20. mineral met blok v
TRANSCRIPT
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MINERALMETABOLISM
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Macro Elements
Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Li,S, Cl
60 80% of inorganic compound in the body
Micro Elements
Very small amounts in the body
Essentials: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, I, Mo, Co, Se, Cr Suspected essentials are Ni, F, Br, As, Va, Cd,
Ba, Sr
Non-essentials are Al, Hg, Ag, Pb, Ge
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Calcium
+ 99% of body calcium is as hydroxyapatite in the
skeleton
Adult requirement: 0.5-1.0 mgCa/day
Absorption of it is decreased by
Lack of vit.D
excess of phytates low Ca/P ratio in diet
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Phosphorus + 15% of it is in muscle and other soft tissues & +
85% is in bone
is an integral part of macromolecules (e.g.phospholipids, phosphoproteins and nucleic acids)
is absorbed easily and rapidly (70%)
Its excretion is equivalent to dietary phosphate intake
maintenance of skeletal mineral structure and buffersystem
Is required for transport of fatty acids, vitamin,enzyme system and muscle energy metabolism
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Zinc
Is an integral part of numerous enzymesassociated with Carbohydrate & energy metabolism Protein synthesis & degradation Nucleic acid synthesis Intracellular transport functions Protection of cells from oxidative damage
Plays a role in maintaining exocrine & endocrine
pancreatic function
Spermatogenesis is a zinc-dependent process based onthe metals role in testosterone metabolism
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Zinc
Absorption of Zn is an active process & shares guttransport mechanisms wit copper & iron (is bound tometallothioneine)
Its excess interfere with copper absorption
Zn loss in renal disease is due to its association withplasma albumin
Zn deficiency is characterized by Growth retardation Skin lesions Impairment of sexual development, taste & smell Delay of wound healing
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COPPER
Associated with several oxygenase enzymes(cytochrome oxidase, SOD, ceruloplasmin & lysyloxidase) SOD is scavenging of superoxide & other reactive
axygen spacies Lysyl oxidase is related with cross-linking of collagen
Its absorption is bound to metallothioneine
Excess cause liver cirrhosis
Acute toxicity is manifested by marked Hemolysis Damage to both liver and brain cells
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COPPER
Deficiency results inAnemia microcytic hypochromic (pale erythrocyte)
resistent to iron therapy (related to ceruloplasmin) Reduction in number of leukocytes Degenerative of vascular tissue with bleeding (due
to defects in elastin & collagen prodcution)
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MINERAL & METABOLIC
DISORDERS
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Zinc
stabilizes cell membranes
Zinc (metalloenzymes): a component of cysteine
residues, in organelle membranes and polyribosomes
is a enzyme cofactor
cofactor for RNA and DNA polymerase
involved in synthesis of DNA, RNA & ribosomes
required for gene expression, cell differentiation
and cell replication.
needed for cell mitosis and cell proliferation in wound
repair
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cell growth/proliferation sexual maturation/reproduction dark adaptation/night vision gustatory acuity wound healing
host immune defenses
protects against ultraviolet (UV) radiation(Topical zinc, in the form of divalent zinc ionsprovide antioxidantphotoprotection for skin).
enhances wound healing contributes to immune and neuropsychiatric functions decreases the relative risk of cancer & cardiovascular
disease (metalloenzymes: superoxide dismutase).
Functions of zinc inhumans:
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Zinc
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+ 2 to 3 g zinc stores: + 1/5 is in bone + 1/2 is in the liver. the remain in the skeletal muscle.
Serum binding: + 55% albumin + 40% to an -acroglobulin (a zinc metalloprotein).
Zinc is lost:
in fistula output 12 mg/l in diarrhea 17 mg/l. In sweat up to 1 mg zinc per liter skin losses become important with dermatologic
patients or those with burns
Zinc
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Zinc losses increase in: Diseases: sickle cell anemia, malignancies, diabetes, inflammatory
or infectious conditions Medications: estrogens, caffeine, theophylline, & corticosteroids.
Short-term zinc depletion greatly influences serum testosterone concentrations seminal volume total seminal zinc loss per ejaculate.
Daily absorption: + oral zinc is absorbed in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. copper and iron may suppress zinc absorption. vitamin D may increase zinc bioavailability
In zinc deficiency: decreases fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis impairs cellular and humoral immunity impairs growth, protein and DNA synthesis and cell division.
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Sites of absorption of nutrientswithin gastrointestinal tract:
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Zinc deficiency On of ten biggest factors contributing to burden ofdisease in developing countries
Zinc interventions could reduce child deaths globallyby 63%
South East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africahighest risk
of zinc deficiency: Inadequate intake1/3 of the population Stunting40% of pre-schoolers
Inadequate Zinc deficiency
Few global policies or recommendations for interventions Zinc used as a (part of) curative intervention for severe
malnutrition and diarrhea
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alopecia - diarrhea glucose intolerance - hypospermia impaired chemotaxis - night blindness depression - apathy delayed wound healing - skin lesions dermatological anergy - growth retardation impaired taste immunological impairment hypogonadism hypospermia mental depression
Zinc deficiency signs andsymptoms:
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Iron is required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine severe iron deficiency can result in
impaired collagen production.
As a part of oxygen transport system.
iron deficiency can result from blood loss infectious causes malnutrition hematopoietic disorder.
Cellular respiration, ATP storage using iron-couplingreactions
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Iron Possibly T-cell immunity and cognitive function
actions may require iron. Iron deficiency results in a slight decrease in forming T
cells and a significant impairment of lymphocyteresponse to mutagens and antigens.
Toxicity (hemosiderosis) mainly as a result of saturation of hemosiderin stores can result from multiple blood transfusions, because
blood contains about 0.5 mg iron/ml.
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Iron deficiency
Categorized as one of top ten most serioushealth problems in the modern world (WHO)
As many as 4-5 billion people (66-80% ofpopulation) may be iron deficient
2 billion people (>30% of population) are anemic Iron deficiency is associated with developmental
delays of cognitive and motor skills
Iron deficient children tend to be pale, weak, eat less, tire easily, be more irritable, have
shorter attention spans, fall ill more frequently, and failto grow normally
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Copper
is integral part of enzyme lysyloxidase
catalyzes formation of stable collagen cross-links
Some cuproenzymes paly important role in oxidation
reduction reaction:
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Role of copper-binding proteins in
humans
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Dietary copper bioavailability (40 to 60%) can beaffected by other nutrients
status of ceruloplasmin.
Copper stores (+ 120 mg) are mainly in liver
are secreted in saliva, gastric & pancreatic juice & bile
Coppermetallothionein complex present in intestinalmucosal cells is shed into intestinal lumen.
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Iodine
is important in cellular oxidative processes
associated with thyroid functions.
Iodine deficiency:
causes endemic cretinism, associated with deaf
mutism & cerebral palsy. Principal role of iodine in man is:
its incorporation into thyroid hormones (T3 and T4):
regulate cellular metabolism, temperature, and normal growth.
+ 2/3 of total body iodine is found in thyroid.
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Iodine deficiency
Iodine deficiency is the worlds most prevalentcause of brain damage
Serious iodine deficiency during pregnancymay result in stillbirths, abortions and
cretinism
Yet, the less visible, more pervasive form ofiron deficiency that lowers intellectual
performance at home and school may havefar greater global and economic impact
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Manganese
Mn-SOD and pyruvate carboxylase are two most
important metalloenzymes of manganese.
Play important role in homeostasis of metabolicsynthesis of: proteins, (mucopolysaccharides & prothrombin) carbohydrate and lipid (e.g., activates lipoprotein lipase
activation, cholesterol, and sex hormone precursors
Stores are found in mitochondria of hepatic,renal, pancreatitic, bone, and skeletal muscleparenchyma.
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Manganese
Deficiencies have been manifested as: tardive dyskinesia epilepsy diabetes mellitus pancreatic insufficiency malnutrition hair color changes hypercholesterolemia prolonged prothrombin times.
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Magnesium (Mg)
is a macromineral that is essential for woundrepair
is a cofactor for many enzymes that are involved
in process of protein synthesis.
The primary role of magnesium is to provide
structural stability to ATP, which powers many ofthe processes used in collagen synthesis,
making it a factor essential to wound repair
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Magnesium modulates cellular events involved ininflammation.
Mg deficiency in rat induces a clinicalinflammatory syndrome characterized by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte macrophage activation
release of inflammatory cytokines and acute phaseproteins excessive production of free radicals.
Mg acts as a natural calcium antagonist
molecular basis for inflammatory response is probablyresult of modulation of intracellular calcium concentration
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Mg deficiency contributes to an exaggerated: response to immune stress hyperlipemia atherosclerosis endothelial dysfunction thrombosis hypertension free radical damage
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Assessment of magnesium status:
urine magnesium concentration is the most precise
When sufficient excretion is evident (i.e., greater than50% of intake)
intracellular magnesium concentration is sufficient.
Magnesium and zinc:
both essential for enzymatic activity
maintaining three-dimensional structures of proteins synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins
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Calcium:
High levels of intracellular Ca2 are associated
with irreversible progression from cell injury tocell death.
A dietary deficiency of calcium can lead to
osteoporosis, a disease in which bones areinsufficiently mineralized and consequently arefragile and easily fractured.
Osteoporosis is a particularly common problemamong elderly women.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is required for the formation ofATP and of phosphorylated intermediates inmetabolism.
Deficiency of phosphorus results in bone lossalong with weakness, anorexia, malaise, andpain.
Deficiency of phosphorus results in bone lossalong with weakness, anorexia, malaise, andpain.