(2) ecology part a

8/3/2019 (2) Ecology Part A

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Ecology


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Levels Within Levels An ecosystem is a collection ofallthe organismsthatlive in a

particularplace, togetherwiththeirnonliving, orphysical,environment. Within an ecosystem, there are severallevelsof

organization. Yourschool and itsgrounds are similarto an

ecosystem.

1. Whatlivingthings are found in and around yourschool?

2. What nonlivingthings are found in yourschool?

3. Into whatlarge groups are the students in yourschool

divided?

4. Into whatsmallergroups are these large groups divided?

5. Are these groups everdivided into even smallergroups? Ifso,

what are these groups?


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What isEcology? Studyofinteractions

among

1. Organisms (Living-Living)

2. Organisms and their

environment (Living-

Nonliving)


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Species- a group ofsimilarorganismsthatcan breed and

produce fertile offspring.


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Section 3-1

3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization

Go toSection:


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LevelsofOrganization Individual- one

organism (living)

Ex a moose


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LevelsofOrganization Population- groupsof

individualsthat belong

tothe species and livein the same area.

(living-livingsame

species)

Ex many moose


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LevelsofOrganization Community- groupsof

different populations

(more than onepopulation ordifferent

groupsofspecies)

Ex manygroupsofmoose

beavers, trees, grass (all

living)


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LevelsofOrganization Ecosystem- all

organisms in a

particulararea alongwiththe nonliving.(living and nonliving)

Ex. Manygroupsofmoose beavers, trees,grass, rocks, water,mountains


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LevelsofOrganization Biome- group of

ecosystemsthathave thesame climate and similar

dominantcommunities

Biomes: tropicalrain forest,tropical dryforest, tropicalsavannah, temperate grassland,

desert, temperate woodland andshrubland, temperate forest,northwestern coniferousforest,borealforest (taiga), tundra,mountains and ice caps


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LevelsofOrganization Biosphere- allofthe

planet where life

exhists, includesland,water, and, air

Life extends 8 km up

and 11 km below the

surface


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Whatshapes an ecosystem? Biotic factors-

biological (living)

influencesonecosystem

Ex. Interactions

between organisms,

predation, symbiosis,

etc.

Abiotic factors-nonliving influences

on ecosystems

Ex. Temperature,

precipitation, nutrientavailability, soltype,sunlight.


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Biotic- anythingliving


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Abiotic- anything non-living


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Habitat vs.Niche

Habitat- an area where an organism lives

Niche- fullrange ofphysical and biological

conditions in which an organism lives and the wayin whichthe organism usesthose conditions.

Includes where in the food chain it is, where an

organism feeds

Habitatis like an address in an ecosystem and a

niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.


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Community Interactions

when organismslive togetherin an ecologicalcommunity

they interactconstantly.

Three typesofinteractions

Competition

Predation

Symbiosis


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Competition- competing for

resources occurs due to a limited

numberofresources

Resource- any necessityoflife. water, nutrients,

light, food.

Competitive exclusion

principle- notwospecies

can occupythe same niche

in the same habitat atthe

same time


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Predati

on

Predation- when an

organism captures and

feedson anotherorganism.

Predator- hunter

Prey- hunted


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Sym

bio

sis Symbiosis- anyrelationship where two

specieslive closelytogether. (3 types)

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism


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Sym

bio

sis Mutualism-both

species benefitfrom a

relationship.

Lichens (fungus and

Algae)

One example isthe lichens, little non-descript patchesofstuffyousee growingon rocks and tree bark. This is a symbiosis,

consistingofa fungus and an alga. The fungus provides a protective home forthe algae, and gathers mineral nutrientsfrom

rainwaterand from dissolvingthe rockunderneath. The alga gathers energyfrom the sun. There are thousandsofspeciesof

lichen in the world; actuallythousandsofspeciesoffungi with just a few speciesofalgae whichcan form a partnership with

almost anyofthem.


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Sym

bio

sis Commensalism One

memberofa symbiotic

relationship benefits and

the otheris neitherhelped

orharmed

Ex.Holesused by bluebirds

in a tree were chiseled out

by woodpeckers afterithas

been abandoned .


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Sym

bio

sis Parasitism- One

creature benefits and

one creature isharmed Extapeworm. Feeds in

a humans intestines

absorbinghis/her

nutrients.


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Energy Flow (Trophic Levels) Producers- make their

own food

Consumers- get

energyfrom

consuming producersorotherconsumers


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Pro

ducers Producers- capture

energyfrom sunlight

orchemicals and usethe energyto producefood.

Producers areautotrophs- theymake food from theirenvironment


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Auto

trophs

Get energyfrom the

sun-by photosynthesis

Get energy withoutlight-

bychemosynthesis


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Consu

mers

Consumers are heterotrophs- get energy

from otherorganisms


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Types ofConsumers Herbivores- eatonly plants

Carnivores- eat animals

Omnivores- eat both plants and animals

Detritivores- eat dead matter(plants and animals)


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Feeding Relationships

Energyflowsthrough an ecosystem in one directionfrom:

1.the sun orinorganiccompounds

2. To autotrophs (producers)

3. Toheterotrophs (consumers) Decomposersget energyfrom decomposing dead organisms


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Food Web- A networkoffeeding

relationships.

(More realisticthat a food chain)

Food Chain- a seriesofsteps in whichorganisms

transferenergy by eatingorbeing eaten.

Third LevelConsumers

Second Level

Consumers

First Level (Primary)

Consumers


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Trophiclevels

Eachstep in a food chainora food web iscalled a

trophiclevel. Producers are the firsttrophiclevel

Consumers are the second,third, orhighertrophiclevel

Eachtrophiclevel dependson the one below forenergy

Third Level

Consumers

Second Level

Consumers

First Level (Primary)

Consumers


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EnergyPyramid

Only partofthe energystored in

one levelcan be passed tothe

next- most energy isconsumed

forlife processes (respiration,

movement, etc., and heat is

given off)

Only 10% ofthe energy

available within one trophiclevel istransferred toorganisms

in the nexttrophiclevel


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BiomassPyramid

Biomass- the totalamountoflivingtissue

within a given trophiclevel.

A biomass pyramidrepresentsthe amountofpotentialfoodavailable foreachtrophiclevel in anecosystem.

(2) ecology part a

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