Name: _________________________________________ Period: _____

Terms to know: Gilded Age Presidents

o Grover Cleveland Legislation

o Homestead Acto Dawes Acto Sherman Anti Trust Acto Interstate Commerce Acto Indian Removal Act o Chinese Exclusion Act

Significant Electionso William Jennings Bryan

Big Businesso Captains of Industry o Robber Barons o John Rockefellero Standard Oil Company o Andrew Carnegieo Cornelius Vanderbilt o JP Morgan

Political Issueso Populism o Political Machineso Tammany Hall o Political Bosseso William “Boss” Tweed

Economy o Laissez-faireo Monopolyo Trusto Vertical Integrationo Horizontal Integration o Boomtowns/Ghost towns

Labor Strikeso The Great Railroad Strike of 1877o Haymarket Affair o Pullman Strikeo Homestead Steel Strike

Literature/Art/Music o Political Cartoons

Geography

o Transcontinental Railroado Open Rangeo Great Plains o Cowboyso Ellis Island o Angel Island

Social Reformers & Social Groupso Philanthropist o Social Gospel o Eugene Debs o Samuel Gompers o Knights of Laboro American Federation of Labor

Social Events/Movements/Protests o Social Darwinism o Reservationso Child Labor

War/Battles/ Peopleo Battle of Little Big Horn o Battle at Wounded Kneeo Sand Creek Massacre o General George Custard o Sitting Bullo Crazy Horse

Technology/Inventions/Innovators o Henry Bessemer – Bessemer Process o Thomas Edison – Light Bulbo Joseph Glidden – Barbed Wireo Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone

Vocabulary Wordso Gilded o Unionso Strike o Black Listo Americanizationo Assimilation o Melting Pot o Nativismo Tenements o Urbanization

The Western FrontierI. Native American Relations:

1. Conflict over Land:a. Railroads threaten Indian existence

i. Cut through hunting groundsii. Disturb buffalo (main food source)iii. Physical conflicts over land were frequent

2. Indian Removal Act of 1830a. Forced tribes to relocate to reservations in Oklahomab. Different tribes forced to live together did not get along

3. Clash on the Great Plains:a. Indians wouldn’t give up their land without a fightb. Army responded with attacks on the plains tribes.c. Sand Creek Massacre

i. 150 Indians, mostly women and children killedii. Sent natives to reservations

1. An area of federal land reserved for Indian tribes2. Most Indians refused to be confined by reservations

d. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876:i. Custer’s Last Standii. US troops led by Colonel Custer attacked Sioux and Cheyenne Indians iii. Indians out-numbered Custer

1. they were led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull2. Custer’s troops were wiped out

4. Assimilation: The Dawes Acta. The U.S. government wanted Indians to assimilate, or adapt into American cultureb. Dawes Act : Reservation land is distributed to individual families, rather than tribes

Pop-Up Questions:

1. What conflicts arose between US government and Native American Tribes?

2. How did Manifest Destiny affect Native Americans?

Westernization:Why Move West? Western Settlers:∙ Mining Boom

o Gold and Silver∙ Cattle

o Demand for BEEF∙ Homesteading ∙ Transcontinental Railroad

o Connecting East and West

∙ Forty-niners /miners∙ Mountain Men∙ Homesteaders∙ Buffalo Hunters∙ Chinese ∙ US Army

5. Mining:a. Boomtowns grew quickly when a mine opened

i. Opened at the site of a Mineb. Ghost towns go bust when a mine is ‘cold’c. Closes quickly and everyone moves awayd. Gold Rush:

i. California 1849 ii. Klondike 1896

What do you notice about the geography of the mine locations?

e. Gold Mining: The Mythi. The Myth: Individuals, Hard Work & Luck, Pan for Gold in rivers

f. Gold Mining: The Realityi. Corporations, large scale operations, modern/industrialized machinery

g. Mining was dangerous:i. Unsafe Equipmentii. Lung Diseaseiii. Explosionsiv. Cave-ins v. Fire

h. Impact of Mining:i. Quick Statehoodii. Wealth for some/Statesiii. Environmental issuesiv. High Mortalityv. Population booms

Pop-Up Questions:1. How did mining help to grow the West?

II. Cattle Kingdom:1. Demand for beef grew

a. Cattle ranchers in Texas drove herds to Abilene, Kansas, to be shipped east.2. Cattle ranching spread across the Great Plains

a. Created the Cattle Kingdom that stretched from Texas to Canada.3. Competition , the invention of barbed wire, and the loss of prairie grass brought an end to the

Cattle Kingdom.4. Cowboys:

a. Cowboys were workers who took care of ranchers’ cattle.i. They borrowed many techniques from vaqueros, who were Mexican ranch hands.

b. Most important duty was the cattle drive.i. The Chisholm Trail was a popular route for cattle drives.

c. Life in cattle towns was often rough and violent.

d. Cowboy life was often romanticizedi. The Cowboy Life was not glamorous

1. 15 hour days and the long trail drive were boringe. Not all Cowboys were white Americans

i. 1/6th of cowboys were Mexican and many were African American, Former Confederates and even Native Americans

ii. Cowboys did not often have to fight off Native Americansiii. 1/3 of the cowboys were former slaves and most of the others were former confederate

soldiers.iv. A cowboy worked for $.80 a day. v. 2/3 of cowboys were teenagers between the ages of 12-18.

f. Hired to care for Ranchers Cattlei. Drive cattle north to eastern marketsii. Round Ups iii. Branding iv. Gather Cattle for Slaughter

g. Cattle Drives:i. 1866- A Steer worth $4 in Texas sold for $40 in the East.ii. Need to drive a herd to a railroad town iii. Major trails- Chisholm, Goodnight Loving, Western and Sedalia.iv. Drive lasted 3 months

1. 10-12 miles per day.v. Conflict over the open range between cowboys and ranchers

h. OPEN RANGE and Competitioni. Land was used by everyone for cattle grazing

1. Could not know what was public or private landii. Cattle spread across the Great Plains, from Texas to Canada

i. Cattle Baronsi. Men who owned millions of head of cattle

1. Richard King, Henry Miller, Theodore Rooseveltj. Homesteaders/ farmers and Sheep Farmers

i. Farms/food destroyed and eaten by cattle during drivesPop-Up Questions:1. What impact did cattle drives have on the Great Plains?

2. What characterized the typical Cowboy?

III. African Americans move West:1. Became cowboys, joined the army, and became farmers

a. Faced racism, despite their freedom and ownership of land2. Exodusters

a. African Americans who migrated to Kansas under the Homestead Acti. 6,000 in 1879 at the end of Reconstruction

ii. Overall over 20,000 migrated to Kansas City

Push Factors∙ Post-Reconstruction South

o Increased violence o Disfranchisement o Loss of Civil Rights (Jim Crow Laws)o Little to NO economic opportunities

Pull Factors∙ Land acts open up opportunities∙ Targeted Propaganda

IV. Homesteaders: The Great Western Migration1. Homestead Act 1862

a. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincolnb. Citizens can occupy 160 acres of Government land

i. Citizen must improve and build on the land 1. Building homes and farming2. 5 years after settlement the farmer owned the land

c. Who could receive land:i. Head of the familyii. 21 years or older OR performed military serviceiii. Never ‘borne arms’ against American Governmentiv. Pay $10 v. Occupy the land themselves

d. The Oklahoma Land Rushi. On April 22, 1889 flooded the ‘unassigned lands’ii. Land was opened By President Harrison 1889iii. When cannon shot…potential Homesteaders rushed to find their new farming land

e. Life on a Homestead:i. Some Migrants lived in sod housesii. Other Migrants lived in ‘Dugouts

1. WHY?a. There was no lumber on the Great Plainsb. Transporting lumber was too expensive

V. New Agricultural Technology:1. New farming technology made farming easier on the Great Plains2. Helped to close off the Great Plains to cattle drives3. Increased agricultural output in America

a. Prairie Fani. Water Pump

b. Sod Busteri. Steel Plow

c. Barbed Wire i. Joseph Glidden invented Modern Barbed Wire in 1874

4. Environmental Impact:a. Loss of Prairie Grass

i. Over-grazing and bad farming practicesb. Lack of water

i. Fights over water rightsc. 1885-86 winterd. 1886-87 Hot, Dry Summer

5. Impact of Western Population Growth:a. Lumbering depleted the forests.b. Sodbusters plowed-up the Great Plains to plant crops, destroying top soil.c. Mining for gold and other precious minerals destroyed the land.d. The Railroads and buffalo hunters would soon wipe out the buffalo. e. Rivers and lakes would be polluted.

Pop-Up Questions:1. What was the purpose of the Homestead Act of 1862?

2. In what way did targeted propaganda help to populate the west?

3. In what way was Barbed Wire important to settling the west?

VI. Transcontinental Railroad: How to link the West to the East?1. The growth of the West created a need for communication across the country.

a. The Pony Express carried messages on a route 2,000 miles long. b. Telegraph replaced the express in 1861

2. Demand for a transcontinental railroad grewa. Congress passed the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864

i. The railroads agreed to carry mail and troops at a lower cost3. Two railroad lines began construction:

a. Union Pacific from Omaha, Nebraskab. Central Pacific from Sacramento, Californiac. On May 10, 1869, the railroad lines met Promontory Point, Utah.

i. The two tracks were joined with a golden spike4. The Men who Built the Railroad:

a. Irish , African Americans and Chinese immigrants worked on the railroads.b. Harsh conditions: Indian attacks, explosives, etc.

5. Transcontinental Railroad:a. Conflict over land

i. Threatened Indian existenceii. Cut through hunting grounds and grazing land for Buffalo

b. Damaged the Great Plains (environment and habitats)i. Depleted resources

c. Increased western Populationi. Statehood granted quicker

d. Industrialization boom i. Greater need for goods to make Railroadii. Demand for goods in west grew

e. Increased Wealth f. Ease of movement…connection across the countryg. Closing of the American Frontier!!

Pop-Up Questions:1. What created a need for the Transcontinental Railroad?

2. What conflicts arose because of the railroad?

3. What impact did the Transcontinental Railroad have on the west?

Gilded Age GrassrootsVII. Populist and Greenback Parties:

1. The farmers on the Great Plains debt rose and a fall in crop prices caused them to fail. a. A protest movement began based on populism

2. Populists : Political party that favor’s the common people’s interest over the wealthy or business interests.

3. Greenback Partya. Planned to relieve farmers’ debtb. Goal: Increase paper money by changing gold standard

i. Gold Standard: Every dollar had to be backed by a dollar’s worth of gold to ensure value

c. Greenbacks wanted money backed by Gold and Silver to increase inflation and cause a rise in crop prices

4. William Jennings Bryan : the “Great Commoner”a. Revivalist style of oratory.b. Supported free silver coinage

i. Condemned the Gold Standardc. Candidate for president in 1896

i. Populists supported him ii. Split the vote because of stand on silveriii. Bryan lost, and the populist party ended

Why Did Bryan Lose and Populism Decline?Bryan Populism Decline

∙ Focus on silver undermined needs of urban voters.

∙ Did not form alliances with other groups.∙ McKinley’s campaign was well-organized

and highly funded.

∙ The economy experienced rapid changeso Industrialization and Immigration.o The era of small producers and small

farmers was fading away.∙ Race divided the Populist Party, especially in

the South.∙ The Populists were not able to break existing

party loyalties.

5. Gold Triumphs Over Silver: 1900 Gold Standard Acta. Confirmed the nation’s commitment to the gold standard.

Pop-Up Questions:1. What was the main goals of the Populist/Greenback Parties?

2. What factors led to the decline of the Populist Party?

3. In what way did Bryan help lead to the Populist decline?

American CapitalismVIII. Innovation Boosts Growth (1865-1914)

Key Terms to DefineEntrepreneurs

Free enterprise

Protective tariffs

Patent

Thomas Edison

Bessemer process

Suspension bridges

Time zones

Mass production

Cash crop

1. Technological Innovationsa. After the Civil War, human and animal strength were replaced by steam and electricity.

i. Steam engines, powered by burning coal to heat water, drove the textile mills, factories, and trains.

b. During the late 1800s the center of coal mining was in the Appalachian Mountains of western Pennsylvania.

c. America’s first oil well was drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859.i. At first, oil was just used as a lubricant, later it was refined into kerosene for lighting.

1. It wasn’t until the internal combustion engine and the development of the car, that the demand for oil skyrocketed.

ii. New sources of energy and transportation technologies have improved our mobility and our production capabilities.

2. Americans invest in new technologya. Financial Backing: willingness to risk money on new businesses.

3. Capitalism : An economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than being controlled by the government.

4. Bessemer Process:a. Henry Bessemer (1855)

i. Revolutionizes Steelmakingii. New technology for turning iron into steel

1. Gave rise to the Iron industry2. Increased the amount and the quality of steel being produced.

a. Allowed steel to be made cheaper and quickeriii. Andrew Carnegie invests – Carnegie Steel Company

1. Largest and most modern steel mill of its time (Pittsburgh)iv. This new steel was used to lay more miles of railroad track, to build the world’s 1st

skyscrapers, and to make better machinery.5. Electricity:

a. One of the era’s most significant developmentsb. Electricity was first used as a means of communication with the telegraph.

i. The telegraph dramatically changed the speed at which we communicated over great distances and made the Pony Express obsolete.1. Alexander Graham Bell would later perfect the telephone in 1876, it hasn’t stopped

ringing since then.American life changes drastically

Prior to Industrialization After IndustrializationCandles, Oil Lamps Electric Lights Icebox Electric FridgeLetters Telegraph TelephoneHorse & Buggy Automobile

c. Thomas Edison designed a way to get electricity into homes and businessesi. Edison was able to create:

1. The light bulb, (world went 24/7)2. The phonograph, (which later gave way to other forms of recordings)

ii. Light Bulb & Electric Generating Stationd. Benefits of artificial lighting

i. Allowed companies to stay open longer1. Factories ran through the night

ii. Work and read at nightiii. Electric fridges & other appliances

6. Changes in Communication:a. Samuel B. Morse:1st Telegraph-Morse Code (1837-1838)

i. 1843- Telegraph lines connecting Washington DC to Baltimore, Marylandii. By 1870s, Western Union Telegraph Company dominated industry.

b. Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone (1876)i. Bell Telephone Company- plenty of financial supportii. Patent ran out in 1893, independent telephone companies formed

1. 13 million phones by 1920Pop-Up Questions:1. In what way did electricity change homes and businesses in the Gilded Age?

2. Explain the importance of the Bessemer process to the American Industrial Revolution?

3. How did Bell’s invention change the Gilded Age and still affects us today?

7. Other Inventors & Innovations:a. This was a time period of many inventions that improved the lifestyle and standard of living

of many Americans. i. Elias Howe – sewing machine, clothing could be made cheaper, faster, and now at home.

(1846)ii. Elisha Otis – passenger elevators, the new technique of making steel allowed for

skyscrapers, this created a need for elevators to carry people between floors. (1852)iii. Wright Brothers – Orville & Wilbur first successful manned flight. Although their first

flight lasted only seconds, it opened way for air travel at a dramatically increased speed and distance travelled. (1903)

iv. Christopher Sholes – typewriter, made businesses more productive and helped improve communications. Eventually led to computer keyboards. (1867)

IX. Industrial Growth:1. Interchangeable Parts : used to produce goods in large quantities (Mass Production)

a. Machines could produce identical parts for quick assembly 2. Unskilled workers ran machines

a. No longer needed skilled artisans3. 3 Factors of Productions:

a. Necessary for increased industrialization during the Gilded Ageb. Land : Resources

i. Soil, forests, minerals (Abundant resources)c. Labor : Workers

i. Immigrants, migrants, Urban poor, minorities, women and childrend. Capital : Any asset that can be used to produce income

i. Money, buildings, tools, machinery

4. Ford’s Moving Assembly Line:a. Allowed for mass production of automobilesb. Workers stand in one place while conveyer belt bring product/work to them

i. 1 or 2 tasks are performed, then product moves to next workerii. Car was built down the assembly line until finished

c. Increased productivity, cheaper goods, fewer workers5. Investors and Patents:

a. Investors put money in railroads, factories, scientific research, etc. i. Ex: Thomas Edison financially supported by J.P. Morgan

b. Investors made sure inventors had patentsi. Patents: Sole legal right to make or sell an invention for a specific period of time. ii. Federal government began issuing patents in 1790, by 1860 a total of 360,000 had been

granted.1. Between 1860 and 1890 there were 600,000 granted.2. Thomas Edison holds the record for patents with 1,093 in all.

Pop-Up Questions:1. What is the overall ‘theme’ of inventions during this era?

2. Why was the assembly line so important to industrial growth?

3. Explain the roll of investors and Patents in the Gilded Age?

X. Development of a National market:1. Began to emerge as railroads, canals, the telegraph and telephone linked the country together.

a. National producers could ship their goods cheaper i. Would dominate sales in the West.

2. New methods of marketing and advertising a. Gave manufacturers ability to expand across the nation.b. Store catalogs became “wish lists”

XI. Impact of Industrial Growth on Population:1. Rapid population growth

a. Population jumped from over 2 million to 76 million in just 50 years2. Cities were crowded 3. Growing population was a steady supply of cheap labor.4. A high birth rate and a constant stream of immigrants created a rising demand for goods

a. Population growth favored business expansion.XII. The Free Enterprise System:

1. The Success of America’s industrialization was based on its free enterprise system.2. Free Enterprise System is when people have the freedom to make their own choices in what to

buy, where to work, and what to make.a. Producers: free to use their money and time to start a business in hopes of making a profit. b. Consumers : free to choose the type of product they wish to buy and how much they’ll pay.

3. People have unlimited wants but we have limited resources to satisfy these wants.a. Every society must determine how to use its resources to satisfy these wants.b. Businesses use their resources to compete with each other to satisfy these consumer desires.

XIII. Entrepreneurs:1. An Entrepreneur is a person that invests their time, money, and skills on creating a profit-

making business.a. In the 1870s these entrepreneurs dominated America’s economic life.b. Efficient large-scale production allowed them to sell goods at lower prices and Competition

forced them to continually improve the quality.i. Many of these entrepreneurs created monopolies and made huge fortunes.

Pop-Up Questions:1. In what way did the national market drive industrial growth?

2. What characterizes a Free Enterprise system?

3. What is the importance of entrepreneurs in a Free enterprise system?

Business in the Gilded AgeXIV. New Types of Business Organization:

1. Before the Civil War, most businesses were owned by individuals or by a groups of partners.a. After the war, corporations became more common.

2. A corporation is a company chartered by the state and recognized as a separate ‘person’.a. Issue and sell ‘stock’ or shares of a company.b. A shareholder is a partial owner, and they receive a share of a corporations profits based on

the amount of stock they own.i. Shareholders were responsible only for the shares they own, not for losses and are

protected from lawsuits.ii. Allowed for people to pool their money to raise the huge sums needed to build railroads,

factories, steel mill, etc.3. Corporations:

a. Corporation - a company that is recognized by law as existing independently form its owners.i. A corporation can own property, borrow money, sue, or be sued.ii. People can invest in corporations by buying stock, investors become owners of the

company1. Wealthy capitalists bought huge amounts of stock to control companies.

iii. Investors not liable for company’s debt, could lose what they invested and that’s it4. Competition:

a. Competition provides consumers with choicesi. Businesses had to slash prices to compete

1. Debts rose, prices fell, bankruptcy

ii. Power capitalists tried to limit competition amassed huge amounts of money1. Buy or Bankrupt other companies

a. John D. Rockefeller had great success with thisXV. Captains of Industry:

1. Many of the more successful entrepreneurs became known as ‘Captains of Industry’.a. They became known for their ruthless tactics used to destroy their competition and methods

used to keep workers’ wages low.b. Some of the best known were:

i. John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, JP Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt2. Captains of Industry ruled America during the Gilded Age

a. They amassed fabulous wealth and lavishly spent it while the majority of Americans were poor.

b. These men were also called ‘robber barons’ and were glorified and vilified.i. Some became the richest men in the world.

XVI. Monopoly and Trusts:1. Monopoly - a company that completely dominates a particular industry

a. With competitors out of the way they could rise prices and reap great profitsb. Approach to reduce competition

2. Trusts - A set of companies that are managed by a small group known as trustees. a. They have the power to prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.

Pop-Up Questions:1. In what way does a Monopoly inhibit competition and business growth?

2. In what way was a corporation different than previous business types?

3. What are the characteristics of a corporation?

John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie∙ Made his fortune in oil.

o Kerosene, for lighting, made him millions

The gasoline industry, made him even richer.

∙ Used horizontal integration and ruthless tactics to push competition out of business then would buy them out.o Made a deal to ship oil for cheaper to cut

prices below competitors∙ Standard Oil Co . became a trust, with him

owning most of the shares.o Later he would controlled 90% of all oil

refined.

∙ Made his fortune in steel mills in the Pittsburgh, PA.

∙ He used vertical integration o Bought his own iron ore fields, coal

mines and ships so he could control all phases of steel production.

∙ Crushed attempts to form labor unions, paid low wages, and forced laborers to work 12 hour days.o The labor strike on Carnegie’s

Homestead Steel Mill would be one of the eras most violent

Horizontal Integration: John Rockefeller Vertical Integration: Andrew Carnegie

∙ Joining together firms from the same step of production

∙ Taking control of every step in the production and distribution of a producto Acquire raw materials to manufacture,

package, and shipXVII. Robber Barons were accused of

1. being just plain greedy2. unfair business practices3. being above the law4. abusing labor with low wages and long hours5. having too much, influence on government6. simply not caring about the American public

XVIII. Philanthropy:1. Carnegie and Rockefeller both made millions

a. They paid low wages and demanded long hours of work.b. As businessmen they didn’t believe in charity, their belief was:

i. help those who help themselves c. Later, both would lead the wealthy Americans in philanthropy: the generous donation of

money to good causes i. They gave away millions of their dollars to the public.

1. They built libraries', museums, scholarships, and universities.Pop-Up Questions:1. What are the differences between Horizontal and Vertical Integration?

2. What are two ways in which Rockefeller and Carnegie differ (not their industry type)?

3. In your own words, what is Philanthropy?

XIX. The Gilded Age was all about Laissez-Faire1. People realized big business was limiting competition and prices continued to rise.

a. Law makers and politicians were unwilling to stop such business practicesi. Laissez-Faire: market regulates itself through supply and demand, no government

interference1. Leave business alone

XX. Social Darwinism applied to businesses a. Followed ideas of laissez-faire

i. Government doesn’t regulate business.b. Adapted Darwin’s ideas

i. Best run businesses ran by most capable people would survive and prosper. 1. Allow businesses to fail or succeed on their own

XXI. Laws Against Anti-Competitive Practices

1. Government and business leaders believed in laissez-fairea. Government did have some involvement in business, such as patent laws, enforcing

contracts, laws protecting property, and tariffs to help American manufacturers.2. Some of the anti-competitive practices of big business soon became so oblivious that reformers

started calling for government intervention to remedy the problems.a. Americans were alarmed that small businesses were denied opportunities

3. Interstate Commerce Act (1887) a. Railroads often charged small farmers more to ship goods than they did large companies.

i. States passed laws to stop this, but the Supreme Court ruled these laws were unconstitutional.

b. Congress finally passed the Interstate Commerce Act that prohibited unfair practices by the railroads.i. The Interstate Commerce Commission was created to enforce these laws.

c. First time Congress had regulated big business.4. Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

a. Federal law aimed at stopping monopolies and trusts from engaging in unfair practices.b. This law outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade.

i. Act marked a significant change in the attitude of government about the abuses of big business.

ii. Standard Oil was the 1st monopoly the government attempted to stop.c. Government didn’t really attempt to enforce the law

i. Wording of law was vague, and courts that would interpret were biased and decided in favor of big business.

Pros and Cons of Big BusinessPros Cons

∙ Large business is more efficient which leads to lower prices.

∙ Hire large numbers of workers.∙ Produce goods in large quantities.∙ Have the resources for expensive research

and to invent new items

∙ Unfair competitive advantage∙ Often exploited workers.∙ Often unconcerned about pollution they may

cause.∙ Have an unfair influence on government

rules that affect them.

Pop-Up Questions:

1. In what ways did the government try to fight against monopoly?

2. Why was government action against monopoly ineffective?

3. What are two pros and two cons of Big Business?

LaborXXII. Working Class:

1. Working Class : Men, women, & children that work for wages in factories, mill, mines, and other businesses performing manual labor.

2. Division of Labor : Factory production is divided into separate tasks, with one task assigned per worker

3. Child Labor:a. Why did children work in factories?

i. Families couldn’t survive, even with both parents workingii. Children made less pay for the same work so factory owners were happy to employ them.

4. Some states passed laws with minimum age: 14/15a. Laws were often ignored and not enforcedb. Most dangerous jobs because of their small sizec. Little opportunity for school

5. Working Conditions:a. 6 days a week, 10+ hours a day, earning about $1 a day (Long days, low wages) b. Hazardous environmentsc. Little or no financial compensation for injuriesd. Cramp, unventilated sweatshopse. Lose job if they protested to heavy flow of immigrants coming in

XXIII. Unsanitary Living/working Conditions:1. Slums - heavily populated parts of the city marked by filth and squalor 2. Tenements – rundown apartment buildings of 4 to 6 floors, usually 4 families on a floor.

a. These families would cook, eat, and sleep in the same roomb. Disease flourished in these cramped, airless quarters.

Pop-Up Questions:1. What are some of the reasons children were used for labor?

2. What are at least three working condition problems that existed in the Gilded Age?

3. What characterizes a Tenement?

XXIV. The Labor Movement:1. Labor Unions - A group of workers organized to protect the interest of its members.

a. Goal 1: Higher wagesb. Goal 2: Shorter hours c. Goal 3: Better working conditions d. Power came from the threat of a strike

i. Strike : workers refused to go to work.ii. Strikes could shut down factories, railroads, mines, but were usually a last resort.

2. National Labor Organizationsa. Labor Unions joined forces to form a national labor federation, or a group of unions.

i. Poor leadership and lack of unity led to collapse.

ii. Economic depression hit and unemployment was high, there was a lot of competition for jobs which made it hard to have create national labor unions.

b. Labor Unions:i. Knights of Labor- accepted skilled, unskilled, African American, and women workers. ii. American Federation of Labor – organized skilled workers (Samuel Gompers)

c. Unions used:i. Collective Bargaining : negotiations between employers and employee representatives

concerning wages, working conditions, etc. Knights of Labor: Goals American Federation of Labor: Goals

∙ Eight-hour workday.∙ Workers’ cooperatives.∙ Worker-owned factories.∙ Abolition of child and prison labor.∙ Increased circulation of greenbacks.∙ Equal pay for men and women.∙ Safety codes in the workplace.∙ Prohibition of contract foreign labor.∙ Abolition of the National Bank.

∙ Catered to the skilled worker.∙ Represented workers in matters of national

legislation.∙ Maintained a national strike fund.

o Money to workers on strike so they could continue to receive a wage

∙ Evangelized the cause of unionism.∙ Prevented disputes among the many craft

unions.∙ Mediated disputes between management and

labor.∙ Pushed for closed shops.

XXV. The Socialists1. International Workers of the World (IWW or the “Wobblies”)

a. Eugene V. Debsi. Railway union leader, leader of Socialist Party of America, ran for president 5 times

b. “Big Bill” Haywoodi. “Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism”

c. Mary Harris “The Miners Angel”i. Organizer for the United Mine Workers.ii. Founded the Social Democratic Party in 1898.iii. One of the founding members of IWW in 1905.

2. Tactics used to Undermine Unions:a. Yellow-dog Contracts - Business owners pressured employees to sign a written pledge to not

join a unioni. Businesses only hired workers who would sign the pledges.

b. Blacklists - Owners would also exchange lists of union members and organizers.i. Businesses would not hire those on the lists

Management vs. LaborTools of Management: Tools of Labor:

“scabs”P. R. campaignPinkertons/intimidationlockoutblacklistingyellow-dog contractscourt injunctionsopen shop

boycottssympathy demonstrationsInformational meetings picketingclosed shopsOrganized strikes“wildcat” strikes

Pop-Up Questions:1. What were the overall goals of the Labor Movement?

2. What are three differences between AFofL and KofL?

3. In what ways did Business owners ‘fight’ against the Labor Movement?

XXVI. Strikes:1. Railroad Strike of 1877

a. An Economic recession was going on, owners slashed prices b. West Virginia rail workers strike.

i. ½ the nation’s RRs were shut downc. Largest labor uprising in American historyd. Riots broke out, RR property burned and lootede. US Army was brought in to end strike, 1 st time

i. President Grover Cleveland1. Used the U.S. Army to shut down the Railroad Strike of 1877

2. Haymarket Affair 1886a. A violent clash between Union Supporters and Chicago Police b. Strikers fought with scabs, police broke up fightc. Anarchists (people who reject all forms of government) set up protest meeting in Haymarket

Square.i. 1000+ people showed up to calmly protest. ii. Police showed up to break it up, someone threw a bomb into police and they fired on the

crowd.iii. This divided the labor movement.

3. Homestead Strike 1892a. Carnegie Steel plant workers strike

i. Pinkerton Agents hired to protect Carnegie Steel plant from strikers ii. Gun battle broke out, Pinkerton agents finally gave up and Strikers took over the town

b. Broken up by the state militiac. Non-union workers were brought in

i. Resulted in union being shut out of Carnegie Steel for 40 years4. Pullman Strike 1894

a. Pullman Palace Car Companyi. Workers lived in the company town in company apartments and bought food from

company owned stores.ii. Employee’s owed large debt to the company, their wages went straight to bills.

b. During 1894 recession, Pullman cut wages 25% i. Workers went on strike, strike was supported by American Railway Union

1. Shut down railroad traffic in the Midwestii. Refused to handle trains with Pullman cars

c. Strike that was broken up by federal troops5. The Federal Government and Labor Unions

a. Government often sided with business, not unions 6. Late 19th Century-Early 20th Century gains made by Labor Unions:

a. Mostly Skilled workers from 1819 to 1915 but eventually represented many laborersi. 54 lowered to 49 hours per weekii. $17.60 increased to $21.30 a week

b. Most unskilled (white women, African Americans, immigrants) still struggled Pop-Up Questions:1. What was unique about the Government’s role in Railroad Strike?

2. What characterizes the strikes of the Gilded Age?

3. What gains were made in labor in the late 19th-eraly 20th century?

Political CorruptionXXVII. Political Machines:

1. Cities were controlled by political machinesa. Organizations of politicians whose main goal was to get and keep political power, money,

and influence by any means necessaryb. Served the interests of Dishonest Politicians and those who bribed themc. Weakened Political influence on average Americansd. Distorted and Undermined democracy

XXVIII. Tammany Hall:1. William “Boss” Tweed : infamous head of the Tammany Hall political machine of New York

a. Helped people in exchange for vote at election time i. Pay for funeral, feed family, etc.

XXIX. Corruption in Cities:1. Bosses controlled access to city jobs and business Opportunities

a. With a good word from a boss, a poorly qualified person could land a job in place of a capable applicant

b. To get a city work contract, a company had to donate to the machine’s reelection campaignc. Businesses also paid politicians to keep them from interfering with their activities; pay-

offs / briberyd. Also controlled elections

i. Often used fraud to win at the pollsii. Candidates might pay citizens for their votes or stuff ballot box with phony votes

e. Maintained control of citiesPop-Up Questions:1. In what ways did Bosses and Machines maintain power in cities?

2. What services did people and businesses receive in return for votes?

XXX. Spoils System :1. Giving a political office to someone because they are friend or family

a. Person is often NOT qualified for positionb. Person relies on you staying in power to keep their job

2. Spoils and Bribery: Give a political office in return for Political/financial supporta. Consequence of Gilded Age politics and the spoils system. b. Elected officials appointed friends and supporters to government jobs, regardless of their

qualifications. i. Government swarmed with unqualified, dishonest employees. ii. Ensured them a loyal group of supporters in future elections.

c. Both Democrats and Republicans handed out jobs to pay off the people who had helped them get elected. i. System led to corruption when dishonest appointees used their jobs for personal profits.

XXXI. Corruption at the National Level:1. Senators

a. Constitution gave the power to choose senators to state legislaturesi. Corporations often bribed legislators to elect their favorite candidates

b. Patronage - giving jobs to friends and supportersi. Some of these jobs went to unqualified people

2. Pendleton Act : limited patronagea. Set guidelines for hiring civil service employees- nonmilitary government workersb. Exams to new applicants for government jobs

Pop-Up Questions:1. In your own words, explain the spoils system?

2. In what way did bribery work in the spoils system?

3. How did the Pendleton Act attempt to fix the spoils system?

Gilded Age ImmigrationXXXII. America is a Melting Pot

1. Made up of people from all-over the globea. Each group brings unique culture, language, food

i. Contributes to American society:1. Food, Art, Music, language etc.

XXXIII. Immigration:1. Steam boat trip could last 3 weeks-1 month

a. Ships separated by social classi. Metal bunks

ii. Rotted foodiii. Filth

Push Pull• Overpopulation : Crowded and no jobs• Hunger : Irish Potato Rot/Crop Failure• Lack of land• Religious Persecution : Russians, Polish,

Jews

• Life in a Democracy• Jobs/opportunity• Resources • Propaganda: Letters from family

ELLIS ISLAND: NEW YORK Angel Island: San Francisco Bay• European Immigrants• Inspections:

• Long hours• Sick sent home and/or quarantined• Prove they weren’t criminals• Show they have money

Prove could work

• Asian Immigrants: Mostly Chinese• Harsher processing

• Tough questioning • Long Detentions / quarantines

XXXIV. Issues Immigrants faced:1. Expectations to Assimilate2. Lived mainly in Ethnic communities3. Strong Nativism: Favoritism toward native-born Americans4. America passes the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882-1943 limited/ended Asian immigration5. Urban Problems

a. Housing: Tenementsb. Sanitation c. Transportationd. Water: Unsafe for drinkinge. Crime f. Fire : Wooden structures…Chicago 1871, San Fran 1906

6. 20 Million Europeans immigrated during the Gilded Agea. Only 300,000 Chinese were allowed to immigrate:

i. “Never be Americanized”ii. Violence towards themiii. Economic Woes blamed on Chinese Immigrants

Pop-Up Questions:1. What are two similarities and two differences between Ellis and Angel Islands?

2. What are four problems immigrations faced?

3. Explain two pull and two push factors for immigration during the Gilded Age?

Completion of Transcontinental R.R.

Killed off Buffalo Herds

Used Barbed Wire

Dug Deep water Wells

Homestead Act 1852

California Gold Rush

Klondike Gold Rush

Built Sod Homes

Farmers on the Great Plains

Ranchers Settle Great Plains

Miners attracted by Gold and Silver

Closing of the American Frontier

Transcontinental Railroad