf. Cause again

• McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended the war.

Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam

http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/lincpix/visit2.jpg

Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862

The War in the East, 1861-1862Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew BradyAn exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady, opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress)

Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady


Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burialThis photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress)

Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial


Contraband slave groupA group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing, Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress)

Contraband slave group


Fording the Rappahannock RiverWhen federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of Congress)

Fording the Rappahannock River


“. . . on the first day of January . . . all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.“ President Abraham Lincoln, preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862

Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863

• Antietam’s “victory” gives Lincoln the “opportunity” to issue preliminary proclamation on Sept. 23, 1862.

• Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion, NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!!

• Settles the “contraband” question.• Many slaves escape North to join Union• Ends the possibility of a negotiated settlement• Unpopular in Sections of North, Copperheads gain support

QUESTION: Did the Emancipation Proclamation “ennoble” the cause of the North?

Freedom to the Slave, 1863This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia)

Freedom to the Slave, 1863


Blacks Enlist• 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of

forces)• Face discrimination & opposition from Northern Whites• Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially• 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners• 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick

Douglass (Glory)• Many executed by South as prisoners• South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the

war, with little impact/effect

Black Troops from Company ECompany E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society)

Black Troops from Company E


Gettysburg: Prologue• Burnside replaces McClellan as Union commander

after Antietam, is destroyed at Fredericksburg, loosing 10,000.

• Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at Chancellorsville, replaced by Meade (for Union).

• South looses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his own men.

Map: The War in the East, 1863

The War in the East, 1863Victorious at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee again invaded Union territory but was decisively stopped at Gettysburg.


Wounded at FredericksburgIn this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)

Wounded at Fredericksburg


War dead, FredericksburgMany soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)

War dead, Fredericksburg


Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg

Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863).


Gettysburg• Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863

• Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails

• Marks furthest northern advance of Confederac

• Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865 Ends discussion in Europe about helping South

• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time

Gettysburg: Day 1, July 1st

• Southern troops, many barefoot, hear that there is a supply of shoes at Gettysburg.

• Union Gen. Buford recognizes that Gettysburg has excellent roads and hills to use to fight Lee.

• Buford’s small force of dismounted cavalry holds on long enough for reinforcements to arrive.

• Stage is set: 90,000 Union troops will face 75,000 Southern troops the next day.

Map: The Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of GettysburgIn the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gettysburg: Day 2, July 2nd• Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture

Cemetery Ridge.

• Heavy fighting occurs in the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield (now natl. landmarks).

• Rebel troops try to capture Little Round Top to position artillery on it.

• Col Chamberlain and men of Maine hold hill and repulse attack with bayonet charge.

• Day is saved for Union. Lines hold.

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den

This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress)

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den


A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863

(Library of Congress)

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863


Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew BradyAt the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)

Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady


Gettysburg AddressNovember 1863

• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity.

• Lincoln speaks for two minutes

• Follows popular speaker Edward Everett, who speaks for two hours.

• Both men speak at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/photos.htm



1.a particularly gruesome massacre of african-american prisoners of war occurred at _________. 2.at...

Documents

battle of gettysburg

total war

south leads

union victory

union drive

bloodiest day

day enlistments

civil war