2: 2: When Worlds When Worlds Collide, 1492-1590Collide, 1492-1590

In 1580 essayist Montaigne talked with several American Indians at the French court who "noticed among us some men gorged to the full with things of every sort while their other halves were beggars at their doors, emaciated with hunger and poverty," and "found it strange that these poverty-striken halves should suffer such injustice, and that they did not take the others by the throat or set fire to their houses." [Text on internet]

“I remember in the plaza where some of their oratories stood, there were piles of human skulls so regularly arranged that one could count them, and I estimated them at more than a hundred thousand. I repeat again that there were more than one hundred thousand of them. And in another part of the plaza there were so many piles of dead men's thigh bones that one could not count them; there was also a large number of skulls strung between beams of weed, and three priest who had charge of these bones and skulls were guarding them. We had occasion to see many such things later on as we penetrated into the country for the same custom was observed in al the towns, including those of Tlaxcala.” Bernal Diaz del Castillo: The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (1520s)

“When the Caciques, priests, and chieftains were silenced, Cortés ordered all the idols which we had overthrown and broken to pieces to be taken out of sight and burned. Then eight priests who had charge of the idols came out of a chamber and carried them back to the house whence they had come, and burned them. These priests wore black cloaks like cassocks and long gowns reaching to their feet, and some had hoods like those worn by canons, and other had smaller hoods like those worn by Dominicans, and they wore their hair very long, down to the waist, with some even reaching down to the feet, covered with blood and so matted together that it could not be separated, and their ears were cut to pieces by way of sacrifice, and they stank like sulphur, and they had another bad smell like carrion, and as they said, and we learnt that it was true, these priests were the sons of chiefs and they abstained from women, and they fasted on certain days, and what I saw them eat was the pith of seeds of cotton when the cotton was being cleaned, but they may have eaten other things which I did not see."

Bernal Diaz del Castillo

Chapter Focus QuestionsChapter Focus Questions Discuss the roles played by the rising merchant Discuss the roles played by the rising merchant

class, the new monarchies, Renaissance class, the new monarchies, Renaissance humanism, and the Reformation in the humanism, and the Reformation in the development of European colonialism.development of European colonialism.

Define a frontier of inclusion. In what ways does Define a frontier of inclusion. In what ways does this description apply to the Spanish empire in this description apply to the Spanish empire in the Americas?the Americas?

Make a list of the major exchanges that took Make a list of the major exchanges that took place between the Old World and the New World place between the Old World and the New World in the centuries following the European invasion in the centuries following the European invasion of America. Discuss some of the effects these of America. Discuss some of the effects these exchanges had on the course of modern historyexchanges had on the course of modern history..

In what ways did colonial contact in the In what ways did colonial contact in the Northeast differ from contacts in the Caribbean Northeast differ from contacts in the Caribbean and Mexico?and Mexico?

The Invasion of AmericaThe Invasion of America

Intercontinental ExchangeIntercontinental Exchange

New World foods -- potatoes, maize, squash, pumpkins, and beans

Western Europe in the Fifteenth CenturyWestern Europe in the Fifteenth Century

European Exploration, 1492–1591European Exploration, 1492–1591

European Exploration, 1492–1591European Exploration, 1492–1591

European Exploration, 1492–1591European Exploration, 1492–1591

IntroductionIntroduction

Alfred W. Crosby’s “ecological imperialism”Alfred W. Crosby’s “ecological imperialism” Colombian [intercontinental] exchangeColombian [intercontinental] exchange Bartolome de las CasasBartolome de las Casas Inner light, predestination, original sin, the Inner light, predestination, original sin, the

electelect Headright, enclosureHeadright, enclosure Movie: Movie: The MissionThe Mission Encomienda, “frontier of inclusion”Encomienda, “frontier of inclusion” Ignacio Bernal, Los Folkloristas, Nuevo CantoIgnacio Bernal, Los Folkloristas, Nuevo Canto

Bartolome de las Casas [1474 – 1566]

"The Cruelties used by the Spaniards on the Indians," from a 1599 English edition of The Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas. Las Casas passionately denounced the Spanish conquest and defended the rights of the Indians. These images were copied from a series of engravings produced by Theodore de Bry that accompanied Las Casas's original edition.

"[The Indians]. . . have no religion, at least no "[The Indians]. . . have no religion, at least no temples. temples. They live in large communal bell-shaped They live in large communal bell-shaped buildings, housing up to 600 people at one buildings, housing up to 600 people at one timetime . . .made of very strong wood and roofed with . . .made of very strong wood and roofed with palm leaves. . . . They prize bird feathers of various palm leaves. . . . They prize bird feathers of various colors, beads made of fishbones, and green and colors, beads made of fishbones, and green and white stones with which they adorn their ears and white stones with which they adorn their ears and lips, but they put no value on gold and other lips, but they put no value on gold and other precious things. They lack all manner of precious things. They lack all manner of commerce, neither buying not selling, and rely commerce, neither buying not selling, and rely exclusively on their natural environment for exclusively on their natural environment for maintenance. They are extremely generous with maintenance. They are extremely generous with their possessions and by the same token covet the their possessions and by the same token covet the possessions of their friends and expect the same possessions of their friends and expect the same degree of liberality. . . . “ degree of liberality. . . . “

BishopBishop Las CasasLas Casas

". . . while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died ". . . while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died in three months. Some mothers even in three months. Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer drowned their babies from sheer desperation. . . . In this way, husbands died desperation. . . . In this way, husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and in the mines, wives died at work, and children died from lack of milk..... and in a children died from lack of milk..... and in a short time this land which was so great, so short time this land which was so great, so powerful and fertile..... was depopulated. . . . powerful and fertile..... was depopulated. . . . My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I human nature, and now I tremble as I write. . . . “write. . . . “

““. . . . the entire human race is one.”. . . . the entire human race is one.”

BishopBishop Las CasasLas Casas

Marriage laws are nonexistent: men and Marriage laws are nonexistent: men and women alike choose their mates and leave women alike choose their mates and leave them as they please, without offense, them as they please, without offense, jealousy or anger. They multiply in great jealousy or anger. They multiply in great abundance; pregnant women work to the abundance; pregnant women work to the last minute and give birth almost painlessly; last minute and give birth almost painlessly; up the next day, they bathe in the river and up the next day, they bathe in the river and are as clean and healthy as before giving are as clean and healthy as before giving birth. If they tire of their men, they give birth. If they tire of their men, they give themselves abortions with herbs that force themselves abortions with herbs that force stillbirths, covering their shameful parts stillbirths, covering their shameful parts with leaves or cotton cloth; although on the with leaves or cotton cloth; although on the whole, Indian men and women look upon whole, Indian men and women look upon total nakedness with as much casualness as total nakedness with as much casualness as we look upon a man's head or at his hands." we look upon a man's head or at his hands." BishopBishop Las CasasLas Casas

New Spain / MexicoNew Spain / Mexico

Olmec, Monte AlbanOlmec, Monte AlbanMaya, YucatanMaya, YucatanTeotihuacan, Quetzalcoatl Teotihuacan, Quetzalcoatl Tula, Tezcatlipoca/QuetzalcoatlTula, Tezcatlipoca/QuetzalcoatlAztlan, ChichimecasAztlan, ChichimecasAztec, Tenochtitlan, HuitzilopochtliAztec, Tenochtitlan, Huitzilopochtli

BibliographyBibliography

Michael D. Coe, Michael D. Coe, The Maya The Maya (1987) (1987) Alfred W. Crosby: Alfred W. Crosby: Ecological Imperialism, The Ecological Imperialism, The

Biological Expansion of Europe 900 - 1900Biological Expansion of Europe 900 - 1900 (1986) (1986)

Bernal Diaz: Bernal Diaz: The Discovery and Conquest of MexicoThe Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (1520s) (1520s)

Alvin M. Josephy Jr., Alvin M. Josephy Jr., 500 Nations500 Nations (1994) (1994) Friar Diego de Landa, Friar Diego de Landa, Yucatan Before and After the Yucatan Before and After the

ConquestConquest (1566) (1566) Gary B. Nash. Gary B. Nash. Red, White, and BlackRed, White, and Black: The Peoples : The Peoples

of Early America (1982) of Early America (1982) William H. Prescott, William H. Prescott, The Conquest of Mexico and The Conquest of Mexico and

the Conquest of Peru the Conquest of Peru (1843) (1843)

BibliographyBibliography

Kirkpatrick Sale: Kirkpatrick Sale: The Conquest of Paradise The Conquest of Paradise (1990) (1990) Linda Schele and David Freidel, Linda Schele and David Freidel, A Forest of Kings: A Forest of Kings:

The Untold Story of the Ancient MayaThe Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (1990) (1990) John L. StephensJohn L. Stephens, , Incidents of Travel in Central Incidents of Travel in Central

America, Chiapas and YucatanAmerica, Chiapas and Yucatan (1841) (1841) Alan Taylor, American Colonies (2001)Alan Taylor, American Colonies (2001) J. Eric S. Thompson, J. Eric S. Thompson, The Rise and Fall of the Maya The Rise and Fall of the Maya

CivilizationCivilization (1954) (1954) Howard Zinn, Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United A People's History of the United

StatesStates (1980) (1980)

ChronologyChronology

1000 1000 Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows 1347-53 Black Death in Europe 1347-53 Black Death in Europe 1381 1381 English Peasants' Revolt English Peasants' Revolt 1488 1488 Bartolomeu Días sails around the African continent Bartolomeu Días sails around the African continent 1492 1492 Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean 1494 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas 1497 1497 John Cabot explores Newfoundland John Cabot explores Newfoundland 1508 1508 Spanish invade Puerto Rico Spanish invade Puerto Rico 1513 1513 Juan Ponce de León lands in Florida Juan Ponce de León lands in Florida 1514 1514 Bartolomé de las Casas preaching against Bartolomé de las Casas preaching against

conquest conquest 1516 1516 Smallpox introduced to the New World Smallpox introduced to the New World 1517 1517 Martin Luther breaks with the Roman Catholic Martin Luther breaks with the Roman Catholic

Church Church

ChronologyChronology

1519 1519 Hernán Cortés lands in MexicoHernán Cortés lands in Mexico 15341534 Jacques Cartier first explores the St. Lawrence Jacques Cartier first explores the St. Lawrence

River River 1539-40 Hernán de Soto & Francisco Vásquez de 1539-40 Hernán de Soto & Francisco Vásquez de

Coronado Coronado expeditions expeditions 1550 1550 Tobacco introduced to Europe Tobacco introduced to Europe 1552 1552 Bartolomé de Las Casas's Bartolomé de Las Casas's Destruction of the IndiesDestruction of the Indies1558 1558 Elizabeth I of England begins her reign Elizabeth I of England begins her reign 1562 1562 Huguenot colony on mid-Atlantic coast Huguenot colony on mid-Atlantic coast 1565 1565 St. Augustine founded St. Augustine founded 1583 1583 Humphrey Gilbert attempts to plant a colony in Humphrey Gilbert attempts to plant a colony in

Newfoundland Newfoundland 1584-87 Walter Raleigh colony, Roanoke Island 1584-87 Walter Raleigh colony, Roanoke Island 1588 1588 English defeat the Spanish ArmadaEnglish defeat the Spanish Armada // John White // John White

returns to find Roanoke colony abandoned returns to find Roanoke colony abandoned

“No laws and ordinances, sheriffs and constables, judges and juries, or courts or jails-the apparatus of authority in European societies-were to be found in the northeast woodlands prior to European arrival. Yet boundaries of acceptable behavior were firmly set. Though priding themselves on the autonomous individual, the Iroquois maintained a strict sense of right and wrong. He who stole another's food or acted invalourously in war was "shamed" by his people and ostracized from their company until he had atoned for his actions and demonstrated to their satisfaction that he had morally purified himself. “

Gary Nash [Iroquois culture]

The English and The English and Algonquians at Algonquians at

RoanokeRoanoke

The Roanoke Area in 1585The Roanoke Area in 1585

Roanoke, 1585 - CROATOAN on a tree in 1591

The First Colony of The First Colony of RoanokeRoanoke

Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by Sir Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585.Walter Raleigh in 1585.

Goal was to find wealth-- furs, gold or silver, Goal was to find wealth-- furs, gold or silver, plantation agriculture Indians seen as laborers.plantation agriculture Indians seen as laborers.

1580s - English & Algonquians at Roanoke 1580s - English & Algonquians at Roanoke 1584 Chief Wingina sent Manteo + Wanchese to GB1584 Chief Wingina sent Manteo + Wanchese to GB CROATOAN – 50 miles south, no cross as warningCROATOAN – 50 miles south, no cross as warning John White, Frances Drake, Virginia Dare John White, Frances Drake, Virginia Dare 1588 Armada 1588 Armada 1590 “The Lost Colony”1590 “The Lost Colony”

Sir Humphrey Gilbert [1537 – 1583]

Sir Walter Raleigh [ca.1554 – 1618]

Spanish Armada – Protestant Wind, 1588

Sir Frances Drake [1540 – 1598]

Drake attacks Cartegena, Colombia 1586

“Drake’s Bay” from a 1590 map

Richard Hakluyt’s map of the Americas, 1587

The Expansion of The Expansion of EuropeEurope

Western European Western European CommunitiesCommunities

Agricultural, peasants, water mills, iron Agricultural, peasants, water mills, iron plows, bread, porridge plows, bread, porridge

Feudalism, dowry, noble, serf, Roman Feudalism, dowry, noble, serf, Roman Catholic Catholic

33% dead before age 5, 50% reached 33% dead before age 5, 50% reached adulthood adulthood

1347-1353, Black Death [bubonic 1347-1353, Black Death [bubonic plague] plague]

Spanish Inquisition, Moors driven out Spanish Inquisition, Moors driven out 1490s1490s

Merchant Class & New Merchant Class & New MonarchiesMonarchies

Late Middle Ages expansion of commerce -minerals, Late Middle Ages expansion of commerce -minerals, salt, timber, fish, cereal, wool, wine salt, timber, fish, cereal, wool, wine

City-states of City-states of Venice, Genoa, Pisa in ItalyVenice, Genoa, Pisa in Italy The Crusades - silk, spices [cloves, cinnamon, The Crusades - silk, spices [cloves, cinnamon,

nutmeg, pepper] nutmeg, pepper] Muslim libraries of Alexandria and Baghdad Muslim libraries of Alexandria and Baghdad Growth of universities, postal service Growth of universities, postal service Gothic medieval cathedrals [followed by styles from Gothic medieval cathedrals [followed by styles from

Greeks & Romans] Greeks & Romans] New focus on the human body [Humanism, a revolt New focus on the human body [Humanism, a revolt

against religious authority, less emphasis on against religious authority, less emphasis on afterlife] afterlife]

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

The Crusades stimulated Italian trade with The Crusades stimulated Italian trade with Asia.Asia.

Compass, gunpowder, movable type were Compass, gunpowder, movable type were introduced to Europeintroduced to Europe. [Francis Bacon: “the . [Francis Bacon: “the three greatest inventions known to man.”]three greatest inventions known to man.”]

Muslims reintroduce Greek and Roman learning Muslims reintroduce Greek and Roman learning to Europeansto Europeans..

The Renaissance resulted, with humanistic The Renaissance resulted, with humanistic view.view.

Inquisitive and acquisitive spirit of Renaissance Inquisitive and acquisitive spirit of Renaissance helped motivate exploration.helped motivate exploration.

Portuguese ExplorationsPortuguese Explorations

Prince Henry the Navigator establishes Prince Henry the Navigator establishes academy to train seafarers at Sangres Point.academy to train seafarers at Sangres Point.

Portuguese trading voyages try to reach Portuguese trading voyages try to reach Indies by sailing around Africa.Indies by sailing around Africa.

1488: Portuguese establish several colonies; 1488: Portuguese establish several colonies; begin slave trade; reach southern tip of begin slave trade; reach southern tip of Africa.Africa.

1498: Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa to 1498: Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa to Indies.Indies.

A caravel similar to Columbus’s Niña

Columbus Reaches Columbus Reaches AmericasAmericas

Had sailed from Iceland to the middle of Africa prior to Had sailed from Iceland to the middle of Africa prior to "discovery of New World" "discovery of New World"

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon [Spain just Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon [Spain just completed completed ReconquistaReconquista - Moors driven from Grenada] - Moors driven from Grenada]

Howard Zinn's Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United StatesA People's History of the United States on the on the conquest of Cuba, etc. conquest of Cuba, etc.

Discovered the clockwise circulation of Atlantic winds Discovered the clockwise circulation of Atlantic winds and currentsand currents [Mission San Diego, 1769!] [Mission San Diego, 1769!]

1493, 17 ships and 1,500 men to New World [found outpost 1493, 17 ships and 1,500 men to New World [found outpost at Hispaniola destroyed] at Hispaniola destroyed]

After his 3rd voyage, ordered home in leg irons but later After his 3rd voyage, ordered home in leg irons but later made a 4th voyage [died in Spain in 1506] made a 4th voyage [died in Spain in 1506]

Amerigo Vespucci of Florence who sailed to Caribbean in Amerigo Vespucci of Florence who sailed to Caribbean in 1499 1st to describe 1499 1st to describe mundus novusmundus novus

The Spanish in the The Spanish in the AmericasAmericas

Invading the New WorldInvading the New World

Initial violence, destruction of Aztec Initial violence, destruction of Aztec religion Sacrifices, Quetzalcoatl/Cortes, religion Sacrifices, Quetzalcoatl/Cortes, cosmology / paradigm cosmology / paradigm

EncomiendaEncomienda system system - Indian community as - Indian community as labor [reciprocal, protection, Catholicism]labor [reciprocal, protection, Catholicism]

Invasions - Puerto Rico & Jamaica (1508); Invasions - Puerto Rico & Jamaica (1508); Cuba (1511); Panama (1513); Central Cuba (1511); Panama (1513); Central America (1513) Mexico (1517) America (1513) Mexico (1517)

1519 Hernan Cortes - Aztecs, Tenochtitlán 1519 Hernan Cortes - Aztecs, Tenochtitlán (300,000), smallpox, Malinche, horses, (300,000), smallpox, Malinche, horses, bloodhounds, Moctezuma, allies bloodhounds, Moctezuma, allies

The Spanish New World The Spanish New World EmpireEmpire

By 1600, approximately 200,000 settlers By 1600, approximately 200,000 settlers (10% women), 125,000 Africans, (10% women), 125,000 Africans, cattle/horses/pigs cattle/horses/pigs

"Frontier of inclusion" - mestizo, mulatto "Frontier of inclusion" - mestizo, mulatto Council of the Indies, Portuguese Brazil Council of the Indies, Portuguese Brazil

[Movie: [Movie: The MissionThe Mission] ] Jesuits, Franciscans, Augustinians , Jesuits, Franciscans, Augustinians ,

DominicansDominicans

Pieces of 8 and gold bar from the Atocha – 1622 [1985]

Castillo de San Marcos, at St. Augustine, Florida [started 1672]

Fray Bernardino de Sahagun [ca. 1500 – 1590] recorded Indian practices

Decline of Indian Decline of Indian PopulationPopulation

The population of Mexico fell from 25 The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in 1519 to one million a century million in 1519 to one million a century later.later.

Diseases were the greatest killers of Diseases were the greatest killers of Indians.Indians.

The “Black Legend” – disinformation?The “Black Legend” – disinformation? ““We Spaniards suffer from a disease of the We Spaniards suffer from a disease of the

heart, the specific remedy for which is heart, the specific remedy for which is gold.” Hernan Cortezgold.” Hernan Cortez

Smallpox -- from Aztec drawings

Intercontinental ExchangeIntercontinental Exchange

Exchanges between Old and New Worlds Exchanges between Old and New Worlds included:included:European diseases that decimated Indian European diseases that decimated Indian

populations;populations;American precious metals that caused American precious metals that caused

inflation in Europe;inflation in Europe;American crops to Europe-- corn, potatoes, American crops to Europe-- corn, potatoes,

cotton, chocolate; andcotton, chocolate; andEuropean crops to America-- wheat, sugar, European crops to America-- wheat, sugar,

rice, horses, cattle.rice, horses, cattle.Silver to Europe created inflation Silver to Europe created inflation

Intercontinental ExchangeIntercontinental Exchange

The First Europeans in The First Europeans in North AmericaNorth America

In 1519, first of several unsuccessful In 1519, first of several unsuccessful colonization attempts failed in Florida.colonization attempts failed in Florida.

In 1539, Hernan DeSoto traveled In 1539, Hernan DeSoto traveled throughout South, spreading disease that throughout South, spreading disease that depopulated and weakened Indian depopulated and weakened Indian societies.societies.

In 1539, Francisco de Coronado searched In 1539, Francisco de Coronado searched for lost cities of gold in Southwest – for lost cities of gold in Southwest – “shaggy cows.”“shaggy cows.”

Coronado’s March, ca. 1540

Juan de Onate [1549–1624] New Mex. – 10 Franciscans & 129 soldier colonists

Inscription by Oñate at Inscription Rock in 1605

The Spanish New World The Spanish New World EmpireEmpire

By late sixteenth century, the Spanish By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a powerful American empire.had a powerful American empire.

200,000 Europeans and 125,000 200,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in Spanish colonies.Africans lived in Spanish colonies.

Population was racially mixed.Population was racially mixed.Council of the Indies governed empire Council of the Indies governed empire

but local autonomy prevailed.but local autonomy prevailed.

Northern Northern Explorations and Explorations and

EncountersEncounters

Fish and FursFish and Furs

Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic led Europeans to explore North American coastal led Europeans to explore North American coastal waters.waters.

French were first to explore eastern North French were first to explore eastern North American, establishing large land claims.American, establishing large land claims.

European-Indian relations based on trade, European-Indian relations based on trade, especially furs.especially furs.

Disease and wars over hunting grounds reduced Disease and wars over hunting grounds reduced Indian populations.Indian populations.

Indians became dependent on European Indians became dependent on European manufactured goods.manufactured goods.

The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

1517 Reformation in Germany, Luther 1517 Reformation in Germany, Luther Salvation was a gift from God and not Salvation was a gift from God and not

earned by "good works" or service to the earned by "good works" or service to the Church Church

Emphasized individual Bible reading, Emphasized individual Bible reading, excommunicated in 1521 excommunicated in 1521

1520s Catholic persecution of French 1520s Catholic persecution of French Protestants caused John Calvin to move to Protestants caused John Calvin to move to Geneva, Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland

Calvinism - predestination, God's "elect" Calvinism - predestination, God's "elect" and "signs of election" [thrift industry, and "signs of election" [thrift industry, sobriety, responsibility] sobriety, responsibility]

Front: Philipp Melanchthon, Martin Luther, John Hus Middle: John Calvin, Swedish King Gustavus II Adolphus, Ulrich Zwingli

Political Impact of Political Impact of ReformationReformation

Henry VIII of EnglandHenry VIII of England (1509-1547) - (1509-1547) - 1534 created Church of England 1534 created Church of England (Anglican), confiscated Catholic (Anglican), confiscated Catholic property property

Daughter Queen VictoriaDaughter Queen VictoriaFrench Calvinists (Huguenots, French Calvinists (Huguenots,

merchants, middle class) fought for merchants, middle class) fought for power 1560 - 1600 power 1560 - 1600

1598, Henry IV's Edict of Nantes 1598, Henry IV's Edict of Nantes (freedom of worship and civil rights) (freedom of worship and civil rights)

Henry VIII of England [1491 – 1547]

Queen Elizabeth I, the Queen Elizabeth I, the first English colonies, and first English colonies, and

SpainSpain Rivalry with Spain led Queen Elizabeth I to found Rivalry with Spain led Queen Elizabeth I to found

colonies.colonies. Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of Ireland, Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of Ireland,

setting English pattern of colonization.setting English pattern of colonization. Other colonization efforts failed including Other colonization efforts failed including

expedition to Newfoundland and Roanoke.expedition to Newfoundland and Roanoke. Raiding by English privateers on Spanish ships and Raiding by English privateers on Spanish ships and

ports, English colonization efforts angered Spanish ports, English colonization efforts angered Spanish King Phillip II.King Phillip II.

Spanish Armada defeated by English fleets, halting Spanish Armada defeated by English fleets, halting Spanish monopoly on Americas.Spanish monopoly on Americas.

Elizabeth I [1533 – 1603]

Elizabeth I at one of 13 sessions of Parliament

Elizabeth’s successor, son of Mary, Queen of Scots – King James I

The First French ColoniesThe First French Colonies

Huguenots planted first French Huguenots planted first French colonies in South Carolina and colonies in South Carolina and Florida.Florida.

French enjoyed good relations with French enjoyed good relations with Indians.Indians.

Spanish destroyed French colony in Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida.Florida.

A map of Jacques Cartier’s explorations

Champlain attacking an Onondaga village in 1615

Samuel de Champlain’s chateau at Quebec in 1608

La Terra de Hochelaga Nella Nova Francia – Cartier’s map of Huron-Iroquois village

French at St. John’s River in Florida, May 1562

Rene De Laudonniere and Chief Athore at Ribaut’s Column [1591]

Fort Caroline on St. Johns River [Florida]

Fr. Jacques Marquette with Louis Joliet listening

European Exploration of European Exploration of the Americasthe Americas

In the century after Columbus came to In the century after Columbus came to the Americas, Europeans had explored:the Americas, Europeans had explored:most of the Atlantic coast of North most of the Atlantic coast of North

America;America;much of the Pacific coast of North much of the Pacific coast of North

America; andAmerica; andthe interior of southeastern and the interior of southeastern and

southwestern North America.southwestern North America.

A model of the original Jamestown village, 1607

Pocahontas in 1616 England

". . . everyone is entitled to their own opinions, but not their own facts." Sen. Daniel Moynihan

"Each age writes the history of the past anew with reference to the conditions uppermost in its own time. . . . The aim of history, then, is to know the elements of the present by understanding what came into the present from the past. For the present is simply the developing past, the past the undeveloped present. . . . The antiquarian strives to bring back the past for the sake of the past; the historian tries to show the present to itself by revealing its origin from the past. The goal of the antiquarian is the dead past; the goal of the historian is the living present." Frederick J. Turner 1891