1. Causes of WWI• Underlying causes: militarism, alliances,

imperialism, nationalism• Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914

• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria• Hostile alliances take effect---, Schlieffen Plan,

War declared Central Powers vs. Allied Powers• Germany Great Britain• Austria/Hungary France• Ottoman Empire Russia

2. General descriptionGeneral description: 4 years of trench warfare and stalemate on the Western Front

3. President Wilson• Calls for neutrality = moral diplomacy US belief = right to

trade with all nations• Germany and Great Britain violated this policy.

notes1

4. From neutrality to war.•German policy

•Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW•U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)

•Zimmerman Note: Jan. 1917

5. April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany……• Germans violated our trade and neutrality

•War to end all war•The world must be made safe for democracy

•Side with the Allies

notes2

1. President Wilson: The War to End All War U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary

Forces Led by General John J. Pershing Meuse Argonne Alvin C. York

2. Actions of Wilson and Congress

3. Women in WWI• worked in the factories

19th Amendment----women’s suffrage

4. End of War Nov. 11th = 11-11-11 = end of the war

Germans sign an armistice notes3

1. President Wilson’s 14 Points

2. Treaty of Versailles = Big 4 countries Acronym BRAT: Germany was forced to

Take Blame pay war debts = Reparations---$53 billion Remain dis-Armed- only 100,000 army Territory- lost colonies

Created new countries

3. Wilson’s Problems at Home • Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles

• Does not join the League of Nations…….Why? • Lodge vs. Wilson• Draw U.S. into another war• Took away Congress’s power to declare

war.• Americans wanted neutrality

notes5

notes6

4. Results of Treaty of Versailles New democracies would fail without US aid Germany: treaty of revenge = leads to WWII

ESSENTIAL FOCUS

Analyze: What were the main long-term and immediate causes behind WWI and America’s entry into the war?

Effects: Explain the general course of the war,And America at war home and abroad

Analyze: the failure of post-war negotiations to avoid anotherWar of such magnitude and the war’s impact on American

Society.

•Panama Canal was completed in August of 1914 just a week before WWI began in

Europe.

•Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912 and campaigned for re-election in 1916 as the

president who kept us out of war.

•Americans were shocked by the outbreak of war but…………..it was in Europe.

•US was officially NEUTRALNEUTRAL

Cartoon-European grab

bag

Remember the acronym- M.A.I.N.

MilitarismMilitarism•European nations began an arms race as they competed

for colonies around the world……

•Ex. Germany invests in submarine technology, pioneers innovations

Militarism & Arms RaceMilitarism & Arms Race

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [[Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and

RussiaRussia] in millions of dollars.] in millions of dollars.

By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into the 3the 3rdrd largest naval fleet in the world…. largest naval fleet in the world….

The Great White Fleet

AlliancesAlliances•European nations began forming military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of power balance of power

……..

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple EntenteCentral PowersCentral Powers Allied PowersAllied Powers

Germany Great Britain Austria-Hungary Empire FranceBulgaria Russia

ImperialismImperialism

•France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia were establishing

colonies in Africa and Asia

•economic and political control economic and political control over other countries……over other countries……

•these countries were in competition for colonies

NationalismNationalism•Countries proud of their heritage and

culture•Similar toSimilar to patriotismpatriotism

•Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free their oppressed

brethren and unite their people into one country

•Ex. Germany wanted to expand its Ex. Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence culture and political influence

throughout Europethroughout Europe•Ex. Serbian nationalists wanted Ex. Serbian nationalists wanted

independence from Austrian-independence from Austrian-Hungarian oppressors. Hungarian oppressors.

alliances1

•Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled

several ethic groups.

•Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs

who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia.

•This led to the assassination of the

Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Saravejo

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke

was heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28,

1914 eventually led to WWI.

Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the

Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who

lived under Austrian rule.

Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession

franz

Inevitability of war

• June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated

• July 5, 1914 Germany issues A-H “blank check” – pledging military

assistance if A-H goes to war against Russia

• July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum

The inevitability of war

• July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia

• July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops

• August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia

• August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

• Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris

• Underestimated speed of the British mobilization– Quickly sent troops to

France

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

• Sept 6-10, 1914– Battle of Marne– Stopped the Germans

but French troops were exhausted

– Both sides dug trenches for shelter

STALEMATE

Discussion

• 1. Identify the long term and immediate causes behind WWI.

• 2. The Treaty that ends the war blames Germany for the war- why?

ESSENTIAL FOCUS

Analyze: What were the main long-term and immediate causes behind WWI and America’s entry into the war?

Effects: Explain the general course of the war,And America at war home and abroad

Analyze: the failure of post-war negotiations to avoid anotherWar of such magnitude and the war’s impact on American

Society.

Stalemate By September 1914, the war

had reached a stalematestalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage.

When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no “no man’s land.”man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.

Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage.

Modern Warfare Neither soldiers nor officers were

prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in WW I.

Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy.

As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun: Machine Gun: rifle power of rifle power of 80 men but 80 men but

quickly quickly overheated, overheated,

needed a needed a team. team.

Machine Gun: Machine Gun: rifle power of rifle power of 80 men but 80 men but

quickly quickly overheated, overheated,

needed a needed a team. team.

Tank (broke the Western front)

Introduced at battle of Somme, 1916, but could only go 3 mph. By 1918 able to cross trenches

The Eastern Front

• Much more mobile more than the West– But loss of life still very high– 1915: 2.5 million Russians killed,

captured, or wounded• Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on

August 30, 1914– Defeated

• The Austrians kicked out of Serbia• Italians attacked Austria in 1915• G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back

300 miles into own territory

Germany’s plan

• Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Russia• Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan• The Great War became bloody stalemate at The First Battle of the Marne

Russia enters fighting

• Russia attacked German territory from the east• Russians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg- high casualties eventually cause

Russia’s withdrawal from WWI • Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German invaders

Early battles

• Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both French and British in trench warfare. New Weapons of war result in higher causalties.

• Both sides suffered heavy losses • Germany victorious

Fighting in 1914

•The Germans could not match Great Britain's

superior navy.•Germans introduced

unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats

•Germans warned the world they would sink any ship

they believed was carrying contraband to Great

Britain.

U-BoatsU-Boats

•By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.

Two typesTwo types•small subs

with a crew of 24

•larger subs with a crew of

60

•44 by 1918

•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner.

•Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons)contraband (weapons) to the British.

•Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans. •U.S. and other countries outraged towards

Germany because of “unrestricted submarine “unrestricted submarine warfare”.warfare”.

•US believed the Germans had violated international lawinternational law of targeting civilians

Lusitania ad

Lusitania

war zone

•After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany.

•Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless

warning them first and providing safety for civilians.

•BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….

Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March

1916. Germany promised not to sink

anymore ships.war zone

X

zimmerman code

zimmerman code

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliancealliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizonaterritory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The

details are left to you for settlement....

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak

of war withzimmerman notes

Berlin, January 19, 1917Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of FebruaryFebruary we intend to

begin unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutralneutral the United

States of America.

at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the

attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make

peace in a few months.

Zimmerman (Secretary of State) Zimmerman (Secretary of State)

zimmerman notes

with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative,

should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to

this plan;

zimmerman cartoon

I Dare you to come, 1917I Dare you to come, 1917……The Kaiser defies American rights, national honor, freedom of the seas and international law……….

The US believed it had the right to trade with the warring nations and they would respect our neutrality…….Didn’t

happen! The German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our freedom of the seas and neutrality.

sandwich man

When German submarines sank three American

merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

April 8, 1917, the US declares war on Germany.

The new German policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind….have been ruthlessly

sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board….The present The present

German submarine warGerman submarine war…..…..is a war against all is a war against all nationsnations….Our motive will not be revengeOur motive will not be revenge or the

victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but on the vindication of right, of human right….but on the vindication of right, of human right….

We are…..the sincere friends of the German people…..We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions

towards the millions of men and women of

•The right is more precious than peace

•war to end all warwar to end all war

•The world must be safe for democracy.

•defend human rightsdefend human rights

•defend our trade

•neutrality neutrality

•freedom of the seas

•violation of international lawviolation of international law

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks. 2 million in

France by Sept. 1918. Victory in

pershing

Eastern Front collapses: Russia withdraws and undergoes a Communist Revolution

Germany has manpower for an extra surge in the Western Front.

Vladamir Lenin Vladamir Lenin Czar Nicholas Czar Nicholas

Czar Nicholas and the Romanov Family would be overthrown by Lenin who eventually would start

the first CommunisticCommunistic state……

battle fronts

•German offensive in the summer of 1918

to capture Paris, France and win the

war.

•With the help of the U.S., the French and British were able to

stop the German advance during the Meusee-Argonne

Offensive under Gen. Pershing. .

•Germans surrender and sign an armistice

on Nov. 11, 1918 to end the war.

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board•To build weapons for the war, US industry

would undergo a massive change.

•From a peacetime industry to a war time industry…..

Led by Bernard Baruch, the WIB set prices and determined what goods should be

produced by private industry….

US Govt. controlled the economy

•Contradiction?Contradiction?

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board

Food Administration:Food Administration: Herbert Hoover heads effort to conserve food and boost agricultural output

US feeds the world from the farms and ranches in the Great Plains… ”Bread basket of the World”

Liberty and victory gardens

Meatless and wheatless days

Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Organization of the

Economy Economy

Is it a move towards socialism? 1.1. Unemployment virtually Unemployment virtually

disappeared.disappeared.

2.2. Expansion of “big government.”Expansion of “big government.”

3.3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.Excessive govt. regulations in eco.

4.4. Some mismanagement --> Some mismanagement --> overlapping jurisdictions.overlapping jurisdictions.

5.5. Close cooperation between public Close cooperation between public and private sectors.and private sectors.

6.6. Unprecedented opportunities for Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.disadvantaged groups.

Committee on Public Information

Creel CommitteeCreel Committee, headed by , headed by George CreelGeorge Creel,, told Americans told Americans what the war was about and to what the war was about and to publicize the American aims.publicize the American aims.

Propaganda posters to get Propaganda posters to get Americans to support the war Americans to support the war

effort.effort.

congress actions

Selective Service Selective Service ActAct

May of 1917, President Wilson and Congress pass into legislation a draft or conscription. 21 to 30 yrs. and later extended to 40 yrs. of

age.

IssueIssue

Can “free speech”“free speech” be censored or

restricted during war time?

•In 1917 the United States was at War with Germany. WWI

•Charles SchenkCharles Schenk, a member of the Socialist Party, handed out leaflets condemning the war and urging young men to resist the military draft.

•He was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917.Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917.

•Schenk took his case to the United States Supreme Court arguing that his constitutional right to freedom of speech had been violated.

•Under normal circumstances,normal circumstances, his actions would have been protected by 1st amendment

•The country was at war, Schenk's freedom of speech was

not protected.

•SC ruling meant there were limits to freedom of speech in

war time.

•From the ruling, the Court established the "clear "clear and present danger"and present danger" principle to decide whether

or not certain kinds of speech are protected.

President Wilson’s 14 Points14 Points were his ideas to “end all war”.“end all war”. These are a summary of his ideas for world peace. Are they realistic or based on Are they realistic or based on

idealism?idealism?

14 pts

•Open diplomacy or no secret treaties.

•Freedom of the seas.

•Free trade.

•Countries reduce colonies and weapons

•International control of colonies…..

•Formation of new countries with self-

government as a goal.(DemocracyDemocracy)

•MOST IMPORTANT: A “league of nationsleague of nations” to

guarantee peace among nations.

(Collective SecurityCollective Security)

league cartoon1

Women and the Factories

19th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage (1920) Women won the right to vote….Called the

“Susan B. Anthony” amendment.

big4

•When President Wilson went to

Paris, France, he was welcomed

like he was a God.

•Countries were convinced that his

14 points could “end all war”.

•But, the anger of the Allied nations led to the Treaty

of Versailles to be a “Treaty of

Revenge” against Germany.

•Open diplomacy or no secret treaties.

•Freedom of the seas.

•Removal of tariff and other economic barriers or free trade.

•Reduction of land and weapons

•International control of colonies, with self-government

as the goal.

•Self-determination of ethnic groups to decide in which country they wish to live.

•A “general association of “general association of nations”nations” to guarantee peace and the independence of all

nations.

versailles1

Not included

Not included

Not included

War reparations: Germany disarmed army restricted to 100,000, forbidden to have

submarines and aircraft) and forced to pay reparations of $53

billion

Germany looses colonies were given to Allied victors.

New countries form democracies based on ethnic

groups

League of NationsLeague of Nations Organization of larger nations to maintain

world peace

• Legacy of Bitterness- Russia removed, Germany and Japan withdrew in 1933, US Senate prevented the US from joining

• Decisions required that all countries agree- rare occurrence

• Failed to prevent conflict- Japan invaded Manchuria, Italy conquered Ethiopia and in Germany, the Policy of Appeasement failed to prevent Hitler from re-arming and annexing neighboring land in the late 1930’s.

Franz Ferdinand Kaiser Wilhem President Wilson Czar Nicholas Gen. John J. Pershing

Sen. Henry Lodge Sergeant Alvin York Eddie Baron Manfred Valadir Leninn Rickenbacker von Richthofen

Central Powers

Allied Powers

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mill

ion

s