20 august financial analysis
TRANSCRIPT
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
AFTERSCHO☺OL – DEVELOPING CHANGE MAKERS
CENTRE FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP PGPSE PROGRAMME –
World’ Most Comprehensive programme in social entrepreneurship & spiritual entrepreneurship
OPEN FOR ALL FREE FOR ALL
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Dr. T.K. Jain.
AFTERSCHO☺OLCentre for social entrepreneurship
Bikaner
M: 9414430763
www.afterschool.tk
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www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Look at the details and comment: Financial leverage :3:1, interest Rs. 200, operating leverage : 4:1, variable cost as proportion to sales: 2/3rd, Income tax rate: 45%
Financial leverage = EBIT / EBT EBIT is 3 times EBT, so interest must be
2 times EBT. Thus EBT is 100 (because interest is 200). (EBIT = 300)
Operating leverage = contribution/ EBIT Contribution = (4*300) = 1200.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution continued. . . We have been given that variable expenses
are 2/3 of sales, that means contribution is 1/3 of sales. Thus sales is 3 times contribution. (1200*3) =3600.
Sales =3600. Let us look at interest coverage ratio: EBIT / Interest. 300/200 = 1.5 (which is very less by any
standards).
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Comments. . .
This company should increase equity so that it is not having any problem. This company has interest coverage ratio of 1.5, which is low, it should either reduce interest or should try to increase EBIT. Answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
We want to issue 10 lakh 12% debentures of 100 each, redeemable after 7 years. Tax rate = 35%, what is cost of debt?
COST OF DEBT= =INTEREST(1-INCOME TAX) / TOTAL
MONEY =120000(1-.35)/100000
=78000/10,00,000 = .078 OR 7.8% ANS
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
WHAT IS A SINGLETON SET?
A SET CONTAINING ONLY ONE ELEMENT IS CALLED SINGLETON SET.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What are equal sets?
When two sets have same elements, they are called equal sets. For example: A = {1,2,3,} and B= {1,2,3,}
A and B are equal sets.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
In how many ways can we write set?
Two : 1. roster or Braces form. Example : A = {1,2,3,} 2. set builder or algebraic form or rule
method or property method. N= {X: X is a natural number}
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What is Є?
This symbol shows that one element is a part of set. For example,
A = {1,2,3,}, here we can write that 1 ЄA
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is proper subset?
If all the elements of P are also in Q but P is not equal to Q, we can say that P is proper subset of Q. for example,
A = {1,2,3,} and B= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,} Here A is proper subset of B. A C B
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What is union and intersection in sets?
Union means to unite two sets (to add two sets). Intersection means to find common elements in two sets.
Exmple: A = {1,2,3,} and B= {3,5,7,8,9} AUB is called A union B. = {1,2,3,5,7,8,9} A∩B is called A intersection B. ={3}
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A = {1,2,3,} How many subsets can you make from set A.
There are 3 elements in A, so formulae is 2^n subsets can be made. Thus we can make 2^3 = 8 subsets out of this set.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
A null set is represented by which symbol?
Ф answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is cardinal number in AUB, if A = {1,2,3,} and B= {11,12,13,14}
AUB = {1,2,3,11,12,13,14} Thus cardinal number is 7. answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is cartesian product of A & B, if A = {1,2} and B= {5,6}
A * B = { (1,5), (1,6), (2,5),(2,6)} Here first element is from A and second
element is from B. the way it is written is called ordered pair, because here we have one element from A and another element from B.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is AUA?
A
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What is A U Ф
A
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What is A ∩ Ф
Ф answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A is a set of squares of all natural numbers, then what is domain of A?
Set of all natural numbers is domain of A.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A is a set of squares of all natural numbers, then what is co-domain of A?
Set of squares of all natural numbers is co-domain of A.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A is a set of squares of all natural numbers, then can we call it one - one function?
Yes - because there is distinct image in A for each natural number, thus it is One – one function.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A is a set of squares of all natural numbers, then can we call it ONTO function?
Yes – because for each element in A, we have a preimage in the set of natural numbers. That means, if we take any number in A, (for example, 25), we will find its preimage in set of natural number (5 in this case). Answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A is a set of squares of all natural numbers, then is it one to one correspondence (Bijective function)?
Yes, it is both one-one and ONTO therefore we call it One to one correspondence or Bijective function.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A ={1,2,3}, and B {X: X is power Zero raised to each element of A}, what kind of function is it?
It is a constant function, because each element in A will have only one element in B, if you raise power zero to any element, it will be one. Thus each element in A will have only one answer in B (1). Thus this is a constant function.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
When is a function invertible?
Only when it is one-one and ONTO (both the conditions must be fulfilled).
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A is a set of squares of all natural numbers, then can we call invertible function?
Yes, because function can be inverted. Instead of defining A is set of squares, we can define the other set as a set of square roots.
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What may be the relation in the form of function between A & B, if A = {1,2} and B= {5,6} where A→B
(1,5), (2,6)
Or (1,5), (2,5) Or (1,6), (2,6).
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What may not be the relation in the form of function between A & B, if A = {1,2} and B= {5,6}, where A→B
(1,5), (1,6)
Or (2,5), (2,6).
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is the domain of : (1,3) (2,4)?
Domain is (1,2)
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What is the range of : (1,3) (2,4)?
(3,4)
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If f(X) = 2^x, then is it one-one mapping?
Yes, because for each element in domain, we have a distinct element in range. Thus it is one-one mapping.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If F(X) = 2X, what is inverse function of this function?
1/2x answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If A has 32 elements and B has 24 element, and AUB have 40 elements, then how many elements are there in their intersection?
Add 32 and 24, we get 56. however, AUB has only 40, so we have 16 elements in intersection of A and B. answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
ABOUT AFTERSCHOOOL Afterschoool conducts three year integrated PGPSE (after
class 12th along with IAS / CA / CS) and 18 month PGPSE (Post Graduate Programme in Social Entrepreneurship) along with preparation for CS / CFP / CFA /CMA / FRM. This course is also available online also. It also conducts workshops on social entrepreneurship in schools and colleges all over India – start social entrepreneurship club in your institution today with the help from afterschoool and help us in developing society.
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Why such a programme? To promote people to take up entrepreneurship
and help develop the society To enable people to take up franchising and
other such options to start a business / social development project
To enable people to take up social development as their mission
To enable people to promote spirituality and positive thinking in the world
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Who are our supporters?
Afterschoolians, our past beneficiaries, entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs are supporting us.
You can also support us – not necessarily by money – but by being promotor of our concept and our ideas.
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About AFTERSCHOOOL PGPSE – the best programme for developing great entrepreneurs
Most flexible, adaptive but rigorous programme Available in distance learning mode Case study focused- latest cases Industry oriented practical curriculum Designed to make you entrepreneurs – not just
an employee Option to take up part time job – so earn while
you learn The only absolutely free course on internet
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Workshops from AFTERSCHOOOL IIF, Delhi CIPS, Jaipur ICSI Hyderabad Branch Gyan Vihar, Jaipur Apex Institute of Management, Jaipur Aravali Institute of Management, Jodhpur Xavier Institute of Management,
Bhubaneshwar Pacific Institute, Udaipur Engineering College, Hyderabad
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Flexible Specialisations: Spiritualising business and society Rural development and transformation HRD and Education, Social Development NGO and voluntary work Investment analysis,microfinance and inclusion Retail sector, BPO, KPO Accounting & Information system (with CA / CS /CMA) Hospital management and Health care Hospitality sector and culture and heritage Other sectors of high growth, high technology and social
relevance
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Salient features: The only programme of its kind (in the whole world) No publicity and low profile course For those who want to achieve success in life – not just a
degree Indepth knowledge and expertise Professional approac: World class approach Strong intellectual and business capabilities Flexible – you may stay for a month and continue the rest of
the education by distance mode. / you may attend weekend classes
Scholarships for those from poor economic background Latest and constantly changing curriculum – keeping pace
with the time Placement for those who are interested Admissions open throughout the year Latest and most advanced technologies, books and study
material
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Components Pedagogy curriculum and approach based on IIM Ahmedabad and ISB
Hyderabad (the founder is alumnus from IIMA & ISB Hyderabad) Meditation, spiritualisation, and self development Essential softwares for business Business plan, Research projects Participation in conferences / seminars Workshops on leadership, team building etc. Written submissions of research projects/articles / papers Interview of entrepreneurs, writing biographies of entrepreneurs Editing of journals / newsletters Consultancy / research projects Assignments, communication skill workshops Participation in conferences and seminars Group discussions, mock interviews, self development diaryng Mind Power Training & writing workshop (by Dr. T.K.Jain)
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Pedagogy Case analysis, Articles from Harvard Business Review Quiz, seminars, workshops, games, Visits to entrepreneurs and industrial visits Presentations, Latest audio-visuals Group discussions and group projects Periodic self assessment Mentoring and counselling Study exchange programme (with institutions out of India) Rural development / Social welfare projects
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Branches AFTERSCHOOOL will shortly open its
branches in important cities in India including Delhi, Kota, Mumbai, Gurgaon and other important cities. Afterschooolians will be responsible for managing and developing these branches – and for promoting social entrepreneurs.
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Case Studies
We want to write case studies on social entrepreneurs, first generation entrepreneurs, ethical entrepreneurs. Please help us in this process. Help us to be in touch with entrepreneurs, so that we may develop entrepreneurs.
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Basic values at afterschoool Share to learn more Interact to develop yourself Fear is your worst enemy Make mistakes to learn Study & discuss in a group Criticism is the healthy route to mutual support
and help Ask fundamental questions : why, when, how
& where? Embrace change – and compete with yourself
only
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