1_usmc summer survival manual

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SURVIVAL MANUAL

SUMMER 2002


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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

Mountain Warfare Training CenterBridgeport, CA. 93517-5001

SUMMER SURVIVAL COURSE

HANDBOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAP. COT!T"

1. #!$%!M!T" 'O# "%#(&(A)*. "%#(&(A) +&T3. WAT!# P#OC%#!M!T. !P!&!T "H!)T!#" / '!"5. CO#! (A)%!" / MO%TA& )!A!#"H&P CHA))!!"

. "&A)& / #!CO(!#27. "%#(&(A) A(&AT&O. "%#(&(A) T#AP" / "A#!"9. "%#(&(A) %"!" O' AM!10. !P!&!T TOO)", W!APO" A !$%&PM!T11. 'O#A& 'O# P)AT" / &"!CT" 'O# "%#(&(A) %"!"1*. "%#(&(A) '&"H&13. T#AC+&1. "%#(&(A) M!&C&!15. MO%TA& W!ATH!# 1. &T#O TO !(A"&O

APP!&!"

A !(A"&O P)A O' ACT&O 4!PAB PM! (&!O 6TH! !!C "%#(&(A) $%&C+ #!'!#!C! CH!C+ )&"T A&MA) HAB&T"! TACT&CA) CO"&!#AT&O"' #A& "TAA#"


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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSMountain Warfare Training CenterBridgeport, California 93517-5001

MSVX.0.01

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STUDENT HANDOUT

REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE #n a $ur%i%al $ituation, and gi%en a $ur%i%al &it,

appl' t(e re)uire*ent$ for $ur%i%al, in a++ordan+e it( t(e referen+e$. (MSVX.02.01)

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES

(1) Wit(out t(e aid of referen+e$ and gi%en t(e a+ron'* S/V#V2, de$+rie in

riting t(e a+ron'* S/V#V2, in a++ordan+e it( t(e referen+e$. (MSVX.02.01a)

(2) Wit(out t(e aid of referen+e$, li$t in riting t(e $ur%i%al $tre$$or$, in a++ordan+e it(

t(e referen+e$. (MSVX.02.01b)

() Wit(out t(e aid of referen+e$, li$t in riting t(e prioritie$ of or& in a $ur%i%al

$ituation, in a++ordan+e it( t(e referen+e$. (MSVX.02.01!)

(") Wit(out t(e aid of referen+e$, +ondu+t t(e prioritie$ of or& in a $ur%i%al $ituation, in

a++ordan+e it( t(e referen+e$. (MSVX.02.01#)

OUTLINE

1. REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL

a. T(i$ po$iti%e *ental 4*ind-$et4 i$ i*portant in *an' a'$. We u$uall' +all it t(e4ill to $ur%i%e4 alt(oug( 'ou *ig(t +all it 4attitude4 a$ ell. T(i$ a$i+all' *ean$t(at, if 'ou do not (a%e t(e rig(t attitude, 'ou *a' not $ur%i%e.

. guideline t(at +an a$$i$t 'ou i$ t(e a+ron'* 4 S/V#V4. (MSVX.02.01a)

16 Sie up.

a6 Sie up t(e $ituation.

1. Con+eal 'our$elf fro* t(e ene*'.

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. Maintain 'our it$ and u$e 'our $en$e$ to deter*ine (at i$(appening in 'our i**ediate area of influen+e efore *a&ing a$ur%i%al plan.

6 Sie up 'our $urrounding$.

1. 8eter*ine t(e r('t(* or pattern of t(e area.

. ote ani*al and ird noi$e$ and t(eir *o%e*ent.

3. ote ene*' traffi+ and +i%ilian *o%e*ent.

+6 Sie up 'our p('$i+al +ondition.

1. C(e+& 'our ound$ and gi%e 'our$elf fir$t aid.

. Ta&e +are to pre%ent furt(er odil' (ar*.

3. :%aluate 'our +ondition and t(e +ondition of 'our unit prior tode%eloping a plan.

d6 Sie up 'our e)uip*ent.

1. Con$ider (o a%ailale e)uip*ent *a' affe+t $ur%i%al $en$e$;tailor a++ordingl'.

6 Undue (a$te *a&e$ a$te.

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3. T(e lo+ation of lo+al ater $our+e$.

>. rea$ t(at ill pro%ide good +o%er and +on+eal*ent.

>6 Van)ui$( fear and pani+.

a6 T(e feeling of fear and pani+ ill e pre$ent. T(e $ur%i%or *u$t+ontrol t(e$e feeling$.

56 I*pro%i$e and #*pro%e.

a6 $e tool$ de$igned for one purpo$e for ot(er appli+ation$.

6 $e o?e+t$ around 'ou for different need$. i.e. u$e a ro+& for a(a**er6

"6 Value li%ing.

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a. 8iffi+ult' in *a&ing de+i$ion$. 8o not +onfu$e t(i$ $ign for a $'*pto* of('pot(er*ia6.

. ngr' outur$t$.+. Dorgetfulne$$.

d. o energ' le%el.

e. Con$tant orr'ing.

f.

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ti*e in a $ur%i%al $ituation in+rea$e$. Wit( t(e li&eli(ood of diarr(ea, repleni$(ingele+trol'te$ e+o*e$ +riti+al. Dor a Marine u$ed to (a%ing (i$ pro%i$ion$ i$$ued,foraging +an e a $ignifi+ant $our+e of $tre$$.

e. Datigue . #t i$ e$$ential t(at $ur%i%or$ e*plo' all a%ailale *ean$ to pre$er%e *entaland p('$i+al $trengt(. W(ile food, ater and ot(er energ' uilder$ *a' e in $(ort

$uppl', *ai*iing $leep to a%oid depri%ation i$ a %er' +ontrollale fa+tor. Durt(er,$leep depri%ation dire+tl' +orrelate$ it( in+rea$ed fear.

f. #$olation . Being in +onta+t it( ot(er$ pro%ide$ a greater $en$e of $e+urit' and afeeling $o*eone i$ a%ailale to (elp if prole*$ o++ur.

>. NATURAL REACTIONS . Man (a$ een ale to $ur%i%e *an' +(ange$ in (i$ en%iron*entt(roug(out t(e +enturie$. Ei$ ailit' to adapt p('$i+all' and *entall' to a +(anging orld&eep$ (i* ali%e. T(e a%erage per$on ill (a%e $o*e p$'+(ologi+al rea+tion$ in a $ur%i%al$ituation. T(e$e are $o*e of t(e *a?or internal rea+tion$ 'ou *ig(t eperien+e it(in a$ur%i%al $ituation=

a. Dear . Dear i$ our e*otional re$pon$e to dangerou$ $ituation$ t(at e elie%e (a%e t(epotential to +au$e deat(, in?ur' or illne$$. Dear +an (a%e a po$iti%e effe+t if it for+e$ u$to e +autiou$ in $ituation$ (ere re+&le$$ne$$ +ould re$ult in in?ur'.

. niet' . niet' i$ an unea$', appre(en$i%e feeling e get (en fa+ed it(dangerou$ $ituation$. $ur%i%or redu+e$ (i$ aniet' ' perfor*ing t(o$e ta$&$ t(atill en$ure (i$ +o*ing t(roug( t(e ordeal ali%e.

+. nger and Dru$tration . Dru$tration ari$e$ (en a per$on i$ +ontinuall' t(arted in (i$atte*pt$ to rea+( a goal. @ne re$ult of fru$tration i$ anger. Fetting lo$t, da*aging orforgetting e)uip*ent, eat(er, in(o$pitale terrain, ene*' patrol$ and p('$i+al

li*itation$ are ?u$t a fe $our+e$ of fru$tration and anger. Dru$tration and angeren+ourage i*pul$i%e rea+tion$, irrational e(a%ior, poorl' t(oug(t-out de+i$ion$, andin $o*e in$tan+e$, an 4# )uit4 attitude.

d. 8epre$$ion . 8epre$$ion i$ +lo$el' lin&ed it( fru$tration and anger (en fa+ed it(t(e pri%ation$ of $ur%i%al. de$tru+ti%e +'+le eteen anger and fru$tration +ontinue$until t(e per$on e+o*e$ orn don-p('$i+all', e*otionall' and *entall'. t t(i$point, (e $tart$ to gi%e up, and (i$ fo+u$ $(ift$ fro* 4W(at +an # do4 to 4T(ere i$not(ing # +an do.4

e. oneline$$ and Boredo* . Man i$ a $o+ial ani*al and en?o'$ t(e +o*pan' of ot(er$.oneline$$ and oredo* +an e anot(er $our+e of depre$$ion. Marine$ *u$t find a'$to &eep t(eir *ind$ produ+ti%el' o++upied.

f. Fuilt . T(e +ir+u*$tan+e$ leading to 'our $ur%i%al $ituation are $o*eti*e$ dra*ati+and tragi+. #t *a' e t(e re$ult of an a++ident or *ilitar' a+tion (ere t(ere a$ alo$$ of life.


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relie%ed to e ali%e, 'ou $i*ultaneou$l' *a' e *ourning t(e deat($ of ot(er$ (oere le$$ fortunate. 8o not let feeling$ of guilt pre%ent 'ou fro* li%ing.

5. PRIORITIES OF OR IN A SURVIVAL SITUATION. (MSVX.02.02!). :a+($ur%i%al $ituation ill (a%e uni)ue a$pe+t$ t(at alter t(e order in (i+( ta$&$ need to e

a++o*pli$(ed. general guideline i$ to t(in& in lo+&$ of ti*e.

a. Dir$t > (our$. T(e fir$t > (our$ are +riti+al in a $ur%i%al $ituation. Gou *u$t *a&ean initial e$ti*ate of t(e $ituation. :ne*', eat(er, terrain, ti*e of da' and a%ailalere$our+e$ ill deter*ine (i+( ta$&$ need to e a++o*pli$(ed fir$t. T(e' $(ould et(e folloing=

16 S(elter.

6 Dire.

36 Water.

>6 Signaling.

. Se+ond > (our$. fter t(e fir$t > (our$ (a%e pa$$ed, 'ou ill no &no if 'ou +an$ur%i%e. T(i$ ti*e period need$ to e $pent on epanding 'our &noledge of t(e area.B' +o*pleting t(e folloing ta$&$, 'ou ill e ale to gain %aluale &noledge.

16 Tool$ and eapon$ . B' tra%eling a $(ort di$tan+e fro* 'our $(elter to lo+atet(e ne+e$$ar' re$our+e$, 'ou ill noti+e edile food $our+e$ and ga*e trail$.

6 Trap$ and $nare$ . Mo%ing furt(er aa' fro* 'our $(elter to e*plo' trap$ and

$nare$, 'ou ill e ale to lo+ate 'our $(elter area fro* %ariou$ %antagepoint$. T(i$ ill enale 'ou to identif' li&el' a%enue$ of approa+( into 'our$(elter area.

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Con$+iou$, ell-planned organiation and leader$(ip on t(e a$i$ of delegated or$(ared re$pon$iilit' often +an pre%ent pani+. Eig( group *orale (a$ *an'ad%antage$.

16 n indi%idual feel$ $trengt(ened and prote+ted $in+e (e realie$ t(at (i$$ur%i%al *a' depend on ot(er$ (o* (e tru$t$.

6 T(e group +an *eet failure it( greater per$i$ten+'.

36 T(e group +an for*ulate goal$ to (elp ea+( ot(er fa+e t(e future.

. Da+tor$ t(at #nfluen+e Froup Sur%i%al . T(ere are nu*erou$ fa+tor$ t(at ill influen+e(et(er a group +an $u++e$$full' $ur%i%e.

16 @rganiation of Manpoer - @rganied a+tion i$ i*portant to &eep all*e*er$ of t(e group infor*ed; t(i$ a' t(e *e*er$ of t(e group ill &no(at to do and (en to do it, ot( under ordinar' +ir+u*$tan+e$ and ine*ergen+ie$.

6 Sele+ti%e $e of 6 Con$ideration of Ti*e - @n-t(e-$pot de+i$ion$ t(at *u$t e a+ted uponi**ediatel' u$uall' deter*ine $ur%i%al $u++e$$.

56 C(e+& :)uip*ent - Dailure to +(e+& e)uip*ent +an re$ult in failure to $ur%i%e.

"6 Sur%i%al Hnoledge and S&ill$ - Confiden+e in one$ ailit' i$ in+rea$ed 'a+)uiring $ur%i%al &noledge and $&ill$.

/:D:/:C:=

1. DM 1-7", Sur%i%al, 199.

. MC/< 3-0(, Sur%i%al, :$+ape, and :%a$ion, 1999.

3. B-F-17-001!. DM ">-5, Sear+( and /e$+ue Sur%i%al,19"9.

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0!0"!05STUDENT HANDOUT

SURVIVAL KIT

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE Wit#out t#e aid of referen$e%, and gi&en an area of

operation%, $on%tru$t a per%onal %ur&i&al 'it, in a$$ordan$e (it# t#e referen$e%. (MSVX.02.02)


(1) Wit#out t#e aid of referen$e%, li%t in (riting t#e $o)ponent% for a %ur&i&al 'it, ina$$ordan$e (it# t#e referen$e%. (MSVX.02.02a)

(2) Wit#out t#e aid of referen$e%, li%t in (riting one e*a)ple of ea$# $o)ponent for a

%ur&i&al 'it, in a$$ordan$e (it# t#e referen$e%. (MSVX.02.02b)

OUTLINE

1. COMPONENTS FOR A SURVIVAL KIT

a. T#e en&iron)ent i% t#e 'e+ to t#e t+pe% of ite)% +ou (ill need in +our %ur&i&al 'it.o( )u$# euip)ent +ou put in +our 'it depend% on #o( +ou (ill $arr+ t#e 'it. 'iton +our /od+ (ill #a&e to /e )u$# %)aller t#an one $arried in a &e#i$le.

/. l(a+% la+er +our %ur&i&al 'it, 'eeping t#e )o%t i)portant ite)% on +our /od+.

$. n preparing +our %ur&i&al 'it, %ele$t ite)% t#at $an /e u%ed for )ore t#an onepurpo%e.

d. our %ur&i&al 'it doe% not need to /e ela/orate. ou onl+ need fun$tional ite)% t#at(ill )eet +our need% and a $a%e to #old t#e). T#e $a%e )ig#t /e a fir%t aid $a%e, ana))unition pou$#, or anot#er %uita/le $a%e. T#i% $a%e %#ould /e-

21 Water repellent or (aterproof.

2 4a%+ to $arr+ or atta$# to +our /od+.

23 Suita/le to a$$ept &ariou% %ied ite)%.

26 ura/le.

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e. W#en $on%tru$ting a %ur&i&al 'it, +ou %#ould #a&e t#e follo(ing $o)ponent%

(MSVX.02.02a)

21 :ire %tarting ite)%.

2 Water pro$ure)ent ite)%.

23 :ood pro$ure)ent ite)%.

26 Signaling ite)%.

25 :ir%t aid ite)%.

2" S#elter ite)%.

. ITEMS CONTAINED ITHIN EACH COMPONENT (MSV.02.02b)

a. :ire Starting te)% .

21 Mat$#e%.

2 Magnif+ing gla%%.

23 :lint and Steel.

26 ;ig#ter.

25


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23 Water Carr+ing te)%.-Canteen-


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2 :inger Sa(.

23 Se(ing >it (it# eedle% for $on%tru$tion!repair of $lot#ing.

26 Tentage.-pon$#o-tarp-%pa$e /lan'et-pla%ti$ tra%# /ag%

f. :ir%t id te)%

21 Band-id%.-Steri%trip%-d#e%i&e Tape-on-%ti$' pad%, 6*6D%, ?aue, Battle re%%ing%-Mu%lin Bandage

2 8int)ent%.-Burn-nti-%epti$

23 Mi%$ellaneou%.-Salt-Sugar-4+e Wa%#-l$o#ol prep pad%

-Suture >it-S$alpel-Vile of arro(

g. Mi%$ellaneou% ite)% .

21 :ingernail $lipper%.

2 Co)pa%%.

23 ote/oo' (it# pen or pen$il.

26 Wood e+e %$re(% and nail%.

25 Surgi$al tu/ing.

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N!"#$ I" %& a&&'# "*a" "*# Ma+%,# %& a-a/& a++/%, a *%* 'a-%"/ 3%4# b-a# 5,%3#6 a

'-"%7"!!- 5,%3#6 a, a &*a+8#,%, &"!,#.

4:44C4

1. :M 1-7", Sur&i&al, 199.

. Barr+ a&ie% BM4, SS 4%$ape 4&a%ion and Sur&i&al Manual, 199".

3. =o#n Wie%)an, SS Sur&i&al ?uide, 19E".

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STUDENT HANDOUT

WATER PROCUREMENT

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE #n a $ur%i%al $ituation, and gi%en a $ur%i%al&it, and 'ater pro(ure)ent )aterial$, o*tain pota*le 'ater, in a((ordan(e 'it+ t+e

referen(e$. (MSVX.02.03)


(1) Wit+out t+e aid of referen(e$, li$t in 'riting t+e tpe$ of in(idental 'ater, in

a((ordan(e 'it+ t+e referen(e$. (MSVX.02.03a)

(2) Wit+out t+e aid of referen(e$, li$t in 'riting t+e +aardou$ fluid$ to a%oid$u*$tituting for pota*le 'ater, in a((ordan(e 'it+ t+e referen(e$.

(MSVX.02.03b)

(3) Wit+out t+e aid of referen(e$, li$t in 'riting t+e )et+od$ for di$infe(ting

'ater, in a((ordan(e 'it+ t+e referen(e$. (MSVX.02.03)

(!) Wit+out t+e aid of referen(e$ and gi%en a )ilitar *ottle of 'ater purifi(ationta*let$, $tate in 'riting it$ $elf-life, in a((ordan(e 'it+ t+e referen(e$.

(MSVX.02.03")

(#) Wit+out t+e aid of referen(e$, and gi%en t+e 'ater te)perature and (+e)i(al(on(entration, $tate in 'riting t+e (onta(t ti)e, in a((ordan(e 'it+ t+e referen(e$.

(MSVX.02.03$)

(%) Wit+out t+e aid of referen(e$, (on$tru(t a $olar $till , in a((ordan(e 'it+ t+e

referen(e$. (MSVX.02.03&)

OUTLINE

1. WATER INTA'E

a. T+ir$t i$ not a $trong enoug+ $en$ation to deter)ine +o' )u(+ 'ater ou need.

*. T+e *e$t plan i$ to drin&, utiliing t+e V/ #2 )et+od. rin& plent of 'ateranti)e it i$ a%aila*le and parti(ularl '+en eating.

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(. e+dration i$ a )a4or t+reat. lo$$ of onl 5 6 of our *od fluid$ (au$e$ t+ir$t,irrita*ilit, nau$ea, and 'ea&ne$$ a 106 lo$$ (au$e$ diine$$, +eada(+e, ina*ilit to'al&, and a tingling $en$ation in li)*$ a 156 lo$$ (au$e$ di) %i$ion, painfulurination, $'ollen tongue, deafne$$, and a feeling of nu)*ne$$ in t+e $&in al$o a lo$$

of )ore t+an 156 *od fluid$ (ould re$ult in deat+.

d. 8our 'ater reuire)ent$ 'ill *e in(rea$ed if:

;1< 8ou +a%e a fe%er.

;< 8ou are e=perien(ing fear or an=iet.

;3< 8ou e%aporate )ore *od fluid t+an ne(e$$ar. ;i.e., not u$ing t+e proper$+elter to our ad%antage< 8ou +a%e i)proper (lot+ing.

;5< 8ou ration 'ater.

;"< 8ou o%er'or&.

. INCIDENTAL WATER . (MSVX.02.03a)

a. uring )o%e)ent, ou )a +a%e to ration 'ater until ou rea(+ a relia*le 'ater$our(e. #n(idental 'ater )a $o)eti)e$ pro%ide opportunitie$ to a(uire 'ater.lt+oug+ not a relia*le or repleni$+ed $our(e, it )a $er%e to $tret(+ our 'ater$uppl or &eep ou going in an e)ergen(. T+e follo'ing are $our(e$ for in(idental

'ater:

;1< e' . #n area$ 'it+ )oderate to +ea% de', de' (an *e (olle(ted * tingrag$ or tuff$ of fine gra$$ around our an&le$. W+ile 'al&ing t+roug+ de'gra$$ *efore $unri$e, t+e rag$ or gra$$ 'ill $aturate and (an *e rung out into a(ontainer. T+e rag$ or gra$$ (an *e repla(ed and t+e pro(e$$ i$ repeated.

;< ainfall . ain'ater (olle(ted dire(tl in (lean (ontainer or in plant$ t+at(ontain no +ar)ful to=in$ i$ generall $afe to drin& 'it+out di$infe(ting. T+e$ur%i%or $+ould al'a$ *e prepared to (olle(t rainfall at a )o)ent$ noti(e. nin%erted pon(+o 'or&$ 'ell to (olle(t rainfall.

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3. HAARDOUS LUIDS (MSVX.02.03b)

a. Sur%i%or$ +a%e o((a$ionall atte)pted to aug)ent t+eir 'ater $uppl 'it+ ot+erfluid$, $u(+ a$ al(o+oli( *e%erage$, urine, *lood, or $ea'ater. W+ile it i$ true t+atea(+ of t+e$e fluid$ +a$ a +ig+ 'ater (ontent, t+e i)puritie$ t+e (ontain )a reuiret+e *od to e=pend )ore fluid to purif t+e). So)e +aardou$ fluid$ are:

;1< Sea 'ater . Sea 'ater in )ore t+an )ini)al uantitie$ i$ a(tuall to=i(. T+e(on(entration of $odiu) and )agne$iu) $alt$ i$ $o +ig+ t+at fluid )u$t *edra'n fro) t+e *od to eli)inate t+e $alt$ and e%entuall t+e &idne$ (ea$e tofun(tion.

;< l(o+ol . l(o+ol de+drate$ t+e *od and (loud$ 4udg)ent. Super-(ooledliuid, if inge$ted, (an (au$e i))ediate fro$t*ite of t+e t+roat, and potentialdeat+.

;3< Blood . Blood, *e$ide$ *eing $alt, i$ a food. rin&ing it 'ill reuire t+e*od to e=pend additional fluid to dige$t it.

;>< ?rine . rin&ing urine i$ not onl fooli$+, *ut al$o dangerou$. ?rine i$not+ing )ore t+an t+e *od@$ 'a$te. rin&ing it onl pla(e$ t+i$ 'a$te *a(&into t+e *od, '+i(+ reuire$ )ore fluid to pro(e$$ it again.

>. WATER *UALIT+ . Water (ontain$ )ineral$, to=in$, and pat+ogen$. So)e of t+e$e,(on$u)ed in large enoug+ uantitie$ )a *e +ar)ful to +u)an +ealt+. Aat+ogen$ are ourpri)ar (on(ern. Aat+ogen$ are di%ided into Viru$, C$t$, Ba(teria, and Aara$ite$. Certain

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pat+ogen$ are )ore re$i$tant to (+e)i(al$ and $)all enoug+ to )o%e t+roug+ )i(ro$(opi(+ole$ in euip)ent ;i.e., T-$+irt, para(+ute


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!,-03Mont+ ! 8ear ! Bat(+ 2u)*er

;3< Water i$infe(tion Te(+niue$ and Ealogen o$e$ .

I"/a/ $/4$5dded to 1 liter or uart of 'ater

)ount for> pp)

)ount forF pp)

#odine ta*let$Tetragl(ine +droperiodide /WTAota*le ualo*aline

G ta*let 1 ta*let

6 iodine $olution ;tin(ture< 0. )l5 gtt$

0.> )l10 gtt$

106 po%idone-iodine $olutionH 0.35 )lF gtt$

0.70 )l1" gtt$

C67/a/ $/4$5 )ount for5 pp)

)ount for10 pp)

Eou$e+old *lea(+ 56 Sodiu) +po(+lorie

0.1 Ml gtt$

0. )l> gtt$

uaClear Sodiu) di(+loroi$o(anurate

1 ta*let

uaCure, uaAure, C+lor-flo( C+lorine plu$ flo((ulating agent

F pp)1 ta*let

HAro%idone-iodine $olution$ relea$e free iodine in le%el$ adeuate for di$infe(tion, *ut

$(ant data i$ a%aila*le.

Mea$ure 'it+ dropper ;1 dropI0.05 )l< or tu*er(ulin $ringe

Ap)-part per )illion gtt$-drop$ )l-)illiliter

C$7a/ & Ca /8$ / 8/4$5 a 9a7/45 :a$7 $8;$7a47$5 (WSVX.02.03$)

a60 15 C ! "0 30 C ! F5

pp) >0 1F0 "0> pp) 1F0 50 >5

F pp) "0 30 15N$= T+e$e (onta(t ti)e$ +a%e *een e=tended fro) t+e u$ual re(o))endation$ to a((ount forre(ent data t+at prolonged (onta(t ti)e i$ needed in %er (old 'ater to &ill Giardia($t$.

N$= (+e)i(al$ )a not de$tro Crpto$poridiu).d. Aurifi(ation . Water purifi(ation i$ t+e re)o%al of organi( and inorgani( (+e)i(al$

and parti(ulate )atter, in(luding radioa(ti%e parti(le$. W+ile purifi(ation (aneli)inate offen$i%e (olor, ta$te, and odor, it )a not re)o%e or &ill )i(roorgani$)$.

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e. Aota*le . Aota*le indi(ate$ onl t+at a 'ater $our(e, on a%erage o%er a period of ti)e,(ontain$ a J)ini)al )i(ro*ial +aard,J $o t+e $tati$ti(al li&eli+ood of illne$$ i$a((epta*le.

;1< Sedi)entation . Sedi)entation i$ t+e $eparation of $u$pended parti(le$ large

enoug+ to $ettle rapidl * gra%it. T+e ti)e reuired depend$ on t+e $ie oft+e parti(le. enerall, 1 +our i$ adeuate if t+e 'ater i$ allo'ed to $it 'it+outagitation. fter $edi)ent +a$ for)ed on t+e *otto) of t+e (ontainer, t+e (lear'ater i$ de(anted or filtered fro) t+e top. Mi(roorgani$)$, e$pe(iall ($t$,e%entuall $ettle, *ut t+i$ ta&e$ longer and t+e organi$)$ are ea$il di$tur*edduring pouring or filtering. Sedi)entation $+ould not *e (on$idered a )ean$of di$infe(tion and $+ould *e u$ed onl a$ a la$t re$ort or in an e=tre)eta(ti(al $ituation.

5. SOLAR STILLS . (MSVX.2.3&)

a. Solar $till$ are de$igned to $upple)ent 'ater re$er%e$. Contrar to *elief, t+e 'ill notpro%ide enoug+ 'ater to )eet t+e dail reuire)ent for 'ater.

*. *o%e-round Solar Still . T+i$ de%i(e allo'$ t+e $ur%i%or to )a&e 'ater fro)%egetation. To )a&e t+e a*o%eground $olar $till, lo(ate a $unn $lope on '+i(+ topla(e t+e $till, a (lear pla$ti( *ag, green leaf %egetation, and a $)all ro(&.

;1< Con$tru(tion.

;a< ill t+e *ag 'it+ air * turning t+e opening into t+e *reee or *J$(oopingJ air into t+e *ag.

;*< ill t+e *ag +alf to t+ree-uarter$ full of green leaf %egetation. Be$ure to re)o%e all +ard $ti(&$ or $+arp $pine$ t+at )ig+t pun(ture t+e*ag.

CAUTIONo not u$e poi$onou$ %egetation. #t 'ill pro%ide poi$onou$ liuid.

;(< Ala(e a $)all ro(& or $i)ilar ite) in t+e *ag.

;d< Clo$e t+e *ag and tie t+e )out+ $e(urel a$ (lo$e to t+e end of t+e *aga$ po$$i*le to &eep t+e )a=i)u) a)ount of air $pa(e. #f ou +a%e a$)all pie(e of tu*ing, $)all $tra', or +ollo' reed, in$ert one end in t+e)out+ of t+e *ag *efore ting it $e(urel. Tie off or plug t+e tu*ing $ot+at air 'ill not e$(ape. T+i$ tu*ing 'ill allo' ou to drain out(onden$ed 'ater 'it+out unting t+e *ag.

;e< Ala(e t+e *ag, )out+ do'n+ill, on a $lope in full $unlig+t. Ao$ition t+e)out+ of t+e *ag $lig+tl +ig+er t+an t+e lo' point in t+e *ag.

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;f< Settle t+e *ag in pla(e $o t+at t+e ro(& 'or&$ it$elf into t+e lo' pointin t+e *ag.

;g< To get t+e (onden$ed 'ater fro) t+e $till, loo$en t+e tie and tip t+e *ag

$o t+at t+e (olle(ted 'ater 'ill drain out. etie t+e )out+ andrepo$ition t+e $till to allo' furt+er (onden$ation.

;+< C+ange %egetation in t+e *ag after e=tra(ting )o$t of t+e 'ater fro) it.

;i< ?$ing 1 gallon ip-lo( *ag in$tead of tra$+ *ag$ i$ a )ore effi(ient)ean$ of (on$tru(tion.

ABOVE GROUND SOLAR STILL

(. Belo'-round Solar Still . Material$ (on$i$t of a digging $ti(&, (lear pla$ti( $+eet,

(ontainer, ro(&, and a drin&ing tu*e.

;1< Con$tru(tion.

;a< Sele(t a $ite '+ere ou *elie%e t+e $oil 'ill (ontain )oi$ture ;$u(+ a$ adr $trea)*ed or a lo' $pot '+ere rain'ater +a$ (olle(ted


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;*< ig a *o'l-$+aped +ole a*out 1 )eter a(ro$$ and > in(+e$ deep.

;(< ig a $u)p in t+e (enter of t+e +ole. T+e $u)p dept+ and peri)eter'ill depend on t+e $ie of t+e (ontainer ou +a%e to pla(e in it. T+e

*otto) of t+e $u)p $+ould allo' t+e (ontainer to $tand uprig+t.

BELOW GROUND SOLAR STILL

;d< n(+or t+e tu*ing to t+e (ontainerK$ *otto) * for)ing a loo$eo%er+and &not in t+e tu*ing. /=tend t+e unan(+ored end of t+e tu*ingup, o%er, and *eond t+e lip of t+e +ole.

;e< Ala(e t+e pla$ti( $+eet o%er t+e +ole, (o%ering it$ edge$ 'it+ $oil to+old in pla(e. Ala(e a ro(& in t+e (enter of t+e pla$ti( $+eet.

;f< Do'er t+e pla$ti( $+eet into t+e +ole until it i$ a*out 1F in(+e$ *elo'ground le%el. Ma&e $ure t+e (oneK$ ape= i$ dire(tl o%er t+e (ontainer.

/n$ure t+e pla$ti( doe$ not tou(+ t+e $ide$ of t+e +ole *e(au$e t+eeart+ 'ill a*$or* t+e )oi$ture.

;g< Aut )ore $oil on t+e edge$ of t+e pla$ti( to +old it $e(urel and pre%entt+e lo$$ of )oi$ture.

;+< Alug t+e tu*e '+en not in u$e $o t+at )oi$ture 'ill not e%aporate.

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;i< Alant$ (an *e pla(ed in t+e +ole a$ a )oi$ture $our(e. #f $o, dig outadditional $oil fro) t+e $ide$.

;4< #f polluted 'ater i$ t+e onl )oi$ture $our(e, dig a $)all troug+out$ide t+e +ole a*out 10 in(+e$ fro) t+e $tillK$ lip. ig t+e troug+

a*out 10 in(+e$ deep and 3 in(+e$ 'ide. Aour t+e polluted 'ater in t+etroug+. /n$ure ou do not $pill an polluted 'ater around t+e ri) oft+e +ole '+ere t+e pla$ti( tou(+e$ t+e $oil. T+e troug+ +old$ t+epolluted 'ater and t+e $oil filter$ it a$ t+e $till dra'$ it. T+i$ pro(e$$'or&$ 'ell '+en t+e onl 'ater $our(e i$ $alt 'ater.

;&< T+ree $till$ 'ill *e needed to )eet t+e indi%idual dail 'ater inta&eneed$.

///2C/:

1. M 1-7", Sur%i%al, 199.

. Aaul uer*a(+, Wilderne$$ Medi(ine, 3rd/dition 1995.

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MSVX.0.0!"#"05

STUDENT HANDOUT

EXPEDIENT SHELTERS AND FIRES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE.

(1) $n a %ur&i&al %ituation, and gi&en a %ur&i&al 'it, (on%tru(t an e)pedient %ur&i&al

%*elter, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.04)

(2) $n a %ur&i&al %ituation, and gi&en a %ur&i&al 'it, (on%tru(t %ur&i&al fire% utiliing anade and natural aterial%, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.05)


(1) Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, li%t in +riting t*e (*ara(teri%ti(% of a %afe e)pedient

%*elter, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.04a)

(2) Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, li%t in +riting t*e *aard% to a&oid +*en u%ing natural

%*elter%, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%.(MSVX.02.04)

(!) Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, li%t in +riting t*e tpe% of an-ade %ur&i&al %*elter%,in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.04")

(4) Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, li%t in +riting t*e ta(ti(al fire la, in a((ordan(e +it*

t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.05a)

(5) Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, li%t in +riting t*e aterial% utilied to (on%tru(t

%ur&i&al fire, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.05)

(#) Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, %tart a fire u%ing a priiti&e et*od, in a((ordan(e +it*

t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.05")

($) Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, %tart a fire u%ing an ade aterial%, in a((ordan(e

+it* t*e referen(e%. (MSVX.02.05%)

OUTLINE

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1. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR SHELTER . (MSVX.02.04a)/n tpe of %*elter,+*et*er it i% a peranent uilding, tentage, or an e)pedient %*elter u%t eet %i) a%i((riteria to e %afe and effe(ti&e. T*e (*ara(teri%ti(% are

a. 2rote(tion ro t*e 4leent% . T*e %*elter u%t pro&ide prote(tion fro rain, %no+,+ind, %un, et(.

. eat 6etention . $t u%t *a&e %oe tpe of in%ulation to retain *eat t*u% pre&entingt*e +a%te of fuel.

(. Ventilation . Ventilation u%t e (on%tru(ted, e%pe(iall if urning fuel for *eat.T*i% pre&ent% t*e a((uulation of (aron ono)ide. Ventilation i% al%o needed for(aron dio)ide gi&en off +*en reat*ing.

d. 8ring a(ilit . / dring fa(ilit u%t e (on%tru(ted to dr +et (lot*e%.

e. ree fro atural aard% . S*elter% %*ould not e uilt in area% of a&alan(*e*aard%, under ro(' fall or :%tanding dead; tree% *a&e t*e potential to fall on our%*elter.

f. Stale . S*elter% u%t e (on%tru(ted to +it*%tand t*e pre%%ure% e)erted %e&ere+eat*er.

. NATURAL SHELTERS . atural %*elter% are u%uall t*e preferred tpe% e(au%e t*e ta'ele%% tie and aterial% (on%tru(t. T*e follo+ing a e ade into natural %*elter% +it*

%oe odifi(ation. (MSVX.02.04)

a. Ca&e% or 6o('


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>3? Aa% 2o('et% . Man (a&e% in a ountainou% region a *a&e natural ga%po('et% in t*e.

>!? $n%tailit . atural %*elter% a appear %tale, ut in realit a e a trap+aiting to (ollap%e.

3. MAN&MADE SHELTERS . (MSVX.02.04") Man (onfiguration% of an-ade %*elter%a e u%ed. 1? Aroup %ie.

>? =o+ %il*ouette and redu(ed li&ing area dien%ion% for ipro&ed *eat(on%er&ation.

>3? /&oid e)po%ed *ill top%, &alle floor%, oi%t ground, and a&alan(*e pat*%.

>!? Create a t*eral %*elter appling %no+, if a&ailale, to roof and %ide% of%*elter.

>5? =o(ation of %ite to fire +ood, +ater, and %ignaling, if ne(e%%ar.

>#? o+ u(* tie and effort needed to uild t*e %*elter.

>7? Can t*e %*elter ade@uatel prote(t ou fro t*e eleent% >%un , +ind, rain,and %no+?. 2lan on +or%t (a%e %(enario.

>? /re t*e tool% a&ailale to uild it. $f not, (an ou a'e ipro&i%ed tool%D>9? Tpe and aount of aterial% a&ailale to uild it.

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d. =ean-To . / lean-to i% uilt in *ea&il fore%ted area%. $t re@uire% a liited aount of(ordage to (on%tru(t. T*e lean-to i% an effe(ti&e %*elter ut doe% not offer a greatdegree of prote(tion fro t*e eleent%.

>1? Sele(t a %ite +it* t+o tree% >!-1; in diaeter?, %pa(ed far enoug* apart t*at a

an (an la do+n et+een t*e. T+o %turd pole% (an e %u%tituted in%erting t*e into t*e ground t*e proper di%tan(e apart.

>? Cut a pole to %upport t*e roof. $t %*ould e at lea%t 3-!; in diaeter and longenoug* to e)tend !-#; pa%t ot* tree%. Tie t*e pole *oriontall et+een t*et+o tree%, appro)iatel 1 eter off t*e de('.

>3? Cut %e&eral long pole% to e u%ed a% %tringer%. T*e are pla(ed along t*e*oriontal %upport ar appro)iatel e&er 1 G and laid on t*e ground. /ll%tringer% a e tied to or laid on t*e *oriontal %upport ar. / %*ort +all orro('% or log% a e (on%tru(ted on t*e ground to lift t*e %tringer% off t*eground, (reating additional *eig*t and li&ing roo dien%ion%.

>!? Cut %e&eral %apling% and +ea&e t*e *oriontall et+een t*e %tringer%.Co&er t*e roof +it* +ater-repellent and in%ulating aterial.

LEAN&TO

e. 8oule =ean-To . T*e doule lean-to %*elter i% (on%tru(ted for -5 indi&idual%. $t i%(on%tru(ted a'ing t+o lean-to% and pla(ing t*e toget*er.

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DOUBLE LEAN&TO

f. /-rae S*elter . /n /-rae %*elter i% (on%tru(ted for 1-3 indi&idual%. /fter t*efrae +or' i% (on%tru(ted, oug*"tentage i% inter+o&en onto t*e frae and %no+, if

a&ailale, i% pa('ed onto t*e out%ide for in%ulation.

A&FRAME

g. allen Tree Bi&oua( . T*e fallen tree i&oua( i% an e)(ellent %*elter e(au%e o%t oft*e +or' *a% alread een done.

>1? 4n%ure t*e tree i% %tale prior to (on%tru(ting.

>? Bran(*e% on t*e under%ide are (ut a+a a'ing a *ollo+ underneat*.

>3? 2la(e additional in%ulating aterial to t*e top and %ide% of t*e tree.

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>!? / %all fire i% uilt out%ide of t*e %*elter.

FALLEN TREE BIVOUAC

5. REFLECTOR 'ALLS . eating a %*elter re@uire% a %lo+ fire t*at produ(e% lot% of %tead*eat o&er a long period of tie. / refle(tor +all %*ould e (on%tru(ted for all open ended%*elter%. / refle(tor +all i% (on%tru(ted +it* a flat ro(' or a %ta(' of green log% proppede*ind t*e fire. / %urpri%ing aount of *eat +ill oun(e a(' fro t*e fire into t*e %*elter.

#. FIRES . ire% fall into t+o ain (ategorie% t*o%e uilt for (oo'ing and t*o%e uilt for+art* and %ignaling. T*e a%i( %tep% are t*e %ae for ot* preparing t*e fire la, gat*eringfuel, uilding t*e fire, and properl e)tingui%*ing t*e fire.

a. 2reparing t*e fire la . T*ere are t+o tpe% of fire la% fire pit and 8a'ota *ole. irepit% are proal t*e o%t (oon.

>1? Create a +indrea' to (onfine t*e *eat and pre&ent t*e +ind fro %(attering%par'%. 2la(e ro('% or log% u%ed in (on%tru(ting t*e fire la parallel to t*e+ind. T*e pre&ailing do+n+ind end %*ould e narro+er to (reate a (*ineeffe(t.

>? /&oid u%ing +et ro('%. eat a(ting on t*e dapne%% in %and%tone, %*ale, and%tone% fro %trea% a (au%e t*e to e)plode.

>3? 8a'ota ole . (MSVX.02.05a) T*e 8a'ota ole i% a ta(ti(al fire la./lt*oug* no fire i% 100H ta(ti(al, t*i% fire la +ill a((opli%* (ertain t*ing%

>a? 6edu(e% t*e %ignature of t*e fire pla(ing it elo+ ground.

>? 2ro&ide% ore of a (on(entrated *eat %our(e to oil and (oo', t*u%pre%er&ing fuel and le%%ening t*e aount of urning tie.

>(? B (reating a large air draft, t*e fire +ill urn +it* le%% %o'e t*an t*efire pit.

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>d? $t i% ea%ier to lig*t in *ig* +ind%.

DAATA HOLE

. Aat*er uel . Man Marine% ta'e %*ort(ut% +*en gat*ering fire+ood. Ta'ing a fe+e)tra inute% (an ean t*e differen(e et+een ea%e and fru%tration +*en uilding a

fire. (MSVX.02.05)

>1? Tinder . Tinder i% t*e initial fuel. $t %*ould e fine and dr. Aat*er a doule*andful of tinder for t*e fire to e uilt and an e)tra doule *andful to e%tored in a dr pla(e for t*e follo+ing orning. 8e+ (an oi%ten tinderenoug* to a'e lig*ting t*e fire diffi(ult. Soe e)aple% are

>a? S*redded (edar"Iuniper ar', pine needle%.

>? 8r gra%%.

>(? Sli&er% %*a&ed fro a dr %ti('.

>d? ornetJ% ne%t.

>e? atural fier% fro e@uipent %uppleented +it* pine pit(* >i.e.,(otton attle dre%%ing?.

>f? Cotton all% and petroleu Iell or C*ar-(lot*.

N*+ Sti('% u%ed for tinder %*ould e dr and not larger t*an t*e diaeter of a toot*pi('.

>? Kindling . T*i% i% t*e aterial t*at i% ignited t*e tinder t*at +ill urn longenoug* to ignite t*e fuel.

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>a? Sall %ti('%"t+ig% pen(il-t*i(' up to t*e t*i('ne%% of t*e t*u.4n%ure t*at t*e are dr.

>? 8ue to a tpi(all large re%in (ontent, e&ergreen li% often a'e t*ee%t 'indling. T*e urn *ot and fa%t, ut tpi(all do not la%t long.

>3? uel Wood . uel Wood i% u%ed to 'eep t*e lae going long enoug* tofulfill it% purpo%e. $deall, it %*ould urn %lo+ enoug* to (on%er&e t*e +oodpile, a'e plent of *eat, and lea&e an aple %uppl of long-la%ting (oal%.

>a? ire+ood ro'en fro t*e dead li% of %tanding tree% or +indfall%*eld off t*e ground +ill *a&e a%ored le%% oi%ture and t*erefore%*ould urn ea%il.

>? 6efrain fro (utting do+n li&e, green tree%.

>(? Soft+ood% >e&ergreen% and (onifer%? +ill urn *ot and fa%t +it* lot% of%o'e and %par', lea&ing little in t*e +a of (oal%. ard+ood% >roadleaf tree%? +ill urn %lo+er +it* le%% %o'e and lea&e a good ed of(oal%.

>d? =earn t*e +ood% indigenou% to t*e area. Bir(*, dog+ood, and apleare e)(ellent fuel%. e? Sta(' our +ood %uppl (lo%e enoug* to e *and, ut far enoug*fro t*e flae% to e %afe. 2rote(t our %uppl fro additionalpre(ipitation.

>f? $f ou *appen to go do+n in an air(raft t*at *a% not urned, a i)tureof ga% and oil a e u%ed. E%e (aution +*en igniting t*i% i)ture.

(. Building t*e ire . T*e tpe of fire uilt +ill e dependent upon it% intended u%eeit*er (oo'ing or *eating and %ignaling.

>1? Coo'ing ire% . T*e follo+ing li%ted fire% are e%t u%ed for (oo'ing

>a? Teepee ire . T*e teepee fire i% u%ed to produ(e a (on(entrated *eat%our(e, priaril for (oo'ing.


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TEEPEE FIRE

>? eating and Signaling ire% .

>a? 2raid ire . 2raid fire% are u%ed to produ(e large aount% of lig*tand *eat. T*e +ill dr out +et +ood or (lot*ing.

P,RAMID FIRE

d. Starting ire% . Starting a fire i% done a %our(e of ignition and fall% into t+o(ategorie% odern igniter% and priiti&e et*od%.

>1? Modern Met*od% . Modern igniter% u%e odern de&i(e% +e norall t*in' of

to %tart a fire. 6elian(e upon t*e%e et*od% a re%ult in failure during a%ur&i&al %ituation. T*e%e ite% a fail +*en re@uired to %er&e t*eir purpo%e.

>a? Mat(*e% and =ig*ter%. 4n%ure ou +aterproof t*e%e ite%.

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>? Con&e) =en%. Bino(ular, (aera, tele%(opi( %ig*t%, or agnifing len%are u%ed on rig*t, %unn da% to ignite tinder.

>(? lint and Steel. Soetie% 'no+n a% etal at(*e% or LMag Blo('L.S(rape our 'nife or (aron %teel again%t t*e flint to produ(e a %par'

onto t*e tinder. Soe tpe% of flint %teel de%ign% +ill *a&e a lo('of agne%iu atta(*ed to t*e de&i(e +*i(* (an e %*a&ed onto t*etinder prior to igniting. a? Bo+ . T*e o+ i% a re%ilient, green %ti(' aout 3"! of an in(* indiaeter and 30-3# in(*e% in lengt*. T*e o+ %tring (an e an tpeof (ord, *o+e&er, 550 (ord +or'% e%t. Tie t*e %tring fro one end oft*e o+ to t*e ot*er, +it*out an %la('.

>? 8rill . T*e drill %*ould e a %traig*t, %ea%oned *ard+ood %ti(' aout1" to 3"! of an in(* in diaeter and to 1 in(*e% in lengt*. T*e topend i% tapered to a lunt point to redu(e fri(tion generated in t*e%o('et. T*e otto end i% %lig*tl rounded to fit %nugl into t*e

depre%%ion on t*e fire oard.

>(? So('et . T*e %o('et i% an ea%il gra%ped %tone or pie(e of *ard+ood orone +it* a %lig*t depre%%ion on one %ide. E%e it to *old t*e drill inpla(e and to appl do+n+ard pre%%ure.

>d? ire oard . T*e fire oard i% a %ea%oned %oft+ood oard +*i(* %*ouldideall e 3"! of an in(* t*i(', -! in(*e% +ide, and -10 in(*e% long.Cut a depre%%ion 3"! of an in(* fro t*e edge on one %ide of t*e fireoard. Cut a E-%*ape not(* fro t*e edge of t*e fire oard into t*edepre%%ion. T*i% not(* i% de%igned to (olle(t and for an eer +*i(*

+ill e u%ed to ignite t*e tinder.

>e? 4er 2at(* . T*e eer pat(* i% ade fro an tpe of %uitaleaterial >i.e., leat*er, aluinu foil, ar'?. $t i% u%ed to (at(* andtran%fer t*e eer fro t*e fire oard to t*e ird% ne%t. $deall, it%*ould e ! in(*e% ! in(*e% in %ie.

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>f? Bird% e%t . T*e ird% ne%t i% a doule *andful of tinder +*i(* +ill eade into t*e %*ape of a ne%t. Tinder u%t e dr and finel %*reddedaterial >i.e., outer ar' fro Iuniper"(edar"%age ru%* or inner ar'fro (otton+ood"a%pen or dr gra%%"o%%?. =a our tinder out in t+oe@ual ro+% aout ! in(*e% +ide and -1 in(*e% long. =oo%el roll t*e

fir%t ro+ into a all and 'nead t*e tinder to furt*er rea' do+n t*efier%. 2la(e t*i% all perpendi(ular onto t*e %e(ond ro+ of tinder and+rap. Knead t*e tinder until all fier% of t*e all are inter+o&en. $n%ertt*e drill *alf +a into t*e all to for a partial (linder. T*i% i% +*eret*e eer +ill e pla(ed.

>!? 2rodu(ing a fire u%ing t*e o+ drill .

>a? 2la(e t*e eer pat(* under t*e E-%*aped not(*.

>? /%%ue t*e 'neeling po%ition, +it* t*e left foot on t*e fire oard neart*e depre%%ion.

>(? =oad t*e o+ +it* t*e drill. 4n%ure t*e drill i% et+een t*e +ood oft*e o+ and o+ %tring. 2la(e t*e drill into t*e depre%%ion on t*e fireoard. 2la(e t*e %o('et on t*e tapered end of t*e drill.

>d? E%e t*e left *and to *old t*e %o('et +*ile appling do+n+ardpre%%ure.

>e? E%e t*e rig*t *and to gra%p t*e o+. Wit* a %oot* %a+ing otion,o&e t*e o+ a(' and fort* to t+irl t*e drill.

>f? g? W*en a t*i(' laer of %o'e *a% a((uulated around t*e depre%%ion,%top all o&eent. 6eo&e t*e o+, drill, and %o('et fro t*e fireoard, +it*out o&ing t*e fire oard. Carefull reo&e our left footoff t*e fire oard.

>*? Aentl tap t*e fire oard to en%ure all of t*e eer *a% fallen out of t*eE-%*aped not(* and i% ling on t*e eer pat(*. 6eo&e t*e fire

oard.

>i? Slo+l fan t*e la(' po+der to %olidif it into a glo+ing eer.Ara%ping t*e eer pat(*, (arefull drop t*e eer into t*e (linder oft*e ird% ne%t.

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>I? Ara%p t*e ird% ne%t +it* t*e (linder fa(ing to+ard% ou and parallelto t*e ground. Aentl lo+ air into t*e (linder. /% %o'e fro t*ene%t e(oe% t*i('er, (ontinue to lo+ air into t*e (linder until fireappear%.

>5? Troule S*ooting t*e Bo+ 8rill

>a? 8rill +ill not %ta in depre%%ion- /ppl ore do+n+ard pre%%ureand"or in(rea%e +idt*"dept* of depre%%ion.

>? 8rill +ill not t+irl- =e%%en t*e aount of do+n+ard pre%%ure and"ortig*ten o+ %tring.

>(? So('et %o'ing- =e%%en t*e aount of do+n+ard pre%%ure. Wood too%oft +*en (opared to *ardne%% of drill. /dd %oe luri(ation anialfat, oil, or grea%e.

>d? o %o'e- 8rill and fire oard are t*e %ae +ood. Wood a not e%ea%oned. C*e(' drill to en%ure t*at it i% %traig*t. Keep left *and lo('edagain%t left %*in +*ile %a+ing.

>e? So'e ut no eer- E-%*aped not(* not (ut into (enter of t*edepre%%ion.

>f? Bo+ %tring run% up and do+n drill- E%e a lo('ed rig*t ar +*en%a+ing. C*e(' drill to en%ure t*at it i% %traig*t. 4n%ure o+ %tring run%o&er t*e top of t*e left oot.

>g? Bird% ne%t +ill not ignite- Tinder not dr. e%t +o&en too tig*t. Tindernot 'neaded enoug*. Blo+ing too *ard >eer +ill fra(ture?.

e. 4)tingui%*ing t*e ire . T*e fire u%t e properl e)tingui%*ed. T*i% i% a((opli%*ed u%ing t*e dro+n, %tir, and feel et*od.

>1? 8ro+n t*e fire pouring at +ater in t*e fire la.

>? Stir t*e eer ed to en%ure t*at t*e fire i% (opletel out.

>3? C*e(' t*e ed of our fire feeling for an *ot %pot%.

>!? $f an *ot %pot% are found, %tart t*e pro(e%% all o&er again.

64464C4

1. M 1-7#, Sur&i&al, 199.

. C*ri% Nano+%'i, / Manual t*at Could Sa&e our =ife, 199#.

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3. No*n Wie%an, S/S Sur&i&al Auide, 1993.

!. /2 3#-!#, /ir(re+ Sur&i&al, 199#.

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MSVX.01.01!"!05

STUDENT HANDOUT

CORE VALUES AND MOUNTAIN LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES

LESSON PURPOSE# T$e purpo%e of t$i% period of in%tru&tion i% to e'p$a%i(e t$e )ital role ofleader%$ip in t$e &ondu&t of %u&&e%%ful operation% and to pro'ote a'ong leader% at all le)el% anunder%tanding of t$e pro*le'% &o''on to unit% operating in a %u''er 'ountainou%en)iron'ent. T$i% le%%on relate% to all of t$e training t$at +ou ill re&ei)e $ere at MCMWTC.

OUTLINE

1. POSITIVE LEADERSHIP AND THE RIGHT ATTITUDE . eader%$ip 'u%t *e *+

ea'ple. /t fir%t, $ar%$ and unfa'iliar &ondition% tend to *e frig$tening. Marine% ill findt$e'%el)e% up again%t 'an+ &$allenge% t$e+ $a)e ne)er 'et *efore and t$e en)iron'ent ill&on%tantl+ re'ind t$e' t$at t$e+ &an *e&o'e a &a%ualt+ if t$e+ 'ae 'i%tae%. /ggre%%i)eleader%$ip, $i&$ &on%i%tentl+ 'eet% and o)er&o'e% t$e &$allenge% of t$e en)iron'ent, i%e%%ential to 'i%%ion a&&o'pli%$'ent. T$ere ill *e to ene'ie% to &ontend it$# t$e ene'+%oldier and t$e en)iron'ent it%elf. T$e fir%t %tep toard% defeating t$e%e ene'ie% i% getting+our Marine% in t$e rig$t 'ental attitude. T$e leader 'u%t 'aintain a po%iti)e attitudetoard% t$e 'i%%ion, $i% Marine%, and t$e euip'ent t$e+ $a)e to &arr+ out t$e 2o*. ou &an*e defeated p%+&$ologi&all+, if +ou are not aare of t$e %+'pto'% of a poorl+ 'oti)ated unit.

a. Core Value% applied in a %ur)i)al %ituation . Core )alue are )er+ appli&a*le to

leader%$ip in a %ur)i)al %ituation. 4n t$e a*%en&e of &on%tant ad$eren&e to our &ore)alue%, %u*ordinate Marine% 'a+ %uffer t$e &on%euen&e% of in2ur+ and in etre'e&a%e%, 6/T.

*. onor . onor i% integrit+, re%pon%i*ilit+, and a&&ounta*ilit+. Wit$out $onor in t$i%t+pe of en)iron'ent, de&i%ion% are 'ade it$ ina&&urate and!or 'i%leadinginfor'ation. i%$onora*le a&tion% or intention% ulti'atel+ lead to unet$i&al*e$a)ior...tru%t *eteen Marine% ill erode, dependa*ilit+ ill *e&o'e uni'portant,and t$e re%ulting &on%euen&e% to energ+ &on%er)ation ill greatl+ affe&t a unit8%&o$e%ion and a*ilit+ to a&&o'pli%$ it% 'i%%ion.

&. Courage . Courage i% doing t$e rig$t t$ing for t$e rig$t rea%on. Courage in t$i% t+pe ofen)iron'ent for %'all unit leader% to tae &$arge of t$eir unit. T$e added %tre%% andpre%%ure indu&ed in 'ountainou% terrain 'ae% t$e toug$ de&i%ion% e)en toug$er to

'ae# courageous leaders take that etra ste!" Tru%t and &onfiden&e in leader%$ipi% *uilt upon t$oroug$ training to en%ure t$eir 'en are &apa*le of o)er&o'ing t$e fearand un&ertaint+ of ene'+ and t$e $ar%$ en)iron'ent. / fe ea'ple% of &ourage are#

1: 6n%uring Marine% $a)e t$e proper &lot$ing on for t$e ta% t$e+ are perfor'ing.

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: 6n%uring Marine% are 'aintaining %e&urit+, regardle%% of eat$er &ondition%.

3: ;re)enting let$arg+ and la(ine%% fro' affe&ting a 'arine8% de&i%ion 'aing%ill%.

nl+ t$roug$ t$i% t+pe of&o''it'ent ill a unit %u&&e%%full+ a&&o'pli%$ it 'i%%ion.

. LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES PECULIAR TO MOUNTAIN OPERATIONS /lt$oug$ 'o%t leader%$ip &$allenge% in a te'perate en)iron'ent are t$e %a'e in &old eat$er, %o'e pro*le'% ill ari%e $i&$ 'u%t *e ui&l+ &orre&ted.

a. Co&oon-lie 6i%ten&e . Man+ 'en, $en *undled up in %u&&e%%i)e la+er% of &lot$ingand it$ t$eir $ead &o)ered *+ a $ood, tend to it$dra it$in t$e'%el)e% and toa%%u'e a ?&o&oon-lie ei%ten&e@. W$en %o &lot$ed, t$e indi)idualA% $earing andfield of )i%ion are greatl+ re%tri&ted and $e tend% to *e&o'e o*li)iou% to $i%%urrounding%. i% 'ental fa&ultie% *e&o'e %luggi%$ and alt$oug$ $e loo%, $e doe%not %ee. eader% 'u%t re&ogni(e and o)er&o'e t$e%e %+'pto'%. /dditionall+, t$eleader need% to at&$ for t$e grot$ of let$arg+ it$in $i'%elf and 'u%t *e alert topre)ent it. e 'u%t ala+% appear alert to $i% 'en and pre)ent t$e' fro' %ining intoa %tate of &o&oon-lie ei%ten&e.

1: 4f +our Marine% it$dra into a %$ell or *e&o'e 'ood+ and depre%%ed, get

t$e' in)ol)ed in &on)er%ation% it$ ea&$ ot$er.

: on8t a&&ept an e&u%e for not &arr+ing out an order. Cold eat$er trainingall too often *e&o'e% a &a'ping trip. eader%$ip 'u%t &$allenge t$eirMarine% to train a% t$e+ ould fig$t.

3: 4f Marine% %till di%pla+ a ?Co&oon-lie@ ei%ten&e, $a)e t$e' engage inp$+%i&al a&ti)it+.

*. 4ndi)idual and roup i*ernation . T$i% pro*le' i% %i'ilar in 'anife%tation ofit$draal fro' t$e en)iron'ent. 4t i% generall+ re&ogni(ed *+ a tenden&+ of

indi)idual% to %ee t$e &o'fort of %leeping *ag%, and *+ t$e group re'aining in tent%or ot$er %$elter at t$e negle&t of t$eir dutie%. 4n etre'e &a%e%, guard and %e&urit+'ea%ure% 'a+ *e 2eopardi(ed. Man+ ti'e%, it i% t$e leader%$ip t$at )iolate% t$i%, t$u%de%tro+ing t$e unit8% tru%t and &onfiden&e.

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1: T$e leader 'u%t en%ure t$at all per%onnel re'ain alert and a&ti)e. =idgedin%i%ten&e upon proper ee&ution of all 'ilitar+ dutie% and t$e pro'pt andproper perfor'an&e of t$e 'an+ group ?&$ore%@ i% e%%ential.

: Be alert for indi)idual% $o ill pla&e t$eir on p$+%i&al &o'fort a$ead oft$eir a%%igned dutie%. =e'ind t$e' t$at t$eir 'i%%ion a% Marine% i% to fig$t,and to do %o %u&&e%%full+ reuire% t$at eapon% and euip'ent *e 'aintainedin oring order.

&. ;er%onal Conta&t and Co''uni&ation% . 4t i% e%%ential t$at ea&$ indi)idual and group*e ept infor'ed of $at i% $appening. ue to t$e deadening of t$e %en%e% t+pi&all+en&ountered in &old eat$er, a 'an left alone 'a+ ui&l+ *e&o'e o*li)iou% to $i%%urrounding%, lo%e $i% %en%e of dire&tion, $i% &on&ern for $i% unit, and in etre'e&a%e%, for $i'%elf. e 'a+ *e&o'e lie a %$eep and 'erel+ follo% along, notnoing or &aring $et$er $i% unit i% ad)an&ing or it$draing. 6a&$ &o''ander'u%t tae %trong 'ea%ure% to en%ure t$at %'all unit leader% eep t$eir %u*ordinate%infor'ed. T$i% i% parti&ularl+ true of t$e &o'pan+ &o''ander% eeping t$eir platoon&o''ander% infor'ed, of platoon &o''ander% infor'ing t$eir %uad leader%, and t$e%uad leader% infor'ing t$eir 'en. eneral infor'ation i% of )alue, *ut t$e greate%t

i'portan&e 'u%t *e pla&ed on 'atter% of i''ediate &on&ern and intere%t to t$eindi)idual. T$e &$ain of &o''and 'u%t *e rigidl+ folloed and leader% 'u%t %ee t$atno 'an i% left uninfor'ed a% to $i% i''ediate %urrounding and %ituation.

1: 4f +our Marine% find it $ard to re'e'*er t$ing% t$e+ $a)e *een taug$t, %$opatien&e and re)ie order%, drill% and S>;8%. eep t$eir 'ind% *u%+.

: Te'per% nor'all+ flare up during t$i% t+pe of training, %o epe&t and *eprepared to deal it$ it $en it &o'e%. Maintain +our %en%e of $u'or, lead *+ea'ple, and don8t let unanti&ipated pro*le'% get t$e *e%t of +ou.

d. Ti'e!i%tan&e Da&tor% . Mountain operation% do&trine re&o''end% t$at ta&ti&al&o''ander% *e gi)en e)er+ opportunit+ to eploit lo&al %ituation% and tae t$einitiati)e $en t$e opportunit+ i% pre%ented. Be&au%e of t$e in&rea%ed a'ount of ti'ein)ol)ed in a 'o)e'ent and t$e additional ti'e reuired to a&&o'pli%$ e)en %i'pleta%%, de)iation fro' ta&ti&al plan% i% diffi&ult. Ta&ti&al plan% are de)eloped after at$oroug$ re&onnai%%an&e and detailed e%ti'ate of t$e %ituation. Suffi&ient flei*ilit+ i%alloed ea&$ %u*ordinate leader to u%e $i% initiati)e and ingenuit+ in a&&o'pli%$ing$i% 'i%%ion. Ti'e lag% are &o'pen%ated for *+ ti'el+ i%%uan&e of arning order%, *+anti&ipating &$arge% in t$e ta&ti&al %ituation, and t$e earl+ i%%uan&e of frag order%.=e&ognition of ti'e!di%tan&e fa&tor% i% t$e e+ to %u&&e%%ful ta&ti&al operation% in &oldeat$er 'ountainou% region%.

1: Ti'e-i%tan&e Dor'ula TD: . T$i% for'ula i% de%igned to *e a guidelineand %$ould not *e &on%idered a% t$e ea&t a'ount of ti'e reuired for +our'o)e'ent. Durt$er'ore, t$i% for'ula i% for u%e in ideal &ondition%. T$e TDi% 'ade for troop on foot in t$e %u''erti'e or troop on %i% in t$einterti'e. 4f on foot in deep %no, 'ultipl+ t$e total ti'e *+ .

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: ;ledge of /llegian&e.

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STUDENT HANDOUT

SIGNALING AND RECOVERY

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE

(1) #n a $ur%i%al $ituation, and gi%en a $ur%i%al &it, 'ondu't a $ur%i%al re'o%er(, in

a''ordan'e )it* t*e referen'e$. (MSVX.02.06)

(2) #n a $ur%i%al $ituation, and gi%en a $ur%i%al &it, 'ondu't $ur%i%al $ignaling, ina''ordan'e )it* t*e referen'e$. (MSVX.02.18)


(1) Wit*out t*e aid of referen'e, e+e'ute a re'o%er(, in a''ordan'e )it* t*e referen'e$.

(MSVX.02.06a)

(2) Wit*out t*e aid of referen'e$, de$'rie in )riting t*e audio international di$tre$$

Signal, in a''ordan'e )it* t*e referen'e$. (MSVX.02.18a)

() Wit*out t*e aid of referen'e$, de$'rie in )riting t*e %i$ual international di$tre$$$ignal, in a''ordan'e )it* t*e referen'e$. (MSVX.02.18!)

(") Wit*out t*e aid of referen'e$, 'on$tru't an ipro%i$ed $ignaling de%i'e, in

a''ordan'e )it* t*e referen'e$. (MSVX.02.18#)

OUTLINE

1. SIGNALING DEVICES . T*e euipent li$ted elo) are ite$ t*at a( e on (our od(or in$ide an air'raft. /enerall(, t*e$e ite$ are u$ed a$ $ignaling de%i'e$ )*ile on t*e o%e.T*e( u$t e a''e$$ile for u$e at a oent$ noti'e. dditionall(, in a $uer

ountainou$ en%ironent, Marine$ a( e+perien'e area$ t*at are $no) 'o%ered and u$t efailiar )it* t*e effe't$ t*at $no) )ill *a%e on $pe'ifi' $ignaling de%i'e$.

a. 2(rote'*ni'$ . 2(rote'*ni'$ in'lude $tar 'lu$ter$ and $o&e grenade$. W*en u$ing$o&e grenade$ in $no) pa'&, $oe for of floatation u$t e u$ed. Wit*outfloatation, t*e $o&e grenade )ill $in& into t*e $no) pa'& and t*e $no) )ill a$orall $o&e. o'&et para'*ute flare$ and *and flare$ *a%e een $ig*ted a$ far a)a( a$

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35 ile$, )it* an a%erage of 10 ile$. 2(rote'*ni' flare$ are effe'ti%e at nig*t, utduring da(lig*t t*eir effe'ti%ene$$ i$ redu'ed ( 90 per'ent.

. M-14! 2en lare . T*e M-14! 2en lare i$ a $ignaling de%i'e 'arried in t*e %e$t of

're) '*ief$ and pilot$. R$%$%!$& ' ## '*$ +,- &/& ' #&$/-+ /- '*$ 3a&$.

'. Stroe 6ig*t . $troe lig*t i$ generall( 'arried in t*e flig*t %e$t$ of all 're) '*ief$and pilot$. #t 'an e u$ed at nig*t for $ignaling. Care u$t e ta&en at nig*t, e'au$ea pilot u$ing goggle$ a( not e ale to di$tingui$* a fla$*ing $troe fro *o$tile fire.T*erefore, an #.. 'ap $*ould e u$ed )*en po$$ile.

d. la$*lig*t . B( u$ing fla$*lig*t$, a Mor$e 'ode e$$age 'an e $ent. n SS di$tre$$'all 'on$i$t$ of $ending t*ree dot$, t*ree da$*e$, and t*ree dot$. 8eep repeating t*i$$ignal.

e. W*i$tle . T*e )*i$tle i$ u$ed in 'onun'tion )it* t*e audio international di$tre$$$ignal. #t i$ u$ed to 'ouni'ate )it* for'e$ on t*e ground.

f. :"2C-90 ; :"2C-11 . T*e :" 2C 90 $ur%i%al radio i$ a part of t*ea%iator or %oi'e. reuen'( for ot* i$ 282.8

& 4/#$, and 2".0 & !$a#-. Bot* of t*e$e freuen'ie$ are on t*e ?@ Band.

g. Aa(":ig*t lare . T*e da("nig*t flare i$ a good pea'etie $ur%i%al $ignal. T*e flarei$ for nig*t $ignaling )*ile t*e $o&e i$ for da(. T*e older %er$ion flare i$ identified( a red 'ap )it* t*ree nuin$ )*ile t*e ne) generation *a$ t*ree ring$ around t*eod( for identifi'ation during dar&ne$$. T*e flare urn$ for appro+iatel( 0 $e'ond)*ile t*e $o&e urn$ for appro+iatel( !0 $e'ond$.

NOTE n'e one end i$ u$ed up, dou$e in )ater to 'ool and $a%e t*e ot*er end for future u$e.

*. Signal Mirror . irror or an( $*in( oe't 'an e u$ed a$ a $ignaling de%i'e. #t 'ane u$ed a$ an( tie$ a$ needed. Mirror $ignal$ *a%e een dete'ted a$ far a)a( a$ 5ile$ and fro a$ *ig* a$ 1!,000D, alt*oug* t*e a%erage dete'tion di$tan'e i$ 5 ile$.#t 'an e 'on'entrated in one area, a&ing it $e'ure fro ene( o$er%ation. irror i$ t*e e$t $ignaling de%i'e for a $ur%i%or, ut it i$ onl( a$ effe'ti%e a$ it$ u$er.6earn *o) to u$e one no), efore (ou find (our$elf in a $ur%i%al $ituation.

=1> Militar( $ignal irror$ *a%e in$tru'tion$ on t*e a'& $*o)ing *o) to u$e it. #t

$*ould e &ept 'o%ered to pre%ent a''idental fla$*ing t*at a( e $een ( t*eene(.

=> n( $*in( etalli' oe't 'an e $u$tituted for a $ignal irror.

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=3> @aEe, ground fog, or a irage a( a&e it *ard for a pilot to $pot $ignal$fro a fla$*ing oe't. So, if po$$ile, get to t*e *ig*e$t point in (our area)*en fla$*ing. #f (ou 'an #t *a$ liited range unle$$ (ou u$e a de%i'e t*at )ill $ignifi'antl( proe't t*e$ound.

=> #t a( e *ard to pinpoint one$ lo'ation due to e'*oe$ or )ind.

=3> #nternational Ai$tre$$ Signal. (MSVX.02.18a) T*e $ur%i%or )ill a&e $i+la$t$ in one inute, returned ( t*ree la$t$ in one inute ( t*e re$'uer.

. Vi$ual . Vi$ual $ignal$ are generall( etter t*an audio $ignal$. T*e( )ill pinpoint(our lo'ation and 'an een $een at greater di$tan'e$ under good )eat*er 'ondition$.

=1> T*e %i$ual international di$tre$$ $(ol i$ re'ogniEed ( a $erie$ of t*ree

e%enl( $pa'ed ipro%i$ed $ignaling de%i'e$. (MSVX.02.18!)

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3. IMPROVISED SIGNALING DEVICES . (MSVX.2.6#). #pro%i$ed $ignaling de%i'e$ aregenerall( $tati' in nature. T*e( u$t e pla'ed in a po$ition to e $een ( re$'uer$. T*e( areade fro an( re$our'e$ a%ailale, )*et*er natural or an-ade.

a. So&e /enerator . T*e $o&e generator i$ an e+'ellent ipro%i$ed $ignaling de%i'e.

#t gi%e$ t*e $ur%i%or t*e fle+iilit( to $ignal in eit*er da( or nig*t 'ondition$. T*i$t(pe of $ignal *a$ een $ig*ted a$ far a)a( a$ 1 ile$, )it* an a%erage di$tan'e of 4ile$. So&e $ignal$ are o$t effe'ti%e in 'al )ind 'ondition$ or open terrain, uteffe'ti%ene$$ i$ redu'ed )it* )ind $peed$ ao%e 10 &not$. Build t*e a$ $oon a$tie and t*e $ituation perit$, and prote't t*e until needed.

=1> Con$tru't (our fire in a natural 'learing or along t*e edge of $trea$ =or a&ea 'learing>. Signal fire$ under den$e foliage )ill not e $een fro t*e air.

=> ind t)o log$, ! - 10 in'*e$ in diaeter, and appro+iatel( fi%e feet long.2la'e t*e t)o log$ parallel to ea'* ot*er )it* 3 F feet $pa'ing.

=3> /at*er enoug* $ti'&$, appro+iatel( t)o in'*e$ in diaeter and four feetlong, to la( a'ro$$ t*e fir$t t)o log$. T*i$ $er%e$ a$ a platfor for t*e fire.

=> /at*er enoug* 'opletel( dr( ran'*e$ to uild a p(raid fire. T*e p(raidfire $*ould e feet ( feet ( feet *ig*.

=5> 2la'e (our tinder under t*e platfor.

=!> /at*er enoug* pine oug* to la( on top of t*e p(raid fire. Gn$ure t*at (oulea%e a $all opening at t*e otto, allo)ing a''e$$ to t*e tinder. T*i$ )illallo) (ou to lig*t t*e tinder )it*out reo%ing t*e pine oug*.

=7> To lig*t, ignite t*e tinder t*roug* t*e opening at t*e otto. #f a%ailale,'on$tru't a tor'* to $peed up t*e lig*ting pro'e$$, e$pe'iall( for ultiple fire$.

=4> To 'reate a $o&e effe't during t*e da( lig*t *our$, pla'e t*e pine oug* ont*e ignited fire.

=9> 2la'ing a $o&e grenade or 'olored flare under t*e platfor )ill '*ange t*e'olor of t*e $o&e generated. eeer, (ou )ant t*e fire to dra) in t*e'olored $o&e )*i'* )ill 'reate a $o&e 'olor t*at 'ontra$t$ )it* t*e a'&ground )ill in'rea$e t*e '*an'e$ of $u''e$$.

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SMOE GENERATOR

. rrangeent or alteration of natural aterial$ . Su'* t*ing$ a$ t)ig$ or ran'*e$, 'ane traped into letter$ or $(ol$ in t*e $no) and filled in )it* 'ontra$tingaterial$. To attra't ore attention, ground $ignal$ $*ould e arranged in iggeoetri' pattern$.

=1> #nternational $(ol$ . T*e follo)ing $(ol$ are internationall( &no)n.

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOLS

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=1> S*ado)$ . #f no ot*er ean$ are a%ailale, (ou a( *a%e to 'on$tru't ound$t*at )ill u$e t*e $un to 'a$t $*ado)$. T*e$e ound$ $*ould e 'on$tru'ted inone of t*e #nternational Ai$tre$$ 2attern$. To e effe'ti%e, t*e$e $*ado)$ignal$ u$t e oriented to t*e $un to produ'e t*e e$t $*ado)$. #n area$ 'lo$eto t*e euator, a :ort*HSout* line gi%e$ a $*ado) an(tie e+'ept noon.

rea$ furt*er nort* or $out* of t*e euator reuire t*e u$e of Ga$tHWe$t lineor $oe point of t*e 'opa$$ in et)een to gi%e t*e e$t re$ult.

=> SiEe . T*e letter$ $*ould e large a$ po$$ile for a pilot or 're) to $pot. ?$et*e diagra elo) to in'orporate t*e $iEe to ratio for all letter $(ol$.

SI7E AND RATIO=3> Contra$t . W*en 'on$tru'ting letter $(ol$, 'ontra$t t*e letter fro t*e

$urrounding %egetation and terrain. #deall(, ring aterial fro anot*erlo'ation to uild t*e letter. T*i$ 'ould e 'lot*ing, air panel$, $pa'e lan&et,et'.

=a> n $no), pile pine oug* or u$e a $ea d(e ar&er fro an 622 =6ifepre$er%er, per$onal>. luore$'ent $ea d(e ar&er$ *a%e een $ig*ted a$far a)a( a$ 10 ile$, alt*oug* t*e a%erage dete'tion di$tan'e i$ 3ile$.

. AIR TO GROUND COMMUNICATIONS . ir to ground 'ouni'ation$ 'an ea''opli$*ed ( $tandard air'raft a'&no)ledgent$.

a. ir'raft )ill indi'ate t*at ground $ignal$ *a%e een $een and under$tood (

=1> o'&ing )ing$ fro $ide to $ide . T*i$ 'an e done during t*e da( or inrig*t oonlig*t.

. ir'raft )ill indi'ate t*at ground $ignal$ *a%e een $een ut -'under$tood (

=1> Ma&ing a 'oplete, 'lo'&)i$e 'ir'le during t*e da( or in rig*t oonlig*t.

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5. RECOVERY . Marine$ trapped e*ind ene( line$ in future 'onfli't$ a( not e+perien'eui'& re'o%er(. Marine$ a( *a%e to o%e to a pla'e t*at iniiEe$ ri$& to t*e re'o%er(for'e. :o atter )*at $ignaling de%i'e a Marine u$e$, *e u$t ta&e re$pon$iilit( for

a+iiEing t*e re'o%er( for'e $ta'le$ and arrier$.

=> oad$ and trail$.

=3> #n*aited area$.

=> Water)a($ and ridge$.

=5> :atural line$ of drift.

=!> Man-ade $tru'ture$.

=7> ll 'i%ilian and ilitar( per$onnel.

. Ta'ti'al Con$ideration . T*e follo)ing ta'ti'al 'on$ideration$ $*ould e ad*ered toprior to eplo(ing an( ipro%i$ed $ignaling de%i'e.

=1> ?$e t*e $ignal$ in a anner t*at )ill not eopardiEe t*e $afet( of t*e re'o%er(

for'e or (ou.

=> 6o'ate a po$ition t*at afford$ o$er%ation of t*e $ignaling de%i'e, a%enue$ ofapproa'* and pro%ide$ 'on'ealed a%enue$ of e$'ape =if dete'ted ( ene(for'e$>. 2o$ition $*ould e lo'ated relati%el( 'lo$e to e+tra't $ite in order toiniiEe Itie $pent on groundI ( t*e re'o%er( for'e.

=3> Maintain 'ontinuou$ $e'urit( t*roug* %i$ual $'anning and li$tening )*ile$ignaling de%i'e$ are eplo(ed. #f )eapon $($te$ are a%ailale, $ignalingde%i'e$ $*ould e 'o%ered ( fire and"or o$er%ation.

=> #f ene( o%eent i$ dete'ted in t*e area, attept to re'o%er t*e $ignalingde%i'e, if po$$ile.

=5> Gplo( ipro%i$ed $ignaling de%i'e$ onl( during t*e pre$'ried tie$, ifriefed in t*e i$$ion order.

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'. e'o%er( Ae%i'e$ . (MSVX.2.6) #n ountainou$ terrain, a *eli'opter landing a(e ipo$$ile due to ground $lope, $no) pa'&, or %egetation. T*e $ur%i%or u$t efailiar )it* re'o%er( de%i'e$ t*at a( e aoard t*e air'raft.

JUNGLE PENETRATOR

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SLING HOISTd. e'o%er( ( ot*er t*an air'raft . e'o%er( ( ean$ ot*er t*an air'raft a( o''ur.

?nit S2 d%an'ing . #ndi%idual$ i$olated in front of ad%an'ing friendl( unit$$*ould iediatel( ta&e 'o%er and )ait for t*e friendl( unit$ too%errun t*eir po$ition.

='> etreating . #ndi%idual$ et)een oppo$ing for'e$ $*ould iediatel(ta&e 'o%er and )ait for ene( unit$ to pa$$ o%er t*eir po$ition. ftero$t ene( unit$ *a%e o%ed on, e%ader$ $*ould tr( to lin& up )it*ot*er i$olated friendl( eleent$ and return to friendl( for'e$.

=3> 6in&-up )it* friendl( patrol$ . ?nit aut*enti'ation nuer$ and"or lo'all(de%eloped 'ode$ a( a$$i$t t*e e%ader to $afel( a&e 'onta't in or around t*eGB and )*en approa'*ed ( friendl( for'e$.

GGG:CG

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1. M 1-7!, Sur%i%al, 199

. J2 3-50.1, :ational S Manual Volue ##, 1991

3. J2 3-50.3, G%a$ion and e'o%er(, 199!

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23 Con%in*ed tat re$*ue i$ not *o'ing.

*. #f te de*i$ion i$ to tra%el, te follo+ing 'u$t al$o e *on$idered

21 Wi* dire*tion to tra%el and +(.

2 Wat plan i$ to e follo+ed.

23 Wat euip'ent $ould e ta&en.

2 6o+ to 'ar& te trail.

25 redi*ted +eater.

d. #f te ta*ti*al $ituation per'it$ lea%e te follo+ing infor'ation at te departure point

21 8eparture ti'e.

2 8e$tination.

23 oute of tra%el!dire*tion.

2 er$onal *ondition.

25 :%ailale $upplie$.

2. DATIME SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

a. Sun Mo%e'ent . #t i$ generall( ta&en for granted tat te $un ri$e$ in te ea$t and $et$ in te+e$t. Ti$ rule of tu', o+e%er, i$ uite 'i$leading. #n fa*t, depending on an o$er%er;$latitude and te $ea$on, te $un *ould ri$e and $et up to 50 degree$ off of true ea$t and +e$t.

. Te follo+ing diagra' and ter'$ are e$$ential to under$tanding o+ te $un and $tar$ *anelp to deter'ine dire*tion

P*+,+- & ,$ S/- a, E/+- a-" S*,+$

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*. Sun;$ Mo%e'ent . (MSVX.02.07b) :$ refle*ted in te diagra' ao%e, te eart*ontinuou$l( 'o%e$ in a *(*le fro' $ol$ti*e to euino)4 trougout ea* da(, o+e%er, te$un appear$ to tra%el$ in a unifor' ar* a*ro$$ te $&( fro' $unri$e to $un$et. =)a*tl( alf-+a( along it$ dail( >ourne(, te $un +ill e dire*tl( $out of an o$er%er 2or nort if teo$er%er i$ in te Soutern 6e'i$pere. Ti$ rule 'a( not appl( to o$er%er$ in te tropi*$2et+een 3.5 degree$ nort and $out latitude or in te polar region$ 2"0 degree$ latitude.#t i$ at ti$ point tat $ado+$ +ill appear teir $orte$t. Te ti'e at +i* ti$ o**ur$ i$

referred to a$ ?lo*al apparent noon.@

d. o*al :pparent /oon . Wene%er u$ing an( t(pe of $ado+ *a$ting de%i*e to deter'inedire*tion, ?lo*al apparent noon@ 2or te $un;$ ige$t point during te da( 'u$t e &no+n.o*al apparent noon *an e deter'ined ( te follo+ing 'etod$.

21 Ano+ing $unri$e and $un$et fro' 'i$$ion order$, i.e., $unri$e 0"30 and $un$et 1930.Ta&e te total a'ount of da(ligt 213 our$, di%ide ( 2" our$ 30 'inute$, andadd to $unri$e 20"30 plu$ " our$ 30 'inute$. Ba$ed on ti$ e)a'ple, lo*al apparentnoon +ould e 1300.

2 $ing te $tring 'etod. Te $tring 'etod i$ u$ed to find t+o euidi$tant 'ar&$efore and after e$ti'ated lo*al apparent noon. Te *enter point et+een te$e t+o'ar&$ repre$ent$ lo*al apparent noon.

e. Sun;$ Bearing . (MSVX.02.07) Wit an under$tanding of te $un;$ dail( 'o%e'ent, a$+ell a$ it$ $ea$onal pat$, a te*niue i$ deri%ed tat +ill deter'ine te true earing of te$un at $unri$e and $un$et. Wit te aid of a *ir*ular na%igational *art, +e *an a**uratel(na%igate a$ed on te $un;$ true earing

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21 8eter'ine te $un;$ 'a)i'u' a'plitude at (our operating latitude u$ing te topportion of te *art.

2 S*ale te *enter a$eline of te *art +ere 0 appear$ a$ te 'iddle nu'er4 +rite inte 'a)i'u' a'plitude at te e)tre'e nort and $out end$ of te a$eline.

23 Continue to $*ale te a$eline4 (ou $ould di%ide te a$eline into " to 10 ti*& 'ar&$tat repre$ent eual di%i$ion$ of te 'a)i'u' a'plitude.

2 ro' toda(;$ date along te *ir*u'feren*e, dra+ a $traigt line do+n until itinter$e*t$ te a$eline.

25 Te nu'er ti$ line inter$e*t$ i$ toda(;$ $olar a'plitude. #f te nu'er i$ left of 0,it i$ a ?nort@ a'plitude4 if te nu'er i$ rigt of 0, it i$ a ?$out@ a'plitude. $ete for'ula at te otto' of te *art to deter'ine te $un;$ earing at $unri$e or $un$et.

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C+/a Na4+5a,+-a Ca,

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f. Sado+ Sti*& Con$tru*tion . Ti$ te*niue +ill a*ie%e a *ardinal dire*tion +itin 10degree$ of a**ura*( if done +itin t+o our$ of lo*al apparent noon. Dn*e again, ti$te*niue 'a( e i'pra*ti*al near te polar region$ a$ $ado+$ tend to e %er( long4$i'ilarl(, in te tropi*$ $ado+$ are generall( %er( $'all.

21 Eet a $traigt, 3-" foot $ti*& free of ran*e$ and pointed at te end$ and 3-5 $'all'ar&er$ i.e., $ti*&$, ro*&$, or nail$.

2 la*e te $ti*& uprigt in te ground and 'ar& te $ado+ tip +it a 'ar&er.

23 Wait 10-15 'inute$ and 'ar& $ado+ tip again +it a 'ar&er.

2 epeat ti$ until all of te 'ar&er$ are u$ed.

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SHADO6 STIC METHOD

25 Te 'ar&er$ +ill for' a We$tF=a$t line.

2" ut (our left foot on te fir$t 'ar&er and (our rigt foot on te la$t 'ar&er,(ou +ill ten e fa*ing nort.

3. POCET NAVIGATOR . (6SV.2.7" Te onl( 'aterial reuired i$ a $'all pie*e of paperor oter flat-$urfa*e 'aterial upon +i* to dra+ te tra*e of $ado+ tip$ and a 1 to in*pin, nail, t+ig, +ooden 'at*$ti*&, or oter $u* de%i*e to $er%e a$ a $ado+-*a$ting rod.

a. Set ti$ tin( rod uprigt on (our flat pie*e of 'aterial $o tat te $un +ill *au$e it to

*a$t a $ado+. Mar& te po$ition +ere te a$e of te rod $it$ $o it *an e returned tote $a'e $pot for later reading$. Se*ure te 'aterial $o tat it +ill not 'o%e and 'ar&te po$ition of te 'aterial +it $tring, pele$, or t+ig$, $o tat if (ou a%e to 'o%ete paper (ou *an put it a*& e)a*tl( a$ it +a$. /o+, 'ar& te tip of te rodG$$ado+.

. :$ te $un 'o%e$, te $ado+-tip 'o%e$. Ma&e repeated $ado+-tip 'ar&ing$ e%er(15 'inute$. :$ (ou 'a&e te 'ar&$ of te $ado+ tip, en$ure tat (ou +rite do+n teti'e$ of te point$.

*. :t te end of te da(, *onne*t te $ado+-tip 'ar&ing$. Te re$ult +ill nor'all( e a*ur%ed line. Te *lo$er to te %ernal or autu'nal euino)e$ 2Mar* 1 and Septe'er3 te le$$ pronoun*ed te *ur%ature +ill e. #f it i$ not *on%enient or te ta*ti*al$ituation doe$ not per'it to ta&e a full da(G$ $ado+-tip 'ar&ing$, (our o$er%ation*an e *ontinued on $u$euent da($ ( orienting te po*&et na%igator on te ground$o tat te $ado+-tip i$ aligned +it a pre%iou$l( plotted point.

d. Te 'ar&ing$ 'ade at te $unG$ ige$t point during te da(, or $olar noon, i$ tenortF$out line. Te dire*tion of nort $ould e indi*ated +it an arro+ on tena%igator a$ $oon a$ it i$ deter'ined. Ti$ nort-$out line i$ dra+n fro' te a$e ofte rod to te 'ar& 'ade at $olar noon. Ti$ line i$ te $orte$t line tat *an e dra+nfro' te a$e of te pin to te $ado+-tip *ur%e.

e. To u$e (our po*&et na%igator, old it $o tat +it te $ado+-tip i$ aligned +it aplotted point at te $pe*ified point. i.e.4 if it i$ no+ 0900 te $ado+-tip 'u$t ealigned +it tat point. Ti$ +ill en$ure tat (our po*&et na%igator i$ le%el. Tedra+n arro+ i$ no+ oriented to true nort, fro' +i* (ou *an orient (our$elf to an(

de$ired dire*tion of tra%el.

f. Te po*&et na%igator +ill +or& all da( and +ill not e out of date for appro)i'atel(one +ee&.

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POCET NAVIGATOR

!. NIGHTTIME SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

a. Mar& /ort . To aid (ou in na%igating at nigt, it i$ enefi*ial to +at* +ere te $un

goe$ do+n. #f (ouGre going to $tart 'o%ing after dar& 'ar& te norterl( dire*tion.

. o*ating te /ort Star . Tere are t+o 'etod$ u$ed in lo*ating te /ort Star.

(MSVX.02.07$)

21 $ing te Big 8ipper 2Ursa Major. Te e$t indi*tor$ are te t+o Hdipper$ H.Te /ort Star i$ te la$t $tar in te andle of te little dipper, +i* i$ notte ea$ie$t *on$tellation to find. 6o+e%er, te Big 8ipper i$ one of te 'o$tpro'inent *on$tellation$ in te /ortern 6e'i$pere. Te t+o lo+e$t $tar$ ofte Big 8ipperG$ *up a*t a$ pointer$ to te /ort Star. #f (ou line up te$e t+o$tar$, te( 'a&e a $traigt line tat run$ dire*tl( to te /ort Star. Te

di$tan*e to te /ort Star along ti$ line i$ 5 ti'e$ tat et+een te t+opointer $tar$.

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2 $ing Ca$$iopeia 2Big M or W. 8ra+ a line $traigt out fro' te *enter $tar,appro)i'atel( alf te di$tan*e to te Big 8ipper. Te /ort Star +ill elo*ated tere.

LOCATING THE NORTH STAR

NOTE Be*au$e te Big 8ipper and Ca$$iopeia rotate around te /ort Star, te( +ill notal+a($ appear in te $a'e po$ition in te $&(. #n te iger latitude$, te /ort Star i$ le$$effe*ti%e for te purpo$e of orienting e*au$e it appear$ iger in te $&(. :t te *enter of te:r*ti* *ir*le, it +ould e dire*tl( o%eread, and all dire*tion$ lead Sout.

*. Soutern Cro$$ . #n te Soutern 6e'i$pere, olari$ i$ not %i$ile. Tere, teSoutern Cro$$ i$ te 'o$t di$tin*ti%e *on$tellation. :n i'aginar( line troug telong a)i$ of te Soutern Cro$$, or True Cro$$, point$ to+ard$ a dar& $pot de%oid of$tar$ appro)i'atel( tree degree$ off$et fro' te Sout ole. Te True Cro$$ $ouldnot e *onfu$ed +it te larger *ro$$ near( &no+ a$ te al$e Cro$$, +i* i$ le$$rigt, 'ore +idel( $pa*ed, and a$ fi%e $tar$. Te True Cro$$ *an e *onfir'ed (t+o *lo$el( $pa*ed, %er( rigt $tar$ tat trail eind te *ro$$ pie*e. Te$e t+o $tar$are often ea$ier to pi*& out tan te *ro$$ it$elf. oo& for te'. T+o of te $tar$ inte True Cro$$ are a'ong te rigte$t $tar$ in te ea%en$4 te( are te $tar$ on te

$outern and ea$tern ar'$. Te $tar$ on te nortern and +e$tern ar'$ are not a$*on$pi*uou$, ut are rigt.

N,$8 Te i'aginar( point depi*ted in te pi*ture i$ te dar& $pot de%oid of $tar$.

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SOUTHERN CROSS

d. Moon /a%igator . i&e te $un, te 'oon ri$e$ in te ea$t and $et$ in te +e$t. $ete $a'e 'etod of te $ado+ $ti*& a$ (ou did during te da(.

5. IMPROVISED COMPASSES . Tere are tree i'pro%i$ed te*niue$ to *on$tru*t a*o'pa$$.

a. S(nteti* te*niue . Te reuired ite'$ are a pie*e of $(nteti* 'aterial, 2i.e.,para*ute *lot, and a $'all pie*e of iron or $teel tat i$ long, tin, and ligt.:lu'inu' or (ello+ 'etal$ +onGt +or& 2onl( ting$ tat ru$t +ill do. : pin orneedle i$ perfe*t, ut a $traigtened paper *lip, pie*e of $teel aling +ire, or ared

+ire *ould al$o +or&.

21 Stro&e te needle repeatedl( in one dire*tion again$t te $(nteti* 'aterial.=n$ure tat (ou lift te 'aterial a fe+ in*e$ up into te air at te end of ea*$tro&e, returning to te eginning of te needle efore de$*ending for anoter

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$tro&e in te $a'e dire*tion. 8o ti$ appro)i'atel( 30 $tro&e$. Ti$ +ill'agnetiJe te needle.

2 loat te 'etal on $till +ater u$ing alled up paper, +ood *ip, or leaf.Eater $o'e +ater in a non-'agneti* *ontainer or a $*ooped out re*e$$ in te

ground, $u* a$ a puddle. 8o not u$e a Htin *anH +i* i$ 'ade of $teel. 2:nalu'inu' *an +ould e fine. la*e te float on te +ater, ten te 'etal onit. #t +ill $lo+l( turn to orient it$elf.

. Magnet te*niue . Kou +ill a*ie%e te $a'e re$ult$ ( u$ing a 'agnet. ollo+ te$a'e $tep$ a$ (ou did +it te $(nteti* 'aterial. Te 'agnet$ (ou are 'o$t li&el( toa%e a%ailale to (ou are to$e in a $pea&er or eadpone$ of a radio.

*. MagnetiJation troug a atter( . : po+er $our*e of %olt$ or 'ore fro' a atter(*an e u$ed +it a $ort lengt of in$ulated +ire to 'agnetiJe 'etal. Coil te +irearound a needle. #f te +ire i$ non-in$ulated, +rap te needle +it paper or *ardoard.:tta* te end$ to te atter( ter'inal$ for 5 'inute$.

d. :$$o*iated prole'$ +it i'pro%i$ed *o'pa$$e$ . Te follo+ing are *o''onprole'$ +it all i'pro%i$ed *o'pa$$e$.

21 Soft $teel tend$ to lo$e it$ 'agneti$' fairl( ui*&l(, $o (ou +ill a%e tode'agnetiJe (our needle o**a$ionall(, toug (ou $ould not a%e to do ti$'ore tan t+o or tree ti'e$ a da(.

2 Te$t (our *o'pa$$ ( di$turing it after it $ettle$. 8o ti$ $e%eral ti'e$. #f it

return$ to te $a'e align'ent, (ouGre DA. #t +ill e lined up nort and $out,

,/5 9/ :+ a4$ , "$,$;+-$ b9 ,$ ;$a-* :+ $-" +* -,.

U*$ ,$ */-< *,a*< a-9 ,$ -a,/a *+5-* +- ,$ a$a.

23 e'e'er, ti$ +ill gi%e 'agneti* nort. #n e)tre'e nortern lattitude$, tede*lination angle *an e e)tre'e.

". NATURAL NAVIGATION.

a. ind out +ere te pre%ailing +ind$ originate.

. Sun;$ pat in /ortern 6e'i$pere i$ S=-SW

1. Bend in tree$ e*au$e of pre%ailing +ind$.

. Sapling Coloration +iter on one $ide, dar&er green on te oter. Te $unn( $ide2$out $ide +ill *au$e te tree to turn +iti$ +i* i$ a natural $un$*reen. Wite+ill e on te SW to S= $ide of te tree. i*& one tat i$ in te open, e)po$ed to teele'ent$ all da(.

3. 6otte$t $ide of a $lope +ill enan*e gro+t ti*&er %egetation te SW $ide.

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.. Sno+ 'elt on one pro'inent $ide of te tree 'elt!freeJe +ill indi*ate te $out $ide.

5. Blea* o*& te $un;$ ra($ a$ a lea*ing effe*t, ligter $ide +ill e to te $out.D%iou$l( +ite ro*&$ are >u$t +ite ro*&$.

*. oo& for 'ore tan one $ign to *onfir' (our dire*tion.

7. SURVIVAL NAVIGATION TECHNI=UES

a. /a%igator .

21 ='plo( a na%igation 'etod.

2 ind te *ardinal dire*tion.

23 i*& a $teering 'ar& in te de$ired dire*tion of tra%el.

. Maintain a og . Te po$$iilit( 'a( ari$e +en (ou +ill not a%e a 'ap of te area.: log +ill de*rea$e te *an*e of +al&ing in *ir*le$.

21 Con$tru*tion.

2a $e an( 'aterial a%ailale to (ou i.e., paper, *loting, M= o), et*.

2 8ra+ a field $&et* annotating /ort, pro'inent terrain feature$, andfriendl(!ene'( po$ition.

2 Maintenan*e.

2a :nnotate di$tan*e tra%eled, ele%ation gained and lo$t, and *ardinaldire*tion$.

2 Maintain and update field $&et* a$ 'o%e'ent progre$$e$.

2* =n$ure readailit( of (our field $&et*. 2i.e.4 donGt *lutter te $&et* $o'u* tat it *anGt e read.

*. 8uring Mo%e'ent Con$tantl( efer To .

21 og.

2 Steering 'ar&$.

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d. :*tion$ #f Kou Be*o'e o$t .

21 #''ediate a*tion

2a Drient (our $&et*. Ti$ +ill proal( 'a&e (our 'i$ta&e o%iou$.

2 Corre*ti%e a*tion

2a Ba*&tra*& u$ing $teering 'ar&$ until (ou a%e deter'ined te lo*ationof (our error.

2 e-orient (our $&et*.

2* Sele*t dire*tion of tra%el and *ontinue to 'ar*.

===/C=

1. M 1-7", Sur%i%al, 199.

. :M "-5, Sur%i%al, 19"9.

3. 8a%id Seid'ond, Te =$$ential Wilderne$$ /a%igator, 1995.

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STUDENT HANDOUT

SURVIVAL TRAPS AND SNARES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE $n a %ur&i&al %ituation, and gi&en a %ur&i&al 'it,

e(plo) a trap or %nare, in a**ordan*e +it te referen*e%. (MSVX.02.08)


(1) Witout te aid of referen*e%, li%t in +riting te general *on%ideration% to ta'e ga(e,

in a**ordan*e +it te referen*e%. (MSVX.02.08a)

(2) Witout te aid of referen*e%, li%t in +riting te general te*niue% to ta'e ga(e, in

a**ordan*e +it te referen*e%. (MSVX.02.08b)

(3) Witout te aid of referen*e%, li%t in +riting te reuire(ent% for %naring, in

a**ordan*e +it te referen*e%. (MSVX.02.08)

(!) Witout te aid of referen*e%, e(plo) a %nare, in a**ordan*e +it te referen*e%.

(MSVX.02.08")

(#) Witout te aid of referen*e%, li%t in +riting te t)pe% of trigger%, in a**ordan*e +it

te referen*e%. (MSVX.02.08$)

(%) Witout te aid of referen*e%, e(plo) a trap, in a**ordan*e +it te referen*e%.

(MSVX.02.08&)

(') Witout te aid of referen*e%, e(plo) a noi%e produ*ing pat guard, in a**ordan*e

+it te referen*e%. (MSVX.02.08)

OUTLINE

1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS TO TAE GAME (MSVX.02.08a)

a. eneral Con%ideration% . /no+ing a fe+ general int% and tip% +ill (a'e tetrapping of ani(al% ea%ier and *on%ideral) (ore effe*ti&e. Mo%t of te%e*on%ideration% relate to te a(u% (entalit)2. Tin' aout ea* *on%ideration a% if)ou are planning an a(u% of an ene() unit. Te eigt general *on%ideration% tota'e ga(e are

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41 /no+ )our ga(e . /no+ing te ait% of te ani(al )ou +ant to trap or%nare +ill elp in*rea%e )our *an*e%. Su* ting% a% +en and +ere te)(o&e, feed, and +ater +ill elp )ou deter(ine +ere te %et *an e (o%teffe*ti&el) pla*ed.

4 /eep ting% %i(ple . 6ou dont a&e ti(e in a %ur&i&al %ituation to *on%tru*telaorate %et% and te) do not ne*e%%aril) do a etter 8o.

43 la*e %et% in te rigt pla*e . :ni(al% +ill tra&el and %top in *ertain lo*ation%.Tat i% +ere to uild %et%.

4; Co&er up )our %*ent . :ni(al% +ill a&oid a %et, +i* %(ell% treatening orunu%ual to te( 4i.e., u(an %*ent or .% fro( euip(ent or *loting.

4a Man lea&e% a %*ent troug te pore% of te %'in ) te %+eat gland%.?%e an odorle%% *onta*t glo&e +en uilding a %et. $t (a) ta'e up totree da)% for )our %*ent to di%%ipate if (ade +itout glo&e%.

4 Certain oot %ole% and *loting (a) lea&e a %*ent, generall) ti% *an edete*ted ) te u(an no%e. $f noti*ed, atte(pt to (a%' te %*ent +it%(o'e fro( )our fire

45 ?%e te rigt t)pe of %et . Certain %et% +or' etter tan oter% do for aparti*ular ani(al.

4# ?%e te *orre*t euip(ent . ?%ing te *orre*t euip(ent i% para(ount to

%u**e%%. Ti% in*lude% te +eigt of te lifting de&i*e in proportion to te

ani(al>% +eigt, te *ordage or +ire to old te ani(al>% %trengt, and triggerten%ion.

47 Ce*' trap% . Ce*' )our trap% t+i*e dail) (orning and e&ening. Ce*'ing)our trap% le%% tan t+i*e a da) *an allo+ )our ga(e to e%*ape, rot, or eta'en ) oter predator%.

4! =ure )our %et% . =ure% +ill add to )our *an*e% of %u**e%%. Certain lure% areappropriate at *ertain ti(e% of te )ear, depending upon te ani(al de%ired.=ure% fall into four different *ategorie%

4a Bait =ure%.

4 Call =ure% 4te%e are audio de&i*e%.

4* land or Territorial =ure%.

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4d Curio%it) =ure%.

. GENERAL TECHNI*UES TO TAE GAME. (MSVX.02.08b) : general te*niue i%te (etod in +i* te trap i% intended to 'ill te ani(al. Te a*ron)( @S$C/@ i% u%eful inlearning te%e te*niue%.

41 S- Strangle . Ti% (etod %trangle% te ani(al, %u* a% a %nare.

4 $- $(pale . Ti% (etod pu%e% a %ta'e troug te ani(al, %u* a% a %pi'eddead fall.

43 C- Cru% . Ti% (etod *ru%e% te ani(al, %u* a% a deadfall for a*ip(un'.

4; /- /no*' . Ti% (etod 'no*'% a larger ani(al un*on%*iou%, %u* a% adeadfall.

3. SNARE NOMENCLATURE AND IMPROVISED SNARES : %nare in noting (oretan a pie*e of +ire, rope, or *ord +it a loop at one end, +i* tigten% do+n aroundani(al>% ne*'. Snare% are (u* ea%ier and le%% ti(e *on%u(ing to *on%tru*t tan trap%, +ileprodu*ing etter re%ult%.

41 Wire. :ltoug %nare% *an e u%ed +it rope or *ord, te) are le%% effe*ti&e tan +ire.Wire %ould a&e (e(or) and re%i%t 'in'ing. :ir*raft *ale t)pe 7A7, in %ie% 1"1# to 3"! in*%ould e u%ed. Ti% t)pe of +ire pre&ent% ani(al *e+ out and re%i%t% rea'age. e(e(er tat)ou +ant te %(alle%t dia(eter *ale *apale of olding te ani(al.

4 =o*'ing de&i*e. : lo*'ing de&i*e i% i(perati&e for a %nare to +or' properl). =o*'ingde&i*e% %e*ure te %nare around te ani(al>% ne*'. Tere are %e&eral (etod% a&ailale for alo*'ing de&i*e.

COMMERCIAL BENT +ASHER

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NOT

;. SNARING . $n an) en&iron(ent, %naring i% te (o%t effe*ti&e (ean% to ta'e ga(e. : %narein noting (ore tan a pie*e of +ire, rope, or *ord +it a loop at one end +i* tigten%

do+n around an ani(al% ne*'. Snare% are (u* ea%ier and le%% ti(e *on%u(ing to *on%tru*ttan trap%, +ile produ*ing etter re%ult%.

a. euire(ent% for %naring (MSVX.02.08) Tere are tree reuire(ent% tooeffe*ti&el) e(plo) %nare%. Te) are lo*ation, pre%entation, and *on%tru*tion.

. =o*ation . =o*ation i% para(ount to %u**e%%. Te follo+ing guide *an a%%i%t )ou.

41 Co)ote%, DoAe%, and Badger. :long rarel) tra&eled road%, fire lane%, irrigationdit*e%, fen*e line%, in %addle%, along ridge top%, (eado+ order%, )*ar*a%%e%.

4 Bo*at and =)nA. :t a%e% of *liff% and large ro*' fa*e%E on ridge% and %addle*ro%%ingE along %trea( otto(%. Cat% need %e*urit) %o rarel) get far fro( tree%or ru%, or e%*ape *o&er.

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47 Bea&er and Mu%'rat. :round te food *a*e under te i*e.4! ait%. $n ti*' +illo+ %tand% along run% and trail%.

*. re%entation . re%entation i% te t)pe of %et for te intended ani(al. Cuie %et +or'%+ell for o*at, ra**oon, (arten, fi%er, opo%%u(, and %'un' +ile trail %et% +or'

+ell for *o)ote, foA, (in', and rait.

d. Con%tru*tion . Con%tru*tion i% te a*tual uilding of te %et.

41 : %plit %ti*' i% utilied to %upport te %nare and en%ure te %nare fire%properl). Te %plit %ti*' *an e eiter green or %ea%oned +ood. Fo+e&er, te%nare (u%t not %lip troug te %plit. Te lo*'ing de&i*e (u%t e neAt to te %plit%ti*'. Te %plit %ti*' (u%t e %e*urel) pla*ed in te ground. 4 $f )ou are utiliing a+eigted %nare te lo*'ing de&i*e (a) e in te 1 o>*lo*' po%ition.

4 Te %nare (u%t e an*ored or atta*ed to a drag.

43 Te %nare (u%t e ,-a"$" %o it +ill fire ui*'l).

4; =oop %ie. : *orre*tl) e(plo)ed %nare +ill a&e te %nare olding te ani(alaround te ne*'. =oop %ie i% pla*ed on te %nare a**ording to te intendedani(al. Too large +ill re%ult in a od) or leg *at*, re%ulting in po%%ile *e+ outor rea'age. Too %(all +ill enale te ani(al to for*e te %nare to te %ide,re%ulting in a (i%%. :dditionall), te loop (u%t e pla*ed +it %pe*ifi* ground*learan*e. $deall), te otto( of te loop %ould it te intended ani(al *e%tig. Te %nare trigger i% tat part of te loop +i* it% te ani(al% *e%t.

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:G$M:= G


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4* Curio%it) =ure%.-Single feater, ird +ing, pie*e of fur tied and %u%pended under a tree li( and allo+ed to freel) (o&e +it te reee.

5. SNARE SETS. (MSVX.02.08") :ltoug tere are nu(erou% idea% to e(plo) %nare%, ereare a fe+.

TRAIL SET

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CUBBIE SET

DEN SET

VARIOUS LOG SETS

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#. IMPROVISED TRAPS. $(pro&i%ed trap% are (ade fro( a &ariet) of (aterial%. Te%e trap%are de%igned to old or 'ill ani(al% ) u%e of %o(e t)pe of a*tion. Ti% a*tion i% generall) *au%ed) eiter a +eigt or %pring loaded de&i*e.

a. Trigger% . (MSVX.02.08$) Tere are tree a%i* trigger% u%ed for all trap% andpatguard%. Jepending on te %ituation, &ariation% of te%e trigger% *an e u%ed. Te'e) to all i(pro&i%ed trap% i% te trigger %)%te(.

41 Modified uite figure ; . Te uite deadfall reuire% a 'nife and pie*e of *ord

to *on%tru*t. $t i% de%igned to (angle %(all rodent%. Te trigger for tedeadfall i% te (odified uite figure ;.

MODIIED PUITE DEADALL4 Toggle .

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43 ?ni&er%al .

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1_usmc summer survival manual

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