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Phylogenies1) The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees.

Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes?A) IB) IIC) IIID) IV

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2) The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees.

Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids?A) IB) IIC) IIID) IV


3) The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees.

Which tree shows the greatest evolutionary distance between chytrids and ascomycetes?A) IB) IIC) IIID) IV


4)

In the phylogenetic trees, numbers represent species, and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?A) 1 and 2B) 2 and 3C) 3 and 4D) 4 and 5

5) The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of ________.A) their common ancestor having been leglessB) a shared adaptation to an arboreal (living in trees) lifestyleC) several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each otherD) individual lizards adapting to a fossorial (living in burrows) lifestyle during their lifetimes

6) The various taxonomic levels (for example, phyla, genera, classes) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of ________.A) how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environmentB) their inclusivenessC) the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to eachD) morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms


7) If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?A) A and DB) B and DC) B and CD) D and E

8) Carolus Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with ________.A) a hierarchical classification schemeB) taxonomyC) phylogeniesD) nested, increasingly inclusive categories of organisms

9) The best classification system is that which most closely ________.A) unites organisms that possess similar morphologiesB) conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practicesC) reflects evolutionary historyD) reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes

10) Based on this tree, which statement is correct?

A) The human lineage is a basal taxon.B) Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.C) Salamanders are as closely related to lizards as to humans.D) Goats are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.

11) Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of ________.A) convergent evolutionB) similarity due to shared ancestryC) homologyD) parsimony


12) The term convergent evolution is most applicable to which of the following features?A) the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizardsB) the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wingsC) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American molesD) the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs

13) If, someday, an archaean cell is discovered whose rRNA sequence is more similar to that of humans than the sequence of mouse rRNA is to that of humans, the best explanation for this apparent discrepancy would be ________.A) homologyB) convergent evolutionC) common ancestryD) retro-evolution by humans

14) Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?A) eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American moleB) owl wing and hornet wingC) bat wing and bird wingD) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb

15) Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to ________.A) the inheritance of acquired characteristicsB) sexual selectionC) possession of analogous (convergent) traitsD) possession of shared primitive characters

16) The importance of computers and of computer software to modern systematics s is most closely linked to advances in ________.A) light microscopyB) radiometric datingC) fossil discovery techniquesD) molecular genetics

17) The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed three-chambered hearts (two atria, one ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having four-chambered hearts (two atria, two ventricles). The four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as ________.A) structural homologiesB) vestigesC) structural analogiesD) the result of shared ancestry


18) Imagine that a phylogeny was developed for a group of mammals based on bone structure. Which of the following statements would be a reasonable prediction about a phylogeny for the same group of species based on similarities and differences in the structure of a particular enzyme?A) The same phylogeny would be unlikely.B) The same phylogeny would be predicted.C) No prediction could be made.D) The amino acid sequence would be identical in all species.

19) Use the following information to answer the question.

Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals, thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics.

In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis, et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9]:1135-44.)

According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a ________ group.A) analyticB) monophyleticC) polyphyleticD) paraphyletic





By examining the phylogenetic tree diagrammed in the figure above, what conclusion can you draw about the species G. microti?A) It evolved before G. intestinalis.B) It is more closely related to G. muris than to G. intestinalis.C) It should not be labeled a species distinct from G. intestinalis.D) It is part of a monophyletic group that also includes G. intestinalis.





Which of the following changes would a modern systematist be most likely to make after learning of the results of the rRNA analyses?A) continue to keep subgroups A-D as members of the species G. intestinalisB) break the species G. intestinalis into four separate species, A, B, C, and DC) combine subgroup D and G. microti into one speciesD) combine all the subgroups of G. intestinalis (A-D) and G. microti to make one species


Refer to the figure. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group?A) A, B, C, DB) C and DC) D, E, and FD) E, F, and G



Which of the following trees, if any, depicts the same relationship among species as shown above?A)

B)

C)

24) Which of the following would be most useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a taxon?A) morphological data from fossil and living speciesB) a knowledge of color patterns in fossil and living speciesC) a knowledge of mutation rates in modern speciesD) morphological data from fossil species

25) Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily?A) to serve as an outgroupB) to see if the lily is a cryptic orchid speciesC) to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived charactersD) to demonstrate likely homoplasies



Applying the principle of parsimony to the trait "ability to fly," which of the two phylogenetic trees is better?A) Tree 1B) Tree 2C) Both trees are equally parsimonious.D) Since the trees show different evolutionary relationships, you cannot determine which is more parsimonious.

27) Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree?A) Descendant groups (branches) from the same node likely share many derived characters.B) A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features.C) The ancestral group often has all the derived characters of the descendant species.D) Shared ancestral characters are excellent traits to use in developing a phylogeny.

28) Given that phylogenies are based on shared derived characteristics, which of the following traits is useful in generating a phylogeny of species W, X, Y, and Z?

Species W Species X Species Y Species ZTrait 1 A A A ATrait 2 A A B BTrait 3 A B C D

A) Trait 1B) Trait 2C) Trait 3D) Traits 1, 2, and 3


29) Phylogenetic trees constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in ________.A) morphologyB) the pattern of embryological developmentC) biochemical pathwaysD) mutations to homologous genes

30) There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths. If true, then hair is a shared ________.A) derived character of mammals, even if cynodonts continue to be classified as reptilesB) derived character of all vertebrates and not of the mammal cladeC) ancestral character of the all vertebrates, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammalsD) derived character of mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals

31) Use the figure to answer the following question.

Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2 in the figure?A) AB) BC) CD) E



If the figure above is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be an accurate statement?A) The entire tree is based on minimum parsimony.B) If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is paraphyletic.C) The last common ancestor of species B and C occurred more recently than the last common ancestor of species D and E.D) Species A is the direct ancestor of both species B and species C.


If the figure is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be an accurate statement?A) If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is monophyletic.B) The species present at position 4 is ancestral to species E, but not species D.C) Species C is more closely related to species B than D is to BD) The species present at position 3 is ancestral to C, D, and E.


34) Use the following figure and description to answer the question.

Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the great apes, which shared a common ancestor about 15 million years ago. Gibbons and siamangs comprise a clade called the lesser apes. Tree-branch lengths indicate elapsed time.

Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes ________.A) polyphyleticB) paraphyleticC) monophyleticD) into a new order


35) The question refers to the following table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A.

% Sequence HomologySpecies Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon VA 100% 100% 100% 100%B 98% 99% 82% 96%C 98% 99% 89% 96%D 99% 99% 92% 97%E 98% 99% 80% 94%

Based on the tabular data, and assuming that time advances vertically, which phylogenetic tree is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species?

A)

B)

C)

D)


36) The question refers to the following table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, Intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A.

% Sequence HomologySpecies Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon VA 100% 100% 100% 100%B 98% 99% 82% 96%C 98% 99% 89% 96%D 99% 99% 92% 97%E 98% 99% 80% 94%

Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in ________.A) distinguishing introns from exonsB) determining degree of sequence homologyC) selecting appropriate genes for comparison among speciesD) inferring evolutionary relatedness from the number of sequence differences

37) In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is ________.A) a shared ancestral characterB) a shared derived characterC) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammalsD) an example of analogy rather than homology

38) If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?A) lionB) domestic catC) wolfD) leopard


The phylogenetic tree shown ________.A) depicts uncertainty about whether the bryophytes or the vascular plants evolved firstB) depicts an evolutionary hypothesisC) includes evolution of convergent characteristicsD) indicates that seeds are a shared ancestral character of all vascular plants


40) Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves ________.A) have very similar morphologiesB) belong to the same orderC) are both members of the order CarnivoraD) share a very recent common ancestor

41) A large proportion of archaeans are extremophiles, so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity, salinity, and/or temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of the following is, consequently, a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged?A) Among themselves, they should share relatively few ancestral traits, especially those that enabled ancestral forms to adapt to extreme conditions.B) On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter than the non-extremophilic archaeans.C) They should contain genes that originated in eukaryotes that are the hosts for numerous species of bacteria.D) They should currently be undergoing a high level of horizontal gene transfer with non-extremophilic archaeans.


42)

A phylogenetic tree is shown for the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria). The tree branches in two directions from the first point, labeled Common ancestor of all life. One branch leads in the direction of Eukarya and Archaea, and the other branch leads to Bacteria. The branch leading to Eukarya and Archaea divide, one branch leading to each domain. The branch leading to Eukarya divides into four branches. One leads to Euglenozoans, and the other three lead to branching points. The first leads to Forams in one direction, and another branching point in the other that leads to Diatoms and Ciliates. The second branching point leads to Red algae in one direction, and a branching point that leads to green algae and land plants in the other direction. The third branching point leads to amoebas in one direction, and a branching point that leads to fungi and animals in the other direction. Land plants, Fungi and Animals are all highlighted.

Cyanobacteria were once called blue-green algae because they are photosynthetic. According to the phylogeny shown, the cyanobacteria are more closely related to gram-positive bacteria than to ________.A) proteobacteriaB) green algaeC) euglenozoansD) crenarcheotes


43

A phylogenetic tree is shown for the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria). The tree branches in two directions from the first point, labeled Common ancestor of all life. One branch leads in the direction of Eukarya and Archaea, and the other branch leads to Bacteria. The branch leading to Eukarya and Archaea divide, one branch leading to each domain. The branch leading to Eukarya divides into four branches. One leads to Euglenozoans, and the other three lead to branching points. The first leads to Forams in one direction, and another branching point in the other that leads to Diatoms and Ciliates. The second branching point leads to Red algae in one direction, and a branching point that leads to green algae and land plants in the other direction. The third branching point leads to amoebas in one direction, and a branching point that leads to fungi and animals in the other direction. Land plants, Fungi and Animals are all highlighted.

Examine the figure. If you were a graduate student trying to develop a thesis project that would resolve polytomies, which of the following groups would you study?

A) animals and fungiB) euglenozoans, euryarcheotes, and gram-positive bacteriaC) forams, red algae, and amoebasD) red algae, green algae, and cyanobacteria


44) Imagine that you discovered the following information:

Feature Bacteria Archaea EukaryotesRNA polymerase small, simple complex complexIntrons absent present presentAntibiotic sensitivity sensitive insensitive insensitiveMembrane Lipids C chains unbranched C chains branched C chains branched

These data would support which of the following conclusions?A) Eukaryotes share a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than with archaea.B) Bacteria are the only one of the three groups that lacks a nucleus.C) Archaea are more similar to bacteria than to eukaryotes.D) Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria.

45) In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is A) a shared ancestral character.B) a shared derived character.C) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals.D) an example of analogy rather than homology.

46

In Figure 26.4, which similarly inclusive taxon is represented as descending from the same common ancestor as Canidae?A) FelidaeB) MustelidaeC) CarnivoraD) Lutra


47. Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct?

A) Goats and humans form a sister group.B) Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.C) Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans.D) Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.

48) If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?A) wolfB) domestic catC) lionD) leopard

49)

The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.13 indicate that A) frogs evolved before mice.B) mice evolved before frogs.C) the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice.D) the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice.


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