2. psychological research
TRANSCRIPT
HINDSIGHT BIAS(I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)It does not mean that your common sense (if you have such) is wrong.
Our intuitive sense more easily describe what JUST HAPPENED than what WILL HAPPEN in the future.
Natural tendency toward OVERCONFIDENCE
Perception of ORDER IN RANDOM EVENTS FALSE ASSUMPTIONS
That is why we have……psychological research,
experimentation,
scientific inquiry,
to help us to get around these problems that basically save the study of our minds from the stupidity of our minds.
OPERATIONALIZATIONFiguring out how to ask general questions about subjects and turn them into measurable, testable
proposition
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Question & a theory (what explains and organizes lots of different observations and predicts outcomes)
2. Hypothesis, testable prediction
3. Test with a replicable experiment
REPLICATIONWatching a person exhibit a certain behavior once and it won’t prove very much.
BUT(T)!
Getting consistent results even as you change subjects and/or situations, you’re prolly onto something
CASE STUDIESTake an in-depth look at one individual
Can be misleading; can’t be replicated; run the risk of overgeneralizing
Good at showing us what can happen; frame questions for more extensive, generalizable studies
Great story-telling device psychologists use to observe & describe human behavior
Rare cases
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONResearchers watch behavior in a natural environment
To let the subjects do their “thing” without trying to manipulate them or control the situation
Great at describing behavior, limited in explaining it
SURVEYS & INTERVIEWSAsking people to report their opinions or behaviors
Alfred Kinsey (Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male & Sexual Behavior in the Human Female)
A great way to access people’s consciously-held attitudes and beliefs
ISSUES IN QUESTIONS IN SURVEYS
What words are used?ban & censor vs. limit & not allowDo you believe in space aliens?Do you think that there is intelligent life somewhere in the universe?
Who to ask?Representativeness of sampleRandom sampling – equal chance to be selected to answer a questionSampling bias
CORRELATIONNOT CAUSATION!
Predicts the possibility of cause-and-effect relationships but cannot prove them
EXPERIMENTS
Allow investigators to isolate different effects to a dependent variable by manipulating an independent variable, and keeping other variables constant.
Experimental groupControl group
Random assignmentPlaceboDouble-blind procedure
HYPOTHESIS
Caffeine makes me smarter.
Adult human given caffeine will navigate a maze faster than adult human not given
caffeine.
Manipulation of the IV
Control group……….Decaf
Experimental grp 1....100mg (Kopiko Black)
Experimental grp 2…500mg (Kopiko Black)
Dose everyone
Let them loose in the corn maze
Wait at the end of the maze with your stopwatch
See if there is any conclusive results