1. THE EARTHSENVELOPE OF WATER

2. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conservations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 3. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conservations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 4. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conservations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 5. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conservations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 6. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 7. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 8. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 9. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 10. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 11. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 12. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 13. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 14. Class Expectations You can show respect by Listening when the teacher or others are talking. One speaker at a time, please raise your hand. Please no cross-room conversations during worktime. You can be responsible by Staying organized and avoiding distraction. Staying focused on task completion. You can make good choices by Attending class regularly Doing your best and never giving up. Be Safe! First, last, and always. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 15. Remember! Working hard and earning a strong educationwill help you reach your hopes and dreams. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 16. 9.1 The earths water supply.9.2 Water in the ground.9.3 Rivers.9.4 Oceans.9.5Waves,Tides and Currents.9.6 The depth of the sea.9.7 Deep-sea exploration. 17. Global Environment AwarenessLectured by: Leonard Vincent credoPresented by: Group 7 18. Table of Contents1.Water The Definition2.Water Forms and Distribution3.Types of Water Uses4.Water Availability5.Fresh Water Shortage6.Water Use Problems and Conflicts7.Increase Water Supply8.Watershed Management9.Multipurpose Water Resource Management10. Conclusion and Recommendation 19 19. 1. Water The Definition Water is a marvelous substance which can be beautiful, powerful and destructive.20 20. 1.1. Water Physical AttributesWater is found in three states LiquidSolid Gas21 21. 1.2. Hydrologic Cycle22 22. 2. Water Forms and DistributionAbout 71% of the earths surface is covered with water.23 23. 2. Water Forms and DistributionSource: Environmental Science A Global Concern,Water Use and Management24 24. 2.1. Oceans Is the largest area and volume of water. Contain more than 97% of the earths water. Contain an average of 35g salt per liter. Can be used after being desalinated.25 25. 2.2. Ice and Snow Contain almost 90% of freshwater. Is as much as 2km thick. Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland(10%), and other snow mountain (5%).26 26. 2.3. Groundwater Groundwater is water in the rock and soil layerbeneath Earths surface. Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground. Return to lakes, streams, rivers and/or marshes. Is readily available for use and drinking. 27 27. 2.4. Lakes Lakes are created from variety of geological events: Tectonic-basin lake Volcanic lake Glacial lake Groundwater-discharge lake Lakes generate water from: Collection of water in low areas Natural or man-made dam(s) Rivers and streams Groundwater 28 28. 2.4. Lakes (cont.) Freshwater lakes Contribute 91,000km3 (about0.007% of total Earths water) Provide water for agriculturalirrigation, industrial processes,municipal uses and residentialwater supplies. Major freshwater lakes: CaspianSea (Central Asia), Baikal Lake(Russia), Tanganyika Lake(Eastern Africa), Lake Superior(U.S), and Malawi Lake (EasternAfrica)29 29. 2.4. Lakes (cont.) Saline lakes Possess 85,000km3 (about0.006% of total Earths water) Saline lakes water cannot beused due to high salinity.The Great Salt Lake Major saline lakes: Caspian Sea(Central Asia), The Great SaltLake (U.S.), The Dead Sea(between Jordan & Israel), andAral Sea (between Kazakhstanand Uzbekistan).The Dead Sea30 30. 2.5. Rivers and Streams Rivers and streams are bodies of flowing surfacewater driven by gravity. Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about0.6% of liquid fresh water surface and around0.0002% of the Earths water.) 31 31. 2.5. Rivers and Streams (cont.)Worlds Major Rivers (based on average annual discharge)Source: Environmental Science A Global Concern,Water Use and Management 32 32. 2.6. Wetlands and Soil Moisture Wetland are areas of land where water covers thesurface for at least part of the year. They are not as important as lakes and rivers forwater storage. However, they play vital roles in: Erosion protection Flood reduction Groundwater replenishment Trapping nutrient and sediment Water purification Providing fish and wildlife habitat33 33. 5.7. Atmosphere Atmosphere contains about 0.001% of total Earthswater. It is around 4% of air volume in the atmosphere. Movement of water through atmosphere providemechanism for distributing freshwater to terrestrial reservoir (in form of rain, snow, hail). 34 34. 3. Types of Water Uses Off-Stream Uses In-Stream Uses Agriculture Hydropower Thermoelectric Navigation Industrial Recreation Mining Ecosystem Support Domestic Commercial 35 35. 3. Types of Water Uses Basic Assumption (by UN Water) World Water Use IrrigationIndustry Domestic8% 22%70% Source: World Water AssessmentSource: Food and Agriculture Program (WWAP)Organization (FAO)36 36. 3. Types of Water UsesChina 2008 Water Resource Report Ecological Residential 2%12%Source: China 2008 WaterIndustryResources Report24% Agriculture 62% Cambodia 2010 Water UseOthers Industry 10% 4%DomesticSource: Cambodian Ministry17% Agriculture of Environment 56%Livestock 13% 37 37. 3.1. Off-Stream Uses Agriculture Thermoelectric Industrial Mining Domestic Commercial38 38. a. Agriculture Irrigation Crop irrigation consume 2/3 of water withdrawal. Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigationsystems are the principal water losses. There are three types of irrigation systems:Flood Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation39 39. a. Agriculture (cont.) Livestock Watering livestock Dairy operation Cooling livestock facilities Dairy sanitation and clean-up Animal waste disposal40 40. a. Agriculture (cont.) Aquaculture Raising fish. Raising shellfish. Raising shrimp and lobster. Raising other creatures living in water. 41 41. b. Thermoelectric Water is used in production ofelectrical power. Thermoelectric is one of thelargest uses of water in U.S. In 2005, it consumed about201,000 million gallons of watereach day. Thermoelectric occupied 49% oftotal water use in U.S. Both freshwater and saline waterare used in thermoelectric. 42 42. c. Industrial Industries need water to cool down theirmachinery to a temperature that allows the manufacturing process to keep going. Water is also needed to cleanmachinery, products, and buildings. 43 43. c. Industrial (cont.) In 2005, U.S. industrial uses were 83% (15,000 gallons/day) surface water and 17% (3,110 gallons/day) groundwater. In Cambodia, rough estimation by Water Environment Partnership in Asia showed: Major industry consumed: 1,000-2,000 m3/day Large industry consumed: 100-500 m3/day Medium & small industry: 50 m3/day 44 44. d. Mining Water is used for the extraction of minerals that can be in forms of: Solid: coal, iron, gold, sand etc. Liquid: crude oil. Gas: natural gases. 45 45. e. Domestic Domestic water use is the consumption forhousehold purposes both indoor and outdoor. In Cambodia, domestic water use was around 136million m3 (17% of total consumption). Only people in Phnom Penh can access to piped water. 85% of piped water was consumed. 46 46. f. Commercial Water is used in businesses such ashotels, restaurants, marketplaces, and so on. In Phnom Penh, commercial use was 14% of totalpiped water consumption (about 11,480 m3 perday). 47 47. 3.2. In-Stream UsesHydropower RecreationNavigationEcosystem Support48 48. 4. Water AvailabilitySource: Environmental Science A Global Concern,Water Use and Management49 49. 4.1. Earths Water 50 50. 4.2. Water Stress & Water Scarcity Water Stress: Annual water supplies isless than 1,700m3 perperson. Water Scarcity: Annual water supplies isless than 1,000m3 perperson. Absolute scarcity: Annual water supplies isless than 500m3 per person.51 51. 52 52. 5. Fresh Water Shortage Fresh Water Shortage is due to: Population growth Lack of access to clean water Groundwater is being depleted Climate change / global warming Rivers and lakes are shrinking53 53. Strangled by the water policies of its neighbors, Turkeyand Syria, a two-year drought and years of misuse by Iraqand its farmers, the Euphrates River is significantlysmaller than it was just a few years ago, and some officialsworry that it could soon be half of what it is now.54 54. Leaky canals and wasteful irrigation practicessquandered the water, and poor drainage leftfields so salty from evaporated water. 55 55. In the marshes, where the Euphrates nears theend of its 1,730-mile journey and mingles withthe less salty waters of the Tigris before emptyinginto the Persian Gulf, the situation is grave.56 56. Fishermen in the Hafar Canal, a shallowtributary of the Euphrates River.57 57. 10 year drought in the Colorado River basin. 2007198358 58. 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts Water Overuse Overuse in agriculture Overuse in residence Overuse in community Some interesting facts:Water needed to produce our daily food: 40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread. 70 liters to produce 1 apple. 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat. 3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice. 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat. 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef. 59 59. 7. Increase Water Supply Water Conservation Reclamation of sewage water Development of groundwater Desalinization Developing salt-resistant crops Developing drought-resistant crops Rainmaking Harvesting iceberg Long distance water transport Improve integration of water use 60 60. 8. Watershed Management Watershed the definition A watershed is a connected series of streams, rivers, andlakes that collects water from a specific area of land. Watersheds are important habitats for animals andplants, and offer a source of drinking and recreationalwater for many communities.61 61. Tips on How to Save Water Increasing water resources start from all of us! Dont flush every time you use the toilet. Take shorter showers Dont wash your car so often. Dont let the faucet run while washinghands, dishes, food, or brushing your teeth. Dont run the dishwasher when half full. Dispose of used motor oil, household hazardouswaste, batteries, etc., responsibly. 62 62. Tips on How to Save Water Dont dump anything down a storm sewer that youDOWNLOAD OURwouldnt want to drink. Avoid using toxic or hazardous chemicals for simple PRESENTATION ATcleaning or plumbing jobs. If you have a lawn, use water sparingly. Water your grasswww.leonpower.com.phand garden at night, not in the middle of the day. Use water-conserving appliances: low-flow showers, low-flush toilets, and aerated faucets. Use recycled (gray) water for lawns, house plants, carwashing. Check your toilet for leaks.63 63. Prepared by: Leonard Vincent CredoPresented by: Group 7 64. 65 65. Ground Water ground water: the water that lies beneath theground surface, filling the pore space betweengrains in bodies of sediment and clasticsedimentary rock, and filling cracks and crevices inall types of rock ground water is a major economicresource, particularly in the dry western areas ofthe US and Canada source of ground water is rain and snow that falls tothe ground a portion of which percolates down intothe ground to become ground water 66. Porosity and Permeability porosity: the percentage of rock or sedimentthat consists of voids or openings permeability: the capacity of a rock to transmita fluid such as water or petroleum throughpores and fractures porous: a rock that holds much water permeable: a rock that allows water to floweasily through it impermeable: a rock that does not allow waterto flow through it easily 67. The Water Table saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which allrock openings are filled with water water table: the upper surface of the zone ofsaturation vadose zone: a subsurface zone in which rockopenings are generally unsaturated and filled partlywith air and partly with water; above the saturatedzone capillary fringe: a transition zone with highermoisture content at the base of the vadose zone justabove the water table 68. The Water Table (cont.) 69. The Water Table (cont.) perched water table: the top of a body of ground water separated from the main water table beneath it by a zone that is not saturated 70. The Movement of Ground Water most ground water moves relatively slowlythrough rock underground because it moves in response to differencesin water pressure and elevation, waterwithin the upper part of the saturated zonetends to move downward following the slopeof the water table Movement of ground water beneath a sloping water table in uniformly permeable rock. Near the surface the ground water tends to flow parallel to the sloping water table 71. Movement of Ground Water (cont.) factors affecting the flow of ground water:the slope of the water table - the steeper the water table, the faster ground water movespermeability - if rock pores are small and poorly connected, water moves slowly; when openings are large and well connected, the flow of water is more rapid 72. Aquifers aquifer: a body of saturated rock or sedimentthrough which water can move easily good aquifers includesandstone, conglomerate, well-joinedlimestone, bodies of sand and gravel, and somefragmental or fractured volcanic rocks such ascolumnar basalt aquitards: when the porosity of a rock is 1% orless and therefore retards the flow of groundwater 73. Aquifers (cont.) unconfined aquifer: a partially filed aquiferexposed to the land surface and marked by arising and falling water table confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): an aquifercompletely filled with pressurized water andseparated from the land surface by a relatively impermeable confining bed, such as shale 74. Wells well: a deep hole, generally cylindrical, that is dug ofdrilled into the ground to penetrate an aquifer withinthe saturated zone recharge: the addition of new water to the saturatedzone the water table in an unconfined aquifer rises in wetseasons and falls in dry seasons as water drains out ofthe saturated zone into rivers Wet season: water table and rivers are high; Dry season: water table and rivers are low; springs and wells flow readily some springs and wells dry up 75. Wells (cont.) cone of depression: a depression of the watertable formed around a well when water ispumped out; it is shaped like an invertedcone drawdown: the lowering of the water tablenear a pumped wellPumping well lowers the water table into a cone of depression 76. Wells (cont.) artesian well: a well in which water rises above the aquiferArtesian well spouts water above land surface inSouth Dakota, early 1900s. Heave use of this aquiferhas reduced water pressure so much that spouts donot occur today 77. Springs and Streams spring: a place where water flows naturally from rock onto the land surface some springs discharge where the water tableSprings can form along faultswhen permeable rock has been the land surface, but they also occur intersectsmoved against less permeable rock. where water flows out from caverns or alongArrows show relative motionalong fault fractures, faults, or rock contacts that come tothe surfaceSprings form at the contact betweena permeable rock such as sandstoneand an underlying less permeablerocksuch as shaleWater enters caves along joints in limestone and exits as springs at the mouths of cavesWater moves along fractures incrystalline rock and forms springs where the fractures intersect theland surface 78. Springs and Streams (cont.) gaining stream: a stream that receives water from the zone of saturation losing stream: a stream that looses water to the zone of saturationStream gaining water from saturated zoneWater table can be close to the landsurface beneath a dry stream bed Stream losing water through stream bed to saturated zone 79. Pollution of Ground Water pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers: chemicals that areapplied to agricultural crops that can find their wayinto ground water when rain or irrigation waterleaches the poisons downward into the soil rain can also leach pollutants from city dumps intoground-water supplies Heavy metals such asmercury, lead, chromium, copper, andcadmium, together with household chemicals andpoisons, can all be concentrated in ground-watersupplies beneath dumps 80. Pollution of Ground Water (cont.) liquid and solid wastes from septic tanks, sewageplants, and animal feedlots and slaughterhousesmay contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites thatcan contaminate ground water acid mine drainage from coal and metal mines cancontaminate both surface and ground water radioactive waste can cause the pollution of groundwater due to the shallow burial of low-level solidand liquid radioactive wastes from the nuclearpower industry 81. Water-table slope is reversed by pumping, changingdirection of the ground-water flow, and polluting the wellPollution of Ground Watersteepens near drawing pollutants intovelociWater table (cont.) increasing the a wellof ground-water flow and a dump, pumping wells can cause or aggravate ground- water pollution 82. Balancing Withdrawal and Recharge a local supply of groundwater will lastindefinitely if it is withdrawn for use at a rateequal to or less than the rate of recharge to theaquifer if ground water is withdrawn faster than it isbeing recharged, however, the supply is beingreduced and will one day be gone 83. Balancing Withdrawal and Recharge heavy use of ground water can result in: a regional water table dropping deepening of a well which means more electricity isneeded to pump the water to the surface the ground surface settling because the water nolonger supports the rock and sediment Subsidence of the land surface caused by the extraction of ground water, near Mendota, San Joaquin Valley, CA. Signs on the pole indicate the positions of the land surface in 1925, 1955, and 1977. The land sank 30 feet in 52 years. 84. Balancing Withdrawal and Recharge (cont.) to avoid the problems of falling water tables, subsidence, and compaction, many towns use artificial recharge to increase recharge; natural floodwaters or treated industrial or domestic wastewaters are stored in infiltration ponds in the surface to increase the rate of water percolation into the ground 85. Effects of Ground-Water Action caves (or caverns): naturally formedunderground chamber most caves develop when slightly acidic groundwater dissolves limestone along joints andbedding planes, opening up cavern systems ascalcite is carried away in solution most caves probably are formed by groundwater circulating below the water table H2O + CO2 + CaCO3Ca++ + 2HCO3- water carboncalcite in calcium bicarbonate dioxide limestoneion ion development of caves (solution) development of flowstone and dripstone (precipitation) 86. Effects of Ground-Water Action (cont.) stalactites: icicle-like pendants of dripstone hanging from cave ceilings, generally slender and are commonly aligned along cracks in the ceiling, which act as conduits for ground water stalagmites: cone-shaped masses of drip-stone formed on cave floors, generally directly below stalactitesWater moves along fractures and bedding planes in Falling water table allows cave system, now greatlylimestone, dissolving the limestone to form caves enlarged, to fill with air. Calcite precipitation formsbelow the water table stalactites, stalagmites, and columns above the water tab 87. Effects of Ground-Water Action (cont.)Karst topography is marked by underground caves and numerous surface sinkholes. A major river maycross the region, but small surface streams generally disappear down sinkholes karst topography: an area with manysinkholes and with cave systems beneath theland surface 88. Effects of Ground-Water Action (cont.) petrified wood: develops when porous buried wood iseither filled in or replaced by inorganic silica carried inby ground water concentration: a hard, round mass that develops when aconsiderable amount of cementing materialprecipitates locally in a rock, often around an organicnucleus geodes: partly hollow, globe-shaped bodies found insome limestones and locally in other rocks Petrified log Concretions that have weathered out of shale Geodes 89. Hot Water Underground hot springs: springs in which the water iswarmer than human body temperature water can gain heat in two ways whileunderground: ground water may circulate near a magma chamberor a body of cooling igneous rock ground water may circulate unusually deep in theearth 90. Hot Water Underground geyser: a type of hot spring that periodically erupts hot water and stream; the water isgenerally near boiling (100oC)13 24 91. Geothermal Energy Electricity can be generated by harnessingnaturally occurring stream and hot water inareas that are exceptionally hot underground(geothermal areas); nonelectric uses of geothermal energy includespace heating, as well as papermanufacturing, ore processing, and foodpreparation 92. Effects of Ground-Water Action (cont.) sinkholes: closed depressions found on land surfaces underlain by limestone; they form either by the collapse of a cave roof or by solution as descending water enlarges a crack in limestone Trees grow in a sinkhole formed in limestone nearMammoth Cave, Kentucky A collapse sinkhole that formed suddenly in Winter Park, Florida, in 1981 93. 94 94. Leonard Vincent B. Credo 95. This science unit belongs to Ryan PMurphy Copyright 2010Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 96. Bar 97. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 98. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 99. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 100. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 101. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 102. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 103. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 104. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 105. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 106. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 107. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 108. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 109. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 110. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 111. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake TurnoverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 112. Overview of River Unit Watersheds Rivers of the United States Profile of Rivers Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta Stream Order Stream Table Features of the river Water Quality Assessment (EPTs) Vernal Pools Rivers and Flooding Levees Dams Salmon Simulation Fish Lake Turnover Much moreCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 113. Area of Focus: WatershedsCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 114. Area of Focus: WatershedsCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 115. Watershed: The region draining into ariver. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 116. Picture of the Mississippi River Watershed. This watershed is the largest in the UnitedStates. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 117. Picture of the Mississippi River Watershed. This watershed is the largest in the UnitedStates. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 118. What do you think the Great Basin is? 119. What do you think the Great Basin is? 120. The Great Basin is a watershed where thewater does not flow to the ocean. The Great Salt Lake is in the Great Basin. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 121. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 122. The mineral rich water hasnowhere to go. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 123. The water thenEvaporates. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 124. The GreatSalt LakeEvaporationbecomesmore salty asthe salt is leftbehind. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 125. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 126. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 127. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 128. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 129. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 130. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 131. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 132. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 133. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 134. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 135. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 136. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 137. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 138. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 139. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 140. Which letters represent places we wouldfind the largest rivers. 141. What are some of the major rivers in theUnited States?Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 142. Next 143. Next 144. Next 145. Next 146. Activity! Do you remember? We will do it again. Plan on contributing if youhavent.Oh-no!Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 147. Next 148. Next 149. Next 150. Next 151. Activity Worksheet! Please color codesome of the major watersheds in the US. Example on next slide. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 152. Next 153. Next 154. Next 155. Next 156. Next 157. Next 158. Next 159. Next 160. Next 161. Next 162. Next 163. MississippiWatershed 164. All water flowsinto the Gulf /Atlantic 165. MississippiWatershed 166. MississippiWatershed 167. MississippiWatershed 168. MississippiWatershed 169. Mississippi WatershedColorado WatershedNext 170. Mississippi WatershedColorado WatershedNext 171. MississippiSacramentoWatershedColoradoWatershed Next 172. ColumbiaMississippiSacramentoWatershedColoradoWatershedNext 173. ColumbiaMississippiSacramentoWatershedColoradoWatershedNext 174. ColumbiaMississippiSacramentoWatershedColoradoWatershedNext 175. ColumbiaMississippiSacramentoWatershedColoradoWatershedNext 176. ColumbiaMississippiSacramentoWatershedColoradoWatershedNext 177. Where do rivers start? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 178. Most rivers start in the mountains and worktheir way downhill.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 179. Most rivers start in the mountains and worktheir way downhill. Water always travels downhill toward the pathof least resistance.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 180. Water does not cris-cross in steep valleyslike thisCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 181. Does the river with the yellow line flow intothe river with the blue line? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 182. Answer! No, smaller rivers feed into largerrivers. 183. Which direction is the largest river flowing? How do you know?Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 184. Answer! The river is flowing to the left. You can tell by the following clues. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 185. The clear water is mixing with the cloudierwater in a downriver direction. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 186. The shallow Islands / sand bars in themiddle are shaped with points facing thedirection of the current. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 187. The shallow Islands / sand bars in themiddle are shaped with points facing thedirection of the current. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 188. The shallow Islands / sand bars in themiddle are shaped with points facing thedirection of the current. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 189. The shallow Islands / sand bars in themiddle are shaped with points facing thedirection of the current. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 190. The cut bank is on the left and the bar onthe right around the turn. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 191. The cut bank is on the left and the bar onthe right around the turn.Cut-bank Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 192. The cut bank is on the left and the bar onthe right around the turn.Cut-bank Bar Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 193. The cut bank is on the left and the bar onthe right around the turn.Cut-bank Bar Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 194. Parts of a river---- Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 195. The headwaters.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 196. Headwaters: Extreme upper reaches of astream. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 197. Downriver. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 198. Downriver: Between headwaters andfloodplain.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 199. Tributary: A stream or river which flows into amainstream.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 200. Which letter is the tributary? 201. Which letter is the tributary? 202. If a friend told you to meet them at theconfluence, where should you go?Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 203. If a friend told you to meet them at theconfluence, where should you go?Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 204. If a friend told you to meet them at theconfluence, where should you go?Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 205. Floodplain.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 206. Floodplain: The relatively flat land adjacentto a river channel that is underwater whenthe river floods. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 207. The water carries more sediment in thefloodplain. 208. The water carries more sediment in thefloodplain. More light and nutrients also causes more plantmatter to grow. 209. In the headwater streams, light is blockedby trees making plant life in the streamsscarce. 210. In the headwater streams, light is blockedby trees making plant life in the streamsscarce. Also little nutrients available. 211. Google Earth Opportunity. Use Google Earth to look at the floodplainsection of a local river. http://www.google.com/earth/index.html Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 212. Mouth / Delta. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 213. Mouth/Delta: An area formed from thedeposition of sediments at the mouth of ariver.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 214. Estuary: the area where a river meets thesea or ocean, where fresh water from theriver meets salt water from the sea (tidal) Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 215. Many aquatic species from the ocean canbe found in the mouth / delta as the oceanwater mixes with the freshwater.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 216. Stream Order: A classification system forrivers.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 217. Activity! Please sketch this river in yourjournal. 218. 1 219. 11 220. 111 221. 11 111 222. 1 111 11 1111111 223. 1 111 11 1111111 11 11 1 224. 1 111 11 11211111 11 11 1 225. 1 1121 11 11211111 11 11 1 226. 1 1121 11 1122 211111 11 11 1 227. 1 1121 11 1122 2211111 11 11 1 228. 1 1121 11 1122 2211112 1 11 11 1 229. 1 1121 11 1122 2211112 1 11 1 21 1 230. 1 1121 11 1122 2213 1112 1 11 1 21 1 231. 1 1121 11 1122 2213 3 1112 1 11 1 21 1 232. 1 1121 11 1122 2213 3 1112 1 114 21 11 233. 1 11Stream Order = 421 11 1122 2213 3 1112 1 114 21 11 234. Activity! Try this one on your own. 235. Answer: Headwaters11 11 11 1 1 1 1 236. When two first order streams meet =11 1 111 1 11 1 237. Forms second order stream.11 1 1 11 111 21 238. 11 1 1 11 111 21 2 239. 11 1 1 11 111 21 2 240. 11 1 1 11 111 21 22 241. When two second order streams meet?11 1 1 11 111 21 22 242. Forms a third order stream.11 1111 111 21223 243. When a third order meets a second order?11 1 111 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 244. Stays a third order stream..11 1 1 11 111 21 22 3 3 245. Answer: Stream Order of 311 1 1 11 111 21 2 2 3Stream Order = 3 3 246. Activity! Try this one on your own. 247. Answer:1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 1 11 2 123 3 11 1 4 11 248. Answer: Stream Order = 41 1 1 1 11 1 1 122 2 1 112 1233 11 14 11Stream Order =4 249. Erosion: Process where fragments of soiland rock are broken off from the surfaceand carried away. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 250. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 251. Deposition: Process by which fragments ofrock are deposited in a new location. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 252. Please sketch a river like this in yourjournal. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 253. Cut Bank: High steep banks along theedge of a channel. 254. Where would we find the cut-banks, theplace the water moves quickly and causeserosion. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 255. Answer! Cut banks are on the outside ofcurves.Cut-bankCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 256. Answer! Cut banks are on the outside ofcurves. The water moves more quickly here anderodes the banks.Cut-bankCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 257. If you are interested in catching largetrout, than always throw your flyCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 258. If you are interested in catching largetrout, than always throw your flyCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 259. Cut-banks will often erode the riverbankand trees will fall into the river. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 260. These trees are dangerous for boaters andare called strainers.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 261. These trees are dangerous for boaters andare called strainers. They are dangerous because they can pin andhold you under that water like pasta in a strainer.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 262. If you cant avoid a strainer try to climb up ontop of it, rather than going under it. It is a nice thing to breathe while you wait for help. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 263. This is a dangeroussituation, gettingcaught under thewater in this straineris certain death. 264. Video Link! Moving Water Safety. Watch from the 9:30 minute mark to learnabout strainers. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xE8EOVUZ3I 265. Riffles: Shallow fast moving section of theriver between meanders. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 266. Riffles: Shallow fast moving section of theriver between meanders. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 267. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 268. Pool: Deep section of the riverCopyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 269. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 270. Point Bar: Shallow part on the inside curveof a river where the water slows and dropsoff its sediment load.Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 271. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 272. Bar 273. A Glossary ofOcean Terms 274. Categories of WordsAnimalsBodies of Water LandformsOcean Words Other Plants 275. Animal Vocabulary MammalA mammal is a warm bloodedanimal that breathes air. A whale is a mammal. 276. Animal Vocabulary FishA fish is a water animal that breathes with gills. We saw a fish at the aquarium. 277. Animal Vocabulary ShellfishA shellfish is a water animal thathas a shell for an outer covering.A clam is an example of a shellfish. 278. Animal Vocabulary Bivalve ShellA bivalve shell is a shell that has 2 parts.A clam has a bivalve shell. 279. Animal VocabularyUnivalve ShellA univalve shell is a shell that has 1 part.A snail has a univalve shell. 280. Bodies of Water VocabularyOcean An ocean is the largest body ofwater. There are 4 oceans on the Earth. 281. Bodies of Water VocabularySea A sea is a part of an ocean. Mediterranean SeaThe Indian Ocean has several seas. 282. Bodies of Water Vocabulary RiverA river is a body of flowing water within 2 banks. Potomac RiverMy family likes to go boating on the 283. Bodies of Water Vocabulary CreekA creek is a small body of flowingwater that empties into a river.We took trash out of the creek behind 284. Bodies of Water Vocabulary Lake A lake is a large body of watersurrounded by land on all sides.Lake Gordon at Rocky GapMy family likes to go swimming at the lake at 285. Landforms VocabularyMountainA mountain is a very high, natural place on Earth.It took us 3 hours to climb to the top of the 286. Landforms VocabularyValleyA valley is an area between mountains orhills.The family built their home in the valley. 287. Landforms Vocabulary VolcanoA volcano is a mountain with a vent. When it erupts lava, ashes, and hot gases comeout. There was smoke coming from the volcano. 288. Landforms VocabularyPlateauA plateau is high land with a mostly flattop. This is called a guyot when it is found in the ocean. The Indians made their camp on the plateau. 289. Landforms Vocabulary PlainA plain is a large, flat area of land.We traveled across the plains in a covered 290. Ocean Vocabulary Ocean FloorThe ocean floor is the bottom of theocean. Many animals live on the ocean floor. 291. Ocean Vocabulary Island An island is a piece of landcompletely surrounded by water.Hawaii is an island in the Pacific Ocean. 292. Ocean Vocabulary OozeOoze is a covering of dead animals andplants on the ocean floor. The octopus hid in the ooze. 293. Ocean Vocabulary Tidal PoolsA tidal pool is formed in the shallowplaces of the beach after the tide hasgone down.Tidal pools are filled with ocean life. 294. Ocean VocabularyShore Beach Coast All of these words describe thearea where land meets the ocean.We walked along the shore and watched the 295. Ocean VocabularyCoral Reef A coral reef is a collection ofliving organisms in the ocean.The coral reef near Australia is the largest in 296. Ocean Vocabulary OceanographerAn oceanographer is a scientist who studies the ocean.I would like to be an oceanographer when I get 297. Ocean VocabularyContinental ShelfContinental SlopeThe continental shelf slopes gradually from the shore into the ocean. The continental slope drops suddenly at the end of the shelf. 298. Other VocabularyFood Chain A food chain is a natural cycle wherecreatures rely on other organisms forfood.A food chain makes it possible for animals to 299. Other Vocabulary HarborA harbor is a place in thewater where boats can dock or anchor. We went to the harbor to meet the boat. 300. Other VocabularyPlanktonPlankton are small, microscopicplants and animals in the ocean.Plankton is the first part of a food chain for many 301. Other VocabularyAquariumAn aquarium is a buildingpeople can visit to see marine animals. My class saw a dolphin at the aquarium. 302. Plants VocabularyKelpKelp is a type of seaweed that is usuallybrown.Some fish hide from their predators in kelp 303. Plants Vocabulary Seaweed Seaweed are plants in the ocean.There are many different kinds of seaweed in 304. Rivers of the World! 305. River NileThe Nile is the longestriver in the world!The river is about 4,160miles long and can befound in AfricaAlthough the Nile isusually associated withEgypt Only 22% of theriver runs through Egypt! 306. River Amazon The Amazon is the second longest river in the world! The river is 3,912 miles long! It can be found in South America! No bridge crosses the river along the entire length! 307. MississippiThe Mississippi is thethird longest river in theworld stretching 3,710miles long!You can find it in theUnited States!Many of Mark Twainsfamous storiesincluding Adventuresof Huckleberry Finntool place near theMississippi! 308. River Chang Jiang The river Chang Jiang is the fourth longest river in the world! The river is 3,602 miles long! You can find it in China! The river Chang Jiang is also known asYangtze. 309. River Ob The River Ob is the fifth longest river in the world! The river is 3,459 miles long! You can find it in Russia! The Ob contains over 50 species of fish! 310. Over 70% of the Earths surface is covered by waterOf that, 95% is salt water only 5% is fresh water and part of that is iceOceans 311. All the oceans are really just one body of waterThis is divided into the four named oceans: Pacific Atlantic Indian ArcticOcean names 312. The oceans are always in motionTides happen twice dailyTides are caused by the pull of gravity by themoon, and to a lesser degree by the sunWhy do you think the sun would pull less than the moon? Tides 313. There are two type of Ocean Currents:Surface Currents-Surface CirculationThese waters make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean.These waters are the upper 400 meters of the ocean.Currents 314. Deep Water Currents-Thermohaline Circulation These waters make up the other 90% of the ocean These waters move around the ocean basins bydensity driven forces and gravity The density difference is caused by differenttemperatures and salinity These deep waters sink into the deep ocean basinsat high latitudes where the temperatures are coldenough to cause the density to increase.Currents 315. Ocean Currents are influenced by two types of forces1. Primary Forces--start the water movingThe primary forces are:Solar HeatingWindsGravityCoriolis effectForces 316. 2. Secondary Forces--influence where thecurrents flow Surface Circulation Solar heating cause water to expand. Near the equator the water is about 8 centimeters high than in middle latitudes. This cause a very slight slope and water wants to flow down the slope. Winds blowing on the surface of the ocean push the water. Friction occurs between the wind and the waters surface. Forces 317. Wind direction 318. A wind blowing for 10 hours across the ocean will cause the surface waters to flow at about 2% of the wind speed.Water will pile up in the direction the wind is blowing.Gravity will pull the water down the "hill" or pile of water.But the Coriolis Force causes the water to move to the right (in the northern hemisphere) around the mound of water. Wind 319. Mounding 320. These large mounds of water and the flow around them are called Gyres. The produce large circular currents in all the ocean basins.Gyres 321. Remember the Coriolis Force move objects to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere 322. MOTION IN THE OCEAN Waves, Tides, and Currents 323. WavesA disturbance whichmoves through orover the surface of afluidMostly caused by winds (Alsoearthquakes, volcanoes, grav. pull)Form of great energy 324. Wave CharacteristicsParts of a WaveCrest = high pointTrough = low pointHeight = vertical distance from crest to troughWavelength = Horizontal distance between crest to crest or trough to 325. Wave period : time for 2 crests to pass fixed point (T) secWave speed (C) : C = wavelength / T (m/s)Wave steepness : H / wavelengthWhen H / wavelength = 1/7 or angle at crest 120 or less = Breaker 326. Size of Wind Generated WavesDepends on 3 things:Wind SpeedWind Duration (length of time wind blows)Fetch Extent of openwater across which thewind can blow 327. Water Motion in WavesWater travels in vertical circular orbitsWave moves, particles dont! 328. Importance of WavesShaping CoastlinesErode cliffsGrind rock into sandEcologyReturns O2 to waterStir up food for filterfeeders 329. Types of WavesCHOP Short period (back bays)SWELL Long period (boat rolls; seasickness)SWASH water up beachBACKWASH back down 330. TSUNAMI TIDAL WAVECaused by undersea quake or volcano Wavelength = ~150 mi. Wave height = 6 1Can NOT perceive in boat Speed > 500 mphSlows down to ~25 mph at shore; water builds up to ~65+ ft 331. Tsunami Waves 332. Creation of a Tsunami 333. TidesThe rhythmic rise and fall of the oceans waterHigh tide = rising, incoming tide, flowLow tide = receding, outgoing tide, ebbSlack tide = vertical movement stops 334. Tides are verylong, slow wavesThey have a wave period of 12 hours 25 minTidal day is 24 hours 50minNJ has 2 high and 2 low tides daily 335. What Causes Tides?1. Gravitational pull ofsun & moon on Earth Moon closer, therefore > effect Like magnet, pulls water away from surface = TIDAL BULGE 336. 2. Centrifugal Forces Bulge on opposite side Produced by motions of because centr. forceEarth, sun, & moon > pull of moon 337. Types of TidesSpring Tide- Moon and sun are in direct line with one another- Results in unusually high tidal range -Tidal Range = vertical distance between high & low tides 2xs/month 338. Neap Tidesun and moon are atright anglesPulls cancel each other out causes a weak pullunusually low tidal range2 xs / month 339. Spring vs. Neap Tides 340. Distance bet. Moon & EarthPerigee TidesMoon closest to earth, very high tides (causes flooding)Apogee TidesMoon farthest away from earth, very low tides 341. Types of Tides ContinuedDiurnal Tides1 high & 1 low / dayParts of Gulf of Mexico and AsiaSemi-Diurnal Tides2 high & 2 low / dayAtlantic coasts of North America and EuropeMixed2 high & 2 low / day (height varies) 342. Importance of Tides Expose & submerge orgs Circulate water in bays &estuaries Circulates food, wastes, etc Trigger spawning (grunion, horseshoe crab) 343. Currents What are currents?- Rivers of circulating water Causes- Wind- Rotating Earth- Density Changes 344. Surface Ocean Currents Broad, slow drifts; nevercross equator Wind generated; circulargyres 345. Coriolis Effect- N. Hemis clockwise; Right- S. Hemis counterclockwise; Left 346. Gulf Stream - N. Atlantic - Brings warm water from equator north along east coast of N. A.-Sometimes form eddies circulating water that pinches off from the current 347. MIGRATION NAVIGATIONWEATHER 348. Localized Surface CurrentsLongshore Current.Flows parallel to shore; move sediment 349. RIP CURRENT- Caused by converging longshore currents- Very dangerous ; Red Flag- DO NOT fight rip current; swim parallel to shore to get out of channel 350. Deep Ocean CurrentsFlowbeneath surface; cross equator Move North to SouthSeparated from surfacecurrents by boundarycalled a Thermohaline(diff in densities) 351. Importance Of Deep CurrentsUpwellingBrings deep water to surf.Circulates nutrients upMoves plankton & larvae 352. The Deep Sea 353. 1. The earth has two kinds of crust2. Continents have thick, light, granitic crust, Oceans have thin, dense, basaltic crust3. How we probe the sea floor4. Features on the sea floor and edges of continents are products of plate tectonics5. Submarine landslides are important on continental margins6. Deep ocean sediment comes from the continents and marine organismsTake-Away Points 354. The Two-Story Planet1. The earth has two kinds of crust 355. Earth Has Two Kinds of Crust 2. Continents have thick, light, granitic crust, Oceans have thin, dense, basaltic crust 356. Continental and Oceanic CrustContinental Crust (Granitic)Residue of Long-Continued Partial MeltingThick and LightAncient: > 2.5 b.y.Oceanic Crust (Basaltic)Derived Directly From MantleThin and Dense2. Continents have thick, light, graniticcrust, Oceans haveYoung: < 200 m.y. thin, dense, basaltic crust 357. Investigating the Sea Floor Coring Deep-Sea Drilling Sonar Seismic Refraction Gravity Surveys Magnetic 3.Surveys sea floorHow we probe the 358. 3. How we probe the sea floorPiston Coring 359. Deep Sea DrillingProject MoholeOriginal Intent: Drill to Earths MantleDrill in Oceans where Crust is ThinnestHidden Agenda: Complete History of OceansChallenge: Replacing Drill Bits in 5 km of WaterPlate Tectonics Showed that Mantle is Exposed in3. How we probe the sea floora Number of Places 360. Deep Sea DrillingOriginal Objective AbandonedRenamed Deep Sea Drilling ProgramNow Called Ocean Drilling Program 3. How we probe the sea floor 361. 3. How we probe the sea floor Sonar 362. Seismic Refraction 3. How we probe the sea floor 363. 4. Features on the sea floor and edges ofcontinents are products of platetectonicsMakeup of Sea Crust 364. Anatomy of a Mid-Sea Ridge 365. Continental MarginsShelfSlopeRiseActive: Subduction Zones. Sometimes Called Leading EdgePassive: No Subduction. Sometimes Called Rifted or Trailing Edge Features on the sea floor and edges of4.continents are products of plate tectonics 366. A Continental Margin4. Features on the sea floor and edges ofcontinents are products of platetectonics 367. 4. Features on the sea floor and edges of continents are products of plate tectonicsEvolution of a Passive Margin 368. Anatomy of a Passive Margin4. Features on the sea floor and edges ofcontinents are products of platetectonics 369. Features of the Deep SeaMid-Sea RidgesAbyssal PlainsFracture ZonesSeaic TrenchesSeamountsSubmarine CanyonsSubmarine Fans4. Features on the sea floor and edges of continents are products of plate tectonics 370. Crest ofthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge 4. Features on the sea floor and edges of continents are products of plate tectonics 371. Sea-FloorSpreading, Mid-AtlanticRidge1. Features on the sea floor and edges of continents are products of platetectonics 372. 5. Submarine landslides are important on continental marginsTurbidity Flows Grand Banks, 1929 373. 6. Deep Sea sediment comes from the continents and marine organismsWhere Sediment Comes From 374. Atlantic Sediments 375. 6. Deep Sea sediment comes from the continents and marine organismsDeep Sea Sediments 376. 1. The earth has two kinds of crust2. Continents have thick, light, granitic crust, Seas have thin, dense, basaltic crust3. How we probe the sea floor4. Features on the sea floor and edges of continents are products of plate tectonics5. Submarine landslides are important on continental margins6. Deep Sea sediment comes from the continents and marine organismsTake-Away Points 377. Modern Day Exploration 378. Slide 2 Station A: Deep SeaExploration A ship Using SONARDeep sea exploration advanceddramatically in the 1900swith a series of inventions.For example, Sonar allowedexplorers to detect thepresence of objectsunderwater. 379. Deep Sea Slide 3Another important invention fordeep sea exploration wasdeep diving submarines. Alvinis the name of one of thesesubmarines and can carry acrew of three people todepths of 4,000 meters. Thesub is equipped withlights, cameras, and highlymaneuverable arms. 380. Slide 4Alvin collects samples of hydrothermalsoil, plant, and animal life on vent site onthe ocean floor and sends the oceanthem to scientific laboratories flooracross the world for scientiststo study. For example, Alvintravelled 1.5 miles below thesurface to hydrothermal ventsites which spit out super hotmineral water from the oceanfloor. These vents support alot of different life forms fromA ghostgiant tube worms to ghost white crabwhite crabs. 381. Slide 5To be a deep sea explorer youmust overcome some majorchallenges. For one thevoyage to the ocean floor is acold, 4-hour round trip in acramped submarine. Anotherproblem is that submarineslike Alvin can cost up to 3million dollars. 382. Slide 6Once Alvin gets to the oceanfloor, the hydrothermal ventsites have super hot, mineralrich water which can bedangerous to be in.Scientists are trying to figureout how to observe thesewaters without being so closeto them in the submarine. 662 degrees Fahrenheit 383. Station B Slide 8 : ExploringAntarcticaSerious exploration of Antarcticabegan with the invention ofthe airplane. American pilotRobert Byrd was the first tofly over the South Pole in1929 and he made repeatedflights over the continent from1930-1950. Robert Byrd and his crew. 384. Slide 9 The Newest scientific laboratory in Antarctica. Built in 2009, it runs entirely on renewable solar and wind energy.Byrd conducted many scientificexperiments in his Antarctictravels. By doing this Byrdhelped to make scientificresearch the main purposefor exploring Antarctica.Scientists came to Antarcticato study wildlife, the land, andmost recently global warming. 385. Slide 10There have been many challenges Early Explorer of Antarcticapast and present for Antarcticexplorers. Early explorers had todress in heavy layers of itchywool fabrics to protectthemselves from the extremetemperatures (the average tempin the summer is -18 degrees).The wool fabric would soak upsweat, which meant gettingdressed in the morning wouldoften involve putting on layers ofclothing that were frozen solidfrom yesterdays sweat. 386. Slide 11Early explorers also went out ontheir trips with their food in tincans or dried up, this meant itwas low in vitamin C. Scurvy(a disease that causes you tolose your teeth and developskin rashes) was a seriousproblem for these explorers. Scurvy was also a problem for explorers during the Age of Exploration. Crew members on board ships could get killed for stealing fruit rich in vitamin C.