1p1-1 chapter outline the living world bacteria, archaea, eukarya, (viruses) biomolecules functional...
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1P1-1
Chapter OutlineThe Living World
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, (Viruses)
Biomolecules
Functional Groups
Major Classes of Biomolecules
Biochemical Reactions
Reactions, Energy, Metabolism, Order
Genetic Information Processing
1P1-2
What is Life?
1. Life is complex and dynamic.
2. Life is organized and self-sustaining.
3. Life is cellular.
4. Life is information based.
5. Life adapts and evolves.
1P1-3
1.1 The Living WorldAll living species are composed of
prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
Living organisms are classified in to three domains:
bacteria
archaea (extremophiles)
eukarya
1P1-4
ProkaryotesTwo groups:
eubacteria
e. g. Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
archae
e. g. Halobacterium salinarium
Thermoplasma acidophilus
1P1-5
EukaryotesEukaryotic cells are larger and more
complex than prokaryotic cells.
They contain organelles: eg. Nucleus.
Most are multicellular.
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1.2 BiomoleculesMost compounds found in organisms are
organic molecules.
These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Most molecules found in organisms are derived from hydrocarbons.
1P1-7
Biomolecules: Hydrocarbons
CH2
CH2CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
cyclohexane
CHH
HH
methane
CCCCH
HH
H
H
H
H
H
HCH
CH
H
HH hexane
1P1-8
Biomolecules: Functional Groups
R CH CH R alkene
R OH alcohol
R SH thiol
RCHO
aldehyde
R C RO
ketone
1P1-9
Biomolecules: Functional Groups
RCO
OH carboxylic acid
R C ORO
ester
R C NH2
Oamide
R NH2 amine
1P1-10
Classes of Biomolecules-1aAmino acids make peptides and proteins.
C
C
R
HNH2
OHO
CH2
CC
HNH2
OH
OH
O
Serine, SerCC
NH2
OH
CH2NH2
O
H4Lysine, Lys R groups
-aminoacid
1P1-11
Classes of Biomolecules-1bSome amino acids are not -aminoacids.
CH2NH2 CH2CO
OH
-alanine
CH2NH2 CH2CH2CO
OH-aminobutyric acid GABA
1P1-12
Small Biomolecules-1c
NC CR
HNH3
+ OC CR
HO
OH
Peptide bond
CHNH2 CO
NHCH2OH
CH CO
NHH
CH CO
NHCH2SH CH3
CHCO
OH
1P1-13
Small Biomolecules-2Monosaccharides (simple sugars) make
carbohydrates
CC
O H
COHH
CH OHH
CH2OHOH
D-ribose
CH2OHCC
OOH
C OHHC
H
H OHCH2OH
D-fructose
CHOCC
OHOH
C OHHC
H
H OHCH2OH
H
D-glucose
1P1-14
Small Biomolecules-3aFatty acids are part of many lipids.
CH3
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
C
O
O
Lauric acid (saturated) in anion form
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH3
CH2
CHCH
CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
C
O
O
An unsaturated fatty acid
1P1-15
Small Biomolecules-3b
CH2
CH
CH2
O
O
O CO
CO
CO
R1
R2
R3a fat/oil or triacyl glycerol
CH2CH2 N+
CH2
CH
CH2
O
O
O P
O
C
O
C
OR1
R2
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
phosphatidylcholine
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Small Biomolecules-3c
CHCH2(CH3)2CH
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
3
Cholesterol
1P1-17
Small Biomolecules-4aNucleotides join to form DNA and RNA.Nucleotides are composed of:
a nitrogenous baseribose or deoxyribose sugar ringphosphate group
OCH2
HOH
H
OH
HH
N N
N N
NH2
OP
O
O
O-
-
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Small Biomolecules-4bBases
NCCH
C
N
NC
CHN
NH2
HNC
CHC
N
NC
CNH
O
HNH2
NC CHNH
O
CCO
CH3
HN
C CHN
O
CHCNH2
HN
C CHNH
O
CHCO
H
Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)Uracil (U)pyrimidines purines
1P1-19
Small Biomolecules-4cDNA
Is a polymer of two polynucleotide strands wrapped in a right handed double helix.
Has a sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate backbone.
Has the bases paired via hydrogen bonding. (A-T and G-C)
Carries the genetic information (genes) of an organism.
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Small Biomolecules-4d
Fig 1.14
1P1-21
Small Biomolecules-4eRNA
Is a polymer of polynucloetide strands.
Has a sugar (ribose) phosphate backbone.
Has the bases A, U, G, and C.
Consists of three types:
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA