L b E ipm ntL b E ipm ntLab EquipmentLab Equipment

Safety GogglesSafety Goggles

For the highest level of protection, safety goggles that completely cover the eye and eye socket and eye and eye socket and seal against the face are recommended.

Lab ApronLab ApronLab ApronLab Apron(folded)(folded)

BeakerBeakerBeakerBeaker

Beakers hold solids or Beakers hold solids or li id th t ill t li id th t ill t liquids that will not liquids that will not release gases when release gases when reacted or are unlikely reacted or are unlikely yyto splatter if stirred to splatter if stirred or heated.or heated.

Beaker TongsBeaker TongsBeaker TongsBeaker Tongs

Beaker tongs are Beaker tongs are used to move beakers used to move beakers containing hot liquidscontaining hot liquidscontaining hot liquids.containing hot liquids.

Erlenmeyer FlaskErlenmeyer FlaskErlenmeyer FlaskErlenmeyer Flask

Erlenmeyer flasks, sometimes Erlenmeyer flasks, sometimes called conecalled cone--shaped flasks shaped flasks called conecalled cone shaped flasks, shaped flasks, hold solids or liquids that may hold solids or liquids that may release gases during a release gases during a reaction or that are likely to reaction or that are likely to reaction or that are likely to reaction or that are likely to splatter if stirred or heated.splatter if stirred or heated.

Volumetric FlasksVolumetric FlasksmmVolumetric flasks come in a variety Volumetric flasks come in a variety of sizes and are used to make of sizes and are used to make of sizes and are used to make of sizes and are used to make solutions of exact concentrations.solutions of exact concentrations.

Flask TongsFlask Tongs

Graduated CylinderGraduated CylinderGraduated CylinderGraduated Cylinder

A graduated cylinder is A graduated cylinder is A graduated cylinder is A graduated cylinder is used to measure volumes used to measure volumes of liquids.of liquids.

Always use the smallest Always use the smallest one that accommodates one that accommodates the amount you need to the amount you need to measure and record the measure and record the measurement to the measurement to the measurement to the measurement to the first estimated digit; first estimated digit; i.e., read between the i.e., read between the lin f th fin l di itlin f th fin l di itlines for the final digit.lines for the final digit.

FunnelFunnelFunnelFunnel

A f l i d A f l i d A funnel is used A funnel is used to aid in the to aid in the transfer of liquid transfer of liquid qqfrom one vessel to from one vessel to another or, with another or, with filter paper to filter paper to filter paper, to filter paper, to separate a solid separate a solid from a liquid.from a liquid.

Rubber StoppersRubber StoppersRubber StoppersRubber Stoppers

Rubber stoppers are used Rubber stoppers are used to close containers to avoid to close containers to avoid to close containers to avoid to close containers to avoid spillage or contamination.spillage or contamination.

Containers should never be Containers should never be heated when there is a heated when there is a stopper in place.stopper in place.stopper in place.stopper in place.

Test TubesTest TubesTest tubes come in a variety of sizes and are generally used as reaction vessels. They may be heated over a Bunsen burner or placed in a water heated over a Bunsen burner or placed in a water bath for heating or cooling purposes.

Test Tube HolderTest Tube HolderTest Tube HolderTest Tube Holder

b h ld b h ld A test tube holder is A test tube holder is useful for holding a useful for holding a test tube which is test tube which is too hot to handle.too hot to handle.

This instrument is This instrument is This instrument is This instrument is NOT a test tube NOT a test tube clamp! Clamps clamp! Clamps

h hi h hi attach one thing to attach one thing to another thing.another thing.

Test Tube RacksTest Tube Racks

Test tube racks are for holding and organizing test Test tube racks are for holding and organizing test tubes on the laboratory counter. Plastic racks may tubes on the laboratory counter. Plastic racks may y yy ymelt in contact with very hot test tubes.melt in contact with very hot test tubes.

Test Tube BrushesTest Tube BrushesTest Tube BrushesTest Tube Brushes

T t t b b h T t t b b h Test tube brushes are Test tube brushes are used to clean test tubes used to clean test tubes and graduated cylinders.and graduated cylinders.g yg y

Bristles should not be Bristles should not be hard enough to scratch hard enough to scratch hard enough to scratch hard enough to scratch the glass surfaces. the glass surfaces.

F i l b h i t F i l b h i t Forcing a large brush into Forcing a large brush into a small test tube will a small test tube will often break the tube.often break the tube.

MicroMicro Well PlatesWell PlatesMicroMicro--Well PlatesWell Plates

MicroMicro--well plates are used well plates are used to perform many small scale to perform many small scale reactions at one time.reactions at one time.reactions at one time.reactions at one time.

The use of microThe use of micro--well plates well plates can reduce lab costs and is can reduce lab costs and is often safer (due to the often safer (due to the smaller amounts used) than smaller amounts used) than fullfull--scale experimentsscale experimentsfullfull scale experiments.scale experiments.

Glass PlatesGlass PlatesGlass PlatesGlass Plates

Glass plates provide a Glass plates provide a f f if f i i i surface for semisurface for semi--micro micro

scale experiments, scale experiments, such as drop reactions such as drop reactions ppand testing of acids and testing of acids and bases.and bases.

Watch GlassWatch GlassWW

A watch glass is used to A watch glass is used to A watch glass is used to A watch glass is used to hold a small amount of hold a small amount of liquid or solid or as a liquid or solid or as a cover for a beaker.cover for a beaker.

Evaporating DishEvaporating DishEvaporating DishEvaporating Dish

The evaporating dish is The evaporating dish is used for recovering a used for recovering a solid solute from a solid solute from a solution by evaporating solution by evaporating off the solvent.off the solvent.off the solvent.off the solvent.

Evaporating dishes may Evaporating dishes may be heated gentlybe heated gentlybe heated gently.be heated gently.

CrucibleCrucible

Crucibles are used for Crucibles are used for heating substances to heating substances to very high temperaturesvery high temperaturesvery high temperatures.very high temperatures.

Crucible TongsCrucible Tongs

Crucible tongs are Crucible tongs are used with crucibles used with crucibles to avoid adding mass to avoid adding mass to avoid adding mass to avoid adding mass from finger oils and from finger oils and when handling hot when handling hot

ibliblcrucibles.crucibles.

They may also used They may also used y yy yto pick up other hot to pick up other hot objects, but objects, but NEVERNEVERto pick up beakers! to pick up beakers! to pick up beakers! to pick up beakers!

Mortar and PestleMortar and PestleMortar and PestleMortar and Pestle

A mortar and pestle is used to grind A mortar and pestle is used to grind solids into powders.solids into powders.

pestle

mortar

Spatulas / Spatulas / llScoopulasScoopulas SpatulasSpatulas

Spatulas and Spatulas and scoopulasscoopulas are are Spatulas and Spatulas and scoopulasscoopulas are are used to dispense solid chemicals used to dispense solid chemicals from their containers. from their containers.

Chemicals should NEVER Chemicals should NEVER be transferred with your be transferred with your b h db h d

ScoopulaScoopula

bare hands.bare hands.

Plastic Chemical SpoonPlastic Chemical Spoon

Plastic chemical spoons are used spoons are used when the metal of a regular spatula might

i h h i l react with chemicals being used.

ForcepsForcepsForcepsForceps

Forceps are used to Forceps are used to pick up small objects.pick up small objects.

Weigh BoatWeigh Boatgg

Weigh boats are used to Weigh boats are used to Weigh boats are used to Weigh boats are used to weigh (mass) solids that weigh (mass) solids that will be transferred to will be transferred to

th lth lanother vessel.another vessel.

Weighing paper, sheets Weighing paper, sheets g g p pg g p pof coated paper squares, of coated paper squares, may also be used to may also be used to weigh (mass) solidsweigh (mass) solidsweigh (mass) solids.weigh (mass) solids.

NEVER place chemicals directly on a balance!!!NEVER place chemicals directly on a balance!!!

Analytical BalanceAnalytical BalanceyyAnalytical balances are used to find mass precisely Analytical balances are used to find mass precisely to three or four decimal places.to three or four decimal places.to three or four decimal places.to three or four decimal places.

Glass Stir RodGlass Stir RodGlass Stir RodGlass Stir RodA glass rod is used to A glass rod is used to manually stir solutions. manually stir solutions. yyIt can also be used to It can also be used to control the transfer of control the transfer of a liquid or even a single a liquid or even a single a liquid or even a single a liquid or even a single drop of a solution.drop of a solution.

ThermometersThermometers

PipetsPipets and and PipetPipet BulbBulbPipetsPipets and and PipetPipet BulbBulb

A A pipetpipet measures and delivers exact measures and delivers exact p pp pvolumes of liquids.volumes of liquids.

BuretBuret(on ring stand(on ring stand))

EudiometerEudiometerEudiometerEudiometerGas Collection TubeGas Collection Tube

WideWide--Mouth BottleMouth BottleWideWide Mouth BottleMouth Bottle(Gas Collecting Bottle)(Gas Collecting Bottle)

WideWide--mouth bottles are mouth bottles are used to collect gases by used to collect gases by the displacement of waterthe displacement of waterthe displacement of water.the displacement of water.

Pneumatic Water TroughPneumatic Water TroughPneumatic Water TroughPneumatic Water Trough

Water Trough for Collecting GasWater Trough for Collecting Gasg gg g

Medicine DropperMedicine DropperMedicine DropperMedicine Dropper

A medicine dropper is A medicine dropper is used to transfer a used to transfer a used to transfer a used to transfer a small volume of liquid small volume of liquid (less than one (less than one mLmL).).

O f h di i d i “ bb b lb ”O f h di i d i “ bb b lb ”On top of each medicine dropper is a “rubber bulb.”On top of each medicine dropper is a “rubber bulb.”NEVER turn the dropper upside down or allow liquid NEVER turn the dropper upside down or allow liquid to enter the bulb. to enter the bulb.

Wash BottleWash Bottle

A wash bottle has a spout A wash bottle has a spout that delivers a wash solution that delivers a wash solution that delivers a wash solution that delivers a wash solution to a specific area. to a specific area.

Distilled water is the only Distilled water is the only liquid that should be used liquid that should be used in a wash bottlein a wash bottlein a wash bottle.in a wash bottle.

RingstandsRingstands and their Componentsand their Componentsgg pp

A A ringstandringstand consists of a consists of a h t l b d h t l b d heavy metal base and screwheavy metal base and screw--in metal rod to which various in metal rod to which various items may be attached.items may be attached.yy

The use of The use of ringstandsringstands and and their components (see their components (see their components (see their components (see following slides) provide a following slides) provide a safe and convenient way to safe and convenient way to tt h d t id tt h d t id attach and support a wide attach and support a wide

variety of items required in variety of items required in many experimental many experimental y py pprocedures. procedures.

RingstandsRingstands and their Componentsand their Components

Iron RingsIron Rings

Iron rings connect to a Iron rings connect to a ringstandringstand and provide a and provide a gg ppstable, elevated platform.stable, elevated platform.

Clay TriangleClay Triangle

The clay triangle is The clay triangle is used as a support for used as a support for porcelain crucibles porcelain crucibles being heated over a being heated over a Bunsen burner.Bunsen burner.Bunsen burner.Bunsen burner.

It can also be used as It can also be used as a support for a funnela support for a funnela support for a funnel.a support for a funnel.

RingstandsRingstands and their Componentsand their Components

Ring Utility ClampsRing Utility Clamps

Ring utility clamps are used Ring utility clamps are used Ring utility clamps are used Ring utility clamps are used to secure test tubes, flasks, to secure test tubes, flasks, buretsburets, distillation columns, , distillation columns, etc to the etc to the ringstandringstandetc. to the etc. to the ringstandringstand..

RingstandsRingstands and their Componentsand their Componentsgg pp

Double Double BuretBuret ClampsClamps

Double Double BuretBuret Clamps are used to attach Clamps are used to attach buretsburets, , eudiometers or gas collection tubes to a eudiometers or gas collection tubes to a ringstandringstandeudiometers, or gas collection tubes to a eudiometers, or gas collection tubes to a ringstandringstand..

RingstandsRingstands and their Componentsand their Componentsgg pp

Wire GauzeWire Gauze

A i i A i i A wire gauze sits on A wire gauze sits on the iron ring to provide the iron ring to provide a surface on which a a surface on which a beaker or flask may beaker or flask may be placed. be placed.

On older wire gauze, the white material is asbestos!On older wire gauze, the white material is asbestos!

B BB BBunsen BurnerBunsen Burner

Bunsen burners are used Bunsen burners are used for the heating of for the heating of ggnonvolatile liquids and nonvolatile liquids and solids.solids.

StrikersStrikersStrikers are used to Strikers are used to light Bunsen burners. light Bunsen burners. light Bunsen burners. light Bunsen burners.

The flints on strikers are The flints on strikers are i D t t i D t t expensive. Do not operate expensive. Do not operate

the striker repeatedly the striker repeatedly just to see the sparks!just to see the sparks!j pj p

Pressed Fiber PadPressed Fiber Pad

A 4” x 4” square A 4” x 4” square A 4 x 4 square A 4 x 4 square of ceramic fiber, it of ceramic fiber, it provides a surface provides a surface f h t b k f h t b k for hot beakers so for hot beakers so that the beaker that the beaker does not come in does not come in contact with a cold contact with a cold countertop and countertop and shattershattershatter.shatter.

Organic Lab EquipmentOrganic Lab Equipment

Florence FlaskFlorence FlaskFlorence FlaskFlorence Flask

The Florence Flask is used for heating substances that need to be heated evenly The to be heated evenly. The bulbed bottom allows the heat to distribute through the liquid more evenly liquid more evenly.

The Florence Flask is mostly used in distillation experiments.

Round Bottom FlaskRound Bottom Flask

The round bottom flask is used as:

boiling flaskreaction flask distilling flask distilling flask collection flask

VialsVials

Vials are flat-bottomed, stoppered glass containers stoppered glass containers.

They come in many sizes d h d d and shapes and are used

to hold small amounts of liquids or solids.

Vacuum FlaskVacuum Flask(Side(Side--Arm Flask or Filtering Flask)Arm Flask or Filtering Flask)

Th fl k l k lik The vacuum flask looks like an Erlenmeyer flask with a short arm coming out of git. The "arm" is designed to connect the flask to a vacuum source vacuum source.

Note the heavy the walls f thi fl k th of this flask - they are

designed to withstand reduced pressure without pimploding.

Buchner FunnelBuchner FunnelBuchner FunnelBuchner FunnelThe Buchner funnel is a white porcelain funnel A grey or porcelain funnel. A grey or black adaptor or a stopper with a hole in it is required to

fl k connect it to a vacuum flask.

The Buchner is used exclusively yfor vacuum filtrations. The adaptor forms a snug seal so that when reduced pressure is that when reduced pressure is applied to the vacuum flask, liquid poured into the Buchner is

k d i h fl k i klsucked into the flask quickly.

SeparatorySeparatory FunnelFunnelSeparatorySeparatory FunnelFunnelThe separatory funnel is used primarily in extraction used primarily in extraction procedures. The sloping sides are designed to make d h lit easy to distinguish layers.

The stopcock-controlled poutlet on the bottom is designed to allow the liquid to be drained out of the to be drained out of the funnel. A ground glass or Teflon stopper may be used

l h ito seal the top opening.

CondenserCondenser(Condensation Tube)(Condensation Tube)

The condenser is used in both reflux and distillation procedures to cool and condense vapors.

YY--AdaptorAdaptorTh Y d t i d i The Y-adaptor is used in a distillation set-up:

•it holds the thermometerit holds the thermometer•the side-arm connects to the condenser•it connects the round bottom flask to both the therm meter and the thermometer and the condenser

Thermometer AdaptorThermometer Adaptor

The thermometer adaptor consists of a standard taper joint and a of a standard taper joint and a rubber adaptor.

Th t d d t j i t fit i t The standard taper joint fits into a glassware set-up, while the rubber adaptor holds a pthermometer snugly.

ClaisenClaisen AdaptorAdaptor

The Claisen adaptor is a multi-purpose item of standard taper glassware.

It is used in situations It is used in situations which require more than one outlet from a round bottom flask bottom flask.

Vacuum AdaptorVacuum AdaptorVacuum AdaptorVacuum Adaptor

The vacuum adaptor is used The vacuum adaptor is used in a distillation set-up:

it connects to the lower end of the condensor and serves to direct the distilled liquid to direct the distilled liquid into the receiving flask

A "bent adaptor" would serve the same purpose in a simple or fractional distillation. A bent adaptor does not have the connection to a vacuum source, o s not ha th conn ct on to a acuum sourc , which is on the right hand side in the above photo.