1gr2-00 gr2 advanced computer graphics agr lecture 12 solid textures bump mapping environment...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
226 views
TRANSCRIPT
1GR2-00
GR2Advanced Computer
GraphicsAGR
GR2Advanced Computer
GraphicsAGR
Lecture 12Solid TexturesBump Mapping
Environment Mapping
2GR2-00
Marble TextureMarble Texture
3GR2-00
Solid TextureSolid Texture
A difficulty with 2D textures is the mapping from the object surface to the texture image– ie constructing fu(x,y,z) and fv(x,y,z)
This is avoided in 3D, or solidsolid, texturing– texture now occupies a volume– can imagine object being carved out of
the texture volumeU
V
W
texturespace X
Y
Z
object space
Mapping functions trivial: u = x; v = y; w = z
4GR2-00
Defining the TextureDefining the Texture
The texture volume itself is usually defined procedurally– ie as a function that can be
evaluated, such as:
texture (u, v, w) = sin (u) sin (v) sin texture (u, v, w) = sin (u) sin (v) sin (w) (w)
– this is because of the vast amount of storage required if it were defined by data values
5GR2-00
Example: Wood TextureExample: Wood Texture
Wood grain texture can be modelled by a set of concentric cylinders – cylinders coloured dark, gaps
between adjacent cylinders coloured light
radius r = sqrt(u*u + w*w)
if radius r = r1, r2, r3,
thentexture (u,v,w) = darkelsetexture (u,v,w) = light
looking down:cross section view
U
V
W
texturespace
6GR2-00
Example: Wood TextureExample: Wood Texture
It is a bit more interesting to apply a sinusoidal perturbation– radius:= radius + 2 * sin( 20*) , with
0<<2 .. and a twist along the axis of the
cylinder– radius:= radius + 2 * sin( 20* + v/150
) This gives a realistic wood texture
effect
7GR2-00
Wood TextureWood Texture
8GR2-00
How to do Marble?How to do Marble?
First create noise function (in 1D):– noise [i] = random numbers on lattice
of points Next create turbulence:
– turbulence (x) = noise(x) + 0.5*noise(2x) + 0.25*noise(4x) + …
Marble created by:– basic pattern:
• marble (x) = marble_colour (sin (x) )
– with turbulence:• marble (x) = marble_colour (sin (x + turbulence
(x) ) )
9GR2-00
Marble TextureMarble Texture
10GR2-00
Bump MappingBump Mapping
This is another texturing technique Aims to simulate a dimpled or
wrinkled surface– for example, surface of an orange
Like Gouraud and Phong shading, it is a tricktrick– surface stays the same– but the true normal is perturbed, or
jittered, to give the illusion of surface ‘bumps’
11GR2-00
Bump MappingBump Mapping
12GR2-00
How Does It Work?How Does It Work?
Looking at it in 1D:
original surface P(u)
bump map b(u)
add b(u) to P(u)in surface normal direction, N(u)
new surface normalN’(u) for reflectionmodel
13GR2-00
How It Works - The Maths!How It Works - The Maths!
Any 3D surface can be described in terms of 2 parameters– eg cylinder of fixed radius r is defined by
parameters (s,t)
x=rcos(s); y=rsin(s); z=t Thus a point P on surface can be written
P(s,t) where s,t are the parameters The vectors:
Ps = dP(s,t)/ds and Pt = dP(s,t)/dt
are tangential to the surface at (s,t)
14GR2-00
How it Works - The MathsHow it Works - The Maths
Thus the normal at (s,t) is:N = Ps x Pt
Now add a bump map to surface in direction of N:
P’(s,t) = P(s,t) + b(s,t)N To get the new normal we need to
calculate P’s and P’t
P’s = Ps + bsN + bNs
approx P’s = Ps + bsN - because b small
P’t similar– P’t = Pt + btN
15GR2-00
How it Works - The MathsHow it Works - The Maths
Thus the perturbed surface normal is:N’ = P’s x P’t
orN’ = Ps x Pt + bt(Ps x N) + bs(N x Pt) + bsbt(N x N)
But since– Ps x Pt = N and N x N = 0, this simplifies to:
N’ = N + D
– where D = bt(Ps x N) + bs(N x Pt)
= bs(N x Pt) - bt(N x Ps )
= A - B
16GR2-00
Worked Example for a Cylinder
Worked Example for a Cylinder
P has co-ordinates:
Thus:
and then
x (s,t) = r cos (s)y (s,t) = r sin (s)z (s,t) = t
Ps : xs (s,t) = -r sin (s)ys (s,t) = r cos (s)zs (s,t) = 0
Pt : xt (s,t) = 0yt (s,t) = 0zt (s,t) = 1
N = Ps x Pt : Nx = r cos (s)Ny = r sin (s)Nz = 0
17GR2-00
Worked Example for a Cylinder
Worked Example for a Cylinder
Then: D = bt(Ps x N) + bs(N x Pt) becomes:
and perturbed normal N’ = N + D is:
D : bt *0 + bs*r sin (s) = bs*r sin (s)bt *0 - bs*r cos (s) = - bs*r cos (s)bt*(-r2) + bs*0 = - bt*(r2)
N’ : r cos (s) + bs*r sin (s)r sin (s) - bs*r cos (s)-bt*r2
18GR2-00
Bump MappingA Bump Map
Bump MappingA Bump Map
19GR2-00
Bump MappingResulting ImageBump Mapping
Resulting Image
20GR2-00
Bump Mapping - Another Example
Bump Mapping - Another Example
21GR2-00
Bump MappingAnother ExampleBump Mapping
Another Example
22GR2-00
Bump MappingProcedurally Defined Bump
Map
Bump MappingProcedurally Defined Bump
Map
23GR2-00
Environment MappingEnvironment Mapping
This is another famous piece of trickery in computer graphics
Look at a highly reflective surface– what do you see?– does the Phong reflection model predict
this? Phong reflection is a local illumination
model– does not convey inter-object reflection– global illumination methods such as ray
tracing and radiosity provide this .. but can we cheat?
24GR2-00
Environment Mapping - Recipe
Environment Mapping - Recipe
Place a large cube around the scene with a camera at the centre
Project six camera views onto faces of cube - known as an environment mapenvironment map
camera
projection of sceneon face of cube -environment map
25GR2-00
Environment Mapping - Rendering
Environment Mapping - Rendering
When rendering a shiny object, calculate the reflected viewing direction (called R earlier)
This points to a colour on the surrounding cube which we can use as a texture when rendering
eyepoint
environmentmap
26GR2-00
Environment Mapping - Limitations
Environment Mapping - Limitations
Obviously this gives far from perfect results - but it is much quicker than the true global illumination methods (ray tracing and radiosity)
It can be improved by multiple environment maps (why?) - one per key object
Also known as reflection mappingreflection mapping Can use sphere rather than cube
27GR2-00
Environment MappingEnvironment Mapping
28GR2-00
Environment MappingEnvironment Mapping
29GR2-00
Jim BlinnJim Blinn
Both bump mapping and environment mapping concepts are due to Jim Blinn
Pioneer figure in computer graphics
www.research.microsoft.com/~blinn
www.siggraph.org/s98/conference/keynote/slides.html