Department of Environmental SciencesGDC Gulabad, Dir Lower

Scheme of Studies for the Four-years Bachelor Degree in Environmental Sciences

Course No Title of Course Cr. Hours

1st SemesterBES-111 English-I 3BES-112 Biology-I 3BES-113 Basic Chemistry-I 3BES-114 Mathematics 3BES-115 Intro to Env. Science 3BES-116 Pakistan Studies 2

Total 17  2nd SemesterBES-121 Basic Statistics 3BES-122 Geography 3BES-123 English-II 3BES-124 Environmental Biology-II 3BES-125 Islamic Studies 2BES-126 Sociology 3

Total 17  3rd SemesterBES-231 English -III 3BES-232 Basic Chemistry-II 3BES-233 Introductory Climatology 3BES-234 Computer Studies 3BES-235 Economics 3BES-236 Psychology 3

Total 18  4th SemesterBES-241 Introduction to Soil Sciences 3BES-242 Fundamentals of Forestry 3BES-243 Physical Geology 3BES-244 Physics 3BES-245 Environmental Microbiology 3

Total 15  5th SemesterBES-351 Environmental Chemistry-I 3BES-352 Environmental Ecology-I 3BES-353 Environmental Impact Assessment-I 3BES-354 Technical Writing 3BES-355 Environmental Biotechnology 3

BES-356 Introduction to Global Environment 3Total 18

  6th SemesterBES-361

Environmental Chemistry-II3

BES-362 Environmental Ecology-II 3BES-363

Environmental Impact Assessment II3

BES-364 Remote Sensing 3BES-365 Costal and Marine Environments 3

Total 157th Semester

BES-471 Environmental Policy 3BES-472 Pollution Control Technology-I 3BES-473 Natural Resources Management-I 3BES-474 Environmental Economics-I 3BES-475 Geographic Information GIS 3

Total 15  8th SemesterBES-481 Environmental Laws 3BES-482 Pollution Control Technology-II 3BES-483 Natural Resources Management-II 3BES-484 Environmental Economics-II 3BES-485 Internship/Research Report 4

Total 16Grand Total 131

English-ICHR-3Course BES-111

Function Asking and answering question

a) Structure The present perfectb) Reading Guessing the meanings of wordsc) Writing Informal letters: beginning and endingd) Listening Understanding directions

Function Seeking agreement and confirmation

a) Structure The present perfect and simple paste tenseb) Reading Guessing the meanings of wordsc) Writing Joining sentencesd) Listening Listening to a narrative account

Function Agreeing and disagreeing

a) Structure Reported speechb) Reading Predictingc) Writing Informal letterd) Listening Giving advice

Function Possibility/impossibility

a) Structure The passiveb) Reading Function in a textc) Writing Formal lettersd) Listening Listening to an interview

Books Recommended1. Murphy, R. 1994. English Grammar in Use. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press.

UK. 2. Wren, PC and Martin, H. 1998. High School English Grammar and Composition

Cambridge University Press, USA. 3. Gucker P. 2004. Essential English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, USA.

Biology-I

CHR-3Course BES-112

Introduction to Biology and its major branches, plants, animals and microorganisms. Mendelian inheritance patterns other inheritance patterns law of segregation, law of independent assortment, law of dominance, intermediate inheritance, test cross, multiple alleles, sex-linked inheritance.Chromosomes and gene linkageLinkage, changes in chromosomes number and structure.Molecular geneticsGenetic transformation, nucleic acid, structure and replication of DNA, recombinant DNA, Mutation.InvertebrateIntroduction to InvertebratesProtozoa, diagnostic features. Type: paramecium & Entamoeba bistolytica Porifera; diagnostic features, type, Sycon,Coelenterate; diagnostic features. Type; obelia.Platyhelminthes; diagnostic features. Type: Fasciola.hepaticaAschelmintes; diagnostic features. Type: Ascaris LumbricoidesAnnelida; diagnostic featues. Type: leechMollusca: diagnostic features. Type; fresh water musselArthropoda; diagnostic features. Type; cockroachEchinodermata; Diagnostic features. Type; starfish.

PracticalExamination of prepared slides; protozoa; Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Entamoeba. Specimen of Fresh water mussel, Fasciola, Ascaris, Leech, Obelia, Hydra, T.saginata. General survey of each phylum of vertebrate collection and identification of importance local fauna.

Reference1. Engemann J.G and. Hegner R.W”Invertebrate Zoology” 3rd edition.2. Ramalingam, S.T. (1990) “Modern Biology” Africana, FEF. Publishers Limited in

associatin with FEF internatinal Private Limited.3. Strickberger, W.M. (1968). “Genetics”. The Macmillan Company, New York.4. Mirza, M.A, Sulehria, A.Q.K, 1978. Zoology. Ilmi Kitab Khana Urdu Bazar Lahore

Basic Chemistry-ICHR-3Course BES-113

1. Fundamental Conceptsi) Atoms and Atomic Structureii) Atomic propertiesiii) Quantum Numbersiv) Electronic Configurationv) Periodic Law and Periodic Propertiesvi) Atomic Radiivii) Ionization Energyviii) Electron Affinityix) Electronegativityx) Magnetism and Electronic Spin

2. Chemical Bondsi) Electrons in Moleculesii) Valency and Oxidation Numberiii) Types of Bondsiv) Molecular Geometry and Hybridizationv) Theories of Bond formation

3. Chemical Quantitiesi) The Concept of Moleii) Chemical Equationsiii) Stoichiometry

4. Chemical Kineticsi) Kinetic and Thermidynamic control of reactionsii) Order and Molecularity of Reactionsiii) Analysis of Complex Reactions- The Steady State Principleiv) Analysis of first, Second and Zero order Reactionsv) Catalysis and Chemistry of Surfaces

5. Photochemistryi) Photochemical Principlesii) Photochemical Systems in Atmosphere

Reference:1. Ullah, C.H.S, 2009. Physical Chemistry. Markani Kitab Khana Kabir Street, Urdu

Bazar Lahore.2. Abdul Majid Qureshi & M. Zafar Iqbal. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry for B.Sc

students by, Ilmi Kutab Khana Lahore.3. Inorganic chemistry for B.Sc students By Dr. Badruddin & Dr. Marghoob Ali, Feroz

sons. Ltd.4. Iqbal M.Z., 2009. Inorganic Chemistry Markazi Kutub Khana, Kabir Street, Urdu

Bazar Lahore.5. Fundamental concepts of inorganic chemistry by E.S Gilreath, Mc Graw Hill.6. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton & Wilkinson Inter Science publishers.7. K.M. Hene-Rasa and M.A Rehman. 1971. Organic chemistry volume one volume two

for B.Sc students edited by publisher Ilmi Kutab Khana, Lahore.

MATHEMATICS

Credit-3Course No.BES-114

Indices and Logarithm, and their applicationThe Principles of algebra

Solution of quadratic equation Solution of two simultaneous equations

Both linear One linear on quadratic Both quadratic

Basic trigonometryDefinition

a. Trigonometric identitiesb. Multiple angle and half angle formulac. Sum and difference formulad. Graph of trigonometric functionse. Inverse trigonometric functions

Coordinate geometry Coordinates Change of coordinates Graph-Log and exponential The straight lien Distance between two points Parabola

Differential calculus Limits Definition and properties of limits Continuity Derivatives Rules for differentiation (algebric, logarithmic, exponential, and inverse function)

Integration Introduction Integration by substitution Integration by parts

Differential equationsa) Definition and classification of differential equations of Ist order and Ist degreeb) Solution of ordinary differential equations and of second order equations with constant

coefficients.

Reference:1. Zia-ul-Haq 1998. Calculus and analytical geometry. The Caravan

Book House, Lahore.2. M. Iqbal 1998. An introduction to numerical analysis. Ilmi Kitab

Khana, Kabir Street Urdu bazaar Lahore.

Introduction to Environmental Sciences

CHR-3Course BES-115

Definitions, history, movements, and Environmental systems: atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, origin and inter-relationship. Environmental factors; chemical, physical and biological. Environmental pollution, types, sources, causes, effects. Environmental dilemmas; deforestation, water logging, salinity, drought and desertification. Issues of environment and sustainable development. Issues of the social environment; population growth, urbanization, migration and poverty Environment and lifestyle.

Recommended books

1. Botkin, D. & Keller, E. Environmental Sciences; Earth as a Living Planet. 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2000).

2. Cunningham, W.P, & Saigo, B.W. Environmental Sciences 6th ed. McGraw-Hill (2001).3. Enger, E.D. & Smith, B.F. Environmental Science: A study of Interrelationship.

McGraw-Hill, (1997).4. Kupchella, C.E. & Hyland. M.C. Environmental Science; Living within the System of

Nature. Prentice Hall, (1986).5. Nebel, B.J. & Wright, R.T. Environmental Sciences, 6th ed. Prentice Hall. New Jersey,

(1999).6. Zia-ul-Haq, Calculas and Analytic Geometry, 1998. The Caravan Book House, Lahore.

7. Ervin Kreyszig. Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Latest edition), Lhon Willy and

Sons.

8. Zill D, G, Cullen MR, 1997. Differential Equations with Boundary- value Problems PWS

Publishing Co. 3.

9. Herstein I, N. Topics in Algebra Jhon Wiley, New York 2.

10. Iqbal M, 1998. An introduction to Numerical Analysis. Ilmi Kitab Khana, Kabeer Street

Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

11. Ruel V, Churchill 1990. Complex Variable and Applications. Mcgraw-Hill 5.

Pakistan StudiesCHR-2Course BES-116

1. Pakistan Studies

2. Ideology of Pakistan in the historical perspective

3. Two nation theory

4. Pakistan movement

5. Creation of Pakistan and role of Quaid-e-Azam

6. Initial difficulties

7. Islamization in Pakistan

8. The land of Pakistan

Book

1) A comprehensive book of Pakistan Studies, by M. Ikram Rabbani

2) The struggle for Pakistan, by I.H. Qureshi

3) Towards Pakistan, by Whaeed-uz-Zaman

4) The making of Pakistan, by K.K. Aziz

2nd Semester Basic StatisticsCHR-3Course BES-121

Descriptive statistics

1. The meaning of statistics2. The role of statistics in Geology3. Limitations and characteristics of statistics 4. Grouped and ungrouped data5. Frequency distribution6. Relative and cumulative frequency distribution7. Histogram8. Frequency polygon and frequency curve9. Cumulative frequency polygon and cumulative frequency curve10. Measures of central tendency: A.M., G.M.H, Median, Mode, percentile measures

variability, range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of deviation

Statistical sampling studya. Sample and populationb. Need of samplesc. Designing and conducting the sampling studyd. Simple stratified and systematic sampling, (theoretical approach only)

Books recommended1. Mathematics by S.M. Yousaf2. Statistics by Battery3. Jhonson,R,A., Bhattacharyya , G.1992. Statistics principles and methods 2nd edition. Jhon

Wiley and sons, ING. NEW York Chi Chester , Brisban .Toranto.Singapore.

Geography CHR-3Course BES-122

Historical settingRelief General Structure and relief

Physiographic regions, Ranifall, Soil of PakistanClimate

Geographic factors, Temperature, Pressure and windsClimatic regions

Natural vegetationForests, Grasslands, Deserts and semi-deserts

IrrigationMeans of irrigation, Principal canal systemsWater logging and salinity

Power developmentHydroelectric projects, Thermal projectsProblems of power resource development

AgricultureChief crops and their distribution

MiningMajor minerals, their distribution and development

IndustriesMajor industries, their distribution and relation to raw material and market

CommunicationRailways, road, airways and waterways; their distribution and problems ofDevelopment

Population, Distribution, Rural and urban, Religion, Languages, Growth of populationsWorld Relations

Pakistan and her neighbor, Pakistan and the Muslim world, Pakistan and the worldMap workScale-types and their method of construction, Study and interpretation of ordinance Survey maps of Pakistan, Map projections, General principles, classification and choices of projections, Construction of the following projectionsPracticals: Scale- types and their methods of construction

a. Study and interpretation of ordnance Survey maps of Pakistan, Map projections, General principles, classification and choices of projections, Construction of the following projections

b. Mercator Projectionc. Zenithal Projectiond. Conical Projection with one standard parallel Bonn’s Projection.

Reference1. Khan, F, K., 2000. A geography of Pakistan, environment people and ecology. Oxford

university press.

2. Strahler , A ,N.,Strahler ,A,H. 1987.Modern physical geography , 3rd edition . John,

Wiley and sons, New York.

3. Precce .D.M., Wood . H.R.B.1938. Foundatiion of geography .university tutourial press

ltd. 842. Yeovil road .,Slough .SLi 4JQ.

English-IICrHR-3Course BES-123

Function Preference/Interactions

a) Structure The ing formb) Reading Reading the main idea and supporting details in a textc) Writing Formal lettersd) Listening Listening to a talk/lecture

Function Permission

a) Structure The past perfect and future perfect tenseb) Reading Classification c) Writing Applying for a jobd) Listening Listening to a radio broadcast

Function Appreciation, regret and indifference

a) Structure Relativeb) Reading Facts and Opinionc) Writing Summarizingd) Listening Listening to a story

Books recommended: 1. Murphy, R. 1994. English Grammar in Use. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press.

UK. 2. Wren, PC and Martin, H. 1998. High School English Grammar and Composition

Cambridge University Press, USA. 3. Gucker P. 2004. Essential English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, USA.

Environmental Biology-IICredit-3Course BES-124

Cell BiologyDefinition of Cell: classification Component of cell, cell membrane, mitochnondria, ribosomes, golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, nucleus, chromosomes. Briefly discuss there morphology, structure, and functions.

Energy and the cellIntroduction, discuss diagnostic features of Fishes, Amphibian, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals,Discus impact of water pollution on distribution of fishesDiscuss air pollution and birds migration.Pests in zoology Invertebrate pests (Insects pests of crops, Vegetable, fruits), Vertebrate pests(Mice, birds)Discuss adaptations of the following: aquatic adaptation, arboreal adaptation, deep-sea adaptation desert adaptation.

Plant Taxonomy1. Binomial nomenclature.2. Systems of classification (comparison between Engler & Prantle’s and Bentham &

Hooker’s classification)3. Stem, root and their types in plants. Classification of plants on the basis of their habit

(Annual. Biennial and perennials), General introduction and economic importance with special reference to the families. Poaceae, Fabacea, Rosaceae.

Anatomy1. Scope of plant anatomy, Brief concept of the cell wall (Middle lamella, Primary and

secondary walls), and Tissue types and tissue systems: Brief discussion and classification of meristematic tissues.

2. Brief classification, concept and function of Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. Brief description of the secondary growth in the Dicot stems. A brief account of Periderm

3. Primary structure of a dicot and moncot root, stem. Generalized internal structure of leaf.

4. Embryology: Life cycle of typical angiosperm (Capsella bursa-pastoris). Reproduction in higher plants (sexual and vegetation propagation),

PracticalGeneral survey of each phylum of vertebrate collection and identification of importance local fauna.

Reference1. Engemann J.G and. Hegner R.W”Invertebrate Zoology” 3rd edition.2. Ramalingam, S.T. et al (1990) “Modern Biology” Africana, FEF. Publishers Limited

in associatin with FEF internatinal Private Limited.

3. Strickberger, W.M. (1968). “Genetics”. The Macmillan Company, New York.Ramalingam, S.T. et al (1990), “ Modern biology: Africana, FEF publishers Limited in association with FEF international Private Limited

4. Romer, A.A. (1986), “The Vertebrates story” 6th ed. University of Chicago press, Chicago.

5. Loewy and Siekevitz(1963), “ Cell structure and Function” Second edition HOH, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

6. Malik, TA., 2008. Morphology of plants. CH, Ahmad Nazir 2-Kachehri road, Narkali Lahore.

Islamic StudiesCHR-2Course BES-125

i. Definition and meaning of Islamii. The place of Quran in Islamic World Nationsiii. The Hadithiv. The political system of Islamv. Principals of an Islamic state and chances of their people

Books1) The Islamic law and constitution, by Abdul Ala Maududi2) Politics and National Solidarity, by Anwar H. Syed Islam3) A handbook of Islam, by M.A Hai4) Al-Quran ( a contemporary translation)5) The concept of an Islamic state, by Ishtiaq Ahamd6) Jinnah and Pakistan of Islamic identity, by Dr.Ismail Al Farooqi.7) Bukhari, A.S., Zafar, M,D., 2008. Islamic education, Aziz book depot 201- Circular

Road, Urdu bazaar Lahore

Introduction to SociologyCHR-3Course BES 126

Fundamental of Sociology

Nature, Scope, and subject matter of Sociology Brief historical, development of Sociology Society and community, Relationship with other social sciences like Economic, Political Science, History, Psychology, and Anthropology. Social interaction processes: Cooperation, Competition, Conflicts, Accommodation, Acculturation, and Assimilation.

Social Groups: Definition and Functions , Types of Social Groups, In and out group, Primary and Secondary groups, Reference groups. Formal and informal Groups and Pressure groups

Social Institutions: Definition, Structure and Function of the following Institutions, Family, Religion, Education, Economics, Political, Inter-relationship among various social institutions

Cultural and Related Concept: Definition and aspects of culture Material and non-material culture Ideal and real culture Elements of culture Beliefs, values, norms (folkways, mores, laws) Organization of culture, Traits etc.

Socialization and Personality: Role and Status, Socialization, Culture and Personality

Social Stratification and Social and cultural changes

Reference1. Betrnad, Alvin L. (1969). Basic Sociology-An Introduction to Theory and Methods, New York;

Appleton Century Crofts. 2. Broom, Leonard and Selznic. Phipps, Sociology A text with adopted readings, New York;

Haper and Row Publishers. 3. Curran, Jr.(1977).Introductory sociology: A basis SelfInstructional Guide 4. Inkeles, Alex (Ed) (latest Ed).what is Sociology? An Introduction to the discipline and

profession, foundation of sociology Service Englewood Cliffs.NJ preentice hall Inc. Davis. Kingsley (latest Ed).Human society.Princeton University Press.

5. Hafeez, Sabeeha (1990), The Changing Pakistan Society. Karachi: Royal Book company, Zaibunisa Street, Sadar.

6. Horton Paul B. and Hunt, Chester 1.. (1990) Sociology singapore.Macgraw Hill Book Company.

7. Koeing, Samuel (1957). Sociology-An Introduction to the Science of Society, New York: 8. Barnes and Bobble Books, Harper and Row Publisher. 9. Lee, Alfred Mcbuing and lee, Elizabeth Braint (1961) Marriage and the family, New ork: 10. Barnnnnes and Boble, Inc .. Merrii, F.E., (latest ed,), Sociology and Culture.

N.J. Englewood Cliffs. 11. Perry, Jolm A., and Perry, Emak (1980), The Social Web-An Introduction to Sociology New

York: Macgraw Hill Book c., Inc .. 12. Philips, Bernard (1990). Sociology-Form Concepts to Practice. New York: McGraw Hill Book

Company Inc .13. Rao, C. Nshaukar (1990), Sociology, New Delhi: S.C Chand and Company Ltd. Thio, Aex (lasted

Ed.) Sociology-An Introduction New York: Harper and Ros.

English-III

(Communication and presentation Skills)CHR-3Course BES-231

Writtena. Reading comprehensionb. Skimmingc. Scanningd. World formatione. Non-lexical elements of reading f. Guessing and predictiong. Speed reading techniques.

Writing Skills1. Simple description2. Writing tasks centered around the expression of the theoretical functions of

classification, definition, process, cause and effect, and comparison and contrast3. Outlining 4. Summarizing5. Paraphrasing6. Punctuation7. Laboratory report writing

GrammarMajor grammatical structure found in scientific writing passives, relative cause, conjunctions, prepositions tense systems of verbs, models, conditionals, adverbs/ connectives, comparative/superlative adjectives, etc.

Oral exam

Books Recommended: 1. Wren, PC and Martin, H. 1998. High School English Grammar and Composition

Cambridge University Press, USA. 2. Gucker P. 2004. Essential English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, USA.3. Murphy, R. 1994. English Grammar in Use. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press.

UK.

Basic Chemistry-IICHR-3Course BES-232

1. Chemistry of Elementsi) Main Block elements (Part-I) Groups 1 , 2, 12, 13 and 14ii) General Properties and Periodic Trendsiii) Hydrogeniv) Group 1: The alkali Metalsv) Group 2: The alkaline Earth Metalsvi) Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium and Mercuryvii) Group 13: The Boron Groupviii) Group 14: The Carbon Group

2. Main Block elements (Part-II) Groups 15 , 16, 17 and 18i) Group 15: The Nitrogen Groupii) Group 16: The Oxygen Groupiii) Group 17: The Halogensiv) Group 18: The Noble Gasesv) Introduction to Transition Elements

3. Organic Chemicalsi) Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alcoholsii) Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and Estersiii) Amines, Aromatic Compounds

4. Organic Compounds in the Environmenti) Petroleum, Lipids, Amino Acids and Proteinsii) Carbohydrates, Humic Substances, Ligniniii) Biologically Essential Elements, Organomettalic Compoundsiv) Radionuclides

Reference:1. Iqbal M.Z., 2009. InorganicChemistry Markazi Kutub Khana Kabir Street Urdu Bazar

Lahore.

2. Ullah, C.H.S, 2009. Physical Chemistry. Markani Kitab Khana Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar Lahore.

3. Abdul Majid Qureshi & M. Zafar Iqbal. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry for B.Sc students by, Ilmi Kutab Khana Lahore.

4. Inorganic chemistry for B.Sc students By Dr. Badruddin & Dr. Marghoob Ali, Feroz sons. Ltd.

5. K.M. Hene-Rasa and M.A Rehman. 1971. Organic chemistry volume one volume two for B.Sc students edited by publisher Ilmi Kutab Khana, Lahore.

Introductory Climatology

CHR-3Course BES-233

1. Physical and dynamic Climatology 1.1 The basis of Modern climatology

The atmospheric science, Climatology: A brief history, the contents of climatologyAtmospheric variables and data acquisition, the standard atmosphereVertical structure of the earth’s atmosphere

1.2 The energy balance The nature of radiation, The solar source, The atmosphere and solar radiationThe planetary energy budget, The earth surface and solar energy, The steady-state system1.3 Atmospheric Temperature and Moisture

The seasons, Daily temperature changes, Seasonal lag and extreme temperaturesFactors influencing the vertical distribution of temperature, Factors influencing the horizontal

distribution of temperature, Temperature over the earth’s surfaceChanges of state, The hydrological cycle, Relative humidityEvaporation and transpiration, Condensation near the ground: dew mist and fogFoggy places, Condensation above the surface: clouds, Cloud forms and classification,

Vertical motion in the atmosphere, Regional variation in precipitationVariation in precipitation through time, Water balance

1.5 Motion in the atmosphereAtmospheric pressure, Factors influencing air motionThe resulting patterns, Periodic local windsStrengthen and depiction of winds

1.6 Global Circulation of the atmosphereThe general circulation, Tropical circulationMid-latitude circulation, Polar circulationSeasonal changes in the global pattern

1.7 Oceans and Interannual Variation in ClimateOcean currents, The walker circulation of the equatorial pacific oceanThe impacts of EL NINO, Forecasting EL NINO, Interannual variation in the monsoons

1.8 Air mass and synoptic climatologyAir masses, Fronts and middle latitude cyclonesCyclogenesis, Synoptic climatic studies, Satellite climatology

1.9 The nature and hazard of atmospheric extreme eventsTropical cyclone, Thunderstorms, TornadosFloods, Drought2. Regional Climatology2.1 regional climates: scale of study

Definitions, Microclimates, Local and mesoscale climateClassification of world climates, The empiric systemsGenetic systems, Climate and the distribution of vegetation

2.2 Tropical Climate

Radiation and temperature, Precipitation, The tropical rainforest climate, The tropical wet and dry climate, The tropical deserts, Coastal deserts

Deserts storms, Desertification

2.3 The Mid-Latitude ClimatesGeneral characteristics, Climatic types, The summer-dry climates

2.4 Polar and High Land Climate The arctic basin, The polar wet and dry climate, The Antarctic continent The polar wet climates, High land climates, Chinnok winds

3. A brief about the past and future climate

Reference:

Oliver, J, E., Hidore, J, J.2003. Climatology an atmospheric science. Second edition. Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., Indian branch, 482 F.I.E. Patparganj, Delhi 110 092, India.Boucher, K., Global climates. 1975, Halstead press, New York.Barry, R, Gand Corly, R, J.1998. atmoshphare, wheather and climate, New York, Routledge.

Computer StudiesCHR-2+1Course BES-234

Basic of Computer Introduction and history of Computers Types of Computer Computer organization

Computer Software Software Introduction Types Software PC Platform Computer virus

Data processing and Storage Data Processing Techniques Data Storage (Bit, RAM, ROM, Cache Memory, Secondary Storage (FDD, HDD, Tape, CD), The Processor Bus, Port, Computer Motherboard Microprocessor, Math Co-processor Memory Chip, Support Chips Built-in-Programs, Expansion slots

INPUT and OUTPUT DevicesA. Input DevicesB. Keyboard and its types, Point and Draw devicesC. Scanner, Digital Camera, speech recognition system and multimedia

Output Deicesa. Monitor (Graphic Adopter, size, Resolution and types of

monitors)b. Printers and types (Dot matrix, inkjet and Laser)c. Plotters (Raster and Pen)d. Presentation Graphics and special function terminals (ATMs.

POSs)Windows

1. Windows introduction2. Finding Files, Installing Printers3. The Desktop and types of windows (application,

documents, dialog)4. Elements of an application window5. Understanding folders, copying deleting and moving

files6. word Processing (MS word)7. Basic concepts and features8. Crating, saving, editing, formatting and printing

documents 9. working with Tables10. Electronic Spreadsheet (MS Excel)11. Basic Concepts and Features

12. Creating, saving Excel sheet, editing the sheet13. ‘Managing formula, formatting the sheet and printing

the sheet14. working on workbook15. Basic of Internet usage16. Introduction17. world wide web and web sites18. Introduction to Internet based services and use of e-mail

References1. Using Information Technology (2nd Ed). By William Sawyer.2. Ali, A,S., Nudrat, A. 2001. Fundamental concepts of computer system. The Aays, Software

consultants and composer Peshawar.

3. Ouellette, R,P., Greely,R,S.,overbuy,J,W.1975. Computer techniques and environmental

science, Petroclli/chratar New York.

4. Lichty,Y.,1994. Mac, Word and excel desktop companion 2nd edition ventana press.

EconomicsCHR-3Course BES-235

1. Introduction1. Factor Pricing in perfectly competitive market. Demand for labor in perfectly competitive

market. Supply of labor in perfectly competitive market. The determination of factor price in perfect markets.

2. Factor pricing in imperfectly competitive Market. Monopolistic power in the product market. Monopolistic power in the factor market. Bilateral Monopoly competitive buyer firm vs monopoly union.

3. The Price of Fixed Factors: rent and quasi-rent4. The “Adding up” problem: product exhaustion theorems.

II. General Equilibrium Theory

Partial vs general equilibrium analysis. The Walrasian system of General Equilibrium. Existence, Uniqueness and Stability of an equilibrium. Static properties of general equilibrium of consumptions. Equilibrium of Production. Simultaneous.

Reference:1. Jacobs, M., 1991.The green economy, environment and sustainable development and

the politics of future.,Pluto press London,Bouldesr ,Colorado.2. Dewet, K, K., Varma, J, D., refresher course in economic theory, new edition.

S.chand and company ltd Ramnagar,New Delhi. 110055.3. Parkin, M., 1996. Economics. Third edition. Addison – Wesley publishing company.

New York.4. Khan,M,S., 1999. Economics of Pakistan. Latest edition, Marhaba publisher,

Multan.

Psychology

CHR-3

Course BES 236

1. Introduction to Psychology

a. Approaches to Psychology).

b. Brief historical background and schools of psychology.

2. Methods of Psychology

a. Observations (Naturalistic and Field study)

b. Case- History

Brief hiostorical background and schools of psychology.

c. Experimentation (with special emphasis on variables and basic research

design).

d. Survey, Interview

3. Nervous System and Endocrine

a. Importance of nervous system in the study of behaviiour.

b. Endocrine glands

4. Learning

a. Definition and types

i. Classical and instrumental conditioning.

ii. Trial and error.

iii. Modelling.

iv. Insight.

v. Imprinting.

5. Memory And Forgetting

a. Definition and nature

b. Memory processes (Retention, recall and recognition).

c. Training of memory

Reference:

1. Malik S.H., 2009. A Collection of Psychological Thoughts. F.I Printers, (Part-1).

2. Malik S.H., 2009. A Collection of Psychological Thoughts. F.I Printers, (Part-2).

Introduction to Soil Sciences

CHR-3Course BES-241

Soil Definition, soil formation and composition. Soil components and horizons. Soil organisms, nutrients cycling. Physical and chemical properties of soil. Soil texture and acidity. Major soil groups. Soil problems including erosion, contamination logging and salinity. Nutrients and minerals depletion. Soil conservation and regeneration. Crops rotation and control plowing and strip cropping. Preserving soil fertility and soil remediation.

Reference:

1. Arms. K, (1990). “Environmental Sciences” International edition Saunder college publishing, a division of Har, Rinehart and Winston Inc. London, UK.

2. Roven PH and Berg LR. 2001 “Environment” 3rd edition, Harcourt College Publisher, London.

Fundamental of Forestry

CHR-3Course BES-242

Objective: To enable students to understand the different ecological zones of Pakistan, identify its status, threats and management.

Course contents

1. Forest types of Pakistan2. Productive and protective role of forest3. Artificial forest – Man made forest in Pakistan 4. Forestry and rural development5. Forest assessment methods6. Watershed management7. Evolution of forest management in Pakistan8. Threats to Pakistan’s forest, 9. Forest strategies and policies10. Forest related legislations in Pakistan 11. Forestry in NWFP12. Forestry in Punjab13. Forestry in Sindh14. Forestry in Balochistan15. Forest management in Pakistan

References

1- Towards understanding Forestry; M. Ishaq Khan, Emporium Publisher, 1998.2- National Conservation Strategy, IUCN, GoP, 1992.3- Forest Policy of Pakistan, Ministry of Environment, GoP, 2004.

Physical Geology

CHR-3Course BES-243Objects:To introduce students to the components of natural Environment with an earth science perspective including processes, composition, distribution, and natural cycles of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Identify major global, reginal and local scale issues arising from interaction with the manmade environment.1. Description of Environment, rationale about concerns, fundamental principles, sustainable

development, natural/manmade components.2. The Lithosphere:

a. Minerals: Silicate & Non-silicate, alteration processesb. Rocks: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary, rock cyclec. Soil: Formation, Composition, Profile Classification,d. Geomorphic Processes: Weathering, Erosion, Rivers, Glaciers, Wind,e. Geological Hazards: Earthquakes, Volcansim, floods, Land slidingf. Life and its affects in the lithosphere

3. The Hydrosphere:a. Hydrologic Cycle: Definition, mechanism of transferb. Rivers/Stream: Types discharge/runoff, erosion/transportation/deposition, suspended,

dissolves and bed load, water availability, qualityc. Ground Water: Ground water zones, water table, aquifers, natural springs,

recharge/discharge, effects of geology on water quality.d. Oceans: Water composition, Circulation; waves, currents, and tides.e. Estuaries and coastal processesf. Life and its affects in the hydrosphere.

4. The atmosphere:a.Atmosphere: Composition, Heat budge, Structure, Circulation, Wind systems, air masses,

fronts & depressions, evaporation & condensation, humidity, fog & clouds, thunder storms; tornadoes & hurricanes

b. Weather & Climate: Climatic controls, classification tropical, temperate, polar, local influences, climatic variability & trends.

5. Environmental Issues:a. Global Scale: Ozone layer depletion, Green house effect and global warming, Acid rain.b. Regional Scale: Drought, desertification, atmospheric turbidity,c. Local Scale: Air, water and soil. Pollution, solid and liquid waste disposal, geology and

health, health and Environment, Population growth, Urbanization, deforestation, water logging and salinity, noise.

Field work:The students will be exposed to different types of rocks their formation, natural processes, degraded ecosystems, and other local Environmental Issues. A field report will be required of the students for evaluation.References1. Montgomery, C.W., 1997. Environmental Geology, 6th edition, McGraw Hill Book Co.

176 p.2. Tillery, B.W., 1996. Physical Sciences, 3rd edition, Wm. C. Brown Publisher Dubuque,

IA, USA< 662, p.

3. Wallen, R.N., 1992. Introduction to Physical Geography, Wm. C. Brown Publisher, Dubuque, IA, 546 p.

4. Kemp, D.D., 1994, Global Environmental Issues, A Climatological Approach, 2nd edition, Routledge, London/New York, 224 p.

5. Beer, T., 1983. Environmental Oceanography, An Introduction to the Behaviour of Coastal Waters. Pergamon Press, Sydney, 262 p.

6. Barry, R. g. & Chorley, R.J., 1985 Atmosphere, Weather & Climate, 4 th edition. Methuen & Co. Ltd. London/New York, 407 p.

7. Wells, N., 1986. The Atmosphere, A Physical Introduction, Taylor & Francis, London/Philadelphia, 347.

8. Jones, A.M., 1997. Environmental Biology, Rutledge Introduction to Environment, Rutledge, London.

9. Huggett, R.J., 1998, Fundamentals of Biogeography, Rutledge, London. 10. Kimball, J.W., 1994. Biology, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, IA,USA.

PhysicsCredit-3Course No.BES-244TheoryVectors1. Kinematics

MotionAverage and instantaneous velocityLinear motion with constant accelerationVelocity and Coordinates by integrationFreely falling bodiesVelocity component and relatives velocity

2. Newton’s Laws of motion and their applicationNewton’s first law with applicationsInertia, ForceInertial and non-inertial frame of referenceNewton’s second lawNewton’s third law of motion and equilibrium of a particle Mass and weightNewton’s law of universal gravitationInertial and gravitational massCentre of gravityMotion of projectileCircular motionCentripetal and centrifugal forcesMotion of a satelliteVariation of with earth’s rotationEffect of altitude on g

3.Work Power and energyWork Work done by rigid bodyKinetic energyGravitational potent ional energyPower and velocityMass and energyImpulseConservation of energy

4. Rotational Kinematics and dynamicsAngular velocity and accelerationRotation with constant angular acceleration Relation between linear and angular velocity and acceleration TorqueMoment of inertiaKinetic energy and workAngular momentum

5.ElasticityStress

StrainElasticity and plasticityElastic modulesThe force constant

6.Harmonic motionElastic force (Hook’s law)Equation of simple harmonic motionSimple pendulumAngular harmonic motionPhysical pendulumGravitimeterSeismography

Hydro statistics and hydrodynamicsPressureVacuum pumpForces against a damEquation of continuityBernoullie’s equation and its application Viscosity and surface tensionViscosityPoiseville’s lawsStoke’s lawReynold’s numberSurface tensionPressure difference across a surface filmMinimal surfacesConstant angleCapillarity

7.WavesPeriodic wavesMathematical representation of traveling wavesSpeed of transverse and longitudinal wavesWater wavesStanding waves on a stringResonanceInterference of longitudinal wavesSound waves (compress ional waves)Intensity levelPitchApplication of sound wavesBeatsDople’s effect

8.OpticsNature and propagation of lightReflection, refraction and dispersion of lightTotal internal reflection Refraction by a prismInterference, diffraction and polarization

Lenses and optical instruments9. Practical

That temperature solar energyTemperature and its measurementThermal expansion.Kinetic theory of GasesTeat capacity and specific heatSpecific heatHeam capacities of solioBlack body emissionSolar coordinatesDirect solar radiationHead conduction, convection, and radiation

10.RadiationsX-rays. Their production and use nuclear radiationRadiation Dosimetry

Radiation protection.

Reference:

A text Book of Physics 3rd yearA text Book of Physics 4th year

Environmental Microbiology

CHR-3Course BES-245

History of microbiology, microbial classification, growth and nutrition. Microbes as a component of environment, microbial communities. Growth of Micro-organisms, Batch, Continuous and Mixed culture. Influence of environment on growth and measurement of growth. DNA structure and replication, protein synthesis, Energy mechanism in microbial metabolism. Transfer of Genetic information, control of microbial organisms, interaction among microbial population. Water, wastewater, soil and airborne micro-organisms. Biodegradation and bioaccumulation.

Practicals

Microscope sand prepared slides, Staining methods: preparation of smears, simple negative, gram, acid-fast, endospore, capsule, flagella staining and detection mobility-hanging drop side. Cultivation of bacteria: transfer of bacteria-aseptic techniques, isolation of bacteria by dilution techniques, media preparation-special media for isolating bacteria. Control of microbial growth: physical methods of control: heat, UV radiation, etc. Chemical methods of control: disinfectants, antiseptics, and antibiotic and antimicrobial drugs sensitivity

Recommended Books

1. Prescott, L. M., Harley, G. P., Klei, C.A. 1992. Microbiolgy (4 th ed) McGraw-Hill Inc.

2. Telezar, M.A., Chan, E.C.S. Microbiology: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill Inc.

3. Mitches, R., Environmental Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Inc.4. Denyer, S.P., Gorman, S.P. Microbial Bioskills: Formation and

Control. McGraw-Hill Inc.5. Donaldhold, J. Microbial Enhance Oil Recovery. McGraw-Hill Inc.

Environmental Chemistry-ICHR 3Course BES-351

Objectives: To enable students to identify important pollutants in the environment, the characteristic and toxic effect of these pollutants on human beings and other living organisms and to empower them to understand analytical techniques for the determination of these pollutants in laboratories.

1. Pollution, definition, nature and types, biological, chemical and radioactive contaminants.2. Origin and transmission of pollutants, air, water and noise pollution; mechanism and

medium for their diffusion, and industrial effluents. 3. Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, their biological effects, components of

Environmental radiations.4. A general study of selected Environmental pollutants, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead,

Mercury, other Mineral contaminarts, Asbestos, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone and photochemical oxidants, oxitdes of Nitrogen, Fluorides, Nitrates & Nitrites.

5. Nature and extent of pollution in Pakistan, Industrial and Traffic pollution and contamination through Domestic Sewage and Waste.

PracticalMonitoring of chemical pollution

1. Sampling techniques for chemical Analysis of Air and water.2. Detection of organic and Inorganic pollutants in water and air3. Instrumentation for detection of pollutants and toxic materials.

a) Spectrophotometryb) Flame photometryc) Paper chromatography

Field visit to industrial sites to study industrial and municipal effluent.Reference

1.De, A.K. 1993. Environmental Chemistry 3rd edition, Wilsey eastern limited New age international limited New Delhi.

2. Tyagi, D.D. and Mehra, M. 1990. A textbook of Environmental Sciences Chemistry, Anmol publication new Delhi.

3. Hodges, L. 1993. Environmental pollution; A survey emphasizing physical and chemical principles, Holt Rinehart and Winston, inc.

4. Manahan, S.E. 1994 Environmental Chemistry sixth edition, Lewis publisher, Tokyo.

Environmental Ecology-1

CHR-3Course No. 352

1. IntroductionDefinition and classification and applications of applied ecology.

2. Habitats and BiomesDefinition and concept of habitat, ecological niche, classification (terrestrial, fresh water, marine and estuaries habitat), Biomes (rain forest, deciduous forest, desert, savanna and tundra) with special reference to Pakistan. Vegetation type of Pakistan (Tropical, Sub- Tropical, Temperate, Sub-alpine and Alpine.)

3. Community and Human environment The biotic community concept, intra community classification, ecological dominance, species diversity and ecotone.

4. Ecological SuccessionStrategy of ecosystem development, climax and evolution of ecosystem.Hydrosere and Xerosere with local examples.

5. Population EcologyPopulation, its distribution, natality, mortality, & growth rate, population fluctuation, dispersal, population age structure and human population in Pakistan

6. Human and Environment Evolution of Homosepians, stages of development, impacts of various stages on environment, physicochemical environment and the human health.

7. Physiological changes and environmental influence Malnutrition and congenital malformation, chromosomal aberration and cancer

8. Environmental stress and sociological disorders Social environment of the Human (Violence, Crimes, mental disorders, drug addiction and corruption). Communicable and non-communicable diseases. Current status of community health in Pakistan and National Health Policy and its limitations.

9. Assignments to students and Field work.

PracticalMonitoring of Biological Pollution

2. Nature and types of Biological Contaminants

Bacteria Protozoa Helminthes Fungi Algae Aquatic plants

3. Determination of Biological Oxygen demand (BOD) for wastewater samples.4. Examination of blood. 5. Examination of Coliform Bacteria in the samples of wastewater.

Books Recommended:

3. Odum, E. P. (1971). “Fundamental of Ecology”. W.B. Saudnders & Co. Philadelphia. 4. Hussain, F. (1989). “Field and Laboratory Manual for Plant Ecology”, University Grants

Commission Press, Islamabad. 5. Hussain, F. & Illahi, I. (1991). “Ecology and Vegetation of Lesser Himalayas (Pakistan)”.

Jadoon, Peshawar. 6. Malik, T. A. (2004). “Plant Physiology and Ecology” Textbook of Botany. The Caravan

press, Darbar Market, Lahore. 7. Ramalingam, S. T. et al (1990). “Modern Biology”. Africana. FEF publishers Limited in

association with FEF International Private Limited 8. Striling, P.D. (1996) “ Ecology; Theories and Applications” 2nd edition, Prentice Hall

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 074558, London, UK. 9. Bush, M.B (1997) “ Ecology of a Changing Planet” Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River,

New Jersey 074558, London, UK.10. Ilias, M. (1988). “Community Medicine”. Latest edition. Time Traders, Karachi- Pakistan11. Peterson, D.L and Johnson D.R. (1995), “ Human Ecology and Climat change” People

and Resources in the far North, Taylor and Francis, 1101 Vermont Ave. N. W., Suit 200 Washington, DC 20005-3521.

12. Arms. K, (1990). “ Environmental Sciences” International edition saunder colledge publishing, a division of Har, Rinehart and Winston Inc. London, UK.

Environmental Impact Assessment-ICHR-3Course BES-353

Objective: To enable students to understand the impact of developmental activities on the Environment and their analysis, the status of EIA application in Pakistan in view of the concept of sustainable development.16. Environmental impact of Human/Natural activities; Environmental Impact Assessment and

role as key tools for sustainable development.17. Development plans and Projects; their preparation and implementations cost-Benefit and

quality of life.18. Environment Impact indicators (Geo, Social, Economics and Environmental) and their role

in Policy and Management activities.19. Environmental Impact Assessment and national planning in the context of Pakistan.

Field work

The students will have to visit to any of the proposed project of infrastructure development life small dam, highway, residential colony, industry etc. and will prepare the EIA report.

References4- Therivel, R; Elizbeth, W; Thompson, S; Heaney, D; and Prithard, D. 1994.Strategic

Environmental Assessment, Earthscan Publications limited, London, UJ.5- ESCAP, 1990. Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for agricultural

development, United Nation Publication.6- Morris, P. and Therivel, R. 1995. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment,

UCL press limited, London.7- Canter, L.W. 1996. Environmental Impact Assessment 2nd edition McGraw disaster,

Singapore.8- Smith, K. 1999 Environmental Hazards: Assessing risk and reducing disaster,

Rutledge, London.9- British Medical Association, 1998. Health and Environmental Impact Assessment:

An integrated approach, Earthscan publication Ltd. London.

Research Methodology/Technical WritingHCR-3Course BES-354

Objective: To give students a theoretical foundation for conducting meaningful research and use of statistical parameter, data processing and output through computers. Bibliographic searches report writing, citing/listing references in reports/dissertations. The interpretation of the results will be the central.

1. Proposal, report writing and how to design a Research Project, Conceptualization, choice of Methods, Elements of a Research Proposal.

2. Survey Research, self-administered questionnaires, Interview and other survey methods their strength and weaknesses.

3. Field studies: Steps in the conduct on a field study: formulation of a research design, pre-testing of research instruments and procedures.

4. Analytical tools in research, qualitative and quantitative methods, statistical analysis.5. Manual and computer aided graphic representation of qualitative and quantitative. Envt

data line, area and volume symbols6. Abstracting and bibliographic searches.7. Introduction to graphic construction of three-dimensional maps and diagrams.8. Maps: features and properties; Projection systems; coordinate systems, types; various

types of map projections.

Reference1. Wiliam Michelson, “Behavioral Research Methods in Environmental design” Jophn

widly, New York, 1995.2. E.R. Babbie, “Survey Research” Wadsworth Publishing company, Belmont californis,

1989.3. E.R. Babie, “The practice of Social Research” Wads worth Publishing company, Belmont

californis, 1989.4. Damiel Datz (in leon Festinger and Damiel Katch)” Research Methods in social sciences.5. Moins Rosenberg: the logic of Survey Analysis, Basic Book Company New York, 1993.6. David Neft, “Statistical Analysis for Area Distributions.7. Cuff and Mattson, “Thematic Maps, Their Design and production” 1982.8. Keates. J.S., “Cartographic design and production” 1986.

Environmental BiotechnologyHCR-3Course BES-355

Introduction to environmental biotechnology, its importance and applications. Biodegradation. Bioremediation. Phytoremediation. Enrichment Culture: Screening, general methods of making enrichment culture, selection of conditions and medium. Factors affecting biodegradation, requirements and types of biodegradation. Bioremediation, concepts of bioremediation, applicability of bioremediation, Phytoremediation, application of phytoremediation, typical plants used in various phytoremediation. Biofilms, facts about biofilm. Biotreatment of wastewater and municipal solid waste, composting, anaerobic conversion, vermiculture. Bioreactors, its advantages. Introduction and types of biosensors.

Practical:

Enrichment for bacteria involved in sulfur cycle using a Winogradsky column. Isolation of Bioluminescent bacteria. Isolation of Magnetotactic bacteria. Mutualism between Algae and Cyanobacteria. The symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and leguminous plants. Biodegradation of wastes and pollutants. Cellulose decomposition. The biodegradation of petroleum. Bioleaching.

References

1. Rittmann, B.E. &. Mc Carty, P.L. Environmental Biotechnology: Principles & Applications. McGraw Hill Inc. (2001).

2. Chatterji, A.K. Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. Prentice-Hall of India (2002).

3. Cheremisinoff, N.P. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment. Prentice-Hall of India, (1996).

Introduction to the Global EnvironmentCHR-3Course BES-356

Objective: This course aims to provide the students an understanding of the nature and causes of some current environmental problems, population, and depletion of natural resources, climatic impact, non-renewable energy sources and loss of biological diversity. Emphasis is on the complexity and multi-disciplinary nature of environmental problems, and environmental deterioration.

A brief introduction to the

1. Basic resources: natural resources, matter, energy and cycles. Impacts on components and functions of ecosystems.

2. Resource exploitation, water supply and renewal soils, erosion, contamination and conservation, food - problems of production and shortages

3. Energy: renewable and non-renewable resources minerals: location, extraction, processing, recycling

4. Climate change: impacts on agriculture, forests, wildlife and humans5. Conservation land conservation: forests, parks and wilderness biodiversity, flora and

fauna preservation and management6. Pollution and environmental degradation, air and water pollution and effects, and

environmental health hazards7. Environment and society, economic growth problems, political policies, environmental

economics and sustainability

Recommended Books

1. Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. 1993. Conservation in Progress, John Willey & Sons; New York, USA.

2. Pearce and Turner 1990. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London

3. Dasmann, R.F. 1984, Environmental Conservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York 4. Odum, E. P. 1971. “Fundamental of Ecology”. W.B. Saudnders & Co. Philadelphia. 5. Striling, P.D. 1996. “Ecology; Theories and Applications” 2nd edition, Prentice Hall

Upper Saddle River, Newjersey 074558, London, UK. 6. Arms. K, 1990. “Environmental Sciences” International edition Saunder colledge

publishing, a division of Har, Rinehart and Winston Inc. London, UK.

Environmental Chemistry-IICHR-3Course No BES-361Objective: To enable students to identity important pollutants in the environment, the

characteristic and toxic effect of these pollutants on human beings and other living organisms and to empower them to understand analytical techniques for the determination of these pollutant I laboratories.

1. Origin and transmission in soil; mechanism and medium for their diffusion. Agricultural chemicals and fossil fuels.

2. Fertilizers, pesticides and weedicides as pollutants.3. Mutagens, carcinogens and tetragons as special problem.4. Impacts of Pollutants on Plants. Animals and Human health.5. Nature and extent of water logging and salinity problems in Pakistan6. Environmental Health criteria and standards (NEQS) for maintaining Environmental

quality (air, water etc) and occupational safety.7. Theoretical background of buffers and acid base equilibrium, soil nutrient and biological

activities. Amino acid, proteins and enzymes, persistent organic pollutants (POP), instrumentation and analytical techniques, Chromatographic techniques, spectroscopy and air pollutant monitoring.

Practical: Monitoring of Chemical pollution1. Sampling techniques for chemical analysis of food and soil.2. detection of organic and inorganic pollutant in soil and food.3. instrumentation for detection of pollutant and toxic materials.

11. Spectrophotometry12. Flame photometry13. Paper chromatography

Field visit to industrial sites to study industrial effluent impacts on soil.

Reference1. De, A.K. 1993. Environmental Chemistry 3rd edition, Wilsey eastern limited new age

international limited New Delhi.2. Tyagi, D.D and Mehra, M. 1990. A text book of Environmental Chemistry, Anmol

publication New Delhi.3. Hodges, L. 1973, Environmental pollutants; A survey emphasizing physical and chemical

principles, holt Rinehart and Winston, inc.4. Manahan, S.E 1994. Environmental Chemistry sixth edition, lewis publisher, Tokyo.

Environmental Ecology-IICHR-3Course BES No.362Objective: To give students knowledge about the concept, population ecology and diseases due

to Environmental stresses.

1. Community and Human environment: The biotic community concept, intra-community classification, ecological dominance, species diversity, and ecotone.

2. Population ecology: Population, its distribution, nattily, mortality & growth rate, population fluctuation, dispersal, pollution age structure and human population in Pakistan

3. Human and environment: Evaluation of homespun’s, stages of development, impacts of various stages on environment, physico- chemical environment and the human health.

4. Physiological changes and environmental influence: Malnutrition and congenital malformation, chromosomal aberration and cancer.

5. Environmental stress and sociological disorders: Social environment of the Human(violence, crimes, mental disorder, drug addiction and corruption), current status of community health in Pakistan and national health policy and its limitation.

6. Assignments of students and field work.

Practical Monitoring of Biological pollution

1. Simple laboratory techniques for analysis of Urine and stool.2. Examination of Blood for microorganism and toxic materials.3. Study of epidemiological factors in the filedReference1. Odum, E.P. 1984. “Fundamental of Ecology” 3rd edition, W.B. saunders company west

Washington square Philadelphia, Pa. 19105 USA.2. Stiling, P.D 1996 “Ecology Theories and Applications” 2nd edition, Prentice Hall Upper

Saddle River, New jersey 074558, London UK.3. Bush, M.M. 1997 “Ecology of a changing Plannet” Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle

River, New jersey 074558. London UK.4. Dickinson, G. ad Mauphy, K. 1998 “Ecosystems” A fundamental approach Rout edge”

New Fetter Lane, London ECHP4EE, UK.”5. Peterso, D.L and Johnson, D.R. 1995 “Human Ecology and Climate change” People and

Resources in the far North, Taylor and Francis 1101 Vermont Ave. N.W., Suit 200 Washington, DC 20005-3521.

6. Iliyas, M 1998 “Community Medicine” Latest ed. Time Traders, Karachi-Pakistan.4. Arms. K 1990 “Environmental Sciences International edition saunder college publishing,

a division of Har, Rinehart and Winston Inc. London.

Environmental Impact Assessment-IICHR-3Course BES-363Objective: To enable students to understand the impact of development activities on the

Environment and their analysis, the status of EIA applications in Pakistan in view of the concept of sustainable development. To Train students to carry out EIA studies for different projects in future.

1. Development plans and projects; their preparation and Implementation; cost Benefit quality of life.

2. Methods, techniques, procedures and format of Environmental impact assessment regulation and guideline of EIA.

3. Detailed study of impacts of selected projects e.g Hydropower, Highways, Industries and Mines, tourism and conservation project (a forestation).

4. Monitoring and auditing in Environmental Impact Assessment.5. Simulation models, Environmental Impact Assessment and National Policy alternatives.6. Case studies of EIA of Industries; wars, Resources and Infrastructure Projects, Wars.7. Environmental Quality Standards; NEQS, EV,WHO, ISO certification and World Trade

Organization (WTO) requirement.Field work:The students will have to visit to any of the proposed project of infrastructure development like small dam, highway, residential colony, industry etc. and will prepare the EIA report.

References1. Therivel, R; Elizabeth, W; Thompson, S; Heaney, D; and Pritchard, D. 1994. Strategic

Environmental Assessment, Earth scan publications limited, London, UK.2. ESCAP, 1990. Environmental Impact Assessment, Guidelines for agricultural

development, United nation Publication.3. Morris, P. and Therivel, R. 1995. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment, UCL

press limited London.4. Canter, K. 1992 Environmental Impact Assessment 2nd edition McGraw-Hill, Singapore,5. Smith, K. 1992. Environmental Hazards. Assessing risk and reducing disaster, rout ledge,

London.5. British Medical Association, 1998, Health and Environmental Impact Assessment; An

integrated approach, earth scan publication Ltd. London.

Remote SensingCHR-3Course BES-364

Objectives: To introduce students to the principles of remote sensing techniques as tool for data collection and analysis.

1. Fundamentals of Remote Sensinga. Concept of Remote Sensingb. Energy sources and characteristics of electromagnetic radiation & spectrumc. Energy interaction with atmosphere and earth surface featuresd. Spectral reflectance of land coverse. Transmittance of the atmospheref. A Remote sensing system

2.Aerial Photography, Interpretation, Photogrammetrya. Introduction, Cameras, Films,b. Types of aerial photographs, scale, ground coverage, resolutionc. Interpretation of aerial photos, required equipment.d. Taking measurement from aerial photose. Applications of aerial photography in mapping various resources and Environmental.f. Aerial sensor imagery through MSS & TIR scanner, SLAR.

3. Satellite imageries, Image Processing, Interpretationa. Sensor types and their characteristics, resolution, swath widthb. Platform types, orbit characteristics, altitude, positioningc. Data acquisition, transmission, storaged. Image processing, corrections, enhancement, classificatione. Image display, hard copy, stereoscopy, interpretation keysf. Preparation of thematic mapsg. Applications

PracticalPhotogrammetary & Remote Sensing

1. Resources inventories, techniques for carrying out resource surveys and inventories, monitoring and evaluation tools.

2. Methods of interpretation and identification of important features from aerial photos and satellite imageries.

3. Land-us mapping from aerial photos to demarcate broad categories ie. Cultivated land, cultivable waste, forests, pastures, settlements and water bodies etc.

4. role of remote sensing in Environmental monitoring of natural and man-made processes such as flooding, volcanism, land-sliding, ozone layer depletion, water pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, water logging and salinity.

References1- Lulla, K.& Dessinov, L.V.,2000. Dynamic Earth Environmental:

Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mir Mission John, Wiley & Sons. Inc.288 p.2- Rancez, A.N., 1999. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. John Wiley

& Sons. Inc. 728.3- Foody, G.M. & Curran, P.J., 1994. Environmental Remote Sensing from

Regional to Global scales. John, Wiley & Sons. Inc. 250.

4- Murai, S. (Ed), 1996. Remote Sensing Note, 2nd edition Japan Association on Remote Sensing, Tokyo, 300 p.

5- Lillesand, T.M. & Kiefer, R.W., Remote Sensing and image Interpretation Johna Wiley & Sons In.,

6- Paine D.P., “Aerial Photographic and Image Interpretation” 1981.7- Luder D.R., Aerial Photographic Interpretation” lasted edition.8- Waless H.R., “Introduction to Aerial Stereo-photographs” Latest edition.9- Moffitt and Mikhail, “Photogrammetry” 1980.10- Burrought, P.A., 1993. Principles of Geographic Information System for

land resources assessment. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 194 p.11- Bernhardsen, T., 1992. Geographic information Systems, The

Microcomputer and modern cartography. Pergamon press, Toronto, 251 p.6. Taylor, D.R.F., 1991. Geographic Information Systems, The Microcomputer and modern

cartography perganmon press, Toronto, 251 p.

Coastal and Marine EnvironmentsCHR-3Course BES-365

Objective: To give knowledge to the students about the coastal and marine environments, structure and function of major nearshore marine habitats, and the threats faced by them.

Introduction and definition of coastal and marine environment, coastal environment from mudflats to rocks. Environmental gradients on shores and soft shore communities. Human impact on shores, recreational and commercial fishing. Pollution impacts, eutrophication, metal contamination, impacts of burning coal, oil and gas on the coastal environment. Marine environment, general condictions and division, marine life and pollution, marine protected areas. Beaches and litoral zones, division, beach profile, materials and sediments, and marine protected areas.

Reference:

1. Arms. K, 1990. “Environmental Sciences” International edition Saunder college publishing, a division of Har, Rinehart and Winston Inc. London, UK.

2. Underwood, A.J. and Chapman, M.G. 1997. Coastal Marine Ecology of Temperate Australia. UNSW Press ISBN 0-868-40158-7

3. Raffaelli, D. and Hawkins, S. 1996. Intertidal Ecology. Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-35530-2

4. Little, C. and Kitching, J.A. 1996. The Biology of Rocky Shores. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-198-54935-0.

5. Laughlin, G. 1997. The User’s Guide to the Australian Coast. Reed Books, Sydney. ISBN 0-7301-0515-6

6. Davis, R.A.J. 1994. The Evolving Coast. Scientific American Library, New York. ISBN 0-7167-6021-5

7. Open University, 1999. Waves, Tides and Shallow-water Processes. The Open University, Milton Keynes. ISBN 0-7506-4281-5

8. Little, C. 2000. The Biology of soft shores and estuaries. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-850427-6

Environmental PolicyCHR-3Course BES-471

Objectives: To give students on insight about the means and scope of Environmental Planning and formulation of the Environmental plans for controlling the Environmental issues/problems through national, international and global efforts.

2. Meaning and scope of Environmental Planning and Management, development of concepts, Carrying capacity and sustainable development.

3. Man-Environmental Interaction in time and space, relationship of cultural, technology and resource use.

4. A detailed study of Environmental Problems of Pakistan, status of Terrestrial, Aquatic and Atmospheric Ecosystems.

5. Treaties, Conventions and protocols in Global, Regional and international Environmental Issues.

6. Role of Public awareness and community participation in Environmental conservation and management.

7. Conservation strategies: WCS PNCS, SPCS and local Conservation Strategy.8. Legislation and Environmental Protection with particular reference to Pakistan.9. Environmental control Policies, Instruments and methods10. Organizational and Institutional Framework for Environmental protection and

Management: scope and Status in Pakistan.

Reference1. Barrow, C.J. 1995. Development the Environment: Problems and management. Essexm

London.2. Kemp, D.D. 1999. Global Environmental Issues: A Climatologically approach. London,

Rout ledge.3. Mackenzie, F.T. Mackenzie, J.S. 1995. Our changing planet-An introduction to earth

system sciences and global Environmental change. Englewood Cliffs prentice Hall.4. Hansen, P.E, and Jorgensen, S.E. 1991. Introduction to Environmental management.

Development in Environmental modeling, 18: Amsterdam, Elsevier.5. WHO. 1992 Commission on health and Environment, our planet, our health, report of the

world commission on health and Environment: Geneva.

Pollution Control Technology-ICHR-3Course BES-472Objectives: To give students the knowledge about environment friendly technology and

resource conservation and recovery through the application of alternate technology.

1. Environmental Technology, definition and concept. Historical Background, need of Environmental Technology Sustainable Development.

2. An idea of basic concept including clean producers, clean technologies and source reduction.

3. Pollution control technologiesa. Low waste and no waste technologiesb. Technology for water pollution control: water treatment and sanitation

technologies oxidation ponds, aerated lagoons, trickling filters, sanitary septic tansk and activated sludge process .

c. Industrial and occupational safety; Major needs and requirements

Reference1. Peavy, H. S; Rowe, D. R and T.G, 1985 Environmental engineering Mc Graw-Hill, New

York.2. Corbitt, R.A 1999. Standard Hanbook of Environmental engineering 2nd edition,

McGraw-Hill, new York.3. Austin, G.T. 1985. Shreve’s chemical process industries, 5th edition, Mc Graw-Hill, New

York.4. Panday, G.N. and carney, G.C. 1994. Environmental engineering, Tta McGraw-Hill

Publishing company, New Delhi.

Natural Resource Management-ICHR-3CourseBES-473

Objective: To train students on the identification, occurrences and distribution of natural resources, their current status and threats, Use of interdisciplinary approach for sustainable management of the natural resources.

1. Introduction: natural resources, its uses, threats, internal and external management and sustainable management of natural resources

2. Development of Management Plan: needs, requirement, process and contents of the management plan.

3. Watershed management: Importance basic principles, methodologies, national example, forest types and its existing management.

4. Rangeland Management: existing status, importance, threats, causes and methods for its improvement.

5. Water Resources Management: Available waters resources, threat and its causes, effective management.

6. Fisheries Management: Types of fishes in Pakistan, existing situation reason for decline and its potential in the national economy, management options.

References:1. Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. 1993. Conservation in Progress, John Willey & Sons;

New York, USA.2. Pearce & Turner 1990. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Harvester

Wheatsheaf, London3. Dasmann, R.F. 1984, Environmental Conservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York 4. GOP. And IUCN. 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS),

Islamabad.5. Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E. 1991. Introduction to Environmental management-

development in Environmental modeling, 18: Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Environmental Economics-ICHR-3Course BES-474

Objective: To train students on basic economic concepts and theories of Environmental economics

1. Introduction to Economics: Definition of Economics and its branches, Environmental economics, history, concepts fundamentals and scope of Environmental economics.

2. Economics management and Environmental quality: Economics management and economic development, economic growth and its measurement, obstacles to economic growth, Population and Environmental quality, interaction between ecology and economic management and economic functions of Environment.

3. Sustainable development: Sustainable growth and development, sustainability as non-decaling wealth and resilience, importing and exporting sustainability, land, forest/wood, water, metal, minerals and chemicals).

4. Environmental economic of Pakistan: Economic development in Pakistan, obstacles to economic development in Pakistan, methodologies of national income estimation, Environmental resources of Pakistan, economic planning and strategies in Pakistan.

Reference1. Merrett, S. (1997), “ Introduction to the economics of water resoureces” An international

perspective, UCL press limited 1 Gunpoweder 4 square London EC4 A3 DE.2. Pearce, D., Markandya, A and Edward B. Barbier, (1989) “Blue print for a green

economy” London.3. Mc Laren, D., Bullock, S. & Yousaf. N. (1998). “Tomorrow’s World” Earthscan

publications limited.4. Chairmm, S and Warford, J.J (1989) “Environmental Management and Economics

Development” A world Bank Publication. The John Hopkins University Press, Maryland 21211, USA.

5. Nasir, M.S and Hyder, S.K. (1988) “Economics of Pakistan” Iimi Book House, Lahore, Pakistan.

Geographic Information System (GIS)CHR-3Course BES-475

Objective: To introduce students to the principles of Geographic Information System as tool for data collection and analysis.

1.Fundamentals of GISa. Introduction, components of GIS, Hardware and software, mapsb. Spatial data (point line, area) structure (vector, raster), attribute data c. Data input, digitizing, scanning, manual coordinate entry, data linkaged. Use of remotely sensed data and Global positioning system in GISe. Database systems, types: hierarchical, relational, network types

2.Data Analysis and Outputb. Data storage, classification, reclassification, measurement operationsc. Arithmetic, geometric and statistical operation, overlay and bufferingd. Digital elevation Models (DEM), construction, importance calculating slope angle

and direction.e. Important aspects in the design of out mapsf. Data out put typesg. Cartographic tools and visual variable

3.GIS applicationa. Organizational setup, evaluation and implementationb. Environmental protection and resource conservationc. Environmental Impact assessmentd. Agricultural, Forest, Fishery and wild life

4.Assignments (Practical Field works)

Reference1- Lulla, K.& Dessinov, L.V.,2000. Dynamic Earth Environmental:

Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mir Mission John, Wiley & Sons. Inc.288 p.2- Rancez, A.N., 1999. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. John Wiley

& Sons. Inc. 728.3- Foody, G.M. & Curran, P.J., 1994. Environmental Remote Sensing from

Regional to Global scales. John, Wiley & Sons. Inc. 250.4- Murai, S. (Ed), 1996. Remote Sensing Note, 2nd edition Japan

Association on Remote Sensing, Tokyo, 300 p.5- Lillesand, T.M. & Kiefer, R.W., Remote Sensing and image

Interpretation Johna Wiley & Sons In., 6- Paine D.P., “Aerial Photographic and Image Interpretation” 1981.7- Luder D.R., Aerial Photographic Interpretation” lasted edition.8- Waless H.R., “Introduction to Aerial Stereo-photographs” Latest edition.9- Burrought, P.A., 1993. Principles of Geographic Information System for

land resources assessment. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 194 p.10- Bernhardsen, T., 1992. Geographic information Systems, The

Microcomputer and modern cartography. Pergamon press, Toronto, 251 p.

Environmental Laws

CHR-3Course BES-481

Current status of the environment in Pakistan, Planning Process history, policies, strategies (NCS, SPCS, BCS, ACS, CCS) administrative and legal procedures of planningThe Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, its regulations, the Review of IEE/EIA Regulations, 2000, the Environmental Laboratories Certification Regulations, 2001 and the rules, National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-Monitoring the Reporting by Industries) Rules, 2001, Provincial Sustainable Development Fund (Procedure) Rules, 2002, Provincial Sustainable Development Fund (Utilization) Rules, 2002, Industrial Pollution Charge (Calculation and Collection) Rules, 2002, Environmental Samples Rules, 2001, Environmental Tribunal Rules, 1999, Administrative Penalty Rules 2005, Hazardous Substances Rules and the Hospital Waste Management Rules 2000 Pakistan Environmental policy 2005.

Judgments of the Pakistani Courts Key constitutional issues, and selected court decisions

Environmental Laws of Pakistan: With the Exhaustive Commentary on the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 Containing all Rules, Regulations, Latest Case Law and Treaties.

References:1. Ball, S. and Bell, S.1994. Environmental Law-The law and policy relating to the

protection of the Environment. 2nd Ed. London black stone press limited.2. Mackenzie, F.T. Mackenzie, J.S. 1995. Our changing planet-An introduction to earth

system sciences and global Environmental change: Englewood cliffs prentice Hall.3. Hansen, P. E. and Jorgensen, S.E. 1991. Introduction to Environmental management.

Development in Environmental modeling. 18: Amsterdam, Elsevier.4. Barrow, C.J. 1995. Development the Environment: Problems and management. Essexm

London.5. Kemp, D.D. 1999. Global Environmental Issues: A Climatologically approach. London,

Rout ledge.6. Mackenzie, F.T. Mackenzie, J.S. 1995. Our changing planet-An introduction to earth

system sciences and global Environmental change. Englewood Cliffs prentice Hall.7. Hansen, P.E, and Jorgensen, S.E. 1991. Introduction to Environmental management.

Development in Environmental modeling, 18: Amsterdam, Elsevier.8. WHO. 1992 Commission on health and Environment, our planet, our health, report of the

world commission on health and Environment: Geneva.

Pollution Control Technology-IICHR-3Course BES-482

Objective: To give students the knowledge about Environment friendly technology and resource conservation and recovery through the application of alternate technology.

1. Pollution control technologies1. Noise Control Technology, Enclosures and Barriers, Silencers, Mufflers and Attenuators,

Vibration Control, Insulation and Absorption.2. Soil pollution control, water logging and salinity3. Biological pollution control technology

2.Recycling Technologya. Recycling of paper, metals and other inorganicb. Recycling of organic waste-compostingc. Recycling of Soil waste.

3.Solid Waste Management; Storage, Handling, Transportation and Disposal.4. Hazardous Waste Management, technological requirements for dealing with toxic chemicals

and hazardous wastes; their storage, transportation and handling sanitary landfills, deep soil Injections, incineration and pyrolysis.

5. Industrial and occupational Safety; Major Needs and requirements.References

1. Peavy, H.S; Rowe, D.R.and T. G. 1995 Environmental Engineering McGraw-Hill, New York.

2. Corbitt, R.A., 1999. Stnadar Hanbook of Environmental Engineering 2nd edition, McGraq-Hill, New York.

3. Austin, G.T. 1995. Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries, 5 th edition McDraw-Hill, New York.

4. Panday, G.N and Carney, G.C.1994. Environmental Engineering .Tta McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

Natural Resources Management-IICHR-3Course BES-483

Objective:To train students on the identification, occurrence and distribution of natural resources, their current status and threats. Use of interdisciplinary approach for sustainable management of the natural resources.

1. Introduction: Non-renewable resource, Types, and existing situation in world in general while in Pakistan particularly.

2. Wildlife: Managment existing situation at national level, wildlife census, reasons for its decline and its possible remedies, existing management approaches, sustainable/trophy hunting projects and its role in local and national development, national and provincial legislation.

3. Agricultural Resources Management: Existing situation of agriculture sector in Pakistan, agriculture products and their share in GDP, problem in agriculture, agriculture chemicals, their pros and cons, national agriculture policy, management options.

4. Energy and Mineral Resources Management: present situation at national level, limitation in the future, best available option for future, solar power, wind power and nuclear power.

5. Land use Planning and Management: evolution of land use planning, review of land use plans developed by the various organization, field visit to develop a land use plan for selected area.

References1. Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. 1993. Conservation in Progress, John Willey & Sons:

New York, USA.2. Pearce &Tuner 1990. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Harvester

Wheatsheaf, London.3. Dasmann, R.F.1984. Environmental conservation, John Wiley & Sons, New York4. GOP and IUCN. 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), Islamabad.5. Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E 1991. Introduction to Environmental Management

Development in Environmental modeling, 18; Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Environmental Economics-IICHR-3Course BES-484

Objective: To train students on methods of Environmental valuation and to show examples how theories can be applied practically.

1. Environmental Valuation techniques: The meaning of Environment valuation, needs of evaluations, types of values, indicators for valuing Environment and limits to valuing the Environment, techniques for valuing the environment (hedonic price approach, contingent valuation, travel cost approach, willingness to pay and willingness to accept, estimating dose response functions)

2. Environmental accounting and Discounting: Accounting and Environmental accounting need for environmental accounting, physical approach and monetary approach, rationales for discounting, discounting and the environment, discounting and inter-generation equity.

3. Pollution and Economic Instruments: Pollution as externality and types of eternality, optimal level of pollution, economic instruments: prices, incentives, taxes, charges, and polluter pays principles.

4. Integrated economics policies for pollution control: Market based incentives, proper pricing of natural resources, and taxation policy.

Reference1. Pearce, D., Markandya, A and Edward B. Barbier, (1989) “Blue Print for a green

economy” London.2. Mc Laren, D., Bullock, S. & Yousaf, N. 1988. “Tomorrow’s world” Earthscan publishing

limited.3. Opschoor, J.B and Vos, H. 1988 “ The application of Economics Instruments for

Environmental Protection” OECD. PARIS.4. Repetto, R., Magrath, W., Wells M., Beer, C. and Rossini, F. 1988” Wasting Assists,

Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts”, World Resources Institute, Washington DC.

5. Dobrookshire, Shuize, W., Thayer, M. 1985 “some Unusual Aspects of Valuing a Natural Resources”, Mimeo, University of Wyoming.

6. Nichols, A.L. 1984 “Targeting Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection”, MIT Press, Cambridge.