2. sales - ijsmmrd - tourist perception towards - pradip kumar mitra

8/20/2019 2. Sales - IJSMMRD - Tourist Perception Towards - Pradip Kumar Mitra

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TOURIST PERCEPTION TOWARDS JHARKHAND; A DISTRICT-WISE STUDY

PRANJAL KUMAR1 & ASHUTOSH MISHRA2 1Associate Lecturer, Department of HMCT, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

2Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Birla Institute of Technology, Lalpur Campus,

Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

ABSTRACT

Jharkhand an eastern state of India carved out from Bihar made its separate identity as 28th state of the country in

the year 2000. The state has 24 districts with primary impression of mineral rich state which accounts for 40% of the

mineral resources of India. Tourism perception of the state is undermined because of the image of huge mineral supporting

state to the country. The state has inherent natural beauty and entails all form of tourism dispersed categorically across the

24 districts. The perception of the tourist visiting among different districts of Jharkhand is of utmost importance for the

overall tourism identity of the state. The paper a ttempts to study the perception of types of Tourism available in

Jharkhand amongst the important districts empirically considering distinctive characteristics for tourist activity required to

choose type of tourism in any particular destination.

KEYWORDS: Jharkhand Tourism, Types of Tourism, Districts of Jharkhand

INTRODUCTION

Jharkhand as a gateway of tourism is spread across its 24 states which can be considered adding towards tourism

because of rich natural beauty, forest, wildlife, mountain, waterfalls, dams, rivers, temples, etc. The industrial city of

Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital, Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state, while

Dhanbad the coal capital of India is the second most populous city. The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".

Every state has its importance due to its history and rareness. Jharkhand has several tourist locations, besides its vast

potential of rural, Eco, Cultural, Adventure and Health tourism. The state also has tremendous scope for adventure tourism

because of its forests and hills. One can go for trekking, para-gliding or para-sailing. Then, there can be circuits for religion

tourism, linking Dumka, Deoghar, Parasnath and so on.

Table 1: Jharkhand Profile

Jharkhand : A Snapshot

Area 74,677 Sq. Km

Population (2001 census) 26,909,428

Population Density 360 people per Sq. Km.

Literacy Rate 59.6%

Principal Languages Hindi & Santali

Source: Market Pulse, Tourism Survey of Jharkhand

The important districts which contribute majorly to Jharkhand tourism is tabulated according to their attractions.

International Journal of Sales & Marketing

Management Research and Development (IJSMMRD)

ISSN(P): 2249-6939; ISSN(E): 2249-8044

Vol. 5, Issue 3, Jun 2015, 9-24

© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.


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10 Pranjal Kumar & Ashutosh Mishra

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.7836 NAAS Rating: 3.13

Table 2: Tourist Attractions in Jharkhand

S. No. Name of the District Attractions

1 RANCHI

Tagore Hill, Hunduru Fall, Dasham Fall, Jonha

Fall, Hirni Fall, Jaggannath Temple, Ranchi Hill,

Sun Temple, Rock Garden,Ranchi Lake,BirsaJaivikUdyan, Fun Castle, Sidhho-Kanho

Park, Nakshatra Van, MachhaliGhar,

AmreshwarDham, PanchaGagh Fall Etc.

2 JAMSHEDPUR

Jubilee Park, Dimna Lake, Dimna Wild Life, Sir

Dorabji Tata Park, Hudko Lake, Keenan Stadium,

Tata Football Acadamy, Jrd Tata Sports Complex,

Gliding And Flying Clubs, Tata Steel AdventureFoundation, Tribal Culture Centre etc

3 DEOGHAR

Baba Baidhnath Temple, Tapovan, Noulakha

Temple, NandanPahar, Satsang Nagar, NavDurga

Temple, Ram Krishna Ashram, Pagal Baba

Temple, HijlaJoria, Mandar4Hills, TrikutiPahar,

Dev S5angh etc.

4 BOKAROBokaro Steel City & Plant, City Park, Garga Dam

etc.

5 DHANBAD

CharakPathar, ChatiGobindpur, Golapur,Jhinjhipahari, Meva, Panrra, Chark- Khurd,

Topchanchi, Maithon, Panchet, Jamadoba. Etc

6 HAZARIBAGH

Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctury, Rajrappa Temple,

Hazaribagh Lake, Canary Hills, Parasnath

Temple, Telaiya Dam, Surajkund, HariharDham,

Urwan Tourist Complex Etc

7PALAMU

Palamu Wildlife Santuary, Palamu Fort Of Sri

MendinRpy, Betla National Park, Upper Ghaghri

Water Falls, Lower Ghaghri Water Falls, Lodh

Falls, Old Quila And New Quila FortSource: Tabulated from the information available in website www.jharkhanddarshan.com

TOURISM TRENDS AT JHARKHAND

The state has not been able to fully capitalize the potential tourism opportunity and types of tourism it can offer

due to negative image of Naxal menace and very bleak security and safety of the tourist. The menacing presence of

Maoists in Jharkhand is surely a huge reason which has kept the state out of bounds for foreign tourists1. Jharkhand

percentage share in domestic and foreign tourist makes it even more conspicuous. According to Indian Tourism Statistics

released by Ministry of tourism Jharkhand's share in foreign tourist was "negligible". This is not all. Only 0.9 per cent of

the total domestic tourists have cared to visit Jharkhand. In terms of domestic and foreign tourists, the state is respectively

ranked 17th and 28thIncidentally 22 out of the 24 Jharkhand districts - which are home to some breath-taking tourist

destinations - are infested by extremism. Jharkhand can rightly boast of featuring on its map some of the most scenic spots

in the country. But they are not exactly attracting tourists, even those from the neighbouring states, who were once frequent

in their visits.

Jharkhand provides almost all important types of tourism ranging from

• Tribal Tourism

• Mining Tourism

1http://indiatoday.india.indiatoday.in/articlePrint.jsp?aid=56806


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Tourist Perception Towards Jharkhand; A District-Wise Study 11


• Wild life Tourism

• Nature and Eco tourism

• Heritage Tourism

• Medical Tourism

• Cruise and Adventure Tourism

• Religious Tourism

• Spiritual Tourism

However amongst the above mentioned tourism the popular tourism of the state are Tribal tourism due to its rich

tribal population and their influence over the state. Mining tourism at Dhanbadconsidered to the coal mining capital of the

country. Wild life tourism at Hazaribagh due to rich wildlife and dense forest and valley. Nature and Eco tourism at Ranchithe capital of the state almost equivalent to hill station due to its scenic beauty, waterfalls, dams and climate. Religious

tourism is very popular due to two very famous abodes of Goddess Durga in the state that attract devotees from all over

India. Maithan near Dhanbad and Rajrappa near Ramgarh are two very important pilgrimagesand many more important

temples of national and world fame. Rest of the tourism exist but compared to other tourist destination they are almost

negligible due to poor facility and support from the local government of a particular district.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The paper attempts to investigate the perception of the tourist of six districts under the study i.e. 1. Deoghar, 2.

Ranchi, 3. Jamshedpur, 4. Hazaribagh, 5. Dhanbad, 6. Palamu. The districts selection was taken considering the importance

and identity of the districts associated with the types of tourism. The attributes considered to represent an individual for the

delight of tourism were done on conceptual basis. The perceptions of 50 responses in each state were taken to find out the

significantrelationship of six districts with distinctive tourist activity required to choose the type of tourism in Jharkhand

state. The responses were collected through tourists staying in important hotels, dharmshalas, rest houses and guest houses.

Further the tour operators were also involved in assisting the collection of responses through their past experiences. At

Deoghar the location identified for the responses was near GhantaGharChowk an important place neat Baba Dham. The

responses from Ranchi districts were collected through tourists staying in star rated as well as budgeted hotels. Responses

from Jamshedpur were collected through tourists visiting at Jublie Park and with the help of the employees of JUSCO

involved in keep up of important tourist attraction. The responses from Hazaribagh, Dhanbad and Palamu were collected

through travel agents and tourists at important attraction of these districts. The Factor loading were analysed to considering

the significance of each variable postreliability. One-Way ANOVA and Chi-Square test were applied to find the extent of

significance and test of independence between the variables and its influence over the six districts.

Table 3: Analysis and Interpretation of Data

S. No. Description of the Variables Variable

1. Gender of the Tourists GENDER

2. Religion of the Tourists RELIGION

3. Social Class of the Tourists SOCIAL_CLASS

4. Age of the Tourists AGE5. No. of family members of the Tourists FAMILY_MEMBERS


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Table 3: Contd.,

6. Occupation of the Tourists OCCUPATION

7. Annual Income of the Tourists ANNUAL_INCOME

8. Favourable season of the Tourists FAVOURABLE_SEASON

9.

Frequency of visit of the Tourists in the

districts under study VISIT_FREQUENCY

10.Stay period of the Tourists in the districts

under studySTAY_PERIOD

11.Mode of travel opted by the Tourists to visit

the districts under studyMODE_OF_TRAVEL

12.Source of awareness as an important touristsattractions of the districts under study

ACQUAINT

13.Lodging facilities availed by the tourists

under districts under studyLODGING

14.Types of tourism categorised amongst the

districts under studyTOURISIM_CATEGORY

FACTOR ANALYSIS

Table 4: Communalities

Initial Extraction

GENDER 1.000 .831

RELIGION 1.000 .755

SOCIAL_CLASS 1.000 .835

AGE 1.000 .784

FAMILY_MEMBERS 1.000 .774

OCCUPATION 1.000 .684

ANNUAL_INCOME 1.000 .792

FAVOURABLE_SEASON 1.000 .629

VISIT_FREQUENCY 1.000 .701

STAY_PERIOD 1.000 .885

MODE_OF_TRAVEL 1.000 .766

ACQUAINT 1.000 .872

LODGING 1.000 .546

TOURISIM_CATEGORY 1.000 .859

DISTRICT 1.000 .624

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Factor analysis with Varimax with Kaiser Normalization applied found almost each factor to be important

considering the Eigen values

RELIABILITY

Table 5: Case Processing Summary

N %

Cases

Valid 300 75.0

Excludeda 100 25.0

Total 400 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.


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Table 6: Reliability Statistics

The reliability value is 0.916 which is more than 0.7 which is statistically good for further processing of the data.

The descriptive statistics of the responses of variables under the study is tabulated below:

Table 7: The Values of the Variables were Defined in SPSS Version 21 as Tabulated Below

S. No. Variable Classification Assigned Value

1. GENDERMale 1

Female 2

2. RELIGION

Hindu 1

Muslim 2

Christian 3

Buddhist 4

Jains 5

Others 6

3. SOCIAL_CLASS

General 1

ST 2

SC 3

BC 4

OBC 5

4. AGE

Less than 18 years 1

18 – 25 2

26 – 40 3

41 – 60 4

Above 60 years 5

5. FAMILY_MEMBERS

2 1

3 – 4 2

5 – 6 3

7 and above 4

6. OCCUPATION

Govt. Service 1Employed in Private firms 2

Business 3

Self – employed 4

Student 5

Others 6

7. ANNUAL_INCOME

up to Rs.100000 1

Rs. 10,0001 to 25,0000 2

Rs. 25,0001 to 50,0000 3

Rs. 50,0001 to 1,00,0000 4

More than Rs.1000000 5

8. FAVOURABLE_SEASON

Winter 1

Autumn 2Summer 3


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Rainy season 4

9. VISIT_FREQUENCY

First time 1

Second time 2

Third time 3

Four time 4

More than four time 5

10. STAY_PERIOD

1 – 2 days 1

3 – 4 days 2

5 – 7 days 3

More than 7 days 4

11. MODE_OF_TRAVEL

By Air 1

By Train 2

By private taxi 3

By own vehicle 4

By luxury tourist buses 5

Others 6

12. ACQUAINT

News paper 1

Magazines 2Television / Films 3

Traveler’s agent 4

Holiday clubs 5

Friends and relatives 6

13. LODGING

Budgeted Hotels 1

Star rated Hotels 2

Govt. guest house 3

Resorts of Jharkhand

tourism4

Private Resorts 5

Dharamshala 6

14. TOURISIM_CATEGORY

Tribal Tourism 1

Mining Tourism 2

Wild life Tourism 3

Nature and Eco tourism 4

Heritage Tourism 5

Medical Tourism 6

Cruise and Adventure

Tourism7

Religious Tourism 8

Spiritual Tourism 9

15. DISTRICT

Deoghar 1

Ranchi 2

Jamshedpur 3

Hazaribagh 4Dhanbad 5

Palamu 6

Table 8: Item Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation N

GENDER 1.33 .471 300

RELIGION 2.09 1.777 300

SOCIAL_CLASS 2.67 1.362 300

AGE 3.04 1.159 300

FAMILY_MEMBERS 2.01 .914 300


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Table 8: Contd.,

OCCUPATION 2.75 1.497 300

ANNUAL_INCOME 3.28 1.246 300

FAVOURABLE_SEASON 2.51 1.111 300

VISIT_FREQUENCY 2.47 1.355 300

STAY_PERIOD 2.07 1.560 300

MODE_OF_TRAVEL 3.06 1.532 300

ACQUAINT 2.97 1.739 300

LODGING 2.85 1.971 300

TOURISIM_CATEGORY 1.33 .862 300

DISTRICT 3.50 1.711 300

Table 9: Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

There is a negative correlation between districts and other parameters conceptually identified to analyse the

impact of these parameters on types of tourism category and six districts under the study. This shows that the parameters

are indifferent with the districts since each district under the study has got its demographic uniqueness for various types of

tourism from the point of view of the respondents.

ONEWAY ANOVA

Table 10

ANOVA

Sum of

SquaresDf

Mean

SquareF Sig.

GENDER

Between Groups .430 5 .086 .384 .860

Within Groups 65.900 294 .224

Total 66.330 299

RELIGION

Between Groups 5.667 5 1.133 .355 .879

Within Groups 938.080 294 3.191

Total 943.747 299

SOCIAL_CLASS

Between Groups 1.707 5 .341 .181 .969

Within Groups 552.960 294 1.881

Total 554.667 299

AGE

Between Groups 3.960 5 .792 .586 .711

Within Groups 397.560 294 1.352

Total 401.520 299

FAMILY_MEMBERS

Between Groups 3.267 5 .653 .779 .566

Within Groups 246.680 294 .839Total 249.947 299


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Table 10: Contd.,

OCCUPATION

Between Groups 2.270 5 .454 .200 .962

Within Groups 667.980 294 2.272

Total 670.250 299

ANNUAL_INCOME

Between Groups 6.737 5 1.347 .866 .504

Within Groups 457.300 294 1.555

Total 464.037 299

FAVOURABLE_SEASON

Between Groups 15.027 5 3.005 2.496 .031

Within Groups 353.960 294 1.204

Total 368.987 299

VISIT_FREQUENCY

Between Groups 57.230 5 11.446 6.847 .000

Within Groups 491.500 294 1.672

Total 548.730 299

STAY_PERIOD

Between Groups 343.470 5 68.694 52.586 .000

Within Groups 384.060 294 1.306

Total 727.530 299

MODE_OF_TRAVEL

Between Groups 17.177 5 3.435 1.475 .198

Within Groups 684.620 294 2.329

Total 701.797 299

ACQUAINT

Between Groups 7.267 5 1.453 .477 .794

Within Groups 896.520 294 3.049

Total 903.787 299

LODGING

Between Groups 200.187 5 40.037 12.244 .000

Within Groups 961.360 294 3.270

Total 1161.547 299

TOURISIM_CATEGORY

Between Groups 32.670 5 6.534 10.129 .000

Within Groups 189.660 294 .645Total 222.330 299

Interpretation of One-way Anova Table

• The table value of Gender = 0.860 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Gender does not have any

significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study.

• The table value of Religion = 0.879 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Religion does not have any


• The table value of Social class = 0.969 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Social classdoes not have any

significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study. Social class does not influence

the tourism spirit of tourist visiting the districts of Jharkhand.

• The table value of Age = 0.711 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Age does not have any significance

impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study. The age of the tourist does not have any

influence of the choice of districts however the age may have association with the category of tourism in

Jharkhand state.

• The table value of Family members = 0.566 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Family members do not

have any significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study. The visitors are

visiting the districts irrespective of the number of members in the family once they have selected any districts


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under the study.

• The table value of Occupation = 0.962 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Occupationdoes not have any


• The table value of Annual income = 0.504 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Annual income does not have

any significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand for tourism under the study. However the

expenditure in tour of different districts may vary but the choice of districts does not have association with annual

income of the tourists.

• The table value of Mode of travel = 0.198 which is more than 0.05. This shows that Mode of travel does not have

any significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study. The connectivity of mode

of travel is limited amongst the districts under the study therefore the choice of mode of travel is restricted.

• The table value of Acquaint (information about the districts)= 0.784which is more than 0.05. This shows that

knowledge about the districts under the study through different sources does not have any significance impact

over choice of districts of Jharkhand for tourism under the study. This further shows that the districts under the

study have gained much popularity since the formation of the Jharkhand state in 2000.

• The table value of Favourable season = 0.031 which is less than 0.05. This shows that season have significance

impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand for tourism under the study. The reason being the demographic

uniqueness of the districts which may be suitable and meaningful for the visit in a particular season.

• The table value of Visit frequency = 0.000 which is less than 0.05. This shows that no. of visits to a particular

districts under the study have significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study.The visitors may not prefer to visit the same districts again.

• The table value of Stay period = 0.000 which is less than 0.05. This shows that Stay period in a particular districts

under the study have significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study. The

districts may not be lucrative enough to extend the period of stay.

• The table value of Lodging = 0.000 which is less than 0.05. This shows that lodging facility in a particular

districts under the study have significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under the study.

This is due to limited number of lodging facility in the districts.

• The table value of Tourism category = 0.000 which is less than 0.05. This shows that tourism category in a

particular districts under the study have significance impact over choice of districts of Jharkhand tourism under

the study. Deoghar is known for religious tourism, Ranchi and Jamshedpur is preferred nature and Eco tourism.

Dhanbad is more preferred for mining tourism. Hazaribagh is preferred for Wild life tourism and Palamu is

preferred for Heritage tourism.


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CROSS TAB CHI-SQUARE TEST

DISTRICT GENDER

Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 1.945a 5 .857

Likelihood Ratio 1.930 5 .859

Linear-by-Linear Association .805 1 .370

N of Valid Cases 300

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected

count is 16.50.

Since the Pearson Chi-Square value is more than 0.05 at 5 df. This shows

that Gender is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.

DISTRICT

RELIGION

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 8.829a 30 1.000

Likelihood Ratio 9.348 30 1.000



a. 24 cells (57.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is 1.00.

Since the Pearson Chi-Square value is more than 0.05 at 5 df. This shows that Religion is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.

DISTRICT

SOCIAL_CLASS

Chi-Square Tests


sided)






count is 6.83.


that Social class is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.

DISTRICT

AGE

Chi-Square Tests


sided)





a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expectedcount is 5.00.


that Age is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.


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DISTRICTFAMILY_MEMBERS

Chi-Square Tests


sided)





a. 6 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected

count is 3.83.


that Family members is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhandunder the study.

DISTRICT

OCCUPATION

Chi-Square Tests


sided)



Linear-by-Linear Association .010 1 .919N of Valid Cases 300

a. 6 cells (16.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expectedcount is 2.00.


that Occupation is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.

DISTRICT

ANNUAL_INCOME

Chi-Square Tests


sided)






count is 6.00.


that Annual income is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhandunder the study.

DISTRICT

FAVOURABLE_SE

ASON

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)



Linear-by-Linear Association 4.935 1 .026

N of Valid Cases 300a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected

count is 12.17.

Since the Pearson Chi-Square value is less than 0.05 at 5 df. This shows

that Favourable season is dependent on choice of districts of Jharkhandunder the study.


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DISTRICT

VISIT_FREQUENC

Y

Chi-Square Tests


sided)






count is 5.67.


that Visit frequencyis dependent on choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.

DISTRICT

STAY_PERIOD

Chi-Square Tests


sided)



Linear-by-Linear Association 12.099 1 .001N of Valid Cases 300

a. 12 cells (40.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expectedcount is 1.50.


that Visit Stay Period is dependent on choice of districts of Jharkhandunder the study.

DISTRICT

MODE_OF_TRAVE

L

Chi-Square Tests


sided)





a. 6 cells (16.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected

count is 2.83.


that Mode of travel is dependent on choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.

DISTRICT

ACQUAINT

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)




N of Valid Cases 300a. 6 cells (16.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected

count is 4.33.


that information about Jharkhand districts is independent of choice of districts of Jharkhand under the study.


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DISTRICTLODGING

Chi-Square Tests


sided)





a. 12 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is 3.83.


that Lodging facility is dependent on choice of districts of Jharkhandunder the study.

DISTRICT

TOURISIM_CATEGORY

Chi-Square Tests


sided)



Linear-by-Linear Association 3.766 1 .052N of Valid Cases 300

a. 24 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimumexpected count is .50.


that Tourism categortyis dependent on choice of districts of Jharkhandunder the study.

BAR CHARTS OF THE RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT VARIABLES

Gender Religion


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Social_Class Age

Family_Members Occupation

Annual_Income Favourable_Season


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Visit_Frequency Stay_Period

Mode_of_Travel Acquant

Lodging Tourism_Category

Figure 1

CONCLUSIONS

From the above study it is apparent that Jharkhand has developed a considerable image as a tourism destination. It


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offers all the popular types of tourism however few categories of tourism need more awareness and marketing. The study

analyses that Jharkhand tourism is a portfolio of tourism delight by its composition of 24 districts having demographic

uniqueness. The visit to the state is more preferred in winter season, festival seasons and season favourable for religious

tourism. The frequency of visit and stay period of tourists is dependent upon the attraction of various tourists’ spot of thedistricts under the study. Therefore there is strong need of increasing the facilities, safety and security and other important

infrastructure conducive for tourists in order to increase the visit frequency and stay period of both domestic as well as

foreign tourists. The implementation of the draft proposed tourism policy in the year 2014 is on the cross road due to

political turmoil and need serious efforts to promulgate Jharkhand tourism.

REFERENCES

1.

Record Increase in foreign Tourist Arrivals in India’, Hindustan Times,

http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=be1505b5-5664-493b-951a-2883c130e98a, April,

18, 2007.

2. http://indiatoday.india.indiatoday.in/articlePrint.jsp?aid=56806

3.

Gupta, Anil and Ghosh, Anil, ‘Tourism Marketing in India: Inviting the Domestic Traveler’ Advertising Express,

ICFAIJournal, April 2004

4. Kothari C. R., Research Methodology, WishwaPrakashan, New Delhi, 1997.

5.

Oppermann, M. (1992). International Tourism Flows in Malaysia. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(3), 482 -500.

6. Oppermann, M. (1993). Tourism Space in Developing Countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(3), pp535-55.

7.

Pearce, D. G. (1979). Towards a Geography of Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(3), pp245 -272. Pearce,

D. G. (1989). Tourist Development (2nd ed.). New York:

8. Longman. Pearce, D. G. (1995). Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman. Pigram,

J. J. (1985). Outdoor Recreation and Resource Management (2nd ed.). London: Croom Helm.

9.

Sood, Suresh, ‘The Blogging of Travel and Tourism: Next Generation Travel Marketing and Advertising’

Advertising Express, ICFAI Journal, Feb 2006

10. Sadhu Singh, Research Methodology in social science, Himalaya Publishing House, 1980.

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