1.a parts of speech
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GRAMMAR: Parts of Speech
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After After completing completing this tutorial, this tutorial, you willyou will
apply your apply your knowledge of the knowledge of the parts of speech to parts of speech to understand the understand the English principles English principles that will help you to that will help you to write better.write better.
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Let’s identify the basic tools of a Let’s identify the basic tools of a language: the parts of speechlanguage: the parts of speech
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NOUNS NOUNS namename
skiing
studying management
birthday
week today
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life
death birth
dependability
honesty persistenceinchyard
computerstationery
cup
duck pig
owl
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NOUNSNOUNS namename
singerstudentexecutive
city home
college
CommonCommon NOUNS NOUNS begin begin with lowercase letters.with lowercase letters.
NOUNSNOUNS tell who/whom or what. tell who/whom or what.
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ProperProper NOUNS NOUNS name specificname specific
and begin and begin with capital with capital lettersletters
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Dr. Shah Mr. AhmedSaira George Washington
Business Department
Karachi
FidoMemorial Day
IndiaWhite House
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A A PRONOUNPRONOUN is a word is a word used as a noun substitute:used as a noun substitute:
II me
which
allsome
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AA VERBVERB
• Action verbs -- eat, love, count, runAction verbs -- eat, love, count, run• Being (and helping) verbs -- be, am, Being (and helping) verbs -- be, am,
seemseem• ““Possession verbs” -- has, have, Possession verbs” -- has, have,
had (double as helpers)had (double as helpers)
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Adjectives and AdverbsAdjectives and Adverbs
adjectivesadjectives tell something about tell something about a noun or pronouna noun or pronounthe kinds of the kinds of
adjectives adjectives are:are:
pointingpointing, , descriptivedescriptive, , articlesarticles, , limitinglimiting
I like I like thosethose expensive, blueexpensive, blue shoes shoes because they are because they are comfortablecomfortable and go with and go with thethe mostmost outfits . outfits .
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when Today we must begin work.
how Sara proceeded rapidly to work.
where Did you see the schedule there?
to what extent
The prosecutor did not question him further.
Adverbs modify (describe or limit) verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They add information about
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other words or groups of words.other words or groups of words.Coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions join words or join words or
groups of words that groups of words that areare equal. equal.We met at the junction of FifthWe met at the junction of Fifth andand Elm Streets.Elm Streets. Subordinating Subordinating (dependent)(dependent) conjunctions conjunctions
join words or groups of words that join words or groups of words that aren’taren’t equal. equal.We studied Chapter 1 many hoursWe studied Chapter 1 many hours becausebecause we we
want a good grammar foundation.want a good grammar foundation.
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PrepositionsPrepositions join nouns join nouns and pronouns to other and pronouns to other words in a sentence. words in a sentence.
Your cat is Your cat is underunder the chair. the chair.
Go Go throughthrough the door. the door.
Sit Sit besidebeside me. me.
I’m going I’m going toto Hawaii. Hawaii.
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Prepositions show relationships. See how Prepositions show relationships. See how the preposition changes the relation of the preposition changes the relation of “object” (Mr. Lee) to verb (talked):“object” (Mr. Lee) to verb (talked):
Ellen often talked Ellen often talked with Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee.
Ellen often talked Ellen often talked about Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee.
Ellen often talked Ellen often talked to Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee.
See how the meaning has changed?See how the meaning has changed?
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express strong feelings.express strong feelings.
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Let’s review!Let’s review!Identify what the words are Identify what the words are in the next sentence.in the next sentence.Are theyAre they
NOUNSVERBS
CONJUNCTIONS
PREPOSITIONS
ADJECTIVES
ADVERBSPRONOUNS
EXCLAMATIONS
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The brown puppy is by the bed, The brown puppy is by the bed, and he is chewing furiously on and he is chewing furiously on that new toy.that new toy.• The brown = adjectivesThe brown = adjectives• puppy = nounpuppy = noun• is = verbis = verb• by = prepositionby = preposition• the = adjective (article)the = adjective (article)• bed = nounbed = noun
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The brown puppy is by the bed, The brown puppy is by the bed, and he is chewing furiously on and he is chewing furiously on that new toy.that new toy.• and = conjunctionand = conjunction• he = pronounhe = pronoun• is = verbis = verb• chewing = verbchewing = verb• furiously = adverbfuriously = adverb• on = prepositionon = preposition
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The brown puppy is by the bed, The brown puppy is by the bed, and he is chewing furiously on and he is chewing furiously on that new toy.that new toy.
• that = adjective (pointing)that = adjective (pointing)• new = adjective (descriptive)new = adjective (descriptive)• toy = nountoy = noun
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Noun SuffixesNoun Suffixes -age (usage, heritage, wastage)-age (usage, heritage, wastage) -ance (tolerance, elegance, relevance)-ance (tolerance, elegance, relevance) -cracy (democracy, autocracy, theocracy)-cracy (democracy, autocracy, theocracy) -cy (decency, insurgency, vacancy) -cy (decency, insurgency, vacancy) -dom (freedom, wisdom)-dom (freedom, wisdom) -ence (preference, reverence, dependence)-ence (preference, reverence, dependence) -er-er (settler, writer, banker, prayer)(settler, writer, banker, prayer) -ary/ery (delivery, infirmary)-ary/ery (delivery, infirmary) -graph/-graphy (photograph, photography)-graph/-graphy (photograph, photography) -hood (childhood, motherhood, falsehood)-hood (childhood, motherhood, falsehood)
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-ia (aphasia, euphoria) -ia (aphasia, euphoria) -ice (cowardice)-ice (cowardice) -ics (aerobics, physics)-ics (aerobics, physics) -ing (pleading, swimming)-ing (pleading, swimming) -ism (capitalism, globalism)-ism (capitalism, globalism) -ity-ity (utility, rarity, intensity)(utility, rarity, intensity) -logy (geology, biology)-logy (geology, biology) -ment (arrangement, development)-ment (arrangement, development) -ness (kindnes, happiness)-ness (kindnes, happiness) -ship (friendship, fellowship, intern ship)-ship (friendship, fellowship, intern ship) -sion- (admission, decision, revision)-sion- (admission, decision, revision) -tion (interruption, reduction)-tion (interruption, reduction) -tory (trajectory, inventory)-tory (trajectory, inventory) -try (chemistry, -try (chemistry,
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Adjective SuffixesAdjective Suffixes
-able-able-al-al -ant-ant -ible -ical-ible -ical