2 life processes

8/13/2019 2 Life Processes

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UN T TWO

LIFE PROCESSES

OF HUMANS


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Humans Breathing Organs


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1) Humans need air to breathe (), we needoxygen from air to survive.

2) Breathing is include 2 action, inhale (take in) and exhale (let out).

HUMANS BREATHE

inhale (breathe in)


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exhale (let out)

3) The air which breathe in contains moreoxygen while the air which let out contains

more carbon dioxide.

Air flows

Nose

Windpipe

Lungs


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Humans Excrete and Defecate

1) Excretion is the removal of waste productsfrom body.

2) Human excrete () and defecate () toget rib of waste materials () from body.

3) These waste materials are :- urine ()- sweat ()- carbon dioxide ()

4) Excretion is essential to keep the humanbody in good health.

5) Human will suffer from many diseases if the

waste products are not remove well.


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6) Waste products are produced by body cells

when they carry out chemical processes.7) Defecation is the process by which faeces()

are removed from the body.8) Faeces are undigested food materials.

9) Faeces also contain some bacteria() andvery little amount of water.

10) Faeces are formed and accumulated() in

the large intestine(

).11) Faeces are removed() from bodythrough anus().


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1) The human excretory organs are- the lungs- the kidneys- the skin

Human Excretory Organs


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2) The lungs remove carbon dioxide and waterduring exhalation.

3) Carbon dioxide and water are produced whenbody cells carry out respiration().4) The kidneys are organs that filter out()

waste materials from blood() and produce

them become urine.5) Urine consists of water, urea(), and

mineral salt().6) Urine is stored in urinary bladder()

before removed from body.7) The skin excretes waste products in form of

sweat().8) Sweat contains water, urea and mineral salt.


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9) Sweat is produced by sweat glands() theskin and gets out from by sweat pores().

10) Sweating can helps to cooling the body andreduces the temperature of body.


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Excretory

OrgansWaste Products

Method of

Excretion

Lungs Carbon dioxide, water Exhalation

KidneysUrine (urea + water +

mineral salt)Urination

SkinUrine (urea + water +

mineral salt)Sweating

The Functions of Human ExcretoryOrgans


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The Important of Excretion andDefecation

1) Through excretion, humans get rids of toxicwaste products() such as carbon dioxideand urea.

2) Helps to control the amounts of water andmineral salts in the body.

3) Sweating can cool the body and maintain the

body temperature.4) If faeces stay too long in the body willbecome drier and harder and can causeconstipation().


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Humans Respond to Stimuli1) Humans can respond() to external

stimuli(

) to protect themselves fromdanger.2) Examples of stimuli that body can respond to

are:

- sound() - temperature()- pain () - smell()3) The senses organs of humans are:

- skin

- a pair of eyes- a pairs of ears- the nose- the tongue


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4) Examples of how human respond to stimuli:

Stimuli Responses

High temperature at

the surface of a glass.

When the hands touches a hot

surface , it quickly pulls back.

Low temperature of

a cold wind.

When it is cold, we rub our hands

together to keep them warm.

Pain is felt when

the fingers touch

the thorns of a

durian fruit.

When the hand touches a sharp

object, it quickly pulls back.


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Stimuli Responses

The loud noise of

thunder.

We cover our ears when there is

thunder.

The foul smell

of animal waste.

We cover our noses to keep out bad

smell.


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The Important of Responses ToStimuli

1) The ability to respond to high temperaturecan helps human to avoid getting injured orburnt.

2) The ability to respond to low temperatures

can help human to avoid losing too much heatwhen it is cold.3) The ability to respond to pain can helps

human avoid getting injured by sharp objects.

4) The ability to respond to loud sounds enableshuman to protect their ears from damage.

5) The ability to respond to smells can help tokeep human away from things that may be

dirty, dangerous or bad for our health.


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Humans Reproduce1) Reproduction() is the process by which

humans produce their young or offspring().2) Humans need reproduce to:

- maintain their number.()

- increase their number.()- maintain the balance of nature.()

3) If humans do not reproduce, in the end, all

humans will die out and human species becomeextinct.

4) Humans have their own families, thus theyhave their own family tree.


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Bad Habits That Affect LifeProcesses

1) Habits that bring harm to life processesinclude:

- smoking

- taking drugs- drinking alcohol2) These habits cause harm to the organs in our

body and cause dead.

3) Smoking contains many chemicals that candamage the lungs.4) Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, tar and

acids.


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Substances In

Cigarette SmokeEffects

Nicotine

Effects throat() and may cause lung

cancer().

Tar

Lungs become brown and less efficient for

exchange of gasses.

Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to

lung cancer.

Acids Asthma() and bronchitis().

5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person lesssensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli(

).6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability

of a person. A drunk driver may even cause anaccident.

ANIMALS EXCRETE ANDDEFECATE

1) Animals need to excrete and defecate to removewaste products from their bodies.

2) Different animals use different organs forexcretion.

3) Excretory organs of animals are:- the lungs()- the kidneys()

- the gills(

)- the skin()4) The lungs:

a) animals such as mammals(), birds(), and

reptiles() have lungs.


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





b) Those animals like monkeys, cats, chicken,eagles, crocodiles, snake ...

c) Such animals excrete carbon dioxide and waterin the form of exhaled air through their lungs.5) The kidneys:

a) Majority of land animals() and some

aquatic animals() can excrete wasteproducts such as ammonia, uric acid and urea inform of urine through kidneys.

b) Examples of such animals are turtles, fish,frogs, birds, rats, goats...

6) The gills:a) Most of the aquatic animals like fishes, tadpole

and prawns excreta through gills.


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





b) They remove carbon dioxide through thesurface of the gills.

7) The skin:a) Other animals which excrete through the skin

are earthworms() and insects.

b) The excretory materials of insects are used tobuild the hard outer layer of the skin.c) An examples is the butterfly whose excretory

products are deposited on its wings as fine

colourful scales.8) Animals also defecate to remove undigested foodfrom their bodies in the same way as a human.

ANIMAL BREATHE


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





ANIMALS BREATHE1) Different types of animals breathe through

different breathing structures.

2) The breathing structures of animals include:- the lungs- the tracheal system()- book lungs()- moist skin()

3) The lungs:a) Majority of land animals and some of aquatic

animals breathe through the lungs.b) Examples of land animals are:- birds, ducks, rabbits, tigers, snakes ...

c) Examples of aquatic animals are:

- whales, dolphin, turtles, sea lion ...

4) The tracheal system:


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





4) The tracheal system:a) Can be found in insects such as grasshoppers(), dragonflies(), praying mantises(),

cockroaches() ...b) Consists of many tiny air tubes() that carryair directly to body cells.

c) When an insects breathe in, air gets into these

air tubes through the tiny pores calledspiracles() which along the side of theinsects body.

d) Insects also breathe out the air through

spiracles.


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





5) Book lungs:a) Book lungs are breathing organs that look like

book pages.

b) Animals such as spiders() and scorpions() breathe with their book lungs.

6) The gills:


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





6) The gills:a) Most aquatic animals such as fish, squids(),

tadpoles, prawns ... breathe with gills.

b) When water goes into a fishs mouth, it willflow over the gills.c) The oxygen that is dissolved in water will move

into the blood vessels in the gills.

d) At the same time, the carbon dioxide in theblood vessels will move into the water.

7) Moist skin:


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





7) Moist skin:a) Earthworms() breathe only through their

skin.

b) Frog() and salamanders() breathe withtheir lungs when on the land, but they can alsobreathe their skin when stay inside the water.

c) Such animals have to keep their skin moist all

the time. So they usually live in the water ordamp() places.

d) Their skin also can produce mucus().


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





ANIMALS REPRODUCE

1) Animals will die sooner() or later and need toreproduce a new generation() to replacethem.

2) Therefore, animals need to reproduce duce to:

- maintain their number.()- increase their number.()- maintain the balance of nature.()

3) Animals reproduce in two ways:- laying eggs()- giving birth to live babies()

E


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





1) Insects, fishes, amphibians, birds and reptiles

reproduce by laying eggs.2) These animals do not suckle()

LAYING EGGS

INSECTS FISH AMPHIBIANS BIRDS REPTILES

Housefly

()

Malaysian

mahseer

Frog

()Chicken Snake

Moth

() Common tilapia

Toad

() Duck Crocodile

Ant

()Giant gouramy

Salamander

()Eagle Turtle

Animals that reproduce by laying eggs


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





3) Fish and amphibians lay eggs in the water.4) Insects and reptiles lay eggs on land.

ANIMALS PLACE TO LAY EGGS

Bird The branches of trees, nest.

Butterfly Leaves

Turtle Beach, buried in the sand

Termite, grasshopper Underground holesCommon lizard Dark places

CockroachDark places, under cupboard, inside the

drawer

Garden snail Dark, wet places

5) Most animals lay a lot of eggs so that some ofthem will hatch().


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





6) Some animals such as the chicken, birds and snake

will sit on their eggs until they hatch.7) The chicken will look after its eggs and the chicks.8) However. Some animals such as the turtle, tortoise,

mosquito and frog will not on their eggs. They leave

the eggs to hatch by themselves.9) The turtle digs a hole on a sandy beach to lay itseggs. It than covers the hole with sand to burrythe eggs.

10) A female mosquito lays its eggs in stagnant water.The eggs float on the surface of the water. Theeggs hatch in two to three days.

GIVING BIRTH TO LIVE YOUNG


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Substances In


Nicotine


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lung cancer.





GIVING BIRTH TO LIVE YOUNG1) Most mammals() give birth to live young().

2) Examples of land mammals that give birth youngare elephants, cows, cats, rats, ...

3) Whales() and dolphins() are aquaticmammals that give birth to live young.

4) The only mammals that lay eggs are the spinyanteater() and the duck-billed platypus().

5) Mammals usually give birth to very fewoffspring().

6) The offspring of the mammals feed on milk fromthe mothers mammary glands.

7) Mammals take care of their young until they canlive on their own

LIFE CYCCLES OF ANIMALS


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.





LIFE CYCCLES OF ANIMALS1) A life cycles is the series of stages undergone by a

living thing from or egg to adulthood().

2) Different animals may have different life cycles.3) Animals undergo changes in size and shape during

the different stages of their life cycles.4) Some young animals look like their parents but

some do not. They undergo changes until they looklike their parents.


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Substances In


Nicotine


cancer().

Tar


exchange of gasses.


lung cancer.






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PLANTS RESPOND TO STIMULI

1) Plants respond to the following stimuli:- gravity()- water()

- sunlight(

)- touch()2) When a part of plants grows towards a stimulus,

it is said to show a positive response.

3) However, when a part of plant grows away fromthe stimulus, it is said to show a negativerespond.

PLANTS RESPOND TO GRAVITY


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PLANTS RESPOND TO GRAVITY1) The response of plants to gravity:

a) roots grow towards gravity.

b) shoots grow away from gravity.c) the response of roots to gravity makes sure

that roots always grow downwards into the soil.d) this growth of roots deep into the soil helps

plants to find water and minerals in the soil.

PLANTS RESPOND TO WATER


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PLANTS RESPOND TO WATER1) The response of plants to water:

a) roots grow towards water.

b) shoots grow away from water.c) the response of roots to gravity makes sure

that roots always grow towards the source ofwater in the soil.

d) plants need water to prevent wilting and formaking food in the process of photosynthesis.

e) minerals in the soil also dissolved in the water.

PLANTS RESPOND TO SUNLIGHT


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PLANTS RESPOND TO SUNLIGHT1) The response of plants to sunlight:

a) shoots grow towards sunlight.

b) roots grow away from sunlight.c) the growth of shoots towards sunlight makes

sure that plants can get sunlight to carry outphotosynthesis.

PLANTS RESPOND TO TOUCH


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PLANTS RESPOND TO TOUCH

1) The response of plants to touch:a) the leaflets of the mimosa plant will fold up

when been touched.b) the response may help to protect the plant

from animals that try to eat its leaves.


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c) the hinged leaves of the Venus flytrap closedup when something touches them.

d) this response helps the plants trap smallinsects for food.

) th t d il f l t h th


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c) the tendrils of some plants such as thecucumber plants and bitter gourd plant, thetwining stems of some plants like bean plant

and the morning glory plant curl around nearbybranches or other supporting structures thatthe plants come in touch with.


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2) The response of tendrils and twining stems helpsplants to climb to a higher position to get more

sunlight for photosynthesis.3) Such response also helps plants with soft stemsto get support from nearby plants or supportingstructures.


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PLANTS REPRODUCE

1) Plants need to reproduce to ensure the survivalof their species.2) If the existing plants do not reproduce, the

plants species on Earth will become extinct.

3) Animals that feed on plants will also not surviveand will become extinct.

4) Without plants, the Earth will no longer be asuitable place for humans to live in.

5) The Earth will also become a very hot place.6) The amount of oxygen in the air will decrease

quickly.


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7) Different types of plants reproduce in differentways.8) Ways of plants reproduce include reproducing :

- by seeds()

- by spores()- by the cutting of the stems()- through the leaves()- through suckers()

- through underground stems()


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BY SEEDS

1) Flowering plants such as the durian tree, maize,rambutan tree, balsam plant, watermelon andpapaya tree produce new plants by seeds.

2) The flowers of these plants will develop into

fruits and their seeds can de found in the fruits.3) When fruits are eaten by animals, theundigested seeds will pass from the animals body.

4) When there is water and suitable temperature,

the seed will geminate to produce a new plants.5) In most cases, the new plants look very much the

same as the parent plants.


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BY SPORES


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BY SPORES1) Non-flowering such as ferns, mushroom and

mosses reproduce by spores.

2) A spores is a tiny spherical cell that can beobserved by using a magnifying lens.

3) Spores are very tight, they can easily be carriesaway by the wind.

4) Millions of spores found inside a spores capsule.5) The spores capsules of a fern are located in

groups at the underside of the leaves of the fern.

6) When the spores are ripe, the spore capsulesburst open and the spores scattered.7) The spores will start to grow when they land on

soil under favourable conditions such as enough

humus, water and the suitable temperature.


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THROUGH THE LE VE


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THROUGH THE LEAVES

1) Young plants can grow from the leaves of certain

plants such as the begonia, bryophyllum andAfrican violet.

2) The leaves of these plants are usually thick andbuds grow from them.

3) Shoots and roots grow from the buds to produceyoung plants.

THROUGH THE CUTTING OF


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THROUGH THE CUTTING OFSTEMS

1) Plants such as the sugar cane, tapiaco, begonia,rose, hibscus and geranium grow through stem-cutting.

2) In stem-cutting, the stem that is cut from the

parent plant must have a bud.3) When the stem cuttings of these plants areplanted in the soil, the buds on the them willgrow into a new plant.

THROUGH SUCKERS


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THROUGH SUCKERS1) Some plants such as the banana, bamboo, yam and

pineapple plants grow from suckers.2) Young plants usually grow around the parentplants.

3) The young plants can be transferred to another

place by digging them up and planting them ingood soil away from the parent.

THROUGH UNDERGROUND STEMS


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THROUGH UNDERGROUND STEMS1) The ginger, turmeric and potato are examples of

plants that grow from underground stems.2) Underground stems contain stored food for theplants.

3) Buds of these plants grow below the soil surface.

4) The buds will produce young shoots and roots.5) As the shoot grows into a young plant, it will also

start to store food in its underground stem.

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