RHODE ISLANDHI STORY

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Rhode-Illand

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RHOD E I SL, \ !'n 's FI RST !'EWSP.\I'ER[s,'" in,id,' front row' r]

T ilE RH OIl E I ~ L :\ :'; n tI I ~ T O R I C ,\ L ~ 0 C l E T Y

I' CH L/Sll f./) HI' RHOD E I ~L . \:'\l> H ISTO KIC. \ L SOC I ET Y;~ I' O W E R S'I'll, ~:E 'I , l'll, O\'rl)~: :-;CI': I" R It()lJ~. ISL ."'''f)

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RHODE I SL A N DHI S T O R Y

l' O . 2.-\P R I L, 1~5 2V OL. 11~:-:-::---I-'"...rtf) fjL 'ARTfRLI' AT f'R{)1"mfSC}., RII() /)f '-~L1S/)

PI CTl'"F. S O f P IIO V II'f. " C;E I '> T il t: Pxsr , 1790-1820 .The Reminiscences of w alte r R. Danfort h,

t'rli t..d b" Clarholl :\ . Co llin., 3rd

CR ,' W EOIUl STRE f.T, 1-',,0 \, 101''''- (; "-. L O O KI :';'G T OW"'Rll S U UTH ~hl " , 1':l14 511I<11110 n" ill R. L Hi' lOrical Sori,·t)

RHODE ISL\:-;n 'S FIRST :-;EWSf'APE R[rep rod uced on front conr]

Jlep rodu , " 1on Ihe frr>tJ/ co~'n I-J ,he firsl p,,-~e o/ Ilhode Jd 'H1 d 's first neu.',p(lptt .JI ii (I fou" pa{;e jOl> , n,,/. "pp,o ,,'illlalrir ninr by t " 'd " r inchn. Fiflun iJJun. f 'omO ct obn 4, ] 732 , 10 .\I" ' ch I. 17:13, e ,~isl loda)', of :"hich Ihe COp }' In Ihr Rh odeIsland H islori,,/I So ci",l' ( rIO , 2) IJ Ilrr r",lirsl date . 'l"he Suclrl)" h,u photoslalso f allihe trw " 'n r ,~lanl iSJUfj .

Isaiah "1'1. """" "'ys In H i, tor y of Print ing in "\ 1Jlt"rica , 187~ rd. , u, 2 . p. ~O:

" .-\'0. 1 wos p"blished SelJlellibn 27, /7 .'/2, p,inled on ,/ l m all , hut 01 pot J1~r,

f rom a pica I}'pl much :.'on,- IIJ conlrnl s " 'Oe ,eo ln a ll,1' COlllprlu d on hnlf ashrel . T he d"y o f publi"'tion ""0 II" rd " odll)' . I lII prinl . ' N ewporl, Uhorlr·1sland :P rl n lr d ",,,I ,old by lam" F" I1l U ill . at hi , P,i"tin!! · lIouu I",dr, ,he 1'0 11-'0._Schuol-lIouu , a'hrr ~ A d vrr liu mr"t , ,nld J. ~ !tns 10 I h ~ Au /I.", 11'1 I" Ar ll in .'

"Th~ GIl~€lIr " ''' ' "i""nli"uNl lh~ 2·lrh 0/ Jill )' , 17:?:I, Ul'~" 1II0"th , 11' 0"1 il sfi"loppe""'"a ,"

A 1"1,,, ''' '' 'Jp" pn , T h,' l' m v id, '''''' ' G;u" Il", h"d " "w,,~ J"a~Hfl" 'UII, ","] Ih,Socie l)"J ph of Ihls p"prr ,l"ck i,,!! o lll}' lou' imus bda,'IT' f7li2 a'"! 1825 , iJ tlrrmos, comp ln~ ""I of lilly i"'I'''''an l Colo nial II",-'spap" ill e ,~i ,l r" (I loda )'.

T ABU; Of" COl\ 'Tf;.\TS

T Il f . L U T H E R C ,\ ~ F, ~ I , TH .', L O W Ell COt" II T ~

by ~l ah lo J1 II . 1It' lln ich

F ,R ST CO'>URE<J'TI O'> ,\I Socr~'TY I' EW H OI . h •. IIS, 1816

. \ P OJ ,1T JC \L C .' ''TOO'> O F T H E D O RR \ V \ R P ' ,RJOn

l. i t ho~ l' a ph in R,LH ,S. Libr ;Hy

T I l " , OLD Tow x H O l IS I':, P RO \ ' J1n ,:,;' " ' '

Oil Pa i nt i ll ~ in R.I H .S . Lihr" r j

33

60

Bad. C onr

Back Conr

T H E L UTH ER C, \ SES 1:'\ T HE LO\n:R COURTS

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Axv f.; 'ITnY of th e r-ase (If Luther I'S . l torden, as it was consideredby the Un ited States Su preme Cou rt. m ust ta ke arr-ount of th e lowerco urt cases of .Ilm tin t .umer I'S . 1.1Ithn Borden et at and Hilth !'/i.uthrr I' S . lutn er norden 1'/ at. For in tlu-sr- c-ases we find th e has il'outline of the a rgum en ts of plaint iff an d defendant as th cy wert- lau-rto be heard by the Supreme Court a nd of t he- de cisions of th e m aj orit -,of that cou rt Ull the issues raised ill the cas e.

T he Luther Cast's .l:'rew out of those tro uble d summe r day s of IB+2\\ hell Rhode Island experienced the Dun Rebell ion. This rebellionwas ca used basicall y by' a f-.'Tow ing dissnrisfarti on among mallYof theno n-f reeholders of the sta te with th e distribution uf the suffrage priv­ill'gc an d of representnticn in th e sta te assembly.' In both maucrs theAssembl y. sccurelv ill the con tro l of a conservative majorit y. hadfailed to provide reforms lon g- ove rd ue. The hasir law of RhodeIsland was st ill the Ch arter of l6G:l, wh ich had gran ted to th e assem­hly th e pown to det erm ine the hasis of suff rage. By an an (If 1 7 ~I H

suffrage had ber-n extended to th ose men who ow ned a freehold tothe value of ,'S t:3+ .()O or a SC\'('11 dollar a yeOlr rental fee and /o r to theeldest son of a freeh older. •\lso th e Cha rter had establi shed repre­sentation in the Assr-mhlv up on the basis of the towns , and the dis­tribution of seats amo ng the towns had un dergone no gn'a t ehOlTlgesince the colon ial period . Thus. a large num ber of the ad ult ma ll'inhabitants (If Rhode bla nd in IR40 did not have th e riuht tu vote

fur sta te or national ofliccr s. and the representation of the people inthe Assembly bore 110 relationship to thr- population cha nges wh ichhad taken pla ce. The larue tow lIS of Pmvidcnrc a nd Smithfie-ld \\lTC

" ~ Ir. 1I"H" rid , i, I,,,t ru .-tor in th ,' Soci ,,1 S,.i,·I1,.,,>. SI;o(, · T "achn , Cull~:-\ ..,l' UW,OI1 . ~1 .1 r y l a ll rl .

1 ~ I(lwn, .\ n l lLll' xr., '1"1. ,. D." , It' a ' , I'wviJ""",' , l'lUI, p. zn.:l:l

:H Till' Luther CI/J('s;/I till' l .oucr Courls [.\ pril '1'11(' 1.1l111n CflJl'f in 1111' i .ou-cr Cour ts

,l::"ro~"l y uudcr- rcprce-nn-d "hilt- others SIKh as Xc wp on and Ports­mou th "hieh 1);It! not ,I::"rown as rapid ly were ~ro~"ly ove-r-reprr-se-nted .In the latt er part of 1840 , liberalgroups in Rhod e Isla nd dcte-rmim-d10 ~Tllfr refo rms in slilTra,::t' and repre-en ta rion either through t heexiste nt eove rnment or through the establishment of a new consritu­tion a nd a peoples' l;mTrnnWnl.~ T his movement was founded uponthe principle t hat the ma jority, in a politica l societv pos:"e~"l's the in­herent riuht to alter. abolish, or c-rabli..h government . Either theCharter .'h "l·mbly would broaden the suffrage and equalize reprt'­sentation or the majority of the men of Rh ode Island would proceed10 establish a 1It'\\ r-on....rinnion and a new government .

W hen the .-\ s..",,:·mhly failed to heed their demands for change in itsj an uary and j une- .'>('<;."ions in IfHI . the leaders of the reform aeocia­iion .. decided upon non-violem extra-legal action." Thi.. decision it'dto the mcerinc of a Peoples' Convention to draft a new (on...titutionfor the ...tatr- on October 6. 18-1- I, to thc~ apparen t ra tifica t ion of thelICWcnn..ritution h~ a popu lar referendum held on Decem be r ~7, ?8.and 2~. to till' election nfa slate of state officers head ed hy Thomas W.Do rr as gO\('f!1nr on April 1B. IB42. and th e organization of the lIt·wl;0wmmen t in PrCJ\'idl'IH'I' nn ~ Iay 3. Despite these expression.. of .1determination to rs tublish a IWW g:on'rnme nt. t he Charter Govern­me nt did not Iadc from the Sl·t'nl". Althoug-h a new constitutiondrafted by a convention ca lled hy the A...."t'mbly wa~ no t appwwd hy(he votel1i in ~I ..n h, the rt.'.l;ular sta tl" elect ions were held in .\ pril.T ht,!'C, rt~lIht'd in tllC' rr -t'lt·el ion of Go\t"rllor Samuel ' ,"a n ! Kin~, it

\\"hi .l::", alld t llC" C'\c·ction of a \\"hig majority to the .-h-.e mhly. On ~ Ia ~

17, 1 8-1- ~ , J)(lrr at II\(' ht'ad of a nu mhe r of a rmrd support("fS al·templed to Sf'i/e the arSl'nal in Providcncc. T his elTort a t armedactio n faikJ and Durr Ill'll from the statc. By tht~ mid Jk of J Ulie,rum ors wr rl" ('irr lliat ing wild ly throughou t Rhod e I ~bJl(1 to tht' d Tccttha t a Dnrr ilt, ill\"asinn of the ...ta ll' was immine llt. Pa nic" S(,i/ l"dPrm idt'lHT ;lIld I Ill' ChoU'ler {;UWf!1ml'nt . On J lIlle 2-1-. the ,\ Tmhl~

;ldn pll'd a rl'...o llllilln d l"darin.1::" martial law th rou ghou t th l" sla ll'whid l was pl'C""I'llll'd h~ C O\'lTIH II' King t' l tlu' pl'llpk 'l l1 thl' ncxl tLl';lS a ll n ..el'llt i \l ' pro rblllal i"n . ( )11 JU11 e ~H the mil itia "r th .. ( :hM 1t' 1

( ;O\Trll lllC11 1 lI1 ;tlThn l1 0 <:llI'parl wt to lu(·a!.: up a I' U11 lO llTd (l'llt '·U ·

~ / b id " 1'1'_ 16. :"111." I bid .• 1'1'. Ii 7.ha, p, 70, PI', 'lh. IOo, 1-'1'. 1 1O·1 1~ , I), 1JI, 1'1-', la l·l !Ih, I'l!,

2H·222 .

tr at ion ol Dorrites. However. durillg the previous day DOff . rea lizinl;tht, Iut ilit y of his position. had orde-red t he- dispersal of his few hund re-dfollowers gathered a t Chcp.u- hct . H is Peoples' Government. for allpract ica l pu rposes, died at rhat time.

From J une 2,'l to August H. R ho de leland was tinder martial law .and the Cha rter (iovem mcn t moved strenuouslv against individual...acc used of supporting the Do rr movem en t.' Homes were bro ken intowithout warrants. citizens wert' held without cnuse . prisoners weremistreated and confined in over-crowded jails , Apprc xima relv 350pt"P.'Ons were arrested during this pe riod . ~I m;.t were held (or on ly ashort time. However, about Ionv were held for trial under civil lawand procedure; man y of these were found guilty of violating the" .\l£:erine Laws" and were fined and imprisoned. T he "AlgerineLaw s" had been ad op ted by the .'h ",,:'mhly on Ma rch 30. I8-I-? :' Thesean... provided severe penalties for , {}till~ in all election called by thePeoples' Pa n v, for acunc as a town moderator or official and ram­pai,gnin~ in such an election. and for accepting office under thateovemrnem. T he last offense was defined as a treason able act and,if guilty. a man was liable to lifc' imprisonment. .-\ \though martial lawwas su..ponded indefiniteb hy Gmwnor King on September I. the" .\ Igerine I...aws" were never repealed . Rath er under a general am­Ile:-ty proclaimed b~ the ll"gislatuTC' in I HH , thl)N,' st ill im prisonedwere released. During the crisis of j une. 18-1-2, the Cha rte r Govern­mellt had again initia ted a proces." of nmstitutional rr \'iJ"ion," InSe pte mber a co nst itutiona l COnH' lltjon "as held W hieh d rahrd a newbaJ"ic law for the ..ta le , ThiJ"documnlt was ratific'd in a popular elcc­t ion held in XOH'mber. In j anuary. 18,n, it was ollieially adoptcd bythe .-\~"C"mbly. an d a II t'W l;o\'('rn mt' nt (,Il·t't!,d under it... a ut ho rity too kolfice on ~ Iay 3, IfHJ. In this n mstitll lio n, suffrage was grail ted toall male citi/em m'er twell t~-om' who had liw d in tht' stat e two ' ea rsand had pa id a ~hool (a x of a ( lI'asl mil' do llar. Xatllral il.('d cilizellSnot owning real ('sta te \\ I'rt' still dl'll il'd slllTra.l::e. Finally, ah er fOI1 ~

~( ' a r~ o( a~ital i ol1 lh t' peopll' of Rh" dl' 1...land had won a liberal suf­fral; t' and a t/cIllOlTali.. Cllllslilll tio ll, Btll k g,d ar t ions ar isill,l::" from1'\T l1 t~ 1' ( t hose n itira I Slll11 11 HT lIa ~ s Ilf IB4'2 still rl'lllai l1l'd 1O hI' dealt"i th hy Ill(' {"(lllfts.

l/ bid .. pp. 223·23 1>.:'I bid .. p, 1:0." Ibid.• p. 204.

36 T nt" lut ner Cases ill thr 1.00U f ClIlll tJ . .April T hl' / .11 /11 1'1 Cases ill tlie lon -er Courts Ti

w hen the m ilit ia from warren \\ a _~ ord ered to I' w \-id ('IIlT to aidin the defense nf that city in th e 1;..·\ wcrk of j une . UH:!. ,I smal ldet achment \, a~ left behind to guard the town against any raid... IrnmDorrites who 'HT{' believed lO b l ' r-orue-ntrau-d a r-mss thr - v lassach u­scus border." This detachment of mil itia was left under lilt" commandof Ca ptai n J ohn L. C hi ld who had n-rr-ived w r-it ten order lrom hiscomma nd er. Co lonel Thomas \\", Turner, to arrest ;111 suspicious!wrsn ns in \fa rrell. Among th e ITsid t'm." of \\" a rJTII ;1t that time wa s'Iartin Luther. a trader. He had hl"("Ollll' a local leader of the Donmove ment in ill' later 1'13.1::1'1'. Hr- had acted as moderator of a tow nmeeting in Warn -n 0 11 April IR. which had ur ged support of th ePeoples' Governm en t. he had ~T\Td with Do rr in the nnack upon thearsenal in Providence, and he had received votes for sta te and townoffices under the' Peopl es' Constitution. Luther had left Wa rren onJ une '!. i and had gone first to Fall River a nd then to a !<pot known a!'Co rnell's Tavern in Swan sea. :\l a~"lChu",..us. which was near theboundarv lim' 1)I,'1\\I'c'n the two stan-...." It was rumored in \farrt'nthat Lu the r had ret urned on the c'\Tl1 in ~ of J UlH" 'lR, a nd was hidingin his borne . Captain C hild ordered Luther Borden. Stephen j ohn­~JJ1. William T. Brown, j ohn II. "on 1"(1(", William B, Snell, j a lTH'!'Gardner. Silas " a rt in, Hammond Sn,L:cam. and j ohn Kelly, all of" 'an en, to arrest Lut her in h i ~ hOl1\e,"

Thc' men procenkd to make tlw arrc·!'t l-)('tweel1 three and fouro' c!cK k on tilt' mtJrnin .1::' of j Ul1e :! ~I , l " The~ made a forcihle enlrantTwithout \\ arr.lIlt upon the prelll i"l.'!< of tht · LUlht'r homc', T hey rou~'d

the hou "<"hold and qllC~ti01H'd R;l( hd Luther. the muthn of :\fart in.as to hi~ whC'l ea hout!'. Fa ilin l::' tn ~'c urC' infomlatioll from her thc~

prO<Teded to "c.';Inh th l' hou~ for I.ut her. d ist ll rh in~ and d am a l::'in.L:th e prem i~'!' in the- prtK'CS.". l. utl lC' r. \\ ho was prohabl y Mlc('p a lCornell ' ~ '1a\Trn at the tinw. wa s not fou nd. It wa~ thi !- in{"identwh ich pro\'id('(! til(' ha!'i!' for a ll anioll of In·...pa~.. which " art inLUlher filed a g-a imt Luther Borden t't al O il Orto!wr Ii, 18.62 in theFir:<1 Federal Cirfuit C uurt. 1t The a t" rll~t~d mell \\tTt~ atH'...ted. bUI

'28 l 'n;IPd S I ;I1O ' s COIlI{,n , 1, ,)·16. "I"!u h " l"r/""'n u alr h.· f:u cut;vt';/I Ihr,itf"irs "I Ii hod,' 1,1",,,1, } UM 7, / 8 ~ ~ . M i" " ,ir)' R" po, t , \\" "h ;III(lOII_ l84.5,p. 158.

' Ibid.. .HIlj" ri' )' lI . po,t . p , :12:1." Ibid. , p. ,158,w lbid ., PI" I:!:!-.I'! ·I1' l bid.• p. ji8.

with in two davs Ihe' \ were rr-lea-ed on hail. The rase was ca lled forllle' Xovcmbcr termof the Rh ode I..land Ih-trirt of the- First Ci rcuitCourt which wa :< to be held in Provid ence on XowmhC'f 1:). llH ~ .

.vnd on the ha :<is of this same incident a ...imilar suit for In'~pa;;... wa,.Iih-d 1)\ Rac hel Luther again:;.t Luther B onh-n et al. l ~

1'hl: Ut!'1' of .\f lll /i ll l .uthe r f'S, Luthe r Rarden 1'/ al was first ron­:;.id('fc·d in the mel,t ing (If the court \\ hir-h beg-an in XmTll1 lwr , 18--1- 2. I ~

The defendant!' rhmugh their ("0l111'wl, Samuel CreelH' . john \ \ 'hippkand ..\I(red Bmwort h filed plea s in justi lkalion of their acnon .!' T hedcfc'n"C" contended that from june 24 to June ~9 . IfU :!, a la rec num­hc'r of men ha d ri-en in arms forthe pu rp0"'-' of overthrowing the legalg-m"t'm ffient of Rhode Island , .-\ .. a Olll"<"q UC"nn', the ...tate was de­dared bv legal a nd (·ompete llt aut hori tv to be under martial law .The defendant- further held th at a t the time of the" ma rtia l law thr­plaintiff had joined in the rebel lion which they. <I!' members of theFourth Regiment of militia. were ~('(' k ing to suppn........ In oht."d ienn'to the order!'of their superior the defendants had ~lll~ht to a rrest theplaintiff in his home. T his required the entrance and search of th eLuth er domicile and thr- rou ....ing of its ocr upants. But at no time hadtlu-v used undue (urn ' or violence againH either thl' inhabitants orthepmpcrtv of thr- home . In sub...tam-e this plea rnaintnincd that th eCharter GO\TrtlnH'llt was the leg-al gO\"tTnlllent of R ho dv Islan d , Ih;1Iil p"~<;N'.<:("d the aUlhority to det"ian' ma rtia l law , and that th t' dc·fend­ant:< a(( in ,~ upon ord('!"'S of it~ agent an d upan ils a uth or ity wc'n" ju:<ti·fied in th eir ent ry of the Luthc-r home. an d that th('~ had not u~d

undue " iolell('e in the performan {"(' of tht'ir duties.Thr ca:<e of .ll art;n I.utlln , 'So I.Ullln Nord en rt al wa... ('on tinued

In the :\"o\Tmher. IR·n ~<;ion of tht, !'.."1me cou rtY' Thc' {"a:<t· W<l!'Iward by Jud gt':< jo~ph Story and J ohn Pitman and a jur~' dul~ im·pam'lIed to render a wrdin upon tht ' (·au~ of the plaintiff , Jk'n jaminHallett and Samuc'l ,' twel! repn'",'ntl'd Ihe plai ntiff wh ile .,\ UrnlBo:<worth. J ohn W hipple and Sallluel Creene font ilHH'd for the d e­fem t'. H allen and Atwell ~oll ,ght 10 pro\'" that tht' Cha rter GO\Trtl ·nlt'n l wa:;. tlO 100t.gt'r lht' kga l g-O\,(,fll ltlt'1lI of Rhlldt· Isla nd in j UllC·.IB4-2. "hen il had de clared ma rli" II;l\\' an d that, ron,t·quelltly. lht'

1~ lbirf.. .\finoril)' lI" po,r, p . Ii; .''' Ibid., p p, :15 7. 37h1· lbi,/.. Pll. :t~".111:! .

';' 1;';.1., p.It>:I ,

38 Til l' luthcr emf'S in thr ,"OIt "N COIITts [ .-\ pril The t .ut ncr eIW'S ill thr lou-er Courts 39

defendants had 110 justification for their invasion nf the Lut herdomir-ile.!" Thc·y attem pted to prow tha t th e Charter Govcmr ncn rhad 1)("("11 superseded hy the Dorr (Iovernment which ha d b-en err­ated hy anion o( the sovcreicn people. T o esta blish this (".1.<,(". theCOUIl:-.('! fur Ill(" p lai n t iff procured (',..id r-nrc to prow the existence ofa cominuine slIlf r;u::c' agitation in Rhode Island since the sta te hadratifi ed th e federal constitu t ion. This ajrita tio n had culminated in thecarnpaum which It'd in IfH 1 to the convocation of the People!" Con­venuon and subsequent ratificat ion of its const itut ion by the vote oran overwhetmi ng majority of th r citizen ry. This led to the electionof officers and the format ion of the Peoples' Government in April.184 2. Simultaneouslv Hallett and Atw ell soug ht to pnwe th at theCharter ;\., .;rmhl y had refused to ac kno .... led ge the expressio n of thepopular will bv its failure to aHl"pt the Peoples' Co nstitution and tosurrender its claim to ~\"rrei~ty to the Peoples" Govern ment. Bvanappeal to a mass of dor-umcruarv evid ence. H allett a nd Atwel l main­rained th at a majority of the adult malt" inhabitant... of Rhod e b landhad acted to crea te a new govern ment.

T he attorneys for the detend ams a m'.... en-d that the Charter Gov­emment was the- It-~al government of Rhode blan d in 184 2 and rhusJ>O"~'«"d th e authorit y to d eclare martial law.1

• It was held that thisgovernment ....as fou nded O il popular consent in the form of the pop­ular approval e iven til thl" cha rter in the colonial period and in thefonn of th e tacit acceptance of the charter as the ...ta te const itut ion bvthe people in th e na tion al period. ~l orl'Owr. the C harter Gonrnml·n·thad be en rcco~"li /.('d <I:" the I f'.l,~al gOH rnment of Rhode Island bv its... ister sta tc:" a nd hy th (~ f(·(lt-ral .c:o\"ern ment. Furt hennore . as a ~ l\·­

(" rcign hod y. th is ,gowrnml·nt had taken :"teps to ac hic\"{' conMitutionalrdorm in 1841 and IfH 2. At the samc time . it had continued tomaintain its position itS t h(~ Ie~al ~O\Trnmell t of the sta te as aga in:"tthe P('opk s' Con \'('n tion and !'l'opl(':'" GOHTnment . Indeed . .... hikst ill carrying on it:" norm al fllnl"tion:" it ildopted and follo....ed a pro­("edun' of const itutional d lan ge which was completely legal. Thi spron·duft· stood in :"t rong nm trast 10 the extra-legal. re, 'olutiolla ryanion takt'n hy th e I'('opl('s' COllvention. H istory p ro\"ed t hl~ C hartnGO\"l'l"Il111ent to In- Illl' Iq ;:al ~onTnmt'nt of Rh ode Ir<land fu lly n' l11-

H'/b"I,. Ill'. :Hi:I,:ll;'I." /bid,. PI'. :lh'I·:170.

pct rll t to declare mart ial law . Thus the t respass upon the Lutherhorn e was justified as an action taken under ma rtia l law acainst asuspected rebel .

Upon the conclusion of the argument of the defense. counsel fort he plaintiff rr-que-su-d Ih(' court to instruct Illl' jury according to theirhricf . ' ~ This t he cou rt n-fu-ed to do. R ath er it ruled that the CharterGovernment had been in full force a nd effe-ct at all times and thatthe defendants plea of ju-tificanon was valid. This ruline was civenpro fonna: both parties had a.t:::rn·d to it as a preliminary to an appealof the case to the Supreme Coun.!" _'\s a H"SUIt the ju ry bronqht in averdict of not guilty. O n J anuary' :W. 18H. a writ of error for thiscase was prepared for presentation to J udce j o:"t-ph Story, Upon hissignature. the case was placed upon the docket of the Supreme Courtof the United States.

The r-asr- of R achel luthrr ,'S, l .utner Borden et {II W:L" also triedill the Rhode Islan d Dist rict of the FiN Ci rf"ui t Court before judgesJoseph Story and j ohn Pitman." Tilt" right (If <I majority of thepeople to reform or abolish or cstabli-h their .l:;:O\Trn mt"llt was not theprincipal issue in this trial: rather ihc principa l issue was that of thepower of a state to declare and to enforce mart ial I" .... , In this rcspeLl.it raised these qU('J<tio lls - did t he- Charter Government han- thea utho rity to decla re martia l law ,did the conditions justify suc- h action.was the a ut hority gra nted to the mil itar y propcrlv exe rcised. was thisa ut ho ritv limi ted to provide for th e protection of civil libert ies ?

Alfred Bosworth and j ohn W hippll' again appeared for the de­fenda nts. Sa m uel At well had been l'Tlga~ed to plead th e cause of theplaintiff. hu t anothlT mat H'r cOIllIX'lk d him to tram fn the ca."o(· toB(~njamin Ha Ik u , a day I>t"fnn' tht ' tr ia l was 10 Iw held .

III his argu lIl(·nt. Hallett a tt emptnl to t·:"t ahl i"h a do ct rinl" whil 'hwould placl.' limitat ions upon till' UM' of rnartiallaw . ~ 1 Fir"t he heldthat no legal basis had t'X i:<ted for ti ll' t'X t('m ioll of mart ial law to

\\"arren beca use a sta te of war had t'xisled only in Prm 'idellce a ndChepachet. Then he q ue:-tilllwd till" ('OflljwtClJ("(" of the k r:i"laIUfe tndlTlare martial law, ' j"his was a P' IWI"l" P( I~~t' ."~l·d Ily Ihe military alone.~ I on ·m'l"r. mart ial law W ;l S l'llll filWd to the ar ea in wh idl trou ps W('f"t'

1'. 1!'/bid,.p, 375,

~n/bid.• .H ino , if)' n"f"" f, p, 1'17.

~1 /bid .• p. L~1l

40 T /" , I.u/hn (,'(/J{'J ill the Lou:e CO/l,fj [ ;\ p r j ] T il l' I .II / il n C'mf'S in the 1.01l 'I' T Courts

in th e field : "it \\ ;I .~ 1tH" law of th e cam p. and not of that pa ri of th esta re when' there' was Ill) war.":" Finall y martia l law applied only torhosc ci tizens \\hll wert' at that time hearing a rms Of liahk- to lx-arann!'>.

In an ora l com memarc upon this a rgument. Judge Story providedan important definirion of martiallaw." In essence he denied thevalidity of th e pri nciples whic h Halk-n had advanced as co nt rollinathe dedaradon and r-nforccmenr of ma rtial law. Stun held tha t IiwCharter As.'«·mhl ~ had po!'-.~'C.·d the JlO \\('f to d('c1ar~ man ial law .This was a ]cgislat h C' pO\\Tr. and " was one of the act" of their sov­ereign a uihoritv."'" fi t" denied the PO\\<T of a nv milirarv otlker. ofhis own mere will, 10 plan' a di~lrin under ma rti'al law, a~l(1 suspendcivil aut horitv, with out warrant from his governmen t. \ \'tWI\ theexisten ce of a ..tatr- i" in danger. it" legislature, in self-dcfcn-e. ca llprocla im martial ];1\\. The Icfri..lature "had the power to provide furthe occasion. IllC"y e-xerted it, an d the dec laration of mart ial law was aproper )C',gislal i\t, an:'::~ Xor was the anion of the govern ment ofRhod e Isla nd . in such an emcrcenrv, to I){' governed hv the action Hfthe President of thr- Unin-d Stale-s. · The P~e-ident hali 10 determine'only if the situa tjon de ma nded inte rvention under IhC' provisions ofthe federal ron..titutinn. BUI the governmen t {If the "ta le had to tak esteps to pn''''C"f\'t' it" t'Xiste'nrt'. " He may judg-e for himse lf as Pre..identas th e United St'llc~. hut Rhode Island has the right to judge for her.S('1f in an y and e\ I'rY r-merjn-m-v in hCT do mestic affairs: ';:';' T h is wa"a resid ual pO\\C' r of the ..tan- for " hv the cons titution of the Unit edSla tes, she [Rhod e Islan d ] has su~rC'l1dcred only certain powers.among w'hkh was not th e rurht In dec ide upon the inter nal admi n­iSlra t ion of Iwr own J..\'0\Tn lllH' nt. nor the power 10 enfon'c' her ownlav:'s." n T h llS, Sior y IlC 'ld th at a ~tate g'o\Tm mcnt po!'......·!'."'c·d therC'Sld ua l pO\\C'r to prc~'nT itsd f against inte rnal rd wllioll. while atthe lQmt' tinH', tlH' (nlt- ral rfllJstituti ro n made prm'isioll for kderalintef\ 'ellt illtl [0 :!!'.,i ..t ..tate J..\'fJ\T rnl1wnts ill such emer.gen ries.

Furth ermore '. J lldg(' Story ruk d that mart ial law d-edared hy thesta te Jc'giSlat lll"t ' applil'd tl lHlllghnu t the cntire statc . ~ ~ li t" di(i ll(ltagrc't· with ILdll·tt ..... nl nten tion th at it was rcHrirted to the ('amp 01

10 thoS(' umk r :trtlts. T ht' ado pt ioll o( that prin r ipk would relldn t ill'

::~. ::,1, ~l . ~:" ~'; /bi" .. Il' ]h(l

:: : . ~~ ~", :lU, :lI " ::, "" , " l l/Jid,. ll, Ifii.

po\\('r of the :-tate gon' r1 l1llt'Jlt impoten t in a rea l crisis. For . if th e-rtart iul Ia.. \HTe resmrn-d 10 a cer tain area. "the insurrection mightbrea k out in t\, enly di fferen t plaees."~" Und er such conditions theloya l a mlY woul d lx- forced to follo\\ the insurjn-nts throughout th e...ta le declaring ma rtia l law as it cnn-n-d va rious loca lities. Rather thestate 1c~..Iat u n- not only had the power to decla re martial law. but"they have a righl 10 extend the opera tion of it a" thc'Y deem ex­pcdiem.":"

Thu... the only phase of this problem whic h the judge held propc:rfor decision by the jury was that of alleged abuses of pow er underma rtial law . T o r:-uide the jury in this mailer. J udge Sto~ held "thatma rtial law authorize, no man to exe rcise unbridled authori tv. "l l

T he sla te had the- pO'H'r to .....I ..pend civil aut hori tv and thr civil liber­tiC'S of it., eilizc'ns to !'>afeguard its existence . But with the return ofnormal conditions thr- citizens micht seek red ress for w rongs done tothem hy the militarv if it abused it.'" authority du ring th e period ofmanial law."

.\ 1this point Hallen a..ked of J ud gc' Story a definition of the te rm...tate. Did this term refer to the government alone or 10 the citizens ofRhode.' Island ? Jud ge Sto ry held that "the ..tate was the goycmmentand the people: and w hcn the Icgi,,!aI Clre declared tha t the 'sta te' wa­under martial law, e\ 'ery man . wom an , and ch ild in thai sta te wasunder miutiallaw : ··'\.l Again Hallett raiseda q ucst ion -c-werc minuteand detailed orders requ ired of all infe rior officers in their enforce­mr-nt of martial law? .\l::ain J ud J,:;c' Stllry gave the ruli ng of th e court.He stated "that the procla mat ion of martial law is. in itsell. a n orderfor all militarv olTirns 10 ad acc ordi ng 10 the t~ x i g('m- y of thc~ ('ast'."a,Th is principle was also held to hc' a ppl icable to the eond m:t of pri­\'a le soldiers who could a( ta l their disfTetion in thc' enfor cc'm ent ofth ai law though they. too. \\t'H' liahle for its usc' ,

T he laking of test imony was lJukkly m nrl mlt-d and thl' ll Hallett..ulllllla rind (or Ilw pb i tl t i f r. ; I ~' Il l' (( lllh' l1(k d that Ca ptain C hildhad i"'''' lll'd the onkr fur t]"(·"" <1"'''' on the I.uthn domic ile without"l"rur ing sllllicil'1 Jl infol"ll\a t illl] of hostik anion to justify ..uch~lll llrtk r. Ihat thl' order was im properly \'Xef utn !. and that lhl' de ­fendant.'" had sho wn lllllrh \'ill!rnl'(" tn t1H' inha h itallts of the hOIllC' .J uhn " ·h ippl,'. in his "l] lI11 11~try (ur till" dd n N'. hdd that a frec' gU\'-

:IC'/ &iJ .. fl . It>~ .

T he I.lltho C/H('J /11 thl' I.ou-rr Court! ,\ pril T h,. Luther CIHt'S in the 1.00n'r Court!

ernrncm. t-:-tahl i:ohed for the good of all, \' ;1:0 ju- rified in u:oi n,l.': a llmeans in its dden:oc against rebellion . thai the exigency had hn'n :ouf­ficientlv ~reat to jmt ify the decla nu ion of martia l law, rha t ~I art in

Luther. a." a no to rious follower of Dorr, had bee n a threat 10 th e "('­curit" of the sta te. The defendant... a!' soldiers. were bound 10 ol)('yorders. They could be held re-pon-ible- mu for the ord ers h ut only forabuses which Ihey ma y have com rniued un der orders. Such abu:ot' IIforders had nor been prove d: "... tht'''C' men went with the pt lWl'r ,Iflift': a nd death , vet no injury wh ateve-r wa s co mmitt ed h y rh rm."?"

Upon the conc lusion of the argum en ts Judge SlOry mad e his dlarg('to the jury. He again expressed his rnnvirtion that the Rhod(' Isla nd"\s""('mhly had possessed the pow('J' to declnrr- martial law , which Ill'dcfim-d as :

. . . martiallaw is the law of war. It is ,I resort to tlu- lllilila rvauthority in rases ,\hel'l' lilt' r-ivil runhoritv i, not sllHil'i..nt fo;'the mainu-n.um- of till' laws. and it gin 's to atilt-gaily a pp oinn'doffirr-r -, summary po\" 'r for till' I'urpm.,' of restorin g tra nqui lityand ..u_taining: rho ..tatl' . ~~

.\ !tho ugh the military ollin'rs wen- the sole judges of the dn :-ft't' o (Iorce required (or rhe mn inn-name o( order. they \\( 'f(' lim ited I" thenature of the t·xi.{:Tncy an d th('y \\l'n' responsible for an ab use ofauthority. j udge Story then proc eeded to hold th a t Captai n C hildha d acted Ie,gall y an d with soun d d iscretjon in is."uing hi!' ord er forthe a rrest of ~I artin Luther. The le.gislalure had d ecided tha i "dan­ger of arra ck existed in l"H'ry' locality of the sta te.":" Captain Childwas un d('r nrJer~ 10 arn-st ;i11 ~ u,"pir ious person~ and \Iart in Lut ht'rwas an anJ\\ed Dorrile . Thu.... th(' only q ue!"tiun 10 be decidrd wa:o" W('fe Ihe :-.{) I d it,~ ~uilty of a n~ (·xn·:-,..of authority in the execution oft hl' ord('r ?"alO And J ud ~t· SIOfY n 'minded the juron,that no ont" inthe Lutht'r hume had ht,t'n injuft'd , that Ihe militiamen had ilctl'd ina time of extreme nisis. and thil t the plaintiff had prodlHTd on ly O ll t'

willl(·s." to support her UIN:· . Itta...tltwh a... the jury could Hilt aS IT(' "na \·erdin. thi... ('as(' wa ... appl'ak d tn tht' Snprnlll' Comt (In a rerfifir; ttenf it di\,i... ion (If opini()n.~"

Nl'i tlwr J nd gl' St(lry l1(1r JIldgy Pittnan heard th e I.llthn ( :; lSI' S

wilh nili'll alld 1Illprejlldin'd mind... . In a letter to Pitma ll dated311. ~; . ;I>/b id" I', Itt :l .:ll' l &i') .. I' . I tiS,"' Ibid., II. Itt 7.

February 10. HH L Stor y commended him upon a p...unphlet he had« rinr-n in an a uar k UpOIl t he Peoples' Consti tu tion with th ese word!':

· . if ('H'r the-re- \\a_ ;1 1',1'0(' tha t called upon a judgr 10 writeand _peill- (ll,,:nly and puhlicl~. it wa- the \Try C;\'oC ' tht 'll beforevou.:"

In the same kiln he dt'snilwd the ...it uauon in Rhodt' leland in the-ewords :

· .. whut is ;l J{('public;m Covcmmem wort h if an uuauthor­izi-d bodv mav thu- ma ke. promulgate, and compe-l obi-diener­to a c(ln;ti tut ;on at it -, own uu-rt ' will and plc;l,ure .~~

In a second 1I'IIlT wri tte-n Oil April I. 18+~. lu- criticized the rrfusalor supporters of the Cbancr Government to acce pt their nr-w con­...titut ion and the inactivity of th e stau- legislature ill lace or the Peo­ple... · Movement . lie closed thi... It-UlT wit h these words :

r would -av much mon-, hut I do 1101 know \\ hrtlu-r tlu- que ,,­tions 11M" l'lIlt \ "1 "1I 1lt. Ix-torc u, in -o un- ,hal'" jud iciall y, and .t1wrt'fon:, f"n:ht'ar .U

Hut more s pt.'(·i fir,l1l~ to the point of Storv's prejudices ill the RachelLuther C ol", arc th t' comments of a Rh odr- 1...lan d attorney at thatlime. .\ braham Povne. who followed the rase and made these oh­-erva tiona :

· .. he (Whipplt'] \\;1_ hrid, and Ih,' judt::- I' [Slflryl did takeI';ln' of tilt' l 'd U_" of th ,' Sta te [dr-fr-ndan ts] . . . h~ hi, dla r!,!I'to till' jury Ill' ah\a~_ made it clea r how lit' tI ~ollg:h t the.ra'oC·oug-hl ttl hi' d<'(·id(·d . . ,Jud~ Slory \_a_('_'o('ntla l1~ a pa rll_an:he wa~ a h'n('nt Ill-monat in hi" YOll th. and an equ ally f('n 't'ntronsen 'a ti\! ' in hi- m<lllhood. H

Judge Pitman al:<t l had exprbo.<oed hO.!'tilitr to the rdom\ mO\'C ­

Illl'nt. I II J anuary of I H+:!. he had publi!'hed a pamphkt entitlt'd .T v th (' .Ilem bl'Tl (If th r ( ;rrrrJtI! . 1nem bly (If Uh (ld(' I s/m Id. whi thfl'\ ea led hi .~ ~t r(lnl.:'ly , nl\"C'IYati, e po~ition in opposition to the Peo­pin" COIl~titllti (lI1. I :' III it ht, arl-:- lled tha t ont' political party wa~

IISwry, \\'illi"lII \\ ,' ...1., !.if., m,,/ t.~ rr ~ ,., "f j <>u /,h S/", )'. BO~ l on , 18'\1 ,\"01. II,~ . 415.

~~I I> I ".

' ''/ I> id .• PI" 111,·111:1lip" ..."., . \ hr., h"IIl, I,·~"",,,,alla J of /h, II h",h I JI,,," 1 /l,,, . 1',.." id' ·I1'-" , IIlI:I,~.

I'll, :H-._:l7,...·I'llrn.l1l. J uhn, 'I' " Ih .· .\fo " /u." uf / h ~ Gnu",1 . t.Ull lhI,l· "f /lIw rl.. "I,,,,,i,

n,p., n.d ., Pl' . 1-24.

H Tti c Luther Cast'S ill the Laioev Courts [April The r uther Cases in Ihe lmuer Courts ·15

attemptin g to force il l' constitution upo n the people of the stat c: tha twhile, a t that mon u-ru. the question of suffrage was uppermost in theminds of th e agi tators. in th e future, it would be the righ ts of prnp­crtv: that only those people were riti zcns of Rhode Island who pos­:<e!'.",,·d such a stat us under the Cha ri er : th at th e m a jo rit y had ac­cepted th e Ch arter in 11l(jJ and those \\ ho had arrived sino- that dalehad tacitly a pproved it hy residina ill th e -t .uc : tha t tinder universalsuffra ge an d majority rule the governm en t loses its pe rmaIl C!1, y : "andthat the suffragists were act ing without law an d aga inst law." !" S(,\,­eral mon ths lat er , indeed . imm ed iat ely after th e fail ure of the Dorritca ttack upon the Providence arsenal, he permitt ed a letter whi ch hehad wr itten to Fran cis \\'a yland in commendati on of a sermo n whi chthe la tter had preach ed against the Dorr ites to he printed as a for e­word ill a pamp hlet con taininK that sermon.~~ It is not probable thatsuch strong prejud ices held by bo th Story and Pitma n had ber-n O \(T­

com e complet ely by the time the Luth er Cases were heard ,The majority decision of the U nited Stat es Supreme Court in

Luther 1'. norden. delivered hy the Chi ef j ustice Reger B. Taney.established two principles ill Am erican constitutional law : first , th atthe Federal co urt." cannot tak e jurisdiction in q uestions of a polit icalnature ; seco nd, that a sta te gm TrnnH'nt has the inherent P U\H T todeclare martial law in defense of its sovereignty."

T his opinion accords with th e opin ions of J udges Story and Pitma nin the lower court. It is true th at J udge Story in th e GlSe .I/ a rtillLu th er o. luther norden et ai d id lint di rect ly and explicitly sta te theprin ciple that the courts do not have jurisdicti on in q uestions of apo litical nature. But in refusing to instruct the jury aornrdintr to theplaintiff's brief and in holding th at the defen dant 's plea of justifica­tion based on ma rt ial law was valid and sufficien t. he not on ly ac­knowledged th e vir-torv achieved hy the polit ical branches of theC harter Gm('m nWnl , hut 11(' also admitt ed the inability of t h~courts ,

bot h sla te ami Federa l. to rr'vcrsr- th at decision . T aney\ opinion also~OIJbid .. p. 2·1.HW a, la nu, Fr'Il1 f';' , Th" ,111";" QI Uh"d,. J./",,,I ,. I Disr,,~ru Drli,'''''''/ i" II",

Ma , i,,/:-H nuu 01 rhr Firs/ Hap/i , ' Ch" .e h, P",6<!one , ,\I ,,), 22 , IIH2, £'ro";d"I1"",1842, p, I., ~"How"rd, tI,'nj,rm;" C " .-.1., '"'''1'0 ' 1, "I, I,,· CII"'.' A rp "' rf tUr d .- ldjr"I.~,.d ; " II ",

's.l.Ip ,,,mr CO" " "ll h., C".il.·,{ SI" I." . j'II/ U",) 1 "'III, 18·/Y, IIm lo u, 18 '!'l, \ ',,1.\ I1,pp, [-911,

j.('awlegal sanction to the status quo previo usly established ill Rhnd rIsland by the C harter Oovcrnmcm in l B42,

However , T aney went on e step further than did Story when heheld that the courts could no t ta ke ju risdiction in questions of a po­litical natu re, H e based hi." conclusion u pon the follo....,in.g p roposi­t ion." : first, he held th at th e Federal cou r ts follow and adopt the de­cisions of the sta te cou rts in q uestions whic h con cern the constitutionand laws of a sta te, and that these decisions an' based upon positionstake n by th e po litica l branches of their respect ive govemmcnrs;"seroml. he sta ted that Federal courts could not acce pt as valid theI'd urn s of Den-rite elections whi ch had been held in d isregard of sta telaws, for th e sta te !t'~i ."la t tl r(' , and not the co urts, ha s the power 10

dete rmine th e qualifi cat ion s for suffrage and to establish election pro­ced urcsi'" and finally, T aney held th at the Federal Const itutiontreated state en u-rgencies such as tha t wh ich had occ ur red in RhodeIsla nd a." political in nature, for the Constitution ~rants the power ofinterven tion onlv to the political branches of the Federal Govern­rru-n t , th e Prcsidcncv a nd Con g-res;,; as a conseq uence, th eir dec-isionson such q uestions are bindin g- on th e Federal courts, Th us. in hiscon clusions, Taney agreed wit h Sto ry thai the ac tions of th r- Ch ar terGovernment were legal , and that the pica of justifica tion offered bythe defendants was val id. because essentially the C hart er Govern­ment had ber-n successful in maintainin g its position when threa tenedby the Peoples Governm ent ."!

E\T n more rlcarlv T aney affirm ed the position taken by Sto ry asto th e power of mart ial law possessed by a sta te gove rnme nt. Heaareed that the sta te is thr- jlld.l!;t' of the nature of an ernergencv with inits bo rde rs and of measures need ed to meet the crisis; that martiallawpresu pposes a sta te of war and is th e law of war ; th at actions takenun der mart ial law are justified by law ; hut tha t those who order orcommit acts of war ca n be held responsible for cxr-cssr-s upon returnto civillnw.:'" T hus had J udge Sto ry lived un t il 184tl , he would hawknow n th e satisfact ion of read ing a majority decision of the Sup remeCou rt whi ch confi rmed the position he had ta ken whe-n hi' had heardthe Lut her Ca st's in the lower courts,

»tsu. , p. 40."" I bid . , p- oil.:o1/b id .. p. +2,:' ~ / " id. , I'I' , ·1,1- 17,

[It> Iw ,-und",j,- <I1

(9 q Cal..h Ea rll'. h. Swa nv-a. ~ta" . FdJ. 21. 177 1: d. J ul ~ 13. 18:-)1 :111. Amev Arnold : had a hunber-vn rd o n South WOl ler SI.. a nd aresidenc~ a t 21 ( ;"0 11;::" SI. in 1824. Had children : j a nu-s ~I. :Hen rv: EliLal:...th : ~1.l n Ann and Frano-s. li e- wac Li..ut. (;ov.182 1-'1824. and wa- a /;"'[111101., of Ilw commincc of the Cirv whobuil t th.. Dextc'r .-\~yltllll . .

(9 .-,) Ph ilip Crapo. b. Rod w, tl'r, ~Ia" . XO\', :~n. 176i: d . :-:0 \ ' . :~O, 18:~8:

m. Desire Burmw - Aborn . Child ren : Samuel A_ C rapo ( I8tH ­18.)2 ) ; ~b.r'Y .-\ Ii, ,· Crapo ( 1802-1826) .

(96) T ri-tam Bur£!:.·~ . h. Ro.-Iu...u-r, ~l a~~ . F..b . 26. lii9 : d . O n . 13.18."13: m. ~lar'Y , dau. of \\'d r olll{, Arnold. Repre-r-ntntive in COII­g-ft'~~ I 82.c'_18:G, Their rhildn-n we-re- welco me Arnold Bur£!:....sIII . Eleanor Burr ill. Tri-ram BUr£!: t·, . J r. III . Sarah mod get , and-everal other- who d. }'oun~ .

•!"IiJ Sa mu el ( i . Arnold Sen. h. J an . 20. 1778: d . Feb. 19. 1826 : m.Frann ... Rogc'f ' . 11,' wav -.lln of \ \"d ("Ol1l1' Arnold an d fat her ofS;II11ud G . ~-\ nlHld J r. author of Hictorv of Rhod r- Island. and ofCorn..lia E. ,\ m old \, h" married T imoth y Green. of :-:,·w York .

~.8 ) Sanford Branch . h. Pre...ton, CI. Mav 11. 17i2: d . .-\ IIl.!: . 19. 1818 .Ill. ~bt i lda . d a u of J"'Mlh a n a nd 1{~ 'h,,'Cc :l Cady. Hr' W:J' -on ofSn-phen and I la nnah ( SI:lrk" ,'a tlwr) Brauch.

99 ) Daniel C . Whi taker . of Kill i n~ ly , Ct. h. 1774 : d . April H. 186.').Han' nOI fOIlIl<·t- ...d him with tilt' Thoma- \\'hila kt' r famil y, ofWa rwick.

IOn ) Sa muel Dex te-r. :-:'" k ll flw in~ o f any othr-r Sa muel Dc·xu ·r. I:l"UlIlt' th.u he- is th,,' Sa llllll'l l jexn-r \,ho OWIl{'d pt.... 9, rl-v-

( 10 1) .-\ 11" /1 Glad di ll ~ . h. :";ov . 1·1. 1764 d . ~ I:ty 28. 18:\9 : Ill. Charl olt c'Ca'l--"-'Illt'r : ~Oll of J Olla th ;u l ( ; Iildd ill!{,

( 102 ) Sal mon 1{ u£!:~ . b. ~Ia" . 1i~H: d . J an. I. 18 ·J1: a ~rufTr o n Sou th~fa in SI. ill 182 1, I, ith r< '~id"I1"" 011 :\ tWl'll's .\V".

( 10:1. vaca n t )

( 10 1) Sa yles Will-w r. h. d . In . Ju lia ..\ . :\mold, IHI3:Ill. R Ulh T a ft. IR:l:i. 11,' \' ;I S a llIa~.. n a l 212 :\'orlh .\-bin Sf. in1824. At ka~t , l lll' t l'O 1l10irriagl" ;nt' ftTflulnl in Pw videlln ·.

( 10.') (i"Oll:"" Ea rll'. Sfln of O liw r Earl ". b. d . Ill .Wa (lTm;lll : h;ld Willia m, ( ~ t'fll ~ l ' . l la rrit,t. J ulia . \I artl la ,

FilllllV. S;llly. Il l' wa, 1I11'rchant ill H fl South ~l.l i lJ S!. irr 1112-t.

FIRST CO:\(; REG,\T IOX AL SOCIE'!-""PEW HOI.DERS. 18 16

[contimwd rrolll J ~ nu ;, r~ , l 'l S2, ,-. I I, ,,0. I , p. 1:'1]

( 87 ) Payton Dana . h. li6i : d . Ju l ~ 28. 18:-,-l: III. Esther. da u. ofXeh cm iah and \ b rv 5 w...·1. She d . O ct. 29, 18:\0.

(88 vacant )

(89 ) Spooner Ru~~It·~ . h. Rutland . ~b~, . 17i8 : d . ~Iay 7, 1831. unpaso;a~t' houu- fro m Surinam. In 1824 hr- was a " ma rin..r" li\i ll~

at 203 South Mai n St. II r- Ill. Ruth Van Doorn . O Il<' of h i, chil­dren. Henry Spooner Ru~dt'" d . J an . 29. 18:)3.•inglc. An ad min­istrator of tilt' .·~ t:J h' of Spooner Ru £!:g-It... wa, a ppointe d in 1811.

(90 ) J oh n Holden Orn/ ~I" 'f"' . son of J oh n and Ba rba ra ( Hold..n ) Orms­bee , b . On. T,. 1ii9 ; d . Sf'll!' .J . UltiO: m. Susan Gary (;Iilddi n~ .

dau. of AII"' II Gladding . II i, rh ildre-n Wt·TT': John Spurr Oml~I" 't · :

Henry JI. Ofm,ht'1' : Charl " II,,· R.lrhara ()rlll~hn· . who Ill. A!t-xand" rFa rnum, and Allen l vc -, Orm-bee. B~ \, ill he Idtlo his "-(' fl. J ohnS. O nn,lx'(' , a clock th;lt had belonged 10 Col. John Spurr, tbt'lauer's grandf.lthtT, a nd a silver cu p thai had been gin'u to himhl' hi, friends, Brown & l vr-c. He was a -cn -caprain in th,' " mplo \of Brown & lves , and. lau-r. wav se..-re-tarv of th e L' ninll I ucuran... 'Co. Il l' gave- hy will tn hi - wif,' hi-, p" w i ~ tho' Fjrct CO[/£!: . Ch urch.H i, residence in 182 -l W :l' at 192 South ~ [ain SI.

(9 1) Samu ..1 C urrie, h . d . 18-~2 . II c' wa-, a " ma rinl'r"living at 261 South ~ b in SI. in 1R2-t By will he- gaw' hi , pro pl'ft \to five ~i stt·""

( 92 ) j oseph SWITt, h. D.'c .-J . 1782 : d . J a n. 9. 1878 ; Ill . ( I) Ahh,Bishop, a nd ( 2 ) Jul ia Lippitt . Hy tllt~ first ", ife he had J(""I-'h \\:Swct"t and hy dlt' " '\"(lIId. :\nna L. S", ..et ( 1823-1882 ) : J ulia S\\t't·twho m , Wil'r : and Catl1l'rinl' 5\" "'1 ( 182i -1902) . 110- \la. i\ d n ­~oods mercha nl. wit h ~hop a t 2.') \r." tlll im tl'f SI. and rt' ~ id"ll lf ' c;n~tatllt'w'(ln SI. S O li of :-:t,hl'lIIia h Swt'l't ( 17·H1-18 19 . )

(93) Th~'lInas 1I0w;lId J r, h . I'a wtu xt't , J uly 12. I ii-I ; d . Feb . II , If!:!:\.In tus will. in whit-h Ill' (' a rr~ h illl~..lf "of Philadd phia " . maUl' ill1831 a nd I'whatt 'd ill I'rn" idc'lLn' in 18:n ( 13/ 6:)[ ). Irt' nalll l"his motht'r, Ah ig;lil : h i. "ift'. ~far l' : , i'll'r. ~la rth il Ca'llf'IIII'f :sistn , Ahi~ail who Ill , ll utv Rohn ts : siStlT. ~1 a rv :-; i k~ , a ml fuul'child n' n, ;""ho \1\'1'1' : .lm l:ph . ( 18m - tWI7) bu;it'd at Fund lal.hland of Mad['r ia : ~l:ll ion In. 1Jr. Ln "is W. Cl ifTord ; 1': li,.-alll'th .m. ~layor Thom as .\ 1. Bur K"c''' : and 1':71" :1 \r. lIow;n d . II ,' had it

fumi~hing' ward lOIN' al 1:\ Ch f'ap,idl ' a nd h i, n -, idt'uf( ' \\a s IlC'X !

~n ll i h of tht · In falll ry nlli l d i n~ . Oil Soulh ~Li i ll SI.

4h

1952] Fi rst Con::r l',1.;ll limllll Socif' ty l'etr H olders ~ 7

'>;;.1' M,.y-v{/'&I''''.,/"''U'' ".,/., AN'U7"

'<I.'6N /s.,"y .4J7; nuJi". fl., ­hJ~an/JU~l'"

,---'I",bI....-.uu6'~

- .

',/.

.-:.-?

•

.v..-..."", ~"" . ,-,w,../ I'"", ·.,// 'v>l1/r· 0 " ..•·7Jlr Jl_I't,;.:Y; 't',..? /rr_ ....I. -.y./oJi"',A,.,s­j r 'l'#n # A,~' ; rNlI u ·~// ;w u ,," ;iN 'UU'. /.I.,/I'r u w .•" " ''lv/A ,y1",V,. //" ",,, ...fJ.,. /W.I ,wf /.J ~p-iPk;' ~.d/ . :7 :#r7j",<Nn' rtf·A · ..:hn.·A"/....:fiI/I/ •..-f" ff ,o'''''Y oJ." !/'/"/-", .~,,, .•1A_/ln~A. .../.I'n·~"J"~~

J4,/ c... J... u, f"-,,_ .. ...,y ........ _,,· ~v __ J-J ..,.'-r- _ ~ " . ' :r ..... <I-.~. ' . TYRANTS PROSTRATE LIBERTY TRIUMPHANT .

i'I., "',.elY?" '/1"";";''''"...,h·..·"" h,.9hhi' u.,/~ /.~,."..

..

I'I CTL'RES OF I'RQ\'IIl I,;:\CE IX T HE I'"\ ST. 17!IO - IR211

~cundud..d from J " nua r\ , IlI,12," . II, no. I, p - 2Q ]

I~ I IX J " I~(; I 'P Co llq ::e Strrer , \\t' mi....'" th e smal l house of PeterDa-pn- w hich wa li opposite the ollicr of j ud g"1" BIlC Ii:: (~",1 and nO\\covered by the extend ed Fra nklin House bu ild ings. We knew himthen- a s fa r bac k as the yea r 1794. when we were wont to l'top 10 he arhim scold in b roken Englil'h whil(' Ill' was training a nd disci plininghis Illnn kr~s o f whi ch he kept a ra re a~S( ' rtnl('nt . at tim es a l1ranin gIll(' notice o f m ultitudes ." Pet er wa s a Fren chman , a barber hy pro­f('~si ll n , a ha rmless man , h ut oft('11 the victim of prac tica l jo kt's h~

mivhicvuus bovs.:\ fc '\\ buildings so uth of C o llq,:c' Slr('!' 1 was t he rrsidenrr- of (;('n ,

Will iam Bart on of RC\"CJ]utiollary nWlllory, He was a rolone-l in thearm ~ . and his ca pt lilT Ilf the British (i ('nt'ral I' rt'H'OI I IIII Rhode Islandwa,s a galla nt achi evem en t. ow' of t tu- most brilliant on re-cord, b~

\\ hirh III' ea rned the r- ha rar ter of a bold , en ergetic. and skillfu l officer.( :" IlI.:n'ss voted him a sword as a token of approb at ion a nd made hima aratu of some lands in Vermont . Hi." biogra phv has lx-en wr ittenhy ~lrs . Williams' o f this city.

P.l~si ng: down Sout h xfain StnTt fmm Vlarket Square. we noticel ilt' I,lf t:r brick block standi ng 1)1:1\\('('11 the sto re uf Edward Yo unga nd Leo n ard Srreer. wh ich w,,-" r-rer-ted many years r-ine r- hv thela teDr, W illiam Bowcn. ~ after the razing o f an old b uildi ng in a some­" ha t d ilapidated sta re. For many y('ars the old building was u-nantrd

' T h.. offi.... of T homa. 8 ur o:..~. ( 17i" - 183li) , for many yran ju d ltr of th.. ~l u·"iril",1 C"un, wa•.~ t Iii Coll.,It, · Su, ..., in 18Sn.

~ P..t'" Dasp '" ad ,·..rriv-d in th .. ['w viJ , " u (; az" l , of J a nuary' 28, 17Q 2, ;"fol1ow<: " :\' ,\ T l'R.-\L CL'RIOSI TY .\ ~lonkq aboUI Ihr.." \\"....1.. old 10 t..."','n ,,' Ih,' HOII": of P" cn U,,, ,,, ,· ... T hi••i" lt'ular liltl " .\nimal 11I..'-;1< chc\ll,· "ciu" of "'T ry cu rin"s Per son , and i. ]><' , ha p. rh,' fir' l of i,< Kind "<"" ""'n

in :\'",110 .\ ",,,,;ca. It , Fa n ' and EMS ,It,· whit.., and ' Try muc h n·...,,,bk Ihm, '"j 11 1I" lI ,, ' uan Sr,,·r irs . T I... Ih lll 1"1." , il in he-r Arms " nd , w"lk ino: 0" Iw, hindF,.,·c aho " r 11,,· Room, P' ''<I"nt. il 10 ,I... " in " "I .."..ry Spc·(·I"IU' . :" dmi cla "n'"\'O"T}' I);,,, o f 110,· \\'..d" S"nd"y, nC"l'c"d , fro", N in,' o'dork in ,I... ~l"'n;nl(' lilI/-, ,,Ul' ill 11w .-\f t<-r noo n. Prin ' fur ~ruwn I',.,., on' "' i""p.:nr .. "a"h, " " d for Chi ld,..."I'" " q". ,,,... I [ " lf l' l'I"')" " ''''h,''

"(:"I h,.,.i",' R"ad ( .-\ rnold) Will ia ms {1787. 1872 1, a Provid - nce nuth.tr nf,·,,,,,id, ,, ,,I> I,· IlOlH,lar il y. I"' r b iuJ(r" phy " f C " un ,,1 8"rlo n i. ;11"1,,<1,-<1 in h,'r/li",~"'f,hl' of lIn' o l ~ I ;" n '/l J' H ..,or< 1I' , u\' id"nl"" , 18:19l.

IS,... II h" ,f, 1, land lI i , ' ", )'" 10. ,,0, -t, p, I Ll, Ike. , IWi!.

( :K.\\\TOKD S'I KEET. r ROV l lJ EI'C E, LOOKI :\,(; H )W .-\RlJSO U T II xr.vrx . 191-4

T h.. huild in lt' "t the' h.."d of Ihe , tn·t·1 is rh.. B.'non; ( :o" k.· ho u,,', northof I nfa nt " 11,,11 (no,,"' rall·d ), tIL.. roof of whi.'h is at Ih.. kit of Ih,'I., 1'. r.·",;· Co·~ .i .m . t n th.. hark!/;round i. chc' 'pir.. of ,Ihr Fir" Con'I('r ..It"l ion,,1 ( :Im u 'h l' " il:l r ia ll l , huih in 18 11i, Oil Ik nd lt SUO ',·I.

Pictures of I'roiidence in tli r I'ast , 179()·/820 [April l 'icturcs of P r o,'ult' ll u III thr Past, / 79f1-/ 820

hy j oh n .\l uelischlHT, a German emigrant who had lon ,g been well­known as a skillfu l orga niH at SI. j ohn's Church, an d who taughtyoung ladies to pla y 011 the piano. In this plat-e he kep i a small storenf miso-llancous character, partly wholesale and partlv reta il, sellingfrom a whole harof :"oap down to a quantity as small as fou r ounces.with thread and tape a nd randle:" and spices: and here and by him.as far as my reco llection got's. was first sold maccobov snuff" in thistown . Prior to this period , with the exception of th~~ French emi­grants. who took rappet-, our snuff ta kers generally jnimrd will] thetrue S cot ch, He carried on soap boiling and had a tallow chandlcrvin one of thr- lon .c: range of old hui ldin'g:" in the rear and aftcrward~removed tha t cstahlishm en r to the old O il Works, in the rear orAt well's. now the \\'eyhoS(' tt House,' between Amos At well's bla ck­smith sho p and the Providen ce River . wh ich then flowed up tlu-re towithi n 0111' hundred feet of the street. H e was of a mi ld tem per. hutsometimes ra ther im patient. an d it is said that on one occasion, whileplaving the orga n ill church during pu blic w orship, his son j ohnlwin g the bellows blower, and bcinc rat her inert in their ope-ration,he was heard to exclaim. " john, why the te-vil don 't you plow thepellows?"

Another still more de cayed buildi ng on the op posite corner ofLeonard Street, where the large brick building now sta nds, had manvtenants amongst the last of whom was Henry Allen , dru~,~i;;t, 0;1whose dem ise. his brot her Thoma:" became his successor.

At the corn er of South .\ lain and Hop kins Street, where is nowthe la rge brick Im ild in,C: of Xlessrs. Brown & Ives. was the house ofCnv. Hopkins, where \ra:"h ing"ton once called to see his old andvalued friend, Th is house is now removed a short distance up Hop­kim St reet t and is the residence of Major j ohn B. Chace," a ,gentlt-.man whose advert iscment s are so unique and attractive as to he trans-

'-', \ tvpc uf snulT m;ld,' in II". islan d of ~b rtiniq ,w ,

" I n 1R',n Ih,' Wqbo"~ l 110''''·, ""VI I", lI ..,,,kiah ,-\ Urn, J r., W;lS ;>to 6fi W"".!I'hwl SlnTL '

T..\f tr r " "'l·ond rrmo\',,1 Ihl' hu m " i , no w 101';1l" d On I h~ sou t hw",1 ,'o n"'r o fI [opk ins ;lnd B"n"fit , In"' ts,

'Cha n " , adverns-nu-nts ", ,'rr commented upon in Ih~ "oJu lllns of Iww'pa pnsa, ra r dl' l""l ;IS th" :\,.'" O rl" 'lIli P I("(I,I''' 'U , .\ sample o f hi, ,' I0'1",' nr., i,:

"fro m Ovn G reenwich hill, an d War wiek wood .A ro'y Ji~ h l lips N a rra li;"" s,'U 's flood ,Ad ow n it , lll;ll\ li d., th ,>sh"" IlI- f1",h i, roJrdT ill ,,','n fa r-tl;'ali u<: or..a n is iii l< 'ilh f1" Jh ; n ~ ~()Id '

Ierred to th e column of papers published in till' literary emporium..\ fany yea rs since in the hou....r- op po ....itc the foot of Hopkins Street

( then called Han k Lam'. the Providence Hank then t)t'ing' locat edthe rein ) Ma rtin Seamans" kept a tavern, which accommod at ed mu chtrawl ing custom as w ell as not a litt le from the town. A pretty nu­IlU'fOU:" nlmpa ny of gran ' and reverend Sf'ignors assembled there twoor three evenings in a \HT k to pa rtake of a supper and a game atcanis, They moistened their day, played moderate, and stayed late ;and occasionally a member w ould get well picked . On such an occa­sion, as a person was ret ir ing chagrined at his ill luck, " m ine host : 'delighted at his discomfiture, followed him to the door observing."Come a nd see us again; this is a money making place : you'd betterrome often ." Seamans was an original. He had much shrewdness:and although the s("writy of his sarcasm Slink deep in its un happysubject . vet his com pany was sought by man y .....ho could relish acoa rse joke an d could return measure for measure.

Wh ile he held the olJi(T of sheri ff, he had a precept for the arrestof the celebrated Paul j ones, who happened to be in this to..... n : burhe d id not execute it. \\' hen he was af terwards rall ied for his coward­icc, he said that jones wore a spit at his side that was big enough to

Irighten the D'I.He M'1lI home a load of unseasoned wood one da y, and his wife

found it difficult to keep a fire. Evcrv time he went through the roomwhere she was, she kept com plai ning of the gran woo d. .\I(·et ingDr. Greenwood. while these com pla ints were fresh in his ear, he ac­rested him with " WelL Don or. what haw you done to displease m~

wife so much ! She's hren com plaining of grrrn wood all da y." " In­deed." said the Doctor, " I am not conscious of doing anvthinz 10offend her, and r will go in and ask for an explanation ." " Do, " saidSeamans and wa lked off w hile Greenwood w cnt in to be inform ed ofthe ground of :--t rs. Seaman's com plaint and to discover th at theywere both victims of the husband's practical joke.

jlHI;"; B, C IL\CE ha stens 10 in fo rm his pt.... l ic and m"d itat i", '" "",WlIllT'Iwll!'lh rr p res" lIt o r "bsen t ) of h is ha \ 'ill f( rl,,·..in"d:l fu r thn SUl-'I'[y uf in'[J, 'c lt 'dhox H~ r r i n~ , a nd th n will dou bt I.." n>joi.'C in Ih .. prix'i lqw of buyine a " f<ow mono f til<' , a lln' so rl";lS sOOn as th ,,\- n' ,,[ill' th "t l1", ir lwa ut iful ta prr fonm ,..... IiI "1'( I i ~ r o u r far LlI llcd billow~- :-;" ·"ilg" " S..tt ) l<'ilh fitHh i ng go ld ,

""!>.kdit a , io ll is the fo unt" in of tJi' COUI'S' ·..." ~ I.. rlill ~'·;l1l"H1S , ('("n 'd in th .. Rn 'oJul ion <Iud "' '' ' fOI'" ti"" ,hniH uf [' ItO , i·

,j,-'\l'~ C o 'lOn -. II " was Ih" f,nlH'r of Yo" n~ S":II" a", , " plon ti""l,t I' ln\ i,!>'ttnIlJt'n-h''''1 :It th ,' n ul o f Ih, ' l'ili; h"-"nth ,'rn tury.

1'1' / /0 1'1 01 PHII ·i i/ I'/I('(' in thr Past, li9fJ-18:!fJ . ' \ pril Pid lHI'Sol l'lo<'idl'llU' ill 11", Past, li9fJ-IH !(}

The l\\l l I<n-J.:r brick hflll~'~ owne-d In Isaa c Brow n and Benon i( :I Klke an' Ion whal \\ ;I ,~ ra iled the Crawfo~d 101. 1" Thev look the pla«­of an old woo de-n hOll~ · . ....tand inJ.: sornc di ....ran ee back with gahl !' eudtil lilt' mvt . On ,hc' .... pan· \\ hirh divided thai from the Rf)g~'n' t ' ....t ate,

\\ a.... a malh-r and olde-r house in which j o-eph Bradford fin<, opened,I ..mall gron-ry: a nd a fterward.., addin g to hi.. well-saved earning....lilt' produce of a mo dcran- prize in a lott ery. he pu rchased thelargerho u-.f· oppo.... ite an d opened a more extensive groc crv. co nnected \\ itha seama n's c10lhing and fur ni.... him: ..tore. He had a .... uffr.......ful hu... i­ncx... t he reward of di ligenn' and inteantv. In front of ear-h of thesehuuse, wa .... a Iarg(' t rer-. om'. I think. a ....vca morc or b uttonwood a ndthe other a n elm. who.'o(· branchc..... met n~idw'a\ O H 'f the ...trect an d in.... um mer affunlt"d a rcf re....hiue .... hade for man ~nd br-act.

Iktwl'c'n th e UufTolll.:h..... or Thomas Howard . house a nd " 'l"!m n1l'.-\rnold '< the n ..... idrrrre of Rich ard J.Arno ld .11 Fart her do wn Smuh~lai,~ Strn·t. \ 'l' f(' thrr-e old wood en buildinzs occu pied bv a non ­d l".'oC·n pt curf"" of 1t·1I.1I11 s. keepiuc hurbteri"", and g:rog: ....hops . FromI/ l(' a....pevt IIf the b uildincs a nd the look>: an d habits of th e te-nant....an d pat ron .... of the ....ho!>". it had ohtai ll(·d the nalIle of Hotio" Um•.and \'a.... a n lli~llHe 10 th o.'o!' wh ol in·d in Ihe vicini lv. Dr. Rir hlllllndand Ihl" talt· T . IInwan l ohtained a lon g: l('a"C of Iht' g:round aha!l'c1till' n lli~lIll~:' :I~d t'u'flnll hI' hr ick d h elling:hOll.'oe \\ hi(:h no w ~cu pit"'"Ihl" pla ce. · Jh.. Ilanll' of nnl" of Ihe lenam .... of that Row wa~ Prout .a nd hl" kept a Iwaf. "'hi( h wa!' thl" mo....1 f i\·ilil nl. Bruin or his ma.....tn. I can no t ~IY. 1II·\(·r h,j\ 'in/.: known mu ch of th(' Jailer. hu t !'<llll('idea of Iht"chilr,lrI ('f of ho th ma y he formed from thl' c i rnm1~tanc l'''''.

'hat wh('n any illu.... ioll wa.~ malic- to Ihl' q uad rupc.'d and biped. it W;1.'oU.'ouall y co u('hl'd in t ill' \\ords " f' I."ra lly- l' roUl and hi.. ra..call y bc·ar."

''''''lil': B\u n ( ,178 7·187~ ) "nd Ik noni ( :o:o ~.. ( 178 1. 1Rfi5 ) ....'·n· p"rtn"r~ ~"dhrolh,·.. _m·l.' [l .... f .1 ....0 "lIlIl,or ho""',,. .... lIh ~ COmmon co" rtl·ard .... ..n · lon.~,,' !!',ud,.d ... "mOll!!' lIlt' h"",l hnm,., in r ",q <!..n'T. Th.. Bro ....n hOt;'"~ '10<,,1 Ull tI"1" "" ' ~\1 .il<· uf Ih.. I' rnv;d.',lt'" In'l iw l i" n f or S'lvings, T h,' Coo~,· ho"", is ,I, ll' 1, ,,, d ll,~.1\ 112 Sn'l\h ~"' i n Sin"'!.

" \ \'d '''.1l1<' .\ ...",I .d MId t lln his " ", Kid l:lr d j , .\ Illu ld li" ,'rl Oil 1I... " " ' Ih"aq,'n l 'lO T of So ul h .' 1.,", .'m] 1'1" ,,..1 .'i1l',·'· IS.

~~ (.) n ~ ' · ,, ' 1:':,~1.~'1~. 1,8:12, \V i ll i :".~ 1 R,' " rul .. tu h is hi nlll Ed.... in r . j ,." ,'l ", .ll,)l~l,n L illi" [10" 1<' ,s fnr lv .",' l lfly lU, I,,"ld lll'l, !,:o; nl( "1-',.' \H· .... ( :,,11,..11( '~"h uf Ill<' olhndl," "",''' Sit" [lI np ,· C ullq n ' ], " lar~ .· HOld ,." W.lln ' '' " ll's' . I l ,~,'h " I j ,·.... " h, It,ll",·,,.., ·., Imlllbrr ... f SlOtt·, on \\'a l"" S In'''' Rnll " l\ R"w's Ptl1 d .tlmo" ,,"d " , i ~ ~ B,,;ld inl(' li(u;nl( "p, . . . Ill<' "'ow" wl,o ll: ' ' '' ~ ' ' l ' "I' i"~": ' !nl( 'ml.,,,~q,,, "". S"J,- w.,I~, .111 lu I", (;n··rl "''''w· &. ~lllli,,~ ., C.Il,.dl I"\ o ll ·n lt '!. ;":J1!1lt ll' K.,I,' 'HId j e ll..k... I"'IW" , llux II. R , I. II ,S. Lib,:" " .

:\('arh o pp<'....in- Plane-t 'vtrre-t un South ~I a i n was a ....mall OBI'

....tory hIlIN·. surnu umtinu Ihc' door of \\ hirh wa... a signboard n('a rl ~

"f)uare and (If prt' ll y largt' dinu-n .... io1l.'o, 011 whic h was pa inted a shipunder a pre-..~ of ....nil. O n T 1111' pic urrcd "hip W,IS t he in-•cript ion-c­I.llI/r 11 ·/Hhin!:IOll : and 11(·low was inscri bed lI 'idou' Crou-tev, Inwhich was added a ....1.IIlL.l . lilt' two follm\ illl;: hl."ing t he only line....pn·.'o!·f\T d :-

CClnll' ;111 ~c· jc,lly sailors !'topAnd lend a han d to ....t ra p th e bloc k.

The occu pant wa.. a female advanced mo rt' than ha lf way up thehill in life. was ....mall in ...tature. WOrt';1 ca p of book mu..lin. \Try hi.g:hand ca pacious. no t alwav .... \\(,11 bleach ed , too k a great q uant ity (IfScotch snuff. had an ancular and rather wr inkl ed face. kept article­of food . drin k• and raime-nt for seamen. and abo accommodated...ailor boarders. Her ..hop door. was, according to the fa....hion of theday. divided in two part ..... t he ImH'r p.ln Ix·in l.':' panel work of woodand th e lIppn part !x'ing: glazed, a nd it wn.... her ru..tom -cveral time'a da~ to throw npc.'n the g:!alt·t1 po rtion. and 'land en'(t he hind till'\ \(1Ol1 work to not ire ....tnTt II(·C·Ufft·nr('.'o. forming a li\ 'ing tahlea u .'ollgro te.'o«lle and ric'h a" to attr;ll'( tht· no lin· of all pa.........·ng:cr". T o apcrl'o n com ing: dO' \ 11 Pland Sl u·('t . 'in nautical /,hrml' J ...he loomedfar Illnrl" than d id Ih(' Lady Wa .... hin l:: ton UH r h('f head. Her ..hopwith i..... hoardt.'rs and ca .... ual cll.~toml"~ wa no t unfr('qut'ntly t hl"thca tre of ruriou .... melodramat ic (·xhibition ~lml·t ime .... calli nl.':' forth(' inlt·rp<l....i'i on of the civil .u lthor it il·..... A t a b in pniod !'h(' IInitedhcr.'o<'lf a St'umd t ime in the .... ilkt·n <!lai lls of H YIl WII ;lIld wa .... led 10 th('a ltar with a young .\ doll i.... ahout thirly tln t'c' P('f n~lll hn j un ior in~ t·a r ..... fi e was olle " W!lIN: ma rch \\ a .... Cll] tilt' moun ta in wa n ' . who.... t·hon1(' was O il till' (It-ep.'' Jl i ~ anlt-llt IO\T had hl'l'n ~trong' l~ e"fnrc('dto cHed th i... ullion hy Ihl' con.... idcra l ioll th ai ht· .... hllilld Ihnl"h ~ ,,'ipl 'n tH nf hef hook.. all 1111' a rrt 'a rages \\ hich he o\q·d for board . L: n­grateful !'\\ain. Iw .'00(111 for....otlk hi!' lll i!' lr(':<.~. who like an oth 'T Dido.nl llllrn ni her fa ilh l,'s,,, I" n l.llulll lllft· pn lll"lli Ih'lllt h!' ' I' ~ r i an qUlTn.rcsnh-t"d to " ,grin and Iwar it: ' HilI IIH' hOIl l' h;l.... \'an i.... lwd. ;llld thewidO\I ha... gone , an d Ihl' llllihi liking will ; l~

\\ 'hilht'!' "he..... ,gllllt·, or h011 Iw Lu I·...:\"h"t1 ~ 1.110\\ ...... llId I l' lh, ,,I ~ ' . llO.

Pictures (If Pro,·id(',,(' In the l' ast, l i~III - 182(1 [April Pictur es of I' rm ,id/' ,,( , ill thr Past, li9(J-1820

0 11 the sin- of the Custom 1I0U~, . I : 1 lx'fort- its r-rrr-t ion , ~(Ood two»uallbuildings. ruu- of which was Charh-, Cogge~ha ll' ~ .~h (01' lIla kl'r'ssho p. On the "indow hoard of t hr- other- "a~ a cnrvirur in wuod ,rq Jf(....·lll ing a seaman holding a qua dra nt 10 h is l'~t' to ind icarc thatn .uniral inst ruments wr-rr- there m ade and repai red. and t he Ilpt."ra­tin' W;I~ Isaac Gr t"r ll\' ood .1 ' II r was lx-ttcr kn uw n a~ Dr. Gree nw oodan d W , I:-'one of rhe mos t -kilf ul if not the sole profes -ed dentist of theplan ', H is manufact ured teet h would not suffer in com parison withthosa- of the PH'~'111 da y, He wa s an inge nious mechanic in ('\"Cryrh-parum-nt of his varied business, hut had an irrusrihle temper."which mu ch enforced thre-w forth a ha"t ~ spa rk. a mi st raig ht wascold aga in: ' and \\ hen excited by .mg('r would swear as terrible asmy uncle Tolx' ~ ' :-, armies did in Flan ders. He wa~ expert in extract ­ing u-eth. but avoided perfor ming that ope ration \\ In-never he could.and sometimes a:-....umed rouuh m a nners and a -evr-rc to n e to d riv esuch customers aw ay. He wa ~ reluctant to infl ict corporal d il't res.....t he uS(' of chloroform hein.g then unk now n, and wa s of tende-r an dde licate feelin,!;:l'. alt hou gh his outward man indicated t he I"('Ht"St'.

.-\s hi' oll.e approached a lad y. haw ksbill in hand . to perform a dnl1 alopcr ntion. sbc ex pa nded her mouth ( f) an unusual e-xte nt, when heexclai nw-d " For (; ud ·:-. !'.1. ke. 'Iad am. dOll' l upe n ~our mOUl h ~l \\ ide;I a lwil~~ "ta nd Ollt!ide "h('n I pull a tooth."

Hl' \\ as a slrin IU\Tr of Irlilh. and expn·"....·d di!-.",]ti..{anioll a t~tor it's Ihal MHlred of ' t llm' hatlM"lli ~lll . or otl t ra~('d c reduli l~. Hehad Olll' day Iward (Jf a pn flJ l"mance. thl" trulh of \\hic h he dou bted ;ami ~ I()n after . as he was wa lking" ho ml' fWIll ma rket with a t)t"d stt'a kin ha nd for d inner. hdd by a wooden ske\HT. he nwt a nci,~hb()r \\ howal' n:lrbratn.l for his mar\"dlous l'lOrirs of th l' Illu\" ing incid(' lll ~ o (

whi ~ h he wa" {"\Tr thr r~(' " itn l's..'" or IlI"ro. a nd for their truth wa~ aready \"out'her. T n him ' Ir. ( ;fel'll\\ (J(1ll !'.lid. " I ha\ t" heard of a feat!x'ing pt."rfomwd which I Ihin k you haw m'Hr ~' I'n ht'a t . alt holl c;hyuu pn'leIld to han' ~t>n ('\'("r ~ Ihing IImk r Ihe ,,11ll. I heard f,lf a mallStIIl\I·wlwre. \\hn poised an d IMI"IH'ed a laddt'r Oil 'J ilt' t'nd ."'1 ad roi tl ~

thaI h(' 1Il0ulltnl it 0 11 0111' sidt' a nd t!n l't'IHln l o n the othn witho llt

UTIll" old Cmtmll It o" .... 10 ,...hi(h D.Illfon h ,,'fn. w,,, un Itll" north n>trwr ofSouth M.. i" Sl n"'1 .."d eu,tom .\ ,'.."".._

111......· er....n"ood {l i s.s · 1 8 ~ ' I) , a " ..1'... · of 8o,ton.•,..n,,' IU P",..idn '...· i llti8i , ror hiographie.. t dH.1 ih of hi, lif.. ",.,. r~ .. (;,u"" o<>d f'"",ill , COil.COld, ~. II ., Rumford r n·" . 1'1.11 • p . (j~. h~ h....," J ohn G.. .."w.,od

disturbi ng its posit ion: ' "Oh," said his friend . "r h,u is all easv per­formance compan-d with wha t I han ' st't'Il, \\'I\('n I \ \i\S la- r illBonh'aux . om- ()f the:«' men rame ;i1on~ wit h his ladder and stood itup in the midd le of the street, and wh e-n he had mounted on nm- sideto the top round, he pulled the ladder lip after him and went up.lIlother length ." Fired with indignation at suc-h a recital the Dr.ex r-laimed ·'""av the devi l ta ke \OU for the ,,-eatt"!'ol liar in t he world:a nd Imfl in,g his ~Icak in th e glltt~r with great viole-nce, he returned tohis sbop.Icaving his dinner 10 chance and was heard m utt ering as Ill'IH'llt the wonb of Falsta ff, " St range how rhr world is gi\Tn to lying! "

T o show his imtabiht v a~ wr-ll as want of ~allanl fY we haw Ih('S/.'fan ". He sa t in a back "room to dn hi" ordi na ry work . and had it

smal l eve glil:-"~ inserted in the pa r-t ition near his work benc h. thro ugh\\ hich ~n(x.rf(' i \(·d he could reconnoitre customers as th('y en teredtilt' shop. If they \\ere not suc h as he like? and part i fularl.~ if thl' ~

were ladies. he suffered them to knoc-k 1111 they beca me rin-d amidepart ed under the im pression th at hi' had gone uut and left his shopIlnfa~tt'ned , But he d id not a lwa vs r-xclude them and one day he hada ladv customer \\ ho wb-lu-d to purchase some needles. and sh(' wa~n'n ~n in ll te a nd sorncw hat tedious in her exa mina lio n of \'ariomqtl~litit:"!'o an d "il.l'~, His impatiem-c \\a~ ~\\el1in~ an d wh('n she toldhim tha I she had conclllltl.'d tn ta ke thn'e nredl('s It bro ke o\'er thl' daman d he exclai med wilh Ollt' of hi~ higg("!'ot oalhs tha i she should nothOI \'(" them and ga ther ing up all hi" parka ges of llccd lcs. as :-.Iw wa"depa rting:. ht' threw them aftl'r her illto the ~t n·(' t. : a llin.g til her in aloud Hlil"(' fmm thc doo r to help Ilt'r~d r. and d('r!arlll g that lit' wou ldke('p no mon° nf that article (or s.a ll".

Dr. GrITll\\l )( 1ll ah(, fwa rd~ remo\"(,d 10 :\('W Yor k. \\ hen' he did afair hus ine:-.... and was. m uch respectNI. Soon aft('r he bec,unt" a deni ­I.('n there. hI' \\ I'nt into a {'hurch om' Sunday to attend >,('T\iee and\\alkl'li lip and do wn the a isles ."("\'("1'..1 ,im(~ without hC"illg ill\·ited10 a ~'al. III' quietl y kft h~ the d()(lf he had l'l\tefet! ami no t longaftt'f retllflwd hl'arin~ O il his !'hou ldn a cha ir wit h wh ich Ill' pro m ­l'llatkd a~ail1 thl' sallH' aislrs he had bdore till he caml' 11l'ar til('ITnl n' wh en hI' placed ttl(' r ha ir on the Aoor ami ~a t dm\n . not aIiuk to thl' morti fica tion of the pt.\\ 0 " 1It"f1". many of wh om had onh i ~ o;,('nmd ;IPlx'aranc(' t h rm~ n op('n Iheir doo rs. a nd olf(·n·J hi~ a~-al. HI' " ;1" a JX'r~m of Illlll" h n· ;\(l i n ~ . oh~'nalitln, and rdlN llon.

an d at tinu-.. he gan his opinions throu gh th e newspapers of that dt~

0 11 th,' origin of the ~c110\, [eve-r there and on ot her important sub.[cr-ts, \\ hic h he treat ed with much abilitv.

Sn uth \I a in St reet W;\S mil ch altered hv the ~eat fire which 0('·

r-urn-d 0 11 th e twent y-first day {,f j an uary. ·180 1. 'and de-rrov ed mo rt'huild inus and a great er amo unt of propert y than a ny m her ("; lOflagra­tion since that d ay, It ro rnmeno-d at Jr) o'clock in the morning inthe stOfl'(,f j ohn Corlis.' .• a mercha nt la rgclv conce-rned in na\ 'igat'il,n.who.... house i.. still standi n.I:(" opposite- the foot of Planet St rcet , Thesto re. wh ich stood on a wh arf wlu-rr- South \ r atn Street no w is, wasSi'''n destroyed toget her with most of its valuable roun-nt s. The firequ ickly spread to the lar ge wooden block of Cla rk & l\'i t,:h tingaksouth of lilt' Corlis house. an d soo n the houses and stores Ilt'longingtn Cyprian Sterry, \l oses l.ippiu. T homas L. Hnlsev. Samuel G .Arnold . W illiam Harding, ami loscph Peck. and \[ r. H ull's h.tkcrv.lo.t,:c,t lwr with many other hu ild'ings 0 11 both silks of th e st reet \\T~eenveloped in the devour ing flam es.

T he \\ earhcr wa... exn's."in'ly cold \, ith a strou g. picrcinc nort hwestwind . and the fire was not got under till a late hour in the (·\"enilu::.The fire extin .guishing apparat us of that da y was \ e1") imperfect . andthe smallnumbe r of engines on ha nd could not he cunstantly supp liedwit h water, whic h was pos-ed in leath er buckers ih rou eh lan es ofshin'rim:: men an d bovs, some of who m must nccesss,arilv he immersedto their middles in order to procur f' it. Sti ll the el1~ n'e men flf thatday did their duty nobl y an d hy their unr-easing labor prevented afnnher extension of the fin ', whi ch at one time wa... apprehended asinevitable.

On that occas ion a new, mammoth . rotary eng ine. th e' inventionof John E\ 'f'lcth , was broll ~h t into S('n; ieC' hm pro\'~d a (ailun'. It wa."inh' Jltk d to th row fuur timc's the quantit y of water th at any othnt' n~i I H' nlU]d in a gin ·n time. hut it co uld not be supplied, by n 'aso ntl ( ti lt" tlll,de nf working it. It wa." furn ished with a laf.l:~c cin· ular plat­form of plank s, and t'i,l.:ht rl ' r~" Il S manned eac h of the f,'ur arm s,\\ hich I'X t('ndt'd from a ('ylitH k r in the .('lIt re. and hy t ra \"t'i illt,: mp-

1··'J"h n ( :o rl i ~ ( 1767· 18 :1") .... ,1' 0'''' o( tht" (on '",o_1 nwrch,mt, of Pnw id,·n,·,·,,,, d ;"~ o.... n'"' of "'Ol:"j ....,.. ·1,. I -,,, ,, ' ~ durinl( lh,' !"a pol"onir W:H' ;I[,d tl,,· Waror [81~ ro~Ct'd hJlll mto h""~t"l'tq and m 18 [5 h.. mo....d 10 K' · nl u,' ~ y . It w,,,I... who b,ult Ih.. hou,," on \\ ,11>:"", Strnt no .... ~nown a' tl ... C;,rrinlittun h"",,'"hid, h,' ,old to Edward C,ITri"orlon ," tlw lin,.. of hi, '"il"r... '

Pictures 01 Prori dence i" the Past, 1790·/8'20 [April 1!1':'2j Picl lHf'5 01Prol,id, nu j " the Past. 1790. 1820 :J~l

id ly around t he pl atform oprratcd. it.... rot a rv mo tion and thu s force-dout a co pious stream. Rut when its n's.:-p,"oi r became t':xhauMf'd, ithad necessarilc to he stopped to receive water from buckets, and ofrourse it became ino perative and useless. It was classed arnnnectthose prod uctions of inventive g-enius \, here the throry is pla usiblehut which fall before the test of pr actnal dem onst ra tion.

Among: the many buildings destroved by the g-J"f'a t fire of 1801 wa~

Har -ker' s Hall. which stood near the font of Power Street where nowstands th e brick house built afterwards hy j osep h Peck and lan-rowned b y Seth Ada ms. It was a place which had for ma ny yean.previous been the scene of you th and lx-aut v on the nights of assent ­lilies and balk It was finished with mu ch taste for its d ay and hada profusion of carved wood , pa int , and gold leaf. Its pilasters oneithe r side were sur mo unted with the imat,:t·s of heath en divinities,among which conspicuously appea red that littlt · winged and mis ­chievous god, who wit h his bow and arrow has always been en gagedin disturbing ou r race without respect to sex. But as he never hada ny special. pa rticular , exclusive loca tion in this city', so as to he con­cidered a de nizen. I shall not attempt a sketch of his characte r hutwill add in the words of th e poet Camocns :

Ah wretch, what mischief hast th ou done.

For a few ~ ea p.\ anterior to the fire Hacker's Hall had been used a~

a school house, and schools of grea t rep ute had been su("("("S...ivclv keptthere by Tri...tam Burges and Lucius Carey,

In 1814 an other architectural orn ament of the town was destroyedby fire. not accidentally but by an incend iar y's brand , This was the"new meeting house ," as it was called fiftv-six ~'f' a rs ago, and long:after, in Benefit Street . with itss two tOW{'"T!< or steeples. Its bea utifulintf'riur was crowned with a splendid semis phe ri(·a l dome, the ceru ­lean colorin~ of whic h, painted by that em int·nt art ist, Stl~drn , Ifl ga\Tit a stro n.I:(" rf'~wmh lance to :

The spa('ious firmament on high.Wit h all the blue eth(Te:!! sky.

' '' I n 17lU; C" or~" SUil"dt'n oprn..d a drawin~ ,t· h"ol in I' ro \" id<" nc.. for Ih ,' p ur ·[>0'" o( t<'ach i ll~ )'o"n~ ladi !"1 " (ha l ~racdu l a nd 1I" ,..h '·'I" ",Jlt·d Sci..nn·.". \ I~TI:-;G ON SI LK." P. ot'id"" u Gaut t~ . F.·h. Ii, [7' lIi. 111 Ih,' (;o:~ tt ~ ofJ uly' 2", 17" 7 ht· annou nt·..d Ihal h!" had comnwnCt·d [,,,,in"" "in a pa rti .·u];"Lin.. of !'.\ I:-;T I:-;{~ , " I hi. Shop two 000•• W..' h""rd uf Un ion-St r..!" t in W... t­"'in,u·r.SI.....I..· St.,--...in·, " lTt·n'd W"'t": "Sili(n I'"inlinli(, SI,..w_8o".d. .... ritt,·"

l~f -I:1 J t 'irtures 01 l'rOl ,jdf'llH' ill Ih, ' I'IIJI , l i90-1820 til

xuadcn W ;L« the same artist who eXI"( un-d t he pai nt ings in the HallIlf xt . J oh n's Lodae over th e 'la rkc'L

T he architect of thi ... beautiful and ma jestic edifice [the COIlJ:Tt' l::a ­lion,d mC'I,ti ng- ho use] was Cah-h Oml~lJc't' , I ~ who was assisted in hi-,!;.hllr.; and drafts b y Joh n Holden G rn'lw. the arc hitect of the prese-n td c.c:am church erected on its ru in.", '\ lu-n- the Rev. Dr. Hall 110\\

Hcadily ministers in holy thinus 10 a brgT and ever approving ron­,c:rn::a lioll. T he former one was a splendid building within and with­out . and its ma.ssive G recian columns, it." imposing ca pi ta l.", its richcomic es, and the taste dis played in ib proportions and its finish com­hinr-d 10 establish the re puta tion of ' fr o Ormsbee a." an eminentarchi tect.

T he Soc iety had for a lon .c; time worshipped in th e building inColk c;e Srn-ct now known as the old '1'0\\11 H () II~' , l ~ It had rrcvrrla-en pai nted and presented a som bre ex terior. MI t ha i bv member s ofother churches it was ca lled "the old real house." and the S()('ic'l ~

and its pastor. Dr. Enos H itch cock."; had their pride awakened t"

abandon such a 1'1.1('(' and erect a more suit a ble temple (or the wor­

-hip (If God , There were no hOlN'~ (If «or-hi p much superior inexterior finish at tha i tim e except the Bapt i."t 'ItTtin g: 11011 ."1', whn."rlo\\tTillK spire and exq uisitc prop ortions han' 1101 yet been ."urpa ...."nl.There W err- hut three others in the tow I I . the Friends ' recting: Hou-c.thr- Episcopal C hurch, and that where \l r. Snow officiated. T hoN·buildings we're a lso in a ra pid Mate of decline. The Con~{'gatioll al

'm d w: ih, Wood and Slom' imila n- d . ur nanwnI.,1 P.l inl inw: , Heraldrv, Coa ch t"5 and( :h" i.... painted in a ulp<"rior ~l annl· r . )apanll ;n w: , D ra .... ;n or., with O" \'k t" 5 ~"; I"hh­for Lad;... to ....ork or pa;nl; corrrrt () r;,w ;l\ lI' for .\ rd li tr" h; Pla n" <:hart. , alltl~ 1;)1", ,wally (OIOUT..d : fb dgr" hand-om..I)' <I, ·.illln;)lO"d ilnd pairaed for th .. F, ,, ­\r,n i, \' of fT.... and an'''pl''d ~L..on . : nn. ,,,,d ohl Cha ir' Wor k Il;Iinl('d ....irh ;'h"a uti ful Gr' ·..n, that n"wr pro..... " d h.., ;.... : C ;, rpn P;l;n ling. o ld Tra Wait ...._rq ... int ..d, Pinu", and Looking Gbn fram.·, orih, ,-ilh ... in oil or hurni .h G ild inll/old P;nurM d ..a nr d a nd repaired , a nd all K ind, of oru.unI' nla l Pa int ing and(;llding in Ilwnrr"I : '

'~ I.i lll.- i. known of th ,- prior ,,,,d ."h......ut-nt ra......r of C ;IJ,-h O r",. ' '"' 117.'1 7­lIi1l7). II.. i••uppos..d 10 h,,,".. d... ill/nI·d Ih,· )o" 'ph :'\il(llI inu k ho"... o n fl.,·n,·hl~l " , , 't .

' ·'Thi, hllildi 'lor, whir h ,tood "11 th,' salllh"',",t "0'".... of B" lId it " ml Colk!!,­!'>11 ""Il , "' '' ' purd"l" 'd h~' Ih,· to wn frolll tilt' COJlgl'< 'lI"ti,,"al Sm-i,·t)". It ....a ',h-moli, l", d in 1860. S",- Publiealj" " $ of Ihe /{Ir "d~ / , I" " d Jli , ' ", ical Soci" ,}',X,,:c' Soin. \', 'I. p . lli'I,

"'nr. lt iu' hcOl-k ",-a _ "orn in Spr;n llftrld , ~la" . , in I; -H ,,,,J <:anw 10 PI'O\"id" nnill I;S:l. "l in h...·inl( ,,-nrd a< " ..<lOr of " ,-hunh in Un n h-, ~I _, ,, _ . "nd .".,,'h.'I'I.,;n d",inl( rh.. k ... o lu lioll. II " pl ,, ~ . ' d .. 1<"dim: 1"" 1 III to",,, .. 11.,iT> uIlI,1hi,J, .. lh iIl1 8ll l

Society was resolved to t-rr-c t a building whic h, if it did no t slll'pa~"

or equal the Bapti-t. should be second only 10 that. and as tlwy (,( lu ldnot \\ jthout a va st eXJX"n~' fa rTy their spin: to a greater elevationthan that of the Baptist :\Irrting Housc. jhev determined tu han- 1\\0

-pire- on 1~ elevated towe rs or steeples and by that arrangementpresented a front of fine proportions and im posing effect.

W hilt' the mel'l ing house .... as in proJ:r~" of erection the S<Kit"tyand their pas tor, wishing to malt' a Invornble impression when theyshould have quit the old place and arrived at their J1('\\ an d bea ut ifultemple gol lip it :-inging school in order to han' a ,l("()od vocal choir.an ol'J.:'an nul then twin~ thought req uisite. and j<u'oh Frenc h" was.I'm:-a~t'd as an instructor. This gent leman was a com peN'f of o;,;1('TC'dmu cic. and had pu blished the Psalmodists' Componion, and in th eim print i~ stvled "jacob French . Philo xluseae & Author of the Xt"\,.American Melodv ." He was a good rear-her and all enthusiast in hisprofession. It wal' am using to see how who lly he was absorbed whenenJ,:-ag-ed in leading the choir, with what ra pidity he would chanJ,:-eIrcuu bass to tn-bh-, from counter lo te-nor, as tht, various pa rtl' werrprnnTdin~ under his direction, and how quickly his practiced e-ar

would detect a d iscord . "lhoueh he displayed artist ic skill. yel hehad a nasa l twan,l::' somewhat disagreeable 10 those who had not be ­come fami liar with his voice . Ill" introduced int o the church musicof Providen ce Illan y nl'\, ' tunt'!-, which arc now erroneoul'ly ela s,'-t·d al'old tUlIt'S (hil' Psalmodisls' Companion did not nllltain (lilt' nf t h t~

old "Iandard IlInc-~ ). and althl!llgh ma ny of them WtTC ("xct'llent. ~t ill

they did not p<N.(·.....SlOllITiric-n t llwril 10 lOllpp lanl O ld H lI11d red. Ib ll .~(J r .

\\'('111'. and a few (Jlht'rs. whi ch are bnter adapted to rhurch mLll'i('Ihan an y tunes.d modnn com pt:r.' ition. One of his fa\"l)rite tunel' wal'X C\\ Jerusalem. \\ hirh he led wilh peculiar ple:ll'lIre to him~1f andno link :s.1. tis.fac t ifln to h('a rer.<. .-\ oother into which he thnr(lu ~hl~

drilled hil' .schnol \\al' ' l a jN-ly. The fOllr part.s Wf're \\1'11 ~t1 pporh'd

and carric-d out hy hi~ pllpil~ and amal('un. of more n:ptTiq,l,(T. andil wa~ Sllllg in l ilt' admirahk \'('r:-ion of SltTnhold and Il opkim ':- \ tT·:-ioll of Ihe P,~a llll ~ .

~"J ''''nh Fn' ,, ~h "",f' ho rn ;n Sl o"-,,hlOll, .\1,..,. , J uly l:l. 17.1 1, ;llld ,',m,,' Il'l' ru, ·id .." o · '>0""'1;,,,.. h. ·for... S,·v tn nlwr 5. 17'1.1, ...h.." It., .II"'ou n d ill tho(;" :~II~ th.n h.. ;nl,' " d" d for mi "l{ .. ft ..r" oo " .,,,d "\T ninll{ " nll{ ;OIt d ;11 d;f·f...rrn l ""n. of th.. 10.....0 . r h.. r..("otd, of th .. t·;..t Congrru tiolldl Chu nh in thoRho<!.. h l..nd HiUOti<"<l1 ScK-iny .ho..... tha t h.. had (hat!!".. of , h.' .; n ~in l[ ...-hoo l io17" 1> <l nd 1797 ,

I <',- I'u/urn of /" 01,i,JI'I/{1' i" th r PUJt. 1790-/820 [.\ pr jl E I:I! j i' ,t/ urn. 0/ PrOl ·id,.na in th»: i' m l , 17!H)· I R20 11.1

J) ll r i ll ~ till' cou rse of ~Ir. FrclH h ' ~ mu-icnl instructions ill th ispla iT -onn- ~"ll n.l::" wags, whose rendl'l: \'()I1 ~ wa s OIl Rca's Cofft"!' Hnllst'100ll' of w hrun was nicknamed "w ooden h-zs" because he w as larue,111(1 unable t,. walk much without th(' aid (If a ~taff or Hutch ) pru­cured s-orm- -ranzas to be written ill indirect or affected praise (If thesinL,rin ,~ ma-te-r. The words were l'('t 10 thr- tune of Mear and rom­nu-nrrd thus;

Oil, cou ld t sing-likl' farber FrenchOr bawl like black hem eggs."Cry auction sales like old Belc!t'yA~d da nce like wooden lcg-.

But none Hf these things disturbsr-d 'I r. French's equanimitv. forhr- was arrn'd so strong in the confiden ce of hi-,own superior pc:)wt'r~

that thev p.o-ed by him like the idle wind . which he feg:,ardc~ n(>~ .It W;\l' rnv intention to have noticed manv more alterations III this

plan' and I;' han' paid a br ief and pa !ssinc: t ~ ihI Il C. to the nwn,lOry of11lOln y other p en-oils well known to 111l' , 11tH 11I11t' \\'1 111101 adll~lt. . . ,II" w 1lI111"h!t, arc all te rrestria l thi n g-~ . Chan l.::t'. by the utu-rrrng b\\ ~

of nature. is manifest in evervthinu a round Ill'. It is seen in all Ilwn-la tjon- of life itself : it shows iL"t'H in the mo ra l. the po litical, andtlu- ph~ l'i l · .1 1 world . A r onsciousnce- of rhi- tru~h ~h~uld not ~mp';lilman' s em-reir-s. repT~'" moderat e hopc<, to r d rive him to de ject ionor d('~pai r. If the world ~ full of i t~ t rnuhk~ and iu .follics, w~ ";11l

~l1l i l c al th em with the philm;ophi c \\ il'tlom of I).'mocntlls, and If t in­mind be \\l'll diM:iplined can say with I'alll, un<kr all the illq.hat beselliS or ,' ha lll.::I'l' Ihal alTect us, that \\l' ha\'(~ learned thc r('\\'llh to hi '

nmlent .o f {'hance or change. O . kl not m Ol n complain.U~· ~hall he ne\'t"T. ne\Tr ("(";\.sc to wa il.

:ITh,'''' ( n p , if .....ord, aT.- ('ltpl<lin..d in an n' h..r 01 ~la ~ oc Dan forl h' , !<-('I" ......f , . h -"'''; 0 unpu bl i. h..d ",'hn " h,' rd .." ,0 .. ~'ddj,.r of "1111' , varl "jIwoo ", ,, r ,, • . ., < «

"ho"- 'In·,'l 0-' ",·a. , " II..",'. "III!!"' , "~"', ""d " f,'" hI,,, If'n' "1I1l' ·

[I h,' nui l

BOOK RE\ ' ILWS

C,'o r n 'J(nm J o l u ' o f G OI< n/Or S.Jllllu1 II;"erd, ,\1 01 " 177 'i _.\IJn b /1-(•.Ed ilcd I.. Ilc-mll" rd t\.n"l lt-nl,,·rg. G j''' ' 'fl l (}g,l' 'If th c IF oint f ·oIm i l y. Co m.pile-d h~ Uliflord 1'. \ l otla hol1. I' r"' id,·I\...·: ]{lll,d, ' I, t md lIi ' l" ri,,, 1 S" , i­t"l~ . 1~1 5 ~ . iv. 5 -f IIp., $7.50, p'''tpa id.

On" " fh'll 1",,,1', th ai Ir-t t" r'luil illg i,,, 1'''1 .1Tt. T Ill' n-adr-r "f thiv ,·"Iu ",,·"i lllltl ,k r' l.md ,dl~·. T... b y " r- I.no,,· "f illl l", n'1l11 n"'uls [r"m r.llli... ""\1"p.' I,.-.r. 1,·kph"I"'. ,HId n-h-a r.rph hrfnr.. "ur fri"nd, ran tdl u, o( th ..m Ihr "lld,t l1l' tIl"it. 1.1'11"" ha"e thu- 1"'1 half the-ir .." m..nt an d m..r.. than half the-ir"T"C,·nn. :'\0 f"lur<:- hislorian. I\\''' hundr..d ~ •."" Irom nm,. "ill find in "urkiter" rh.. Iulln.." or Ih.· r\,·it<·nWnI ..r Ih.. dr.rma l hat " ... an enjoy in th;,remarkablr- "u rTt",pond"Ill" "f tl", R t"", .l u l i ou,.~ prri.,J. li n e is R hod. ·lvland'v r..pn-v-urativ e- iu t h.. Com il",ut,,1 Cuncrr-",,- ( ; ...'rnror S.' Inud ward ."If IH Ph ilad ..lphia. lc'l, i fl~ behin d a h"'l,d lll "f ,hirdn'" in ,h,ut:<' "f tl,..cldcv t d.m "h ur. Wh ile thr- Iather is dd ", t illc the f" IIIl< ' "f .\l1l<'ri,'" whh ti ll'othe-r dl'l'· ~ "I .· s in l' h; I,II[, ·lph ia. Ill<' ",ns "I" , a re " Id "n""11h to dOl '" m"k,·the-ir way I" til<' anm (If Oh""T\',"i(l1l oUl,i.k l\O' WI1. S'1ll1 ;1' Captain "f ""o mp""y "f Rhode Isl:ttH l tn~,p s. Ch "rlr-s 'IS ,I pr i,·;,tr , BOl h ;or,' under till' •.~ •.(If Ihd r n'llsin, 1;"lIer ,,1 :'\.lIh;mal'l (;n...lw. ,h"rtll 10 h...." I1 ... \\'a ,h int:toll' ,IIIn,t tru , t"d ti..ld '·"lI1m'II..h-r. Ib rl. in I'ru\,id" Ih''' i, hrot hr-r 1I...ln '\·.,rd.S,·n ..l.u y or th.. Col<OlI\'. T I", vor revpomb-n. ,·1,,·1\, er-11 Ih,''''' prnpk ',k;<l, inde tail with the ereat ('I"'ILI, in IIhi.·h th.. ~ t." ,1,; par t. f or I..n monthv t lrr- h-ue-r-,Il,,"ed "" ,apidh Iha l in 'pit.. of m,m~' I, s. Ih.. ,"n.'i,'inc "fl", ;rr.. 'p.l...d "Illya fe" d ..~, " p"rt ,md ci, .. l ilt' r....d..r a li l~ "·n...... or l"lrti.'ip"li"tl in thr tr.lll'·f" ru",t ion o( Hrit i, h ""lOlli,,, im" indq'lt'lId"1II .\mn;•.-"ll',

.\t tl,,' " I"'ninc nl Ih.· n'rr",p"nel,·n.-r .,,' lind Henr~ \\' ;n d d i,.-r" im" Il: ,linIhOUl;hl " f itl<!t-pendo:-n, ,. ,HId ill';' lifl~ Ih,lt " tilt' II. ,pp ino:- " of .\mai, ,, ,1"1" '1,,1,III"m h<'l' ( :ottl[('('\ions ,,;1 1, Britain il Io n I. il",rl;' ·s ca ll h.. pn 'wrH'd w ilh Ih" tCOlUlt" 'l i"u : ' Six mon lh s lall.'r, in :'\"n·llll".r . I ii.1, "111HIl:h I"" h"pP"IH'd 10...,II\·in...• hinl Ih" l '"" 't· tlllI, t I", illdq,,'nd" I'1 " r ,1,1\"',. :'\" tll'lll ,"HI h,·sit.ll<"'I lll(lll\,'nl itt his ,·hoi, ,.... Ik lll "" ll Ill.·...... t"o "pinion, ,,,' to,, \'(· Iward "f IlunknH ill an d ""ndn..d "h..l l1<' r S'Ull "'" ;11\,,,1- ...1, " '•. h'I' T "'.11'...~l\' I....n",d till'hoy is ,.If...d l<'n he d..p..rts "ilh thl' ,·xl..-d ition t" (J u,·I....·. 'Illd for ...."'r.d"f'eks n" "Il<' .',111 1..11 wlwtl ...r he j" d.....1 or ali, ... In ) .,n ll.l n.·. li;t>. ""HIlinally arri ...,: h.. i, a pri",.nn "f w..r. \ 1" .III" hil.. Ihl' blh.-r is "dilX'r,lIil1l~

... b,,"t III<' ro,t.. "f ,m.,ll 't •• I... Iik.. R h..d .. ), I..ud in Ih.. '11''' uni"n, d"pl" ,ill~

Ih.. prejudi, ," .,1 Ihe """Ih"rm'" ae"il"t :'\rw Ell~ I'Uld . ".'rr~inl! al"'1I1 th ..ditliruhi..s of f('nuilinc ""Idin, for Ill<' ...u,tim·l1tal "ml~. 1;" 11<'1,,1 ( ;1'.....1<' i,I" .;111 ittL.': '"I I 1111' Iw ·"il r of 'I I)".,t n,u ion of Im l"prlUkl h'" "11 <11 h.· tid\',\lit"10:'"" f" 1-'1'1 '11 ,,11 ,d li,uh· 1...""ililll.: llll" 'm'f1" 'n"", 'pi,-;I of Ih.· .\ ,uni,·,,,, 1I1<"r.-h.I\II'..md " riti tl:.: "tT tl1l' "0 111t1 \" 11 pl'nplo- 'IS ittdilfnntt ill Ihl' ,." ",,'.

Th,' ''' .,r ll; lll" c·tlh " \'1' 1' LIf(!1'I' i" Ill" " " . ";ISt "I(" ill'l t lw I,,,, k" n' lJtlll Hr tl\l'"n'r~d,,~ lif<- ,,( tl,.. f:tmily. ~.Il nm l ' \l itn t" hi, '''I\lll('', hwthn'. "'ilh .,11 till'dit:ll il\ "f 'Ill " nil' "" I't'lin .'I.: ,·d .·i:.:hlc',·n. ".IS ,u1l crn" in ' 1;lllIn·. ,I" f.lk.· 1'.lill't.. I,,· 1ll.lllh: n'IlI"ml"'r tI,... Y,", 11I.1\ .,11 1I.I\,·.1Il "I'l",ntllli,y .. r 'LIIl,lill'.: f" ,lh

t.. li~hl rh.. 11<1 11 1,·, ..f '''11' C"lInt~." Poll> . "I", i, nml1ine Ih.. hnu ....h...ld.'Hif'" I"... k. "Oh S.llli "", C 'llIl think hnw 1."11..com.. " .. ,n,':' and "dn \l ~

I k .\r . if '''u Call. Scud 'HUr .. Id StH' k i ,, ~ , ,lIId SlIdl fh irll::s and " ..' 11 rout fh"m ;T h'" "iiI 1)" f" '\('"r ,~ith half I" K'I' if th .. l.r-~, an' hand-om.. '''11 kmm ,tIIdrill' il·.. t "h"I ..... Th,' fa ther r-.. ntr il",t'· ';l ' f..ad \' tim, of ,.d rn"l1i'ti"n, tH p i,· t~.frlll:alit y•.mdp.uriotism. f""c' llwr with Ilrad i("1 1 ,u l\' i'T a h" ul ll,,· b r ill: " II j,

hiu h T imr- vour ll.rrvest " a' ill th .. "<I \' WC' n-e-d In do ; d i.l! I'''t al''' '' a l b .,'.,.1I1d hu-k "'I,,,ul .u :'\ il{ hl is rh.. I..·st " "IY hUI ""11 muvt d" Ill" hnt you '<1Il\1\ dear." "r "Your hml l",r R" . mav l'l kl' lh,' I",ot, and sh".." II. · -hnuldr,·.·,1 Ih.· I:,." , "rli wilh Ilay and·P.' lai,,,·,. if ",n.·all 'p"rr the-m, "hi, h "'.Ill idill, .... ,"'. th..ir milk. Wh..n I 2l'l T ill1\' 1 "ill In In bu' y"u ",ml' C"lli"•.",,11'1•.

II" 'mpri,illl{ hu" thcse- kilns <"T.. a le su'[X'n .....",rr th.· Lul' .. r th .. (Jud,."",fl't"dili"n...ver Ih,· "11("ni,,'li..n "r the Conlinl'lI lal :\nln ...ve-r thr- -mallpox.KIl" " inl: that S.ltllUri Ward d i.·d "r 'In'lll p"x in \brt'h. I ilh.•". n-ad "ilh'1...<"i,,1 horror hi, rem ar k in j anu.rrv , " I ,till uot lik.. to [WI nnu- tn I,... In...n ,­I.,t,·d and the-re is \"(" 1"\' link nf the- Sm all P" x II" " itt rhc ritv." lI is dr-ath .,tII", " go:- "f lift, "a, 'I 'rea l 10" to rhr- L"nitr-d S\;lt' ·S a nd 10 Rlwd .· Island ,

.\11'. t\."" l1 .·;,h. ·r" h'l' "" uIT ih" \t' d ;1 bincr ;lpni, al irr lr"d u, ti" rr "h ;,-h lo:i\'l'~ us\ ,"ll'd ' , ea rfir-r '-:' 1"' '' 1' alld pn' I"'ro" II' for the man 1\1' tind in II", letters. T hrk ll ..rs Ihl'msrh'rs a re libe-rallv '111111' ta led; "n l ~' th 'N ' "hn h'I'" h..d In uarkd,," n ob-rur.. re fe renr-e" and n;Ull'" ""0 kll" " •.11"1 'H1 ..nnrm"II' 1;1 1-.. ,1' "f I"",·h.., ~olle int .. these nOlI'S. f or tho.... 11110" ill h.. im'·f(·, t..d in oth e- r 2..n...a tion '"r In.. Ward tunih. \I r. ClitTonl P. \lon ah" ll h.., '1II'pli ...I;o I1rflrdl.>\!\. T h..Ili,t"ri,'al s<..-i,·I\' i, to ht' nll1l{ululal..d for puhli,hine: " \';01.1;(1,1.. ,md ..n·~"I{ine: bool.. E.j ll«lI . \'alu"hk ,,1''' Ih.. ind ......s In oolh III.. I"ur" an d Ih.·:':'·I1"'II<>l.:~ a' "rll .f' .\I r. Kn" Il" ul" ' rc' , hihli"llr"ph~

t l" ' t , ... I, s, '"'IU",,,,

T he IJiogrdp h .1' of 01 Clm u h . I" ( ;;ord irll'l .\ 1. I) ,,, . C"111hrid", ·, R iw r, id..I' n·" . 19'11, H\hp.• i1l",tr" l<·d . ~L'>O.

This a ll r" .-riw litt k b<",1. 1'....."111- th,' hislun ,,{ ( :hr ist Ch unh. (:.I111hridl('·.\ 1..",,,,h,, lh . /rum ils f.... nd inl1 10 d;l!t". T I...· 'Io,~ lu",·h.., "" R h.-.d .. Islandhisl"~ al , ...,,1 JI't)in ls,

Th,· bt-allti rul ,'hurrh ..d ifl. " "a' .ksign,·d li."l9 b~ P"I" r I Llf ri"",n ..I:'\...... pon. arc hit...-I of Killg's C h., pr l. Boslon. "nd is gt" nerall~ r", 'l\!nired "s ,tilim portant cun tribution to Ih.. 'If' hi tt"ctllr.. of th ......l..ni..s.

:'\i o:-ho la s 1I0ppin. 8 10" 11 ISJ!. \\as r... tur uf Chri,1 Church (" , Illor .. t h' lIllh in ~ yt"<lrs unl il 187-1..\ d '·"' ''II.l.m l of X i. h"l." I lup pin of ( : h " r1 !"~In"n andS"lt-Ill. h,' ",IS I" ,m in I' ru\"idl'1u, ' in 1812. ( )t ILrr Rhod.. 1, la nd •·•.'llIleniou,;nt· "ith \tu k .' m..ny rkW"lk II",,,· (rn lo l 11I:l."l·IR3fi). ;HI"'sl, " of m'I, ·,1It hod ,- Island " 'sid" llls; \ Ir" I k ll r~ ' .\ 1. S;l\ ilk ( Emily Eldr idll; " ) of E<l ' 1( ;""'n" i,'h '1I1 "' s l r~; and William Ch""l1' "y LIllI{J"n . blhn "f Ch" u l1l ' '' ~

L uu:dnn . 1",,1.( " pruf ..s",.r "I \ f,..t,·rn L ltl" u,III" s at Brow n l ·n i" .."ity.I l i'lori 'llI' .mel " '·n..,.I..~i,ts " .. uld ha,'!" I,,·..n ~I'ld "f '"I ind,· ,. hilt , h..uld

1,.. h.,pp' fm " hi"l(ra l'h~ or a ""I.\hle churc h.

Rho<k 1, I.md lI i. lor ica l Sotil'l'

RHODE I S L .-\ :\ Il Hi S T O RI C A L S O C I E T Y

~l• •

i\ E W :-' IE .\IB ER S

f) rO'lI/ hrr I, 1951-.\/f1rrh :/1 , /95'1

Mr. and .\1",. Rober t P. BolanMr G. D u nca n Br i gg-~

.\ir~ . Pen-r Pineo Ch;m'

.\1r. and Mr-, Har-ton F. CuritBa r ,i n ~ton , R . I

.\1r. Herbert E. EastonB,,., inglo n , R. I.

.\[ i ~ ~ 1'\ . l rem- Edd,

.\[ r~ . Ourm-v Edw~ rd,M r. L, '\\ i ~ IJ. E merson

P~wlucl"1 R I.\Ir. \\ ';\, h in g" lo ;l Fr~zer.\I r~ . Cl ar ence L. Fu ller.\fr~ , w. R U'-I.'II ( i n " 'Il \ \ ()o d

;';ort h Smi lhfidd, R, I..\Ir. Harrison B. H ill

Rumford [6, R. 1..\Ir. Pauljohnson

Saunde rsto wn, R. I'\[ r. Edmund W. Kit tr x-dgr­

~ta t u nu l"k, R. I..\ l r~ , .J oh n E. Marshall

.\Ir\ , Ar thur M . .\ II"Cri l h ~

.\ Ii ~~ .\l a n · B. .\le.\'alh ·Ea, i Provid enc e, R, l.

.\1r. For rest B. MorganWarw ick r-; ,'('k R I

.\11". T. I. Ibn' Pow;'1 '

.\ Il". a nd .\ I rs. Robe-rt \\' . R ()~('f ~

BMrinlitlOn, R , I..\ I r~ . Lu igi Scala.\{r. William .\1. Sloa n.\l r\ . Fra nk A. Thurber\ 11". Ru ~~I'I I.J. Titu ~

Cramton, R. LMr. Stuart G . \\'a lla n '

J;llll;lic;l Plain , ~Ia ,.,..\fr. Fr ank M . wa u-nnan

Sm it hfield , R. [.\-Ir. Willia m Bullock wa u-nua»

:'\'"W London, Co n n..\1r, . Harry H . W"thera ]d.\ Ir , . Alan Va\l~lt a n Young

( :( IUHESp(r\ UEM :E OF (;()\"EHMlIt ~ ..\'I LJ E" WAHl)~;' l i l , · tl loy BU\ l t .~HU K" m .U:\ Rt:R ';

( ; El\K,\ UU; Y 010' TilE " 'AHU FA .ml.'\'C..mpi l,·,1 I , ~' CUH"RII 1'. "1 0 \ ,\11 11\

" It i, a n"tahl ... ;u ldit " 'lll<' our kn""kdl!: (' " f the tir ' t year "f tl ... ArncricanR t" n '!ut ioll and Si,,~r " f B" " " Il; tlu- k-tn-rs gin' a Iirst-haud vi.." of the periodtlMt i~ un-urpas-e-d," Samuel Eliut ,\ jo ri$o >l , Prof,''''' r "f I l i ~ t1 ,ry , Harva rdL~lli\tnitr ·

" '1'11 .. IH'ok i~" mine of inf"nn;oti"n. with nliltnial nr-vrr bruuuht to lighthd",,' , und t hc' gt'II<' alo.;:~ hy ( :li!T" rd ~I " n"h " n " r-xr ..llcnt. T h;, i, a r..a1lruseful puhli.-ati on aud ."· h,, I;,., art' Illtlt'll indr-hu-d to tlu- Sor i,·ty for publis h­iUI( it : ' Clar t'''I't' S . HriglJilm, Il i" ..-I ,,, , .\ nlt' rir an Anriqu.u-iau S,...irty.

87. :>0 11U!.IJl aill

H/lmlt> Islwul 1I;~lvri('tll ."'i(lf,j " , y

32 PIJll'f'r S' n 'f"