2-elements of a sys

8/8/2019 2-elements of a sys

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ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM.

A systems objectives are expressed in terms of theoutputs it needs to produce. It feeds input, which areprocessed to generate the outputs.

The input are the data, i.e., raw facts which are processed

while the output i.e., information are outcome of theprocess.

The essential elements of inputs are:

i)Accuracy: if the data is not accurate, the output wouldbe wrong.

ii) Timeliness: if the data is not obtained in time, theentire system falls into arrears.

iii) proper format: the input must be available in properformat.

iv) Economy: the data must be produced at the least cost.

Input Process Output


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In addition to above components, two more

components play an important role. These are:

(a) Control (b) Feedback Control. A system is guided by the control. that is

, each system should have the element control,

which makes the system to operate within tolerable

performance levels.

control of the system is the decision-maker that

controls the activities of accepting input,

processing and producing the output.


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Feedback. It is info on how well a system is performing and itis essential for system modification.

In feedback control, the output is fed back to input and /or to the

control. The feeding back of the output allows it to be measuredagainst some standards and making adjustments in theprocessing accordingly.

Every system uses a basic control model consisting of:

(A) A standard for accepting performance

(B) A method of measuring actual performance

(C) A means for comparing actual performance againststandard.

(D) A method for feedback.

Standard: the accepting levels of performance are calledstandardsagainst which the actual performance are to be

compared.


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Control

ProcessingInput (data) Output (info)

feedba

ck

To control processing

Information for user control


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Types of Systems: systems has been classified indifferent ways: common classification are:

i) physical or abstract system

ii) open or closed system.

iii) Deterministic or Probabilistic systems

iv) Man-made information systems.

1. physical or abstract system. Physical system aretangible entities that may be static or dynamic in

operation. E.g., steel filing cabinet is a static physical

system while Air-conditioning unit is a dynamic physical

system.abstract systems are conceptual or non-physical entities

which may be straightforward as formulas, algorithms,

equations or models.


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2. open or closed system. An open system continuallyinteracts with its environments. It receives inputs from anddelivers output to the outside. An info system belongs to thiscategory, since it must adapt to the changing demands of

the user e.g., educational system, business system.in contrast, a closed system is isolated from environmentalinfluences. It remain unaffected by the change inenvironment. In reality completely closed system are rare.

3. Deterministic or Probabilistic systems. A deterministic

sys is one in which the occurrence of all events is perfectlypredictable. If we get description of sys state at a particulartime, the nest state can be easily predictable e.g., anumerically controlled machine tool, computer outputs.

probabilistic is one in which the occurrence of events

cannot be perfectly predicted. E.g., warehouse and itscontents, economic forecasting, inventory sys.


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4. Man-made information systems. It is generallybelieved that info reduces uncertainty about a

state or event. For example, info that the wind iscalm reduces the uncertainty that a trip by boat willbe enjoyable.

it determines the nature of relationship among

decision makers.an info system may be defined as a set of

devices, procedures and operating systemsdesigned around the user-based criteria to

produce info and communicate it to the user forplanning, control and performance.

organizations use info systems to processtransactions, reduce costs and generate revenue.


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we can say that an info system is a systemwhich provides info for decision making and/or

control of organization. E.g., Banks use info systo process customer cheques and producestatements.

the major info sys are :

Formal info systems Informal info sys Computer based info systems.

Formal info systems. It is based on theorganization represented by the org chart. Chartis concerned with the pattern of authority,communication and work flow.


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An informal info sys is an employee basedsystem designed to meet personal and

vocational needs and to help in the solution ofwork-related problems. It also funnels infoupward through indirect channels.

Third category of info sys depends on the

computer for handling business applications.Sys analysts develop several different types ofinformation sys to meet a variety of businessneeds.

computer based info sys are classified as:

i) Transaction processing system (TPS)

ii) Management info sys (MIS)


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iii) Decision support sys (DSS)

iv) Office Automation sys (OAS)

Transaction processing system (TPS). Substitutescomputer-based processing for manual

procedures. Deals with well structured routine

processes. Includes record-keeping applications. Management info sys (MIS). Provides input to be

used in the managerial decision process. Deals

with supporting well structured decision situations.

Typical info requirements can be anticipated.


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Decision support sys (DSS). Provides info to

managers who make judgments about

particular situations. Supports decision makersin situations that are not well structured.

Office Automation sys (OAS). It is a multi-

function, integrated computer based system,that allows many office activities to be

performed in an electronic mode.

2-elements of a sys

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