1.1. What year were Hadrian’s baths built?What year were Hadrian’s baths built?2.2. What were the name of the saunas?What were the name of the saunas?3.3. What were the changing rooms called?What were the changing rooms called?4.4. What was the name for the hot room?What was the name for the hot room?5.5. What was the name for the warm room?What was the name for the warm room?6.6. What was the name for the cold room?What was the name for the cold room?7.7. What was the word for the outside exercise What was the word for the outside exercise

yard?yard?8.8. What was the name for the outside cold pool?What was the name for the outside cold pool?9.9. What is the name of the city the baths were What is the name of the city the baths were

built in?built in?10.10. What is the name of the country they were built What is the name of the country they were built

in?in?

1.1. -126 - 127 AD-126 - 127 AD2.2. LaconicaLaconica3.3. ApodyteriaApodyteria4.4. CaldariumCaldarium5.5. TepidariumTepidarium6.6. FrigidariumFrigidarium7.7. PalaestraPalaestra8.8. NatatioNatatio9.9. Leptis (lepcis) magnaLeptis (lepcis) magna10.10. LibyaLibya

Theatre at Theatre at Leptis MagnaLeptis Magna

AD 1-2

Background informationBackground informationLeptis Magna is located on the coast of Leptis Magna is located on the coast of Tripolitania, North Africa. The city was Tripolitania, North Africa. The city was established in the time of Augustus. established in the time of Augustus.

Archelogical evidence of the city shows that Archelogical evidence of the city shows that before it was a Roman province, it was a before it was a Roman province, it was a Phonecian (Punic) trading harbour.Phonecian (Punic) trading harbour.

This strongly influenced the city’s art and This strongly influenced the city’s art and architecture, and gave it a unique flavour.architecture, and gave it a unique flavour.

By the end of the 2By the end of the 2ndnd century BC, Leptis Magna century BC, Leptis Magna was one of the wealthiest provincial cities in the was one of the wealthiest provincial cities in the Roman Empire.Roman Empire.

TheatresTheatres

Read the pages entitled ‘The Theatre’ in your Read the pages entitled ‘The Theatre’ in your workbooksworkbooks

This piece is named the This piece is named the Theatre at LepTheatre at Lepccis Magnais Magna

ororTheatre at LepTheatre at Lepttis Magnais Magna

…………Both are correctBoth are correct

VocabularyVocabularyCavea = semi-circular seating areaCavea = semi-circular seating areaScaena frons = stage backdropScaena frons = stage backdropVelarium = sunshadeVelarium = sunshadeVomitorium = vaulted passagesVomitorium = vaulted passagesSkene = stage buildingSkene = stage buildingProscaenium = front stage areaProscaenium = front stage areaOrchestra = half circle centre of theatreOrchestra = half circle centre of theatrePulpitum = stagePulpitum = stageTribunalia = official boxes for magistratesTribunalia = official boxes for magistratesPraecinctiones = horizontal walkways that divide up each Praecinctiones = horizontal walkways that divide up each tier of seatingtier of seatingPostscaenium = group of rooms behind the scaenae frons Postscaenium = group of rooms behind the scaenae frons where actors could preparewhere actors could prepare

See p. 28 of Paul Artus - draw/sketch into your workbooks & See p. 28 of Paul Artus - draw/sketch into your workbooks & label & annotate the partslabel & annotate the parts

Details for your workbooks:Details for your workbooks:

Location:Location: On the Mediterranean coastline, in On the Mediterranean coastline, in Libya, North Africa. The Roman province, Libya, North Africa. The Roman province, Tripolitania Tripolitania Architectural type: Architectural type: Theatre (functional)Theatre (functional)Purpose: Purpose: Entertainment venueEntertainment venueDates of construction:Dates of construction: AD1-2, built by Annabal AD1-2, built by Annabal Rufus (wealthy citizen of Leptis Magna) – His Rufus (wealthy citizen of Leptis Magna) – His name has both Carthaginian (Punic) & Roman name has both Carthaginian (Punic) & Roman elements, showing the ethnic mix of the city. He elements, showing the ethnic mix of the city. He also built a market in Leptis Magna in 9-8BC.also built a market in Leptis Magna in 9-8BC.

Changes made to the theatre after Changes made to the theatre after its construction:its construction:

Soon after construction: Soon after construction: Tribunalia or ‘official boxes’ were Tribunalia or ‘official boxes’ were built over the side entrance. A colonnade at the top of built over the side entrance. A colonnade at the top of the seating area was built. the seating area was built.

AD 35-6: AD 35-6: a temple to Ceres-Augusta was built on the upper a temple to Ceres-Augusta was built on the upper walkway of the area (when Tiberius was emperor)walkway of the area (when Tiberius was emperor)

AD43 (time of emperor Claudius): AD43 (time of emperor Claudius): the temple of the deified the temple of the deified emperors (Di Augusti) built in AD43 built behind the emperors (Di Augusti) built in AD43 built behind the scene buildingscene building

AD91: AD91: had an octangular altar put at the front of the bottom had an octangular altar put at the front of the bottom shallow step in AD91 by Tiberius Claudius Sextiusshallow step in AD91 by Tiberius Claudius Sextius

Mid-2Mid-2ndnd century AD: century AD: Under the emperor Antoninus Pius, the Under the emperor Antoninus Pius, the orginal grey limestone – columns on the scanae frons orginal grey limestone – columns on the scanae frons were replaced by marblewere replaced by marble

featuresfeaturesExterior decoration is plain. There are monumental masonry blocks Exterior decoration is plain. There are monumental masonry blocks with a ring of engaged pilasterswith a ring of engaged pilasters5 arched openings provide access to the internal corridors and 5 arched openings provide access to the internal corridors and staircasesstaircasesThe middle and upper tier of the seating (cavea) are the only visible The middle and upper tier of the seating (cavea) are the only visible partspartsCavea (90m in diameter) is designed in the typical semi-circular Cavea (90m in diameter) is designed in the typical semi-circular shape favoured by the Romans.shape favoured by the Romans.Leading members of Leptis Magna society entered through their Leading members of Leptis Magna society entered through their own entrances, either side of the theatre, & sat right at the front on own entrances, either side of the theatre, & sat right at the front on ornate marble thrones ornate marble thrones ((called called bisellia), bisellia), these thrones had legs these thrones had legs carved as lion’s paws.carved as lion’s paws.These aristocrats were separated from the rest of the audience by a These aristocrats were separated from the rest of the audience by a low marble benchlow marble benchMarble alter to an unknown male god was placed on the steps, Marble alter to an unknown male god was placed on the steps, along the theatre’s central axisalong the theatre’s central axisAt the very top of the seating (cavea) behind the upper tier, a At the very top of the seating (cavea) behind the upper tier, a colonnade of corinthian columns, in the centre of it is the temple to colonnade of corinthian columns, in the centre of it is the temple to Ceres Augusta (which dates from the time of Ceres Augusta (which dates from the time of

Religious practices of the Romans:Religious practices of the Romans:Theatre was seen as a religious practice – Theatre was seen as a religious practice – going to the theatre was honouring the god of going to the theatre was honouring the god of the theatre, Dionysus. Often at the beginning of the theatre, Dionysus. Often at the beginning of performances a prayer & libation would be performances a prayer & libation would be made to Dionysus. Aspects of this theatre made to Dionysus. Aspects of this theatre which reflected the religious practices of the which reflected the religious practices of the Romans include the statues in the niches Romans include the statues in the niches behind the stage. behind the stage. There is a temple to Ceres -Augusta located at There is a temple to Ceres -Augusta located at the top of the Cavea.the top of the Cavea.There is a bust of Hercules and Dionysus, the There is a bust of Hercules and Dionysus, the patron deities of the city.patron deities of the city.

Imperial propagandaImperial propaganda

A Temple dedicated to deified emperor’s was built within A Temple dedicated to deified emperor’s was built within the theatre precinct, located behind the stage buildings.the theatre precinct, located behind the stage buildings.Title ‘Augusta’ attached to the name of the goddess Title ‘Augusta’ attached to the name of the goddess CeresCeresUse of Roman features of decorationUse of Roman features of decorationUse of limestoneUse of limestone

This all showed that even the furthermost areas of the This all showed that even the furthermost areas of the empire, the emperor exerted control, and how great empire, the emperor exerted control, and how great Rome was & showed that Lepcis Magna was a great and Rome was & showed that Lepcis Magna was a great and civilised city.civilised city.

Homework:Homework:

Complete your sketch of the theatre & its Complete your sketch of the theatre & its featuresfeaturesComplete previous exam questions in your Complete previous exam questions in your Paul Artus book, p.29Paul Artus book, p.29