2. emotions-moods - personality and value

7/31/2019 2. Emotions-Moods - Personality and Value

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Why Emotions Were Ignored in OB

Critical factor in employee behavior

The myth of rationality

Emotions of any kind are disruptive to

organizations


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What Are Emotions?

MoodsFeelings that tend to

be less intense thanemotions and that lacka contextual stimulus

EmotionsIntense feelings that

are directed atsomeone or something

AffectA broad range of feelings that people

experience


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Emotions and Moods

Emotions

Caused by specific event

Very brief in duration(seconds or minutes)

Specifically and numerousin nature

Accompanied by distinctfacial expressions

Action oriented in nature

Moods

Cause is often generaland unclear

Last longer than emotions(hours or days)

More general

Not indicated by distinctexpressions

Cognitive in nature


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The Basic Emotions

While not universally accepted, there appear tobe six basic emotions:

1. Anger2. Fear

3. Sadness4. Happiness5. Disgust

6. Surprise

May even be placed in a spectrum of emotion:Happiness surprise fear sadness anger -

disgust


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Sources of Emotions and Moods

Personality

Day and Time of the Week

Weather

Stress

Social Activities

Sleep

Exercise

AgeGender


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Gender and Emotions

Women

Can show greater emotional expression

Experience emotions more intensely

Display emotions more frequently

Are more comfortable in expressing emotions

Are better at reading others emotions

Men

Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistentwith the male image

Are innately less able to read and to identifywith others emotions

Have less need to seek social approval by

showing positive emotions


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What Is the Function of Emotion?

What Functions Do Emotions Serve?

Darwin argued they help in survival problem-solving

Evolutionary psychology: people must experienceemotions as there is a purpose behind them

Not all researchers agree with this assessment


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Emotional Labor

Anemployees expression of organizationallydesired emotions during interpersonaltransactions at work.

Emotional Dissonance:

Employees have to project one emotion whilesimultaneously feeling another

Can be very damaging and lead to burnout


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A situation in which an employee

expresses organizationally desired

emotions during interpersonal transactions.

Emotional Labor


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Types of Emotions:

Felt: the individuals actual emotions

Displayed: required or appropriate emotions

Surface Acting: displaying appropriately but

not feeling those emotions internally

Deep Acting: changing internal feelings tomatch display rules


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Emotional dissonance

Inconsistencies between theemotions we feel and the emotions

we project.

Felt EmotionsAn individuals actual emotions


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Displayed Emotions

Emotions that are organizationallyrequired and considered appropriate in

a given job


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External Constraints on Emotions

OrganizationalInfluences

CulturalInfluences

IndividualEmotions


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EXTERNAL CONTSTRAINTS ON EMOTIONS

1. ORGANIZATIONAL EXPECTATIONS

Job requirements

Doctors & air-traffic controllers never show

emotions & get excited or panic

Sports announcers, lawyers show emotions to

be effective


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2. CULTURAL INFLUENCES

Americans value enthusiasm

Americans smiling is a sign of friendlinessviewed positively

Chinese consider negative emotions to be useful

and constructive

Norms for expressing emotions differ acrosscultural groups:

Japanese - smiling indicates a lack of intelligence

French make no effort to hide their personal

feelings about customers

* How about Filipinos?


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Affective Events Theory (AET)

A model that suggests that workplaceevents cause emotional reactions on thepart of employees, which then influenceworkplace attitudes and behaviors.


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Affective Events Theory (AET)


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Theory Implies

Emotions provide valuable insights

about behavior

Emotions, and the minor events that

cause them, should not be ignored at

work: they accumulateCurrent and past emotions affect job

satisfaction.


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Emotional fluctuations create variations in

job satisfaction and performance.

Both negative and positive emotions can

distract workers and reduce job

performance.


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PERSONALITY

Most people have built-in tendencies to experiencecertain moods and emotions more frequently then

others and therefore people differ in how intensely

they experience the same emotion.

Day of the week and Time of the dayPeople are found more happy in the weekends.

People also differ according to the time of the day

whether morning or evening .


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However most of us follow samepattern . Levels ofpositive effect tend

to peak between walking and sleeping

. Negative effect however shows little

fluctuations throughout the day

Continued


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WeatherMany people think that their mood is tied to the

weather .However it is suggested that weatherhas little effect on mood . It was also concluded

that people do not report a better mood on bright

and sunny days or bad moods on dark and rainy

days .Illusory correlation which occurs when

people associate two events but in reality there is

no connection explains why people tend to think

nice weather improves there mood.


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Stress

Stress affects emotions and moods .For examplestudents have higher level of fear before exam,

but their fear vanishes once the exam is over .

As it is said that even the constant low level

stressful events has a potential to cause workersto experience an increasing level of strain Such

increasing levls of stress can lead to negative

emotions and moods


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Social Activities

Social activities increase positive mood and have

lesser effect on negative moods. Also the people

in the social interactions tend to be in good

moods. Also the social activity being performedmatters , its also suggested that physical and

informal activities are more associated with

positive moods than as to formal or mental

activities .


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AgeEmotional experience tends to improve as we get

older i.e. we experience fewer negative moods .

GenderIt is believed that women tend to be more

emotional then men but its is also that women canhold on to her emotions for more longer then men

.Women feel emotions more intensely,

have longer-lasting moods, and

express emotions more frequently

than do men .


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Self-Awareness

Self Regulation

Empathy

RelationshipManagement


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TWO VIEW POINTS ABOUT Emotions

Traditionalists

say that emotions

High performers

say that emotions

Distract us

Increase our

vulnerability

Cloud our judgment

Must be controlled

Motivate us

Increase our

confidence

Speed our analysis

Build trust Must be managed


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Emotions and Selection

Emotions affect employee effectiveness.

Decision Making

Emotions are an important part of thedecision-making process inorganizations.

Creativity

Positive mood increases creativity.

OB Applications of Emotions and

Moods..


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Motivation

Emotional commitment to work and highmotivation are strongly linked.

LeadershipEmotions are important to acceptance ofmessages from organizational leaders.

Interpersonal Conflict

Conflict in the workplace and individualemotions are strongly intertwined.

OB Applications of Emotions and

Moods..


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Negotiation

Emotions can impair negotiations.

Customer ServicesEmotions affect service quality deliveredto customers which, in turn, affectscustomer relationships.

Job Attitudes

Can carry over to home

Deviant Workplace Behaviors

Negative emotions lead to employeedeviance (actions that violate norms andthreaten the organization).


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Do people experience emotions equally?

No. Culture can determine type, frequency,

and depth of experienced emotions

Do people interpret emotions the same

way?Yes. Negative emotions are seen as

undesirable and positive emotions are

desirableHowever, value of each emotion varies across

cultures

Global Implications


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Do norms of emotional expression

vary?

Yes. Some cultures have a bias against

emotional expression; others demand

some display of emotionHow the emotions are expressed may

make interpretation outside of ones

culture difficult

Global Implications


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Moods are more general thanemotions and less contextual

Emotions and moods impact all areas

of OBManagers cannot and should notattempt to completely control the

emotions of their employees

Summary and Managerial

Implications


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Managers must not ignore theemotions of their co-workers andemployees

Behavior predictions will be lessaccurate if emotions are not takeninto account

Summary and Managerial

Implications


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2. emotions-moods - personality and value

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