2 designing new systems or modifying existing ones should always be aimed at helping an organization...
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Designing new systems or modifying existing ones should always be aimed at helping an organization achieve its goals
The primary emphasis of systems implementation is to make sure that the right information is delivered to the right person in the right format at the right time
Maintenance and review add to the useful life of a system but can consume large amounts of resources..
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Stages in Systems Analysis & Design
Last Week Systems Investigation Analysis
This Week Systems Design Implementation Maintenance Review
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Systems Design
Answers the question “How will the information system do what it must do to solve a problem?”
Has two dimensions: logical and physical
Logical design: description of the functional requirements of a system. What the system will do to solve the problem (earlier). No hardware or software considerations here.
Physical design: specification of the characteristics of the system components necessary to put the logical design into action.
RFQ and/or RFP. These are based on the logical design.
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Logical Design
Output requirements
Input requirements
Process requirements
File and database requirements
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Physical Design
Hardware specifications
Software specifications
Database specifications
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Physical Design (continued)
Telecommunications specifications
Personnel specifications
Procedure and control specifications
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Figure 13.4: The Levels of the Sign-On Procedure
ID = Username & PW Verification = For
systems and applications that are sensitive or secure another code is needed.
Authorization. Restricts the users access.
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Interface Design and Controls (continued)
Interactive processing
Menu-driven systems
Help commands
Table lookup facilities
Restart procedures
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Table 13.1: The Elements of Good Interactive Dialogue
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Design of System Security and Controls Preventing, detecting, and correcting errors
Early in the design stage Also develop a good backup system.
Disaster planning and recovery
Disaster planning: the process of anticipating and providing for disasters:
Maintaining integrity of informationKeep information systems running
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Design of System Security and Controls (continued) Disaster recovery: the implementation of the
disaster plan
Disaster planning and recovery (continued)
Software and database backup
Telecommunications backup
Personnel backup
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Design of System Security and Controls (continued) A number of firms offer disaster recovery services.
Hot site Cold site
Backups—2 copies, one onsite one offsite Can outsource
Backups– Backup software is expensive and complicated. Who will be responsible. Training. Can backup the servers and individual hard drives.
Policy to use only the network to save. Types of backups
Selective—Backup programs? Incremental backup Full Can you “Restore Archive bit
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Evaluating and Selecting a Systems Design
Preliminary evaluation
To dismiss the unwanted proposals
Begins after all proposals have been submitted
Final evaluation
A detailed investigation of the proposals offered by the vendors remaining after the preliminary evaluation
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Figure 13.7: The Stages in Preliminary and Final Evaluations
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Evaluation Techniques
Mentioned in an earlier chapter ROI, earnings growth, market share, customer
satisfaction, TCO
Group consensus Cost/benefit analysis Benchmark tests Point evaluation
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Figure 13.8: An Illustration of the Point Evaluation System
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The Design Report
Primary result of systems design
Reflects the decisions made and prepares the way for systems implementation
Serves as documentation for new SA&D.
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Figure 13.11: Typical Steps in Systems Implementation
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Acquiring Hardware from an IS Vendor An IS vendor is a company that offers hardware,
software, telecommunications systems, databases, IS personnel, and/or other computer-related resources
Buying computer hardware
Leasing computer hardware
Renting computer hardware
“Pay-as-you-go,” “on-demand,” or “utility” computing
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Acquiring Software: Make or Buy?
Externally developed software: lower cost, lower risk, ease of installation
In-house developed software
Meeting user and organizational requirements
More features and increased flexibility in terms of customization and changes
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Acquiring Software: Make or Buy? (continued) In-house developed software (continued)
Greater potential for providing a competitive advantage
Chief programmer teams
The programming life cycle
Tools and techniques for software development
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Acquiring Database and Telecommunications Systems
Relational databases
Object-oriented database systems
Databases are a blend of hardware and software
Telecommunications systems require a blend of hardware and software
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User Preparation
Readying managers, decision makers, employees, other users, and stakeholders for new systems
Training users
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IS Personnel: Hiring and Training
IS manager
Systems analysts
Computer programmers
Data-entry operators
Or Outsource
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Site Preparation
Preparation of the location of a new system
Making room for a computer in an office
Special wiring and air conditioning
Special floor
Additional power circuits
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Installation
The process of physically placing the computer equipment on the site and making it operational
Normally the manufacturer is responsible for installing computer equipment
Someone from the organization (usually the IS manager) should oversee the process
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Testing
Unit testing: testing of individual programs
System testing: testing the entire system of programs
Volume testing: testing the application with a large amount of data
Integration testing: testing all related systems together
Acceptance testing: conducting any tests required by the user
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Start-Up
The process of making the final tested information system fully operational
Direct conversion (also called plunge or direct cutover)
Phase-in approach. Components of the new system are phased in the old are phased out.
Pilot start-up. One branch at a time.
Parallel start-up
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Systems Operation and Maintenance Systems operation: use of a new or
modified system
Systems maintenance: checking, changing, and enhancing the system to make it more useful in achieving user and organizational goals. Very expensive.
Can be up to 5 times greater than the total cost of development.
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Types of Maintenance
Slipstream upgrade
Patch
Release
Version
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Figure 13.19: Maintenance Costs as a Function of Age
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Figure 13.20: The Value of Investment in Design