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20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;

Famous Leaders in The 20th Century

II

20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;Famous Leaders in The 20th Century (Burmese version)

Drum Publication GroupP.O Box 66Kanchanaburi 71000Thailand

[email protected]

September, 2008ISBN 978-974-362-328-8

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rmwifvlomuif;a*stm(&f) (Martin Luther King Jr.) 1

e,fvqifrif'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela) 10

tJvDEdk¶kpbJh (Eleanor Roosevelt) 15

a';Apfbiful&D,ef (David Ben-Gurion) 19

rm*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger) 23

vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (Lech Walesa) 28

z&efŒuvif;'DvmEdk¶kpbJh(Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 32

bv,fwDrmvDeif (Vladimir Lenin) 38

oDtdk'dk¶kpbJh (Theodore Roosevelt) 46

rg*&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher) 51

r[wWr*END (Mahatama Gandhi) 58

ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf (II) (Pope John Paul II) 65

qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (Winston Churchill) 71

rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) (Mikhail Gorbachev) 75

t,mwdkvmukdrDeD (Ayatollah Khomeini) 80

[dkcsDrif; (Ho Chi Minh) 84

armfpDwHk; (Mao Zedong) 94

t'dk;zf[pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) 102

a&mfe,f(vf)&D*if (Ronald Wilson Reagan 112

wifhum;vlom; odkŒr[kwf trnfrodawmfvSefa&;orm; (The Tank Man or Unknown Rebel) 119

IV

1

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"We will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence

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Seminary) Ybmoma&;ynm&yfavhvmoif=um;cJhonf? xdkausmif;Yynmavhvmoif=um;aepOf tdENd,EdkifiH.bmoma&;acgif;aqmifjzpfaomr[wWr*E<D.oif=um;r_rsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf? r[wWr*ED<.a&;om;csufrsm;xJwGif t=urf;zufr_udkoHk;+yD;vlr_a&;ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk rvkyfEdkifa=umif; owday;xm;onf? txl;ojzifh *ED<ajymcJhaompum;jzpfaom“u|[email protected]_rsm;a=umifh ,if;[email protected]&m;r#wr_r±Sdjcif;rsm;udk odjrifvmaprnf” onfrmwif.ESvHk;om;udkxdcdkufapcJhonf? bmoma&;ausmif;wGif tom;ta&mifuGJjym;aomvlrsdK;pkrsm;yg0if+yD; vljzLtrsm;pkyg0ifaomrmwif.tcef;wGif ,if;tm; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfa±G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif bmoma&;qdkif&m'D*&Dudk&±SdcJh+yD;aemuf abmhpwefwuUodkvfodk@ajymif;a±$›cJhonf? 1995 ckESpfwGifrl abmhpwefwuUodkvfYa'gufwmbGJ@udk&±SdcJhonf?

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uif;uTta&;}uD;aomw&m;Oya'ESpf&yfudkjyXgef;Edkif&ef }udK;pm;+yD;aemufqif;&Jom;rsm;udkulnD&ef }udK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhygonf? uif;uvlrsdK;pkESifhpD;yGg;a&;tcGifhta&;rsm;rSmeD;pyfr_±Sd+yD; t+rJ'GefwGJaeaoma=umifh uif;uypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk vltrsm;twGufjzef@jzL;ay;&ef vdktyfa=umif;a[majymcJhonf?uif;utmz&duef-tar&duefrsm;ESifhqif;&Jom;vljzLrsm;rS&Jabmf&Jzufrsm;jzpf+yD; ,if;wdk@twlwuGvufwGJvkyfaqmifygu vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udkajymif;vJEdkifa=umif;tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? uif;utmvfbm;rm;±SdpJvfrmwGifTodk@rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhygonf? “vGefcJhwJh 12 ESpfwkef;uwdk@awG[mjyefvnfjyKjyifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_awGrSmyg0ifcJh+yD; ('gayrJhtck) wdk@awG[macwftopfwpfcka&mufvm+yD;/ 'DacwftopfudkawmfvSefa&;acwfvdk@ac:&r,f”rdrd.}uD;xGm;vmaom tajccHususwpfzufpGef;pdwfudk vSpf[jyocJhygonf?

-8-


1967 ckESpf{+yDv 3 &ufae@wGif rmwifvlomuif;a*stm(&f)rS tb,fa=umifhAD,uferfppfyGJudkqef@usif&onfhta=umif;rsm;udk az: jyxm;ygonf?Trdef@cGef;udkajym+yD;onfhaemuf =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_±Sdaomyk*d~KvfwpfcsdK@u uif;udk 1968 ckESpforRwa±G;aumufyGJwGif wwd,ygwDtjzpf0ifa&mufyg0if&efwdkufwGef;E_d;aqmf=uonf? uif;uTt}uHay;csufudky,fcscJhaomfvnf;AD,uferfppfyGJtay: qef@usifv_yf±Sm;r_udk qufvufaqmif±GufcJhonf? uif;uAD,uferfppfyGJtay: qef@usifaoma=umifhrdef@cGef;rsm;pwifajymcJhojzifhtpdk;&u,if;tay:rESpfoufvdkr_rsm;±SdcJhonfudkawG@&rnf?

rwfv 28 &ufae@ 1968 ckESpfwGif uif;utvkyform;tcGifhta&;twGufulnD&efrif;zd(pf) (Memphis) ±SdqENjyyGJudk udk,fwdkifOD;aqmifcsDwufcJhonf?csDwufyGJOD;aqmifolrsm;ucsDwufolrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_vkyfief;rsm;a±SmifusOf&eftrdef@ay;aomfvnf; vli,fwpfpkrsm;rSm vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udkem;raxmifyJ +rdK@awmfcef;rodk@csDwuf&mvrf;wpfav#muf±Sdqdkifrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfcJhonf? touf 16 ESpft±G,fom±Sdao;aomvm&Dzif; (Larry Payne)[laomaumifuav;wpfa,mufudkykvdyfuvk,ufoltjzpfpGyfpGJ+yD; ypfowfcJhonf? odk@aomfrsufjrifoufaorsm;u vm&Dudkykvdyf rsm;ypfowfcsdefwGifol.vufudkajr‡mufxm;onf[kajym=uonf?

uif;ucsDwufyGJwGif xdkodk@t=urf;zufr_vkyf&yfrsm;jzpf&jcif;rSm tpdk;&.&efpv_H@aqmfolrsm;jzpfonf[k tcdkiftrm,Hk=unfcJhonf? xdknuuif;uol.emrnfausmf=um;qHk;rdef@cGef;jzpfaom “u|efawmfwdk@awmifxdyfay:a&mufcJhw,f” [laomrdef@cGef;udk rdef@=um;cJhonf? ol@rdef@cGef;udk Todk@tqHk;owfcJhonf? “'Dae@up+yD; bmawGjzpfvmrvJqdkwmrodygbl;? 'gayrJhta±S›rSmcufcJwJhae@&ufawG±Sdaevdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh'Dt&mawG[m u|efawmfhtwGufbmrSrjzpfavmufawmhygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh u|efawmfawmifxdyfudka&mufcJh+yD;? awmifay:uvSrf;=unfhvdkufwJhtcg uwday;xm;wJhe,fajrudk awG@&

-9-


w,f? 'De,fajrrSm cifAsm;wdk@eJ@twlra&mufaumif;ra&mufEdkifbl;? 'gayrJhcifAsm;wdk@tm;vHk;udkodapcsifwmu wdk@awGvlrsdK;pkwpfckvHk;taeeJ@'Duwday;xm;wJhajrudk a&mufrSmrkcsjzpfw,fqdkwmudk odapcsifygw,f? 'gha=umifhvJu|efawmfwu,faysmfygw,f?”

aemufwpfae@rSmyJuif;u ol&Jh[dkw,favomaqmifrSm &yfaewkef;typfowfcHcJh&w,f? olaoqHk;oGm;onfhaemufqufwGJtjzpf+rdK@ 125 +rdK@wGifqlylaomif;usef;r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; vlav;q,fajcmufa,muftowfcHcJh&onf? ESpfvt=umwGif*sdrf;t,f(vf)a&; (James Earl Ray) qdkonfh oludkvef'ef+rdK@wGifzrf;qD;+yD; tar&duefodk@ydk@vdkufonf? xdkoltm;uif;udkvkyf}uHr_twGufaxmifxJudk;q,fhudk;ESpfcsvdkufonf?

rmwifvlomuif;towfcH&onfhtay: pHkprf;axmufvSrf;r_rsm;rsm;pGmjyKvkyfcJh+yD; tar&dueftpdk;&ESifhtufzfbDtdkif (FBI) wdk@rS ,if;vkyf}uHr_.aemufuG,fwGif±Sdonf[k xifjrifcsuf±Sd=uonf? tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;p&mtcsufwpfckrS *sdrf;udkvef'efwGifoJvGefp±SmIzrf;qD;cJholrSm tufzfbDtdkifr[kwfbJuae'gykvdyfrsm;jzpfonfukdod±Sd&onf?

1988 ckESpfwGif axmifxJwGiftusOf;cscHae&aom*sdrf;udk ±kyfjrifoH=um;awG@qHkar;jref;cef;jyKvkyfcJh&mwGifolu FBI at;*sifhrsm;u ol@udkuif;tm;owf&ef0efcHcdkif;+yD; tu,fI0efrcHygu ol.zcifESifhnDtpfudkwpfa,mufudkaxmifxJcsrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufcJhonfudkajymcJhonf? *sdrf;uoludk FBI uuif;tm;owfjzwfr_twGuftuGufqifzrf;cJhonf[kqdkonf?

1983 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&ufu tar&duef.jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf±Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wpfa,mufjzpfonfhrmwifvlomuif;udk *k%fjyKaomtm;jzifh Zefe0g&Dvwwd,ywfwevFmae@udk rmwifvlomuif;ae@[kowfrSwfcJhonf?

±kdvDvmvmrif'Jvm;onf 1918 ckESpfZlvdkifv 18 &ufae@wGif vlrnf;[email protected];&yfajrjzpfaomx&efpuD (Transkei) wGifarG;zGm;cJhonf? ol.zcif[ife&DrSm oifbleef;rsdK;eef;EG,f (Thembu Royal Family) .tav;pm;cH&aomt}uHay;yk*~dKvfwpfa,mufjzpfonf? ol.emrnfjzpfaom±dkvDvmvm.t"dyg,frSm “'kuQay;ol” [kt"dyg,f&onf? xdk@a=umifh ol.rlvwef;ausmif;q&muol@emrnfudk e,fvqif[kajymif;ac:cJhonf?

rif'Jvm;.i,fpOfb0wGif +idrf;csrf;pGmaexdkifcJh&+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifhEGm;ausmif;jcif;ESifhtdrftvkyfrsm;udkvkyf&onf? [email protected],fvGef

]]uRefawmfwdkUwdkif;jynfrSmaxmifuscH&NyD;wJhaemufrSmor®wjzpfvmrSmjzpfw,f/}}

“In my country we go to prison first and then become President.”

]]b0rSm*kPf,lp&mtaumif;qHk;[m wpfcgrSmrvJuswmr[kwfbl;/

'gayrJhudk,fvJuswJhtcgwdkif;jyefxjcif;jzpfw,f/}}

“The Greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”

]]wpdwfwa'ovGwfvyfrIqdkwmr½Sdbl;/}}

“There is no such thing as part freedom.”

e,fvqifrif'Jvm; (1918 - )

vqifrif'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela)

onfvljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;0g'±Sdaom awmiftmz&duEdkifiHudk vlrsdK;aygif;pHk±Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtjzpfajymif;vJ&eftwGuf OD;aqmifcJholjzpfygonf? olonf 27 ESpf=umaxmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh&+yD;aemuf ol.wdkif;jynfY yxrOD;qHk;vlrJorRwjzpfcJhonf?

e,f

-10-

oGm;+yD;onfhaemuf oifblrsdK;;EG,ftwGuf udk,fpm;tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef,l&aom =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_±SdonfhaqGrsdK;wpfa,mufESifhoGm;ae&onf? odk@aomfvnf; azgh(wf)[J(&f) (Fort Have) omoemjyKaumvdyfausmif;rSxGufoGm;+yD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;.vljzLudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;tay: qENjyjcif;rsm;wGifyg0ifcJhonfrSpI rdrd.udk,fydkifvGwfajrmufa&;ESifhtrsdK;om;v$wfajrmufa&;twGuf v_H@aqmfr_c&D;±SnfudkpwifcJhonf?

rif'Jvm;onf 1942 ckESpfwGif 0d0gwm;(pf)&JefwuUodkvf (University of

Witwatersrand) wGifOya'bmomjzifhatmifjrifcJhonf? olonftmz&dueftrsdK;om;uGefu&uf–African National Congress (ANC) .vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg0ifv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? ANC onfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkrSawmiftmz&duEdkifiHodk@ EdkifiHa&;t&ajymif;vJr_rsm;±Sdvmatmif v_yf±Sm;aqmif±GufaomtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf?

1948 ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;ygwDutm%m&±Sd+yD; “vljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;0g'”ay:vpDudk pwiftaumiftxnfaz: jcif; odk@r[kwf vlrsdK;a&;tay:rlwnfIoD;oef@cGJjcm;jcif;rsm;udk twif;t=uyfvkyfaqmifcJhonf? ANC url TvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'tay: qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? 1952 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;u ANC .vufaxmufOuUXwpfa,mufjzpfcJhonf? 1950 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm;jym;vmaoma=umifh rif'Jvm;ESifhol.oli,fcsif;tdkvDAmxrfbdk (Oliver Tam-

-bo) ESifhtjcm;olwdk@u ANC udkydkItajccHusaom ajymif;vJr_rsm;bufodk@OD;wnfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;udk wdkif;jynftay:opPmazgufr_jzifhpGyfpGJcJh+yD; axmifxJwGif ig;ESpfus+yD;aemufw&m;aov$wfay;cJhonf?

1960 ckESpfrwfvwGif vljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk qef@usifaomvlrnf;69 a,muftm; ykvdyfrsm;u ±SyfzJbD;vf (Sharpeville) wGifowfjzwfvdkuf


-11-

-12-


onf? tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfwGif;ta&;ay: tajctaexkwfjyef+yD; ANC udkydwfqdk@cJhonf? TtcsufudkwHk@jyefonfhtaeESifh ANC u t=urf;rzufa&;ay:vpDudkpGef@y,fI rif'Jvm;u ANC twGuf “Umkhonto we Zizwe” odk@r[kwf “The Spear of the Nation–wdkif;jynf.vSw” [kac:onfhvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@udkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf ol@udkAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tjzpfcef@tyfjcif;cH&+yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;wufcGifh&&efESifh ANC twGuftaxmuftyHhrsm;±SmazG&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@c&D;xGufcJhonf?

ol@EdkifiHodk@jyefvmonfhtcsdefwGiftzrf;cH&+yD; tusOf;axmifxJ ig;ESpftusOf;cstrdef@ay;cHcJh&onf? 1963 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;ESifhtjcm;aom ANC acgif;aqmifrsm;tpdk;&udk t=urf;enf;jzifhxkwfy,f&ef v#dK@0Suft}uHtpnfrsm;a&;qGJcJhonf? aemifwpfESpfrSmyif rif'Jvm;udk wpfoufwpfu|ef;us&eftrdef@ay;cJhonf? xdk@twGuf oluTtrdef@twGuf rdrdudk,fudkckcHumuG,faomed*Hk;csKyfpum;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

“u|efawmf&Jhb0oufwmwpfckvHk;udk tmz&duefvlrsdK;awG&Jhv_yf±Sm;r_awGxJrS epfjrKyfxm;ygw,f? u|efawmf[m v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifwJhvljzLawGudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufovdk vlrnf;tkyfpdk;olawGudkvnf; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufrSmjzpfw,f? u|efawmf[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@vlawGtm;vHk;o[mZmwjzpfatmif aexdkif+yD; tcGifhta&;om wlnDr#&±SdwJh vGwfvyfwJhvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tawG;tac:yHkpHudk vdkcsifwmjzpfw,f? 'DtawG;tac:udk u|efawmfu zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufvmatmifvkyfcsifwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJhvdktyfvm&if 'DtawG;tac:eJ@vJudk,fhtoufay;+yD;paw;Edkifygw,f?”

ol@udkcdyfaxmif; (Cape Town) urf;±dk;tjyifbufY±Sdaom a&mhbifu|ef;rSmaxmifoGif;tusOf;cs+yD; aemufqHk;jynfrxJrSm ±SdwJhzdk;vfprdk;tusOf;axmifxJodk@ajymif;a±$@cJhonf? olaxmifxJusaepOftwGif; olonfEdkifiHwumvl

-13-


jzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;r_udk qef@usifonf[ktrSwftom;wckjzpfvmonf?

axmifxJwGif ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fausmfuscH+yD;aemuf rif'Jvm;u wpfcsdK@aomta&;}uD;onfhta&;udpPrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifuqHkk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk udk,fwdkifcs&rnf[ktcdkiftrm,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf enf;vrf;topfwpfckudkoHk;&efqHk;jzwfcJhonf? Todk@jzifh 'kuQcH}udK;pm;r_rsm;a=umifh urBmay:wGifemrnft}uD;qHk;t usOf;om;udkOD;aqmifI orRw±Hk;wGifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk v#dK@0SufpGmusif;ycJhonf? xdktajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJwGif ol@udkv$wfay;&efomru EdkifiHxJ±SdvljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;pepfudk 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ajymif;vJ&ef}udK;pm;cJhonf? 1990 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufae@wGifawmiftmz&dutpdk;&rSjynfwGif;jynfyzdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk wHk@jyefjcif;tm;jzifh rif'Jvm;udk v$wfay;vdkuf+yD;onfhwpf+ydKifeuf ANC tay: ydwfqdk@r_udkvJ &yfpJvdkufonf? 1991ckESpfwGifrif'Jvm;u ANC .acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf?

1993 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;udk xdktcsdefuawmiftmz&du.orRwjzpfaomFW De Klerk ESifhwGJzufI Edkb,fvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qludkcsD;jr‡ifhcJhonf? aemufqufwGJESpfrSmyif awmiftmz&duonf ,if;.yxrOD;qHk;vlrsdK;aygif;pHka±G;aumufyGJusif;y+yD; rif'Jvm;udkawmiftmz&du.yxrOD;qHk;vlrnf;orRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fvdkufonf? 1998 ckESpf *a&;pmrufcsJ(vf) (Graca Machel)ESifhwwd,t}udrfvufxyfvdkufonf? olronfuG,fvGefoGm;+yD;jzpfonfhrdkZrfbpforRw.ZeD;onfjzpfonf? rif'Jvm;ESifh 1958 ckESpfwGif vufxyf+yD;1996 ckESpfwGifuGm±Sif;cJhonffh'kwd,ZeD;onfjzpfaom 0ifeDonf vljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;r_ qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;tjzpf qufvufaqmif±GufcJhonf? 1997 ckESpfwGif ol.orRwoufwrf;rSmvnf;ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf?

rif'Jvm;onf txl;ojzifhtdyfcsftdkifAGD–attdkif'Dtufpfqef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_ESifh tjcm;v_yf±Sm;r_ rsm;wGifvnf; wpfwyfwpftm;qufvufI ulnD

yHhydk;cJhonf? 2004 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;rSjynfolvlxkta±S›wGif v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;rS&yfem;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif;a=ujim+yD; wjznf;jznf;vlpka±S›wGif ol@udkawG@&r_enf;vmavonf?

Zlvdkifv 18 &uf 2007 ckESpfwGife,fvqifrif'Jvm;/ *a&;pmrufcsJ(vf)ESifh'ufprGefwl;wl;wdk@onf urBmay:±Sd ouf}uD;±G,ftdkrsm;tzGJ@tpnf;ta0;udk*sdK[ef;bwf (Johannesburg) wGifac:,lI [email protected] acgif;aqmifEdkifr_wdk@udktoHk;csI urBm}uD;.tcufcJqHk;jy\emrsm;udk ulnDajz±Sif;&ef&nf±G,fcJhonf? e,fvqif.touf 89 ESpfajrmufarG;ae@wGif e,fvqifu ol. “The Elders”–ouf}uD;±G,ftdkrsm;-[laomtzGJ@opfukd wnfaxmifvkdufa=umif;a=ujimcJhonf?

“'DtzGJ@[m olwdk@&Jhtjrifudk vGwfvyfpGmeJ@&J&ifhpGmxkwfaz:ajymrSmjzpf+yD;vlpkta±S›rSmyJjzpfap/ aemuf uG,frSmyJjzpfap vdktyfwJhta&;,laqmif±Gufr_awGudk jyKvkyfrSmjzpfw,f? u|efwdk@wawGvufwGJ+yD; a=umuf±GH@r_awGeJ@jynfhpHkwJhae&mawGrSm &J&ifhwJhpdwfawG±Sdvmatmif/ yËdyuQ±SdwJhae&mrSmoabmwlnDr_awG±SdvmatmifeJ@ pdwf"gwfuswJhae&mrSar#mfvifhcsufawG±Sdvmatmiftm;ay;wdkufwGef;ay;rSmjzpfygw,f?” [lIajym=um;cJhonf?

=o*kwfv 29 &uf 2007 ckESpfwGif e,fvqifrif'Jvm;±kyfwkudk vef'ef+rdK@±SdygvDrefpuGJwGifpdkufxlcJhygonf?

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tJvDEdk±kpbJhonf 1884ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 11&ufae@wGif e,l;a,mufpDwD;+rdK@Y zGm;jrifcJhonf? olr.zcif {vd,uf±kpbJh (Elliott Roosevelt) onf,cif (1901–1909) wGif orRwjzpfcJhzl;aom oDtdk'dk±kpbJh (Theodore

Roosevelt) .nDtpfudkjzpfonf?

tJvDEdktouf±SpfESpft±G,fwGif olr.rdcifrSm qHkqdk@emESifhaoqHk;oGm;cJh+yD;olrESifhtjcm;tpfudkESifharmifrsm;udk rdcifbufrStzGm;jzpfaom rm&Dvwfvdka[m(vf) (Mary Ludlow Hall) ESifhoGm;aeapcJhonf? tJvDEdktoufq,fESpfjynfhonfhtcsdefwGif olr.zcifrSm t&uftvGeftu|Haomufonfha&m*ga=umifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? TtcsdefrSpI olronfvnf; rdbrJhuav;

]][kwfw,f? wwfEdkifw,f vdkUajymEdkifzdkUtmPmr½SdwJhvlawGudk

]r[kwfbl;? rwwfEdkifbl;} vdkUajymcGifhray;ygeJU/}}

“Never allow a person to tell you ‘no’ who doesn’t havethe power to say yes.”

]]oifoabmrwlyJeJU oifhudkb,folrSudk,fhudkudk,ftxifao;atmifrvkygEdkifblll;/}}

“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”

]]urÇmay:rSm rkef;wD;jcif;eJUtwif;tBuyfcdkif;apjcif;wdkU[m oD;oefU½SdaeNyD;

tjcm;t&mawGay:rSm oufa&mufrIr½Sdbl;qdkwmrjzpfEdkifygbl;/}}

“Hate and force cannot be in just a part of the world withouthaving an effect on the rest of it.”

tJvDEdk±kpbJh (1884–1962)

ar&dueforRwz&ef@uvif;±kpbJh.ZeD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhaom tJvDEdk±kpbJh

(Eleanor Roosevelt) onf jynfol@tcGifhta&;ESifh trsdK;orD;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;wGif a±S›qHk;rSOD; aqmifyg0ifcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf?

t

-15-

-16-


jzpfvmcJh&onf?

1899 ckESpfaqmif;OD;&moDwGif olr.ta':wpfa,muf.tm;ay;r_jzifhtJvDEdkudk ''Allenwood Academy'' [kac:aom rdef;uav;ausmif;odk@ ydk@aqmifcJhonf? xdkausmif;±Sdausmif;tkyfq&mr}uD;rSm trsdK;orD;i,fav;rsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:wwf&ef jyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJhonf? tJvDEdkuxdkausmif;wGif jyifopfbmomudkxl;c|efpGmavhvmoif,lcJh+yD; rdrdudk,fudk,Hk=unfjcif;rsm;vnf; wdk;yGg;vmcJhonf?

ausmif;+yD;onfhtcg tJvDEdkuvlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifv_yf±Sm;cJhonf?1905 ckESpfwGif olr.0rf;uGJjzpfonfhz&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJh (Franklin D. Roo-

-sevelt) ESifhvufxyfcJhonf? olr.cifyGef;onfuJhodk@yif 'Drdkua&pD0g'udk,Hk=unfoljzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;zufwGif pdwfyg0ifpm;cJhonf? 1906 ESifh 1916 ckESpftwGif; ±kpbJhrdom;pkrSuav;ajcmufa,mufxGef;um;cJh+yD; wpfa,mufrSm rlarG;cgpwGifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf?

1913 ckESpfwGif orRw0k'±dk0Dvfqif (Woodrow Wilson) u z&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJhudk a&wyf.vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfcJhonf? ±kpbJhonfyxrurBmppftwGif; xdkwm0efudkaqmif±GufcJhonf? tJvDEdkuppfyGJtwGif;=uufajceDtzGJ@Y wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif "Western

Front" a'orsm;Y vSnfhvnfcJhonf?

1921 ckESpfaEG&moDwGif z&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJhrS t}uD;tus,faeraumif;jzpfcJhonf? aemifwGif olcHpm;&aoma&m*grSm ydkvD,dka&m*gjzpfa=umif; prf;oyfawG@±SdcJhonf? o‹lcE<mudk,fwpfudk,fvHk;eD;yg; ta=umaooGm;+yD; ol.ajcaxmufrsm;udk toHk;jyKIr&awmhacs? olemrusef; jzpfonfhwpfav#mufvHk;wGif tJvDEdkuol@udk jyKpkapmifha±SmufcJh+yD; tm;tiftopfrsm;jyefvnf&±Sdvm+yD; EdkifiHa&;avmuxJjyef0ifEdkif&ef ulnDay;cJhonf?

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tJvDEdkuEdkifiHa&;wGif wufºuGpGmv_yf±Sm;yg0if+yD; trsdK;orD;rJxnfholrsm;.toif; (League of Women’s Voters), trsdK;om;0,f,lpm;oHk;olrsm;toif;ESifh trsdK;orD;tvkyform;or*~tzGJ@0iftjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJhonf? xdk@twl tmz&dueftar&duefvlrnf;ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ta&miftaoG;±Sdolrsm;wdk;wufa&;twGuf trsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk; (NAACP) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wdk@ESifh&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifcJhonf? TuJhodk@&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifr_a=umifh tJvDEdkonf tmz&dueftar&duefwdk@. jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;Y pdwfyg0ifpm;vmcJhonf?

olr.cifyGef;onf.EdkifiHa&;rJqG,fyGJrsm;wGif wpfwyfwpftm;yg0ifaqmif±GufcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olr.cifyGef;onfz&ef‹uvif;'D±kpbJhrSm e,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf0ef (1929) tjzpf jzpfapESifh tar&dueforRwtjzpf (1932ckESpf) wGif ta±G;cs,fcHcJh&onf? tar&duefordkif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGiftJvDEdkonfEdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifv_yf±Sm;aom yxrqHk;orRwuawmftjzpfwifpm;cH&onf? olr.cifyGef;onftwGuf jzpf&yfrSefrsm;pkaqmif;±SmazGay;&eftwGuf c&D;rsm;pGmxGufcJh&onf? tJvDEdku vdifbufqdkif&mESifhvlrsdK;a&;&m wdk@Ywef;wlnDr#r_±Sdap&ef aqG;aEG;a[majymcJhonf?

1935 ckESpfwGiftJvDEdku orRwz&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJhtm; Oya'ESifhtnDw&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJ ao'g%fay;jcif;udk qef@usifonfhOya'=urf;udk uGef*&ufwGif;odk@wifoGif;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? (Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJao'g%fay;jcif;rSm vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk w&m;r0ifpGmpGwfpGJI tqHk;pD&ifjcif;jzpf+yD; ,cifwGifvljzLrsm;uvlrnf;rsm;udk Tenf;jzifhowfjzwfavh±Sdonf?) rnfodk@qdkapumrl±kpbJhu TOya'=urf;udk axmufcHa=umif;t

rsm;a±S›wGif xkwfaz:ajym=um;jcif;r±SdcJhay? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf TOya'=urf;onf [email protected];om;rsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJowfjzwfcGifhay;onfhaxmifrSL;rsm;udk ta&;,lEkdifonf? xdk@a=umifholu

TuJhodk@vkyfv#if awmifydkif;±Sdol@udkrJay;aomvljzLrsm;u ol@udkcGifhrv$wfEdkifyJ aemufrJa±G;yGJrsm;wGifol@udkrJay;awmhrSmr[kwfbJ a±G;aumufyGJwGif±_H;edrfhvdrfhrnf[k qifajcay;cJhonf?

1945 ckESpf{+yDvwGif z&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJhuG,fvGef+yD;onfhaemuf tJvDEdkuEdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_wGif qufIyg0ifv_yf±Sm;cJhonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif tar&dueforRw[if&Dtuf(pf)=xL;rif; (Harry S.Truman) utJvDEdk±kpbJhtm;ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH.udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJhonf? ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufpmwrf;wGif olruta&;ygpGm0ifa&mufyg0ifcJhonf? ±kpbJhu ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr±Sif. yxrOD;qHk;OuUXtjzpf yg0ifcJhonf? 1948 ckESpfpufwifbmv 28 &ufae@naeydkif;wGif ±kpbJhua=ujimpmwrf;udk udk,fpm;jyK+yD; xdka=ujimpmwrf;udk “The international Magna Carta of all mankind”- vltm;vHk;twGuftajccH'Drdkua&pDjzpf+yD; xdkpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaomt&mrsm;udk vdkufemaqmif±Guf&rnf-[kwifpm;cJhonf? ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHuxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufudk 1948 ckESpf'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@wGif vufcHusifhoHk;cJhonf?1953 ckESpf Dwight D. Eisenhower orRwjzpfvmonfhtcg ±kpbJhuolr.ukvor*~&mxl;rS E_wfxGufcJhonf? tJvDEdktouf±SifpOfwGif rdrd.udk,fa&;&mZ0ifrsm;udka&;om;cJh+yD; “My Story (1937),” “This I Remember

(1949)” ESifh “On My Own (1958)” wdk@tygt0if jzpfonf? tJvDEdk±kpbJhonf 1962 ckESpfEdk0ifbmv 6 &ufae@wGifuG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

i,fpOfutJvDEdk±kpbJhonf rdrdudk,fudk±dk;±dk;om;om;ESifh vdkvm;awmifhwr_±SdaomolwpfOD;omjzpfaomfvnf; }uD;vmonfhtcg tjrifus,fvm+yD; rdrdawG@onfhc|wf,Gif;csufrsm;udk wm0ef,lum trsm;twGufoufawmifhoufom±Sdr_ESifhar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ay;cJhaom olwpfOD;tjzpf &mpkESpf 20 wGiftodtrSwfjyKcH&ol jzpfvmonf?

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a';

a';Apfbiful&D,efonf ydkvefEdkifiH (±k±Stifyg,mwGiftygt0if) zvHk (Plon-

-sk) +rdKŒY 1886 ckESpfwGif zGg;jrifonf? olonfom;pOfrsdK;quf 6 qufajrmufjzpfonf? [email protected];pkrSm Zdkif,medpef (Zionism) udkeufeJpGm,Hk=unfaomrdom;pkjzpfonf? ol.zcifrSm a±S›aewpfOD;jzpfonfomru [Db±l; bmomoif=um;ay;aom q&mwpfa,mufvJjzpf+yD; acwfrSDZdkif,medpef-''Hibbat Zion''(Zdkif,mudkcspfaomolrsm;)tzGJ@udk wnfaxmifcJholvnf;jzpfonf? biful&D,ef odk@r[kwf [Db±l;bmomr0ifcifu a';Apf*&if;(David Green) [kac:qdkcJhaomolrSm acwfrSDaom *sL;[email protected]

]]uRrf;usifolwpfa,mufurNyD;Edkif? rvkyfEdkifbl;[kajymvQif

tjcm;uRrf;usifoludkcdkif;yg/}}

“If an expert says it can’t be done, get another expert.”

]]&J&ifhjcif;qdkonfrSm aMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&mudk rnfodkUaMumuf½GHU&rnfESifh

raMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&m udkrnfodkUraMumuf½GHU&rnfudk

oifjyaomtodynmjzpfonf/}}

“Courage is the knowledge of how to fear what ought to be fearedand how not to fear what ought not to be feared.”

]]tDpa&;vfEdkifiHrSwu,fhvufawGUususjzpfEdkifzdkUtwGuftHhMo

zG,f&mwdkUudk,HkMunf&rSmjzpfw,f/}}

“In Israel, in order to be a realist you must believe in miracles.”

a';Apfbiful&D,ef (1886-1974)

Apfbiful&D,ef (David Ben–Gurion)

onf*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.uH=urRmudk wnfaqmufay;aom EdkifiHopfwpfEdkifiHESifh ta±S›tv,fydkif;EdkifiHrsm;udk wnfaxmifay;cJholwpfOD;jzpfonf?

-19-

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a&;udkoif=um;&+yD;bmoma&;ESifhtwl tjcm;aombmom&yfrsm;udk wGJIoif=um;cJh&onf?

biful&D,ef.acgif;aqmift&nftcsif;/ EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifhtjrifwdk@rSm i,fi,fuav;uwnf;uyif xifay:ausmf=um;vmcJhonf? ol.touf 14 ESpft±G,fwGif vli,fuav;rsm;udkpkpnf;I tDZm (Ezra) [kac:aom [Db±l;bmompum;udkomajymqdkrnfh olrsm;tzGJ@udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? touf 17 ESpft±G,fwGif Poaleizion (Zdkif,mtvkyform;rsm;)tzGJ@xJwGifyg0ifcJhonf? TygwDonf yxrqHk;aomqdk±S,fvpfZdkif,mepfEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@ tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonf? TygwDonf Zdkif,medpef*.vlr_a&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;wnfaqmufyHkrsm;udk q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tkyfpdk;v$rf;rdk;cJh+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh biful±D,ef.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGifjzpfonf?

1906 ckESpfwGif ygvufpwdkif;odk@ajymif;a±$›cJh+yD; *sL;pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.vdarRmf+cHYtvkyform;tjzifhjzpfap/ 0dkifodkavSmifonfhae&mrsm;wGifjzpfaptvkyfvkyfcJhonf? TpdkufysdK;a&;+cHudk Zdkif,mepfwdk@u t&ifvkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? aemufydkif;YumvDv (Galilee) wGiftapmifhtjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJhonf?

bifonfav;ESpfvHk;vHk; ol.v,f,majrrsm;Y tvkyfvkyfaeaomfvnf;tvkyform;tcGifhta&;a&;&mrsm;Y pdwf0ifpm;r_±Sd+yD; Poaleizion ygwDA[kdtzGJ@0ifjzpfvmonf? 1910 ckESpfwGif [email protected];pmxkwfvkyfaom*s±kpvifY t,f'Dwmtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&+yD; ola&;om;aompm

* Zdkif,mepf0g'Donf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;. ,cifygvufpwdkif;wGif *sL;EdkifiHjyefvnfxlaxmif

a&;ESifhacwfrSDaomtDpPa&;vfEdkifiHaxmufyHha&;wGif qufvufyg0if&ef vkyfaqmif

onfh*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_jzpfonf?

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rsm;wGif“a';Apfbiful&D,ef”qdkonfhuavmifemrnfwyfcJhonf? ([Db±l;bmomjzifh“jcaoFhaygufp”[k t"dyg,f&onf?)

1912 ckESpfwGif wl&uDEdkifiHodk@oGm;I tDpwefbl;(vf)wuUodkvfY Oya'ynmudkoif,l+yD; owif; axmuftjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGifa';Apfbiful&D,efudk atmfwdkref.vufatmufwGif EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;a=umifh ygvufpwdkif;rSjynfESif'g%fay;jcif; cHcJh&onf?

jynfESif'g%fay;jcif;cH&+yD;aemuf e,l;a,muf+rdK@wGif tajccsaexdkifcJh+yD; azgvmref0d(pf) (Paula Munweis) ESifhawG@qHkcJh+yD; 1917 ckESpfwGif r*FvmaqmifcJhonf? olwdk@wGifom;orD;oHk;a,muf xGef;um;cJhonf? olonf 1918ckESpfwGif+Adwdo#wyfrawmf. wyf&if; 38 ±Sd*sL;vlrsdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;.wyf&if;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf? yxrurBmppf+yD;onfhaemuf ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHudk atmfwdkreftifyg,m±Sd +Adwdo#tifyg,mu odrf;ydkufEdkif+yD;aemufolESifhol@rdom;pkrsm;u ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHodk@jyefvmcJhonf?

1921 ckESpfwGif a';Apfbiful&D,efonf (Jewish Labour Party) *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.avbmygwDwGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh 1930 ckESpfwGif qdk±S,fvpfrufydkifygwD (Socialist Mapai Party) .acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf? ig;ESpfaemufydkif;wGif *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;at*sifpD (Jewish Agency) wGif obmywdjzpfvmcJhonf?

+Adwdo#wdk@rSygvufpwkdif;EdkifiHodrf;ydkufjcif;udk ±kyfodrf;+yD;aemuf 1948 ckESpfarv 14 &ufae@wGif*sL;vlrsdK;wdk@. wdkif;jynfjzpfaomtDpa&;(vf)EdkifiHay:xGef;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif a';Apfbiful&D,efutDpa&;(vf)EdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;aom0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhonf? ol.0ef}uD;csKyfoufwrf;ESpfckpvHk; (1948–1953 ckESpfESifh 1955–1963 ckESpf) wdk@wGif pufr_qdkif&mESifhpdkufysdK;a&;jyef

vnfjyKjyifa&;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;a=umifh pD;yGg;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;±SdvmcJhonf?xdk@twl Oa&myrS'kuQonftrsm;tjym; tDpa&;(vf)EdkifiHodk@ tajccs&eftm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufcJhaomay:vpDtwGuf =um;0ifaphpyfajymqdkr_rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf?

a';Apfbiful&D,efonf 1963 ckESpfwGif t+idrf;pm;,lcJhonf? odk@aomfaemufESpfESpft=umwGif EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk@ Mapai Party acgif;aqmif.twdkuftcHtjzpf jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf? bifonf 1974 ckESpfwGifuG,fvGefcJhonf?

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rm*&ufpif*gonf 1884 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@Yacgeif;(Corning)/e,l;a,mufòrd‹wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? olr.zcifrSmaysmfaysmfaewwf+yD; bmoma&;wGift,Hkt=unfr±Sdaom (Free Thinker) wpfa,mufjzpfonf?odkŒaomfolr.rdcifutvGefbmomw&m;udkif;±d_if;+yD; uav; 11 a,muf±SdcJhonf? olrruG,fvGefrSD umvwpfav#mufrSm wDbDa&m*gudkcHpm;&+yD;wDbDydk;awG[m olr&JhtqkyfeJ@t±dk;awGudk jyif;xefpGmwdkufcdkuf&if; aemufqHk;wGif olruTa&m*gjzifhyif uG,fvGefcJh&onf? rm*&uf. zcifEkdifiHa&;±_axmifhrsm;jzpfaom trsdK;orD;rsm;rJay;ydkifcGifh/ tcGeftaumufrsm;udkjyef

]]trsdK;orD;awGrSm olrdcifwpfa,mufjzpfcsifovm;? 'grSr[kwfoluav;b,fESpf

a,mufvdkcsifovJqdkwmudka½G;cs,fEdkifzdkU tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawG½Sd&r,f/}}

“Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom ofchoosing whether or not she will be a mother and how

many children she will have.”

rm*&ufpif*g (1884-1966)

*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger)

onfoaE<wm;qD;a&;twGuf v_yf±Sm;aqmif±Gufr_rsm;rSm trsdK;orD;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udk tpysdK;v_H@aqmfaponf? tar&duefEdkifiHolrm*&ufpif*g. odyHqdkif&moaE<wm;qD;jcif;/ rdom;pkpDrHudef;a±;qGJjcif;ESifhvlOD;a&wdk;wufr_tay: xdef;csKyfjcif;wdk@wGif a±S›aqmifvrf;jyv_yf±Sm;r_vkyfcJhojzifh urBmwpfv$m; xif±Sm;ausmf=um;cJhonf?

rm

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vnfaumif;rGefvmatmifjyKvkyfjcif;wdk@u olrtay:v$rf;rdk;r_rsm;±SdcJhonf?TuJhodk@tjrif±_axmifhrsm;a=umifh olr.rdom;pktay:tdrfeD;csif;rsm;uacgif;rmolrsm;[kxifjrif=uonf?

rm*&ufonf a'otxufwef;ausmif;wGifatmifjrifcJh+yD;aemuf e,l;a,muf+rdK@[wfqif (Hudson) ±SdcvmA&uf (Claverack) aumvdyfwGifatmifjrifcJhonf? xdk@aemufrm*&ufu e,l;*smpDwGif q&mrtjzpfw0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemufwGif olr.aovkarsmyg;rdcifudkjyefI=unfh±_apmifha±SmufcJhonf? 1896 ckESpfwGif olr.rdcifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifrm*&ufrSm ol@rdciftwGufpdwfraumif;jzpf&+yD; rdrdudk,fwdkifrdciftay:aumif;rGefpGmrjyKpkcJh&jcif;ESifh vlr_todkif;t0ef;rsm;. aq;ynmt&vspfvsL±SLr_rsm;tay: pdwfrauseyfjzpf+yD; tvGefyifylaqG;0rf;enf;cJhygonf? rsm;r=umrSDrm*&ufonf 0d_ufzvdrf; (White Plains) e,l;a,muf+rdK@odk@oGm;+yD;olemjyKoifwef;wufcJhonf? xdk@aemufolru e,l;a,muf+rdK@odk@oGm;Ie,l;a,[email protected];ta±S@zufa'o±Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;&yfuGufwGifoGm;I wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1902 ckESpfwGif 0DvsHpif*gESifhvufxyfcJhonf? aemufwpfESpf rm*&ufudk,fwdkiftqkyfa&m*g±Sdaomfvnf; [email protected];qHk;om;OD;uav;udk arG;zGg;cJhonf? aemufwGif om;wpfa,mufESifhorD;av;wpfa,mufarG;zGg;cJh+yD; orD;av;rSmuav;b0Yyif uG,fvGefoGm;±Smonf?

qif;&Jom;&yfuGufYrdcifrsm;onf rm*&ufpif*gxHodk@vmI udk,f0efr±Sd&efrnfodk@a±Smif±Sm;&rnfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk toem;cHar;jref;jcif;rsm; }uHKawG@&cJhygonf? TtawG@t}uHKrsm; jzwfoef;vmcJh&aoma=umifhrm*&ufrSwjznf;jznf;vlr_a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_vdkvm;ol jzpfvmcJhonf?xdk@aemufrm*&ufu qdk±S,fvpfygwDxJodk@0ifcJhonf? qdk±S,fvpfygwDonftpdk;&rStm;vHk;udk tkyfcsKyfEdkifcGifh±Sd+yD; ,if;wdk@rSypPnf;rsm;udk jyefvnfa0iSay;

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rnfponfhEdkifiHa&;t,ltq±SdonfhygwDjzpfonf? rm*&ufonfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf csDwufyGJrsm;pwifwufa&muf+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&;enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk pwifzwf±_awmhonf? olru rdom;pkta&twGufrsm;vGef;jcif;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ESifh }uHKawG@&onfhtajccHtcsufjzpfonf[k,Hk=unfonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif ‘Woman Rebel’ “awmfvSefoltrsdK;orD;”[laomowif;pmudk wpfvv#ifwpf}udrfxkwfa0cJhonf? xdkowif;pmwGiftrsdK;orD;rsm;udk [email protected];pkOD;a&udk uef@owfwwfvm&efESifh “oaE<wm;qD;a&;(Birth Control)”qdkonfhpum;vHk;udk yxrqHk;oHk;cJholjzpfonf?xdkpmtkyfajcmuftkyfajrmufudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0+yD;onfhtcsdefwGif rm*&ufudkzrf;qD;um npfnrf;onfhpmayrsm;udk xkwf,ljzef@csDonf[kw&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? olruvnf; Oa&mybufodk@xGufajy;v$wfajrmuf+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&;ta=umif;qufvufavhvmcJhonf? xdk‹twlaq;cef;rsm;udk vSnfhvnf=unfh±_I aq;bufqdkif&mokawoejyKolrsm;ESifhvnf;aqG;aEG;cJhonf?

pif*gu 1916 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHodk@jyefvmcJhonf? TwGifolrtay:w&m;pGJqdkcsufrsm; oufwrf;ukefqHk;oGm;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? xdktcsdefrSpI EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;a[majyma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? e,l;a,muf+rdK@wGif olrESifhtaygif;tygwpfcsdK@u tar&duefEdkifiH.yxrOD;qHk;oaE<wm;qD;a&;aq;cef;udk qif;&Jom;rsm;±Sd&mae&mwGifzGifhvSpfcJh+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&;ESifhywfoufonfhypPnf;rsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udka0iSay;onf?xdk‹a=umifh EdkifiHawmfOya'csdK;azmufr_jzifhtzrf;cH&+yD; olr.nDtpfrESifhtwlaxmifwpfvtcscH&onf? 1917 ckESpfwGif t±Sdefjrifhrm;vmap+yD;/ a[majymyGJrsm;ESifh e,l;a,muf+rdK@±Sdrdrdtm;axmufcHolrsm;xHrS tultnD&efyHkaiGawmif;cHjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xdk@twl Birth Control Review

udkpwifxkwfa0jzef@csDcJh+yD; ,if;rSmolr. 23 ESpftwGif; v_yf±Sm;r_twGufaºuG;a=umfoHjzpfcJhonf? e,l;a,mufw&m;±Hk;. oaE<wm;qD;a&;vkyfief;

-26-


rsm;tay: av#mhcsr_rsm;ðyvkyfr_a=umifh olr.wdkuf±dkufv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udk&yfqdkif;+yD; oifhawmfaomjynfe,fESifhz,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;Edkif&efóud;pm;cJhonf? rm*&ufpif*gu t+rJwrf;e,l;a,muftm%mydkifrsm;ESifhjy\emjzpfaomfjim;vnf; olruqufvuf+yD;vlxkrsm;a±S›wGifa[majymyGJrsm;jyKvkyf+yD; Oa&myoaE<wm;qD;jcif;qdkif&mokawoetzGJ@ESifhvnf; tquftoG,ft+rJwrf;±SdcJhonf? 1922 ckESpfwGif*syefokd@ c&D;xGufcJhonf?,if;c&D;pOfrSm tm±Sc&D;pOfxGufjcif;rsm;xJrS yxrqHk;t}udrfjzpfonf?aemufwpfESpft=umwGif rm*&ufESifholr.oli,fcsif;rsm;rS aq;bufqdkif&mokawoevkyfief;tzGJ@udk aq;bufqdkif&mordkif;a=umif;rsm;ESifh oaE<wm;qD;a&;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ta=umif; pkpnf;&eftwGufe,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf/ csDum*dkESifhatvDEGdKif;wdk@Y zGifhvSpfcJhonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;Yaq;cef;aygif; 55 ckudkzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifpif*gu ol.vuf±Sda,mufsm;ESifhuGm±Sif;+yD; a*sEdktmtdyf(csf)pvD;(J. Noah H. Slee) ESifhvufxyfcJhonf?

1927 ckESpfwGifrm*&ufpif*gu qGpfZDvefEdkifiH/ *seDAm+rdK@wGifusif;yrnfh yxrOD;qHk;urBmhvlOD;a&tpnf;ta0; (World Population Conference) jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDjyifqifay;+yD; xdktpnf;ta0;Ypum;ajymcJhojzifholr.trnfrSm urBmw0Srf;vHk;wGifausmf=um;vmcJhonf? rm*&ufESifhtaygif;tygrsm;uqufvufI jynfe,fESifhz,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJ±Sd oaE<wm;qD;a&;qdkif&mudpPESifhjynfoloufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm;YoaE<wm;qD;a&;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzef@a0&eftwGuf }udK;pm;+yD;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;cJhonf? 1940 ckESpfwGif tar&duefoaE<wm;qD;a&;v_yf±Sm;r_tzGJ@rS aq;cef;rsm;zGifhvSpf+yD; aq;bufqdkif&mu|rf;usifolrsm;.vufcHr_udk &,lI aemufqHk;wjznf;jznf;vlxk.vufcHr_udk&±Sdvmonf?

tar&dueftrsm;pktwGuf rm*&ufpif*grSm oaE<wm;qD;a&;v_yf±Sm;r_[k

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odrSwfxm;=uonf? 1939–45 ckESpf'kwd,urBmppftwGif; Oa&mywyfrsm;ESifhtar&duefrS*smreD/ tDwvD/ *syefwdk@ESifhyËdyuQjzpfaeonfhtcsdefwGif olr.emrnfausmf=um;r_rSm wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? pif*grStar&duefu ppfyGJrsm;wGifyg0ifjcif;tay: twdkuftcHjzpfcJhonf? (pif*guppfyGJrsm;onf EdkifiHvlOD;a&rsm;tqrwefwdk;yGm;vma&;&v'fjzpfonf[k cdkifrmpGm,Hk=unfonf?) 1946 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHwumrdbpDrHudef;z,f'a&;±Sif; (Intern-

-ational Planned Parenthood Federation) udkulnDxlaxmifcJhonf? Tv_yf±Sm;r_onf olrtwGuft}uD;qHk;ESifhaemufqHk;v_yf±Sm;r_jzpfcJhonf? olr.aemufqHk;toufwmtESpfESpfq,ftwGif; olr.ESvHk;tm;enf;yifyef;armyef;aomfvnf; qufvuf+yD;c&D;xGufw&m;a[majymyGJrsm;ESifhwkHŒjyefa=ujimcsufrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? olronf 1966 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 6&ufae@wGif wwfqef (Tucson) t&DZdk;em; (Arizona) wGifuG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

vuf(cf)onf qif;&Jom;v,form;wpfOD;.om;jzpf+yD; 1943 ckESpfpufwifbmv 29 &ufae@wGif ydkvefEdkifiH±Sdydkydk0dkwGifzGm;jrifcJhonf? toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ausmif;wpfckYatmifjrif+yD;aemuf um;0yfa±SmhwpfckY 1961 rS

]]uRefawmfuysif;w,f/ 'gayrJhysif;wJhvlawGubD;awG? pufbD;awGwDxGifwm

r[kwfvm;/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmholwdkUuvrf;ravQmufcsifvdkU 'grSr[kwf

ypönf;awGro,fcsifvdkUaygh/}}

“I’m lazy. But it’s the lazy people who invented the wheel and thebicycle because they didn’t like walking or carrying things”

]]pdwfysufrI? cg;oD;rIawGeJUtultnDrJhrIawGeJUvTrf;rdk;rIawGeJUêuHawGU&aer,f

qdk&ifbmudkrQwnfaxmifEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/}}

“It is hardly possible to build anything if frustration, bitterness and amood of helplessness prevail”

]]uRefawmfhtjrifeJUajym&&iftaumif;bufuajymif;vJrIawG½SdvmatmiftwGuftajc

cHuswJhtcsufuawmhvlom;awGtay:0efaqmifrIay;jcif;jzpfw,fvdkUxifygw,f/}}

“The Thing that lies at the foundation of positive change, the wayI see it, is service to a fellow human being”

vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (1943- )

(cf)0,f(vf)pm (Lech Walesa) onf ydkvefEdkifiHom;jzpf+yD; ,if;onfEdkifiH

a&;orm;ESifh ,cifutvkyform;or*~ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;twGufv_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf? ,if;onf Solid-

-arity (Solidarnosc) [laomqdkAD,ufEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~jzpfcJhonf? vuf(cf)onf 1983 ckESpfwGif Edkb,f(vf)+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&±Sd+yD;1990rS 1995 ckESpftxd ydkvefEdkifiH. orRwtjzpfwm0efxrf; aqmifcJhonf?

vuf

-28-

1965 ckESpftxdtvkyfvkyfcJhonf? oluppfwyfxJwGif 2 ESpf=umtr_xrf;cJh+yD; wyf=uyf&mxl;txd&±SdcJhonf? 1967 ckESpfwGif (Gdansk) oabFmusif;wGif v#yfppftvkyform;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1969 ckESpfwGif'Ekwmudkavmh (Danuta Golos) ESifhvufxyf+yD; uav;±Spfa,mufxGef;um;cJhonf?

vuf(cf)onf tvkyform;or*~wGif wufºuGpGmv_yf±Sm;yg0if+yD; 1970 ckESpfpufr_ta&;tcif;wGif oabFmusif;vkyfom;rsm; qENjyyGJaumfrwD.obmywdtjzpfyg0ifaqmif±GufcJhonf? tpdk;&utpm; taomufaps;E_ef;rsm;jr‡ifhwif+yD;onfhaemuf abmvfwpfurf;±dk;wef;a'owpfav#mufwGif qlylaomif;usef;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmonf? xdktcsdefwGif Gdansk ±Sdtvkyform;t=um;wGifxif±Sm;aomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf? Gdansk ESifh}uD;rm;aomvDeifoabFmusif;rsm;onf tpdk;&udkqef@usifqENjy&mwGif OD;wnfcsuftjzpftoHk;csjcif;cH&onf? vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pmu jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udkaxmufcHaomfvnf; xdkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&eftwGuf toHk;jyKaomenf;pepfrsm;tay: xdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyf&rnf[k wdkufwGef;ajymqdkonf?rSwfom;p&maumif;aom tjzpftysufwpfckY qENjyaeaomvltkyf20˜000 ausmfudkteD;±Sd tusOf;axmifudkrwdkufcdkuf&ef vltkyf}uD;udkqGJaqmifajymqdkEdkifcJhonf?

1976 ckESpfwGif 0,f(vf)pm.tvkyform;or*~v_yf±Sm;r_a=umifh tvkyfxkwfy,fjcif;udk cH&onf? xdk@a=umifhESpftenf;i,ftwGif; ,m,Dtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfudkifcJh&onf? oluqufvufI uGefjrLepfr[kwfaomtvkyform;or*~udk wnfaxmif&mwGifyg0ifcJhonf? 1980 ckESpfwGif ol.oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl Solidarnosc (Solidarity) udkxlaxmifcJhonf? tzGJ@tpnf;xlaxmif+yD;r=umrSDwGif tzGJ@0if 10 oef;ausmf±SdvmcJh+yD;0,fvfpmrSm ,if;.+ydKifbufuif;aomacgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf?

-29-


-30-


1980 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGifolu Gdansk oabFmusif;qENjyyGJudk OD;aqmifcJh+yD;xdkqENyGJ}uD;u EdkifiHw0Srf;±SdqENjyyGJrsm;udkjzpfay:vmap+yD; ol@udkacgif;aqmiftjzpftrsm;urSwf,l=uonf? t"duawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm tvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;jzpfonf? tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u 0,fvfpmtm;tnHhcHt±_H;ay;&efESifhaphpyfoabmwlnDr_&±Sd&ef wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfcJhonf? 1980ckESpf=o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGif Gdansk pmcsKyfY vufrSwfa&;xdk;&efESifhxdkpmcsKyfwGif tvkyform;rsm;twGuf qENjycGifhtcGifhta&;[email protected]@rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifhay;cJhonf?

ol.v_yf±Sm;r_udk uufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;cJh+yD;1981 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif 0,f(vf)pmudk ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efayg(vf)uAufwDuefwGif ol@udkv_dufvJSpGm}udKqdkcJhonf? 0,f(vf)pmonfvnf;uufovpfbmomonf ol@twGuftiftm;rsm;ESifh pdwf"gwfwufºuGr_rsm;jzpfvmaponf[k qdkcJhonf? 1980–1981 ckESpftwGif;0,f(vf)pmonf tDwvD/*syef/ qGD'if/ jyifopfESifhqGpfZvefEdkifiHrsm;odk@ EdkifiHwumtvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;.{nfhonftjzpf a&muf±SdcJhonf? 1981 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGifGdansk Yusif;yaomyxrOD;qHk;trsdK;om; Solidarity uGef*&ufwGif obmywdtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf?

wdkif;jynfwGif&±Sdaom wc%wmvGwfvyfr_rsm;rSm 1981 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;*s±kpDvuD; (General

Jaruzelski) rSqdkAD,ufwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr_a=umuf±GH@aoma=umifhppfOya'udkcsrSwfcJh+yD; Solidarity udkvnf; &yfqdkif;cJhonf? xdk@twl acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf;zrf;qD;+yD; 0,f(vf)pmudkvnf;aus;vufawm±Gm±Sd tdrfwpftdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;udkcH&avonf?

1982 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif 0,f(vf)pmudkv$wfay;+yD; Gdansk oabFmusif;

-31-


wGiftvkyfvkyfcGifhay;onf? 1983 ckESpfwGif ppfOya'udk±kyfodrf;cJhaomfvnf;vlwpfOD;pD.vGwfvyfr_tay: wif;=uyfr_rsm;±Sdaeao;onf? xdkESpfukefydkif;wGif0,f(vf)pmuydkvefEdkifiH.t=urf;rzufawmfvSefa&;twGufEdkb,f(vf)+idrf;csrf;a&;qkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf?

ydkvefwGif±Sd jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfolrsm; tultnD&±Sdjcif;rSm udkbmacsmh(yf)uqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&±SdcJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? 1986 ckESpfwGif udkbmacsmh(yf)u ta±S›Oa&my±SdEdkifiHrsm;. tdrfwGif;a&;EdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_vkyfawmhrnfr[kwfa=umif; twdtvif;a=ujimcJhonf? TwGif Wojciech Jaruzelski u0,f(vf)pmESifhtwltvkyform;or*~v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&onf?&v'ftjzifhygvDrefa±G;aumufyGJ&±SdcJh+yD;/ uGefjrLepfr[kwfaomtpdk;&u tm%m&±SdcJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1989 ckESpfwGif Solidarnosc uw&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfvmonf?

1990 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif0,f(vf)pmu ydkveforRwEdkifiHwGif orRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? orRwtaejzifhatmifjrifr_r&±SdyJ ol@udka0zefolrsm;u wdkif;jynfudktm%m±SifpHepftkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHjzpfvmatmif tkyfcsKyfonf [ka0zef=uonf? ol.tjyKtrlrSm yHkrSefr[kwfyJ ppfwyfESifhvHk+cHKa&;rsm;ESifh&if;ESD;pGmtquftoG,f±Sdonfhtay: a0zefjcif;cH&onf? 1995ckESpfEdk0ifbmvrJa±G;yGJwGif 0,f(vf)pmudk ,cifuGefjrLepfjzpfaom tvufZENm;uGmeD,lpuD; (Aleksander Kwasniewski) rStEdkif&±SdcJhonf?

z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJhonf oDtdk'dk±kpbJhESifhaqGrsdK;om;csif;awmfpyf+yD;1882 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 30 &ufae@wGif [dkuf('f)ywf/ e,l;a,mufwGifzGm;jrifcJhonf? ±kpbJhrdom;pkrSm csrf;omaomrdom;pkjzpfonfhtwGuf tdrfwGifq&mac:+yD;pmoifcJhonf? touf 14 ESpfa&mufonfhtcgrSom a*:wefausmif; (Gorton School) wGif ausmif;qufwufcJhonf? z&ef@uvif;onfpmawmfaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; [m;AwfwuUodkvfESifhudkvJbD,gOya'ausmif;wGifwufa&mufatmifjrifcJh+yD; 1970 ckESpfwGife,l;a,muf+rdK@w&m;±Hk;Ytvkyf0ifcJhonf?

1905 wGifz&ef@uvif;u ol.0rf;uGJESrtJvDEdk±kpbJhESifhvufxyfcJhonf?

]]aMumufjcif;xufaMumufp&maumif;wmbmrSr½Sdbl;/}}

"There is nothing to fear but fear itself."

]]ighrSm½SdwJh&efolawGudkMunfhNyD;ighudkqHk;jzwfyg/}}

"I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made."

]]a½S›qufoGm;zdkUvrf;trsm;BuD;½Sdw,f/

'gayrJhudk,fhae&mrSm&yfwnfzdkUenf;vrf;wpfckxJyJ½Sdw,f/}}

"There are many ways of going forward, but only one way ofstanding still."

z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJh (1882–1945)

&efŒuvif;'DvmEdk¶kpbJh (Franklin Delano Roos-

-evelt) onftar&duef. 32 a,mufajrmuforwWjzpf+yD; 1933 uae 1945 txdtkyfcsKyfcJhonf?olonfoufwrf; 4 ESpfwdkifta¶G;cHcJhaom yxrOD;qHk;orRwjzpf+yD; wdkif;jynfudk 'kwd,urBmppfESifh pD;yGg;a&;uyfqdkufonfh=um;rSmyif a¶S›aqmiftkyfcsKyfcJhonf?

z

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olr.zcif{vd,uf±kpbJh (Elliott Roosevelt) rSm 1901–1909 ckESpfY tar&dueforRwjzpfcJhaom oDtdk'dk±kpbJhESifhnDtpfudkawmfonf? olr.cifyGef;uJhodk@yiftJvDEdkonf 'Drdku&ufwpfa,mufjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;wGifwu,fhpdwf0ifpm;cJholjzpfonf?

1910 ckESpfwGif±kpbJhonf e,l;a,mufqD;edwftrwftjzpf a±G;cs,fcH&+yD;aemuf e,l;a,mufEdkifiHa&;avmuwGifxif±Sm;ausmf=um;vmcJhonf? ±kpbJh.t&nftcsif;rsm;udk tar&dueforRw0l;'±dk0Dvfqif (Woodrow Wil-

-son) uawG@±Sd+yD; 1913 ckESpfwGif,if;udka&wyf.vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfcef@xm;cJhonf? ±kpbJhuxdk&mxl;udk ajcmufESpfwm=umatmifxrf;aqmifcJhonf?

0l;'±dk0DvfqifESifhtjcm;'Drdku&ufwpfacgif;aqmifrsm;u cufcJaomtcsdefumvtwGif;Y ±kpbJh.tm;oGefcGefpdkufaqmif±Gufr_wdk@udk=unfhI oabmwusjzpfcJhonf? 1917 ckESpfYtar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS yxrurBmppftwGif;odk@0ifa&mufonfhtcsdefY ±kpbJhrSwdkif;jynftwGif; a&wyfqdkif&mypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfaompuf±Hkrsm;ESifhoabFmusif;rsm;udk aqmufvkyfEdkifcJhonf? ppftwGif;olu ajrmufyifv,fwGif±SdaomppfyGJtwGuf enf;AsL[mrsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifulnDcJh+yD; xdkpDrHudef;uyif*smrefwdk@. U-boat enf;AsL[mudktiftm;avsmhenf;apcJhonf?

1921 ckESpfaEG&moDwGif ±kpbJhtvGefyifemrusef;jzpfcJhonf? aemufqHk;wjznf;jznf;wGifyif ydkvD,dka&m*gcHpm;&onf[k prf;oyfawG@±Sdonf? xdktcsdefwGifolonfwpfudk,fvHk;avjzwfcH&eD;yg;jzpf+yD; aemifwGifol‹ajcaxmufudkrnfonfhtcgr# aumif;aumif;rGefrGeftoHk;jyKEdkifjcif;r±Sdawmhacs? ol@udkaumif;aumif;rGefrGefod±Sdaom qD;edwftrwfz&ef@ppfz,fuif; (Frances

Perkins) u±kpbJh.a&m*grsm;u ol.trltusifhudkajymif;vJap+yD; ydkIaumif;vmaomvlwpfa,mufjzpfapcJhonf[kqdkonf? z&ef@ppfz,fuif;

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u “±kpbJh[m aeraumif;wJhtcsdefwGif;rS 0dOmOfa&;&mydkif;qdkif&majymif;vJr_wdk@udk±±SdcJhw,f? u|efawmfowdxm;rdwmu olESpfaygif;rsm;pGmemrusef;jzpfwJhtcsdefup+yD; aemufydkif;rSm [dkwkef;uol@rSmwpfcgwav±SdwwfwJh tenf;i,ftay: pD;qufqHwJhtusifhu aysmufoGm;w,f? ol@rSmaEG;axG;wJhpdwfESvHk;eJ@ ESdrfhcswwfwJhpdwfxm;±Sdvm+yD; eufeJaomtawG;tac:awG±Sdvmw,f? oludk,fwdkif'kuQqif;&Jr_awGudk em;vnfvmw,f” [krSwfcsufcscJhonf? ±kpbJhu vufwGef;vSnf;xJwGif xdkifae&aomfvnf; 1928 ckESpfwGifEdkifiHa&;avmuodk@ wpfzefjyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf? aemufwpfESpfwGifyif±kpbJhudke,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cHcJh&onf? olu+rdK@0eftjzpfwm 0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; tar&du.pD;yGg;a&;jy\emudkrnfodk@ajz±Sif;&ef tajccHusustjrif±Sdaomolrsm;ESifh awG@±SdcJhonf? [email protected]$rf;rdk;r_a=umifh ±kpbJhonf tar&du.wdk;wufr_t±SdqHk; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;xJwGifwpfa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf?

1929 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvjzpfyGm;cJhaom “Wall Street Crash” onftar&du.ordkif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGif tqdk;±Gm;qHk;pdwfcHpm;p&mjzpfvmcJhonf? tar&dueforRw[m;bwf[l;A,f (Herbert Hoover) u awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHu,fq,fa&;taxmuftyHhay;&mwGif aES;auG;jcif;ESifh+rdK@ay:±SdtvkyfvufrJhrsm;udk tultnDay;&efjiif;qdkjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? [l;A,fu z,f'&,ftvkyfvufrJhtvkyform;rsm;udk jzpfay:vmaprnfhtqdkwifoGif;xm;onfhOya'udk ADwdktm%mjzifhy,f csvdkuf+yD;jynfol@tvkyform;pDrHudef;wnfaxmifa&;udkqef@usifcJhonf?

e,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf0efwpfa,muftaeESifh ±kpbJhonf tvkyfvufrJhrsm;tm; ulnDEdkif&eftm;oGefcGefpdkuf}udK;pm;cJhonf? xdk@twl e,l;a,mufjynfe,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;aumfrwDudkwnfaxmif+yD; tvkyfvufrJhrsm;ESifhtouft±G,f}uD;olrsm;udk pwifulnDEdkifcJhonf?

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±kpbJhue,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpf atmifjrifpGmwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhojzifh1932 ckESpf'Drdku&ufwpforRwa±G;yGJY a±G;cs,fp&macgif;aqmiftjzpf odomxif±Sm;pGmay:vGifvmonf? ±kpbJhrSpD;yGg;a&;jy\emtay: rnfodk@ajz±Sif;&rnfhtay: odomxif±Sm;pGmraz: jyEdkifaomfvnf; ol.&Dywfbvpfuef&efoludktvG,fwulatmifEdkifcJhonf?

±kpbJhorRwjzpfjzpfcsif;rSmyif wdkif;jynfwGifjzpfyGg;aeaom b%fvkyfief;t±_yftaxG;jy\emESifh}uHKawG@&avonf? pD;yGg;a&;jy\emrsm; pwifvmonfhtcsdefrSpI wdkif;jynf±Sdb%fig;yHkwpfyHkudk ydwfcsypfvdkufonf? aemufqufwGJtaejzifh vlrsm;.b0toufwmtwGuf pkxm;aomaiG 15μ aysmufqHk;cJh&avonf? 1933 ckESpfESpfOD;ydkif;wGif tar&duefwdk@u,if;[email protected]%fvkyfief;tay:,Hk=unfr_enf;vm+yD; [email protected];udkxkwf,l+yD;onfhaemuftdrfwGifjyefxm;=uavonf? ±kpbJhorRwjzpf+yD;aemufwpf&ufwGifyif b%ftm;vHk;udk ydwfcdkif;avonf? xdk@aemufuGef*&uftpnf;ta0;ac:I aemifaiGa=u;jy\emay:vmv#if aiGpkolrsm;[email protected]=u;rsm;udk rqHk;±H_;ap&eftmrcHay;onfh w&m;Oya'udkwifoGif;&efawmif;qdkavonf?

1933 ckESpfrwfv 9 &ufae@wGif ±kpbJhutxl;uGef*&ufwpfckudk ac:,lcJhonf? olutzGJ@0ifrsm;udk tvkyfvufrJhjy\emudkajz±Sif;&ef enf;vrf;wpfckrSm “tpdk;&udk,fwdkiftvkyfac:,lcef@xm;&ef” jzpfonf[kajymonf?aemufoHk;vtwGif; ±kpbJhutvkyfvufrJhjy\emajz±Sif;&ef ta&;}uD;onfh Oya'rl=urf;rsm;wifoGif;+yD; uGefu&ufrStwnfjyKay;cJhonf?txl;uGefu&uftpnf;ta0;udk&ufw&m[kac:qdk+yD; ±kpbJh.vdktyfcsufrsm;udkxkwfaz:cJhonf?

tpdk;&u tvkyform;rsm;pGmudk tvkyfcef@ac:,lcJhonf? ±kpbJhutvkyfvufrJhjy\emudkenf;yg;vmatmif }udK;pm;Iajz±Sif;aepOf wcsdefwnf;rSmyiftvkyfrvkyfEdkifaomolrsm;twGuf tcuftcJudkavsmh enf;vmatmif

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}udK;pm;onf? ±kpbJhutultnDwu,fvdktyfolrsm;udk tpdk;& axmufyHha=u;aiGay;&eftwGuf z,f'&,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@(Federal Emergency Relief Administration) udkwnfaxmifcJhonf? 1935ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif vlr_vHk+cHKr_tufOya'udk twnfjyKcJhonf? TtufOya'onf touft±G,f}uD;yifpifESifhz,f'&,fESifhjynfe,[email protected]: u,fq,fa&;taxmuftyHhay;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf?

NAACP uz&ef@uvif;±kpbJhudk 1932 ckESpfwGif a±G;cs,fvdkufjcif;tm;jzifhOya'ESifhw&m;pD&ifjcif;r±SdbJ ao'g%fay;jcif;udk+yD;qHk;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;ygonf? tmz&dueftar&duefom;rsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnDw&m;pD&ifjcif;r±SdbJ &yfpJa&;v_yf±Sm;oltmz&dueftar&duefom;ESpfa,mufu ±kpbJhtEdkif&±SdatmifulnDay;cJhonf? ol.ZeD;tJvDEdk±kpbJhonf w&m;Oya'ESifhtnDpD&ifjcif;r±SdyJao'g%fay;jcif;qef@usifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tcsdef=umjrifhpGmvkyfudkifcJhonf? rsm;r=umrDwGif w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD pD&ifjcif;r±SdyJao'g%fay;jcif;udk qef@usifonfhOya'rl=urf;udka&;qGJcJhonf? TOya'xJwGifw&m;Oya'abmifay:wGif tvkyfvkyfaomwm0ef±Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;u w&m;r0ifao'g%fay;jcif;udkjzpfay:aomtcsdefwGif rdrdwm0ef0wW&m;twdkif;rvkyfaomolrsm;udkw&m;Oya't&pD&ifjcif;jyKvkyf&efyg0ifonf? 1935 ckESpfwGif±kpbJhtm;TOya'=urf;udk axmufcH&efpnf;±Hk;jcif;cH&onf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl±kpbJhu xdkOya'rl=urf;twGufoluulnDv#if awmifydkif;±SdvljzLvlrJqENay;olrsm;u ol@udkcGihfrv$wf rJay;awmhrnfr[kwfa=umifhjzpfonf?

vGefcJhaom 1936 ckESpforRwa±G;aumufyGJwGif ±kpbJhuEdkifiHawmf.aiGa=u;pm&if;udk uwday;xm;onfhtwdkif;rxm;EdkifI taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;cH&onf? wcsdK@uvnf; ±kpbJhudkuGefjrLepftjzifh pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;pDrHudef;topf (New Deal) uwu,fvl}udKufrsm;I &Dywfbvpfueftrwfudk vG,fulpGmtEdkif&±SdcJhonf?

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±kpbJhu wwd,t}udrfta±G;cHrnf[ka=ujimcJh+yD;aemuf trsm;u ol‹udktm%mrsm;vGef;onf[kpGwfpGJr_rsm; rsm;oxufrsm;vmonf? xdk@a=umifh±kpbJhu tar&dueforRwoufwrf;ESpfckudkom,l&rnf[k a&;om;cJhaomOya'udkyxrOD;qHk;csdK;azmufI wwd,t}udrfta±G;cs,fcHcJh+yD; 1940 ckESpfwGiftEdkif&±SdcJhonf?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; tar&duef. =um;ae0g'rSwqifhr[mrdwfrsm;udkrsufESmomay;cJh+yD; aemufqHk; *syefwdk@u ykvJqdyfurf;udk0ifwdkufcJh+yD;onfhaemuf tar&duwdk@uppfyGJxJudk0ifcJhonf? 1944 ckESpfwGif pwkwÎt}udrforRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJhonf 1945ckESpfarv & &ufae@Y *smreDwdk@vufeufcsjcif;rwdkifrDoHk;ywfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ±kpbJh.ZeD;onftJvDEdk±kpbJhESifhol.om;ESpfa,mufjzpfaom *sdrf;(pf)±kpbJhESifh z&ef@uvif;±kpbJha*stm&fwdk@rSm EdkifiHa&;avmuwGifqufvufv_yf±Sm;cJhonf?

vDeifonf 1870 ckESpf{+yDv 10 &ufae@wGif ppf=bpf (Simbrisk) +rdK@±k±Sm;EdkifiHYzGm;jrifcJhonf? ol.zcifrSm ausmif;ppfaq;a&;jzpf+yD; uGefqmaA;wpftjrif±SdolwpfOD;jzpfonf? xdk@twlolonf ±k±Sm;atmoa'ghbk&m;ausmif; (Orth-

-odox Church) .bmoma&;udkif;±d_if;aom toif;om;wpfOD;jzpfonf?ol.rdcifrSm ajrydkif±Sifq&m0ef}uD;wpfOD;. orD;jzpfonf? vDeif.rdom;pkrSm

]]vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwmwu,fhudktzdk;wefw,f/ tzdk;wefvGef;

vdkUcGJwrf;eJUay;&rSmjzpfw,f/}}

“It is true that liberty is precious – so precious thatit must be rationed”

]]aoewfwpfvuf½SdwJhol[m aoewfwpfvufrSr½SdwJh

vlta,muf 100 udkxdef;csKyfEdkifw,f/}}

“One man with a gun can control 100 without one.”

]]vdrfnmrIawGudkcPcPoHk;r,fqdk&ifaemufrSmtrSefw&m;jzpfvmEdkifw,f/}}

“A lie told often enough becomes the truth.”

bv,fwDrmvDeif (1870–1924) v,fwDrmvDeif (Vladimir Lenin) onfEdkif iHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESifh 20 &mpk.awmf

vSefa&;tawG;tac:±Sdaomoljzpf+yD; ±k±Sm;EdkifiHESifhomru wurBmvHk;tay: eufeJaomxda&mufr_rsm;±SdcJhonf? vDeifonf 1917 ckESpfwGifabmf±SDApf (Bolshe-

-vik) u±k±SEdkifiH.tm%modrf;cJhpOfu pDpOf!$ef=um;cJholwpfOD;jzpfonf? xdk@twl vDeifonf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifolESifhyxrOD;qHk;aom acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpfonf? ol.rm;ppf (Marxist) oDtdk&Dtay:udk;um;csufrsm;udk(vDeif0g'(Leninism)[ktrsm;uod±Sdygonf?

b

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ujym;trdsK;jzpf+yD; ol.rsdK;qufrsm;rSm ±k±Sum;vfrpf (Kalmyk)/ *sL;/ *smrefESifhpGD'ifvlrsdK;ESifhtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEdkifonf? tpfudktvufZENm; (Alexander) .awmfvSefr_EdkifiHa&;tjrifu vDeiftay: euf±d_if;pGmoufa&mufr_±Sd+yD; tvufZENm;uyif vDeiftm;cg;vfrwf(pf) (Karl

Marx) tawG;tac:ESifhrdwfqufay;cJhonf?

vDeifonf ausmif;wGiftvGefxufjrufaom ausmif;om;jzpfonf? Ttcsufa=umifhvnf; oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh uif;uGm&onf? vDeifonf ol@q&m/q&mrrsm;. uGefqmaA;wpftjriftay: txifao;pufqkyfaomfvnf;ausmif;pmwGifrlawmfygonf? olonfpmzwf0goemyg+yD;*dk;tJh(of)(Goethe)

ESifh Turgenev [email protected]&;tom;u ol@b0wpfoufvHk;tay: xda&mufr_rsm;±SdcJhonf?

vDeifi,fpOfu 'kuQqif;&Jr_}uD;}uD; 2 ckudkausmfjzwfcJh&+yD; ,if;wdk@a=umifholawmfawmfpdwfxdcdkufcJh&onf? 1886 ckESpfwGifvDeif.zcifrSm (Cerebral

Hemorrhage) a&m*gESifhaoqHk;oGm;+yD; ol@touf 17 ESpfjynfhaom 1887ckESpfarvwGif ol.tpfudk}uD;tvufZENm;rSm Zmbk&iftvufZENm;oHk;a,mufwpfa,muf. touftE W&m,fudktE W&m,fjyKaprnfh t=urf;zuform;AHk;cGJr_wGifyg0ifojzifh tzrf;cH&+yD; }udK;qGJcscHcJh&onf? tvufZENm;udk zrf;rdonfhtcsdefwGif ol.tpfr}uD;tefemu yg±Sdaeojzifhtefemudk umZef (Kazan) rSuDvdkrDwm 40 ausmf±Sdonfhaus;±GmqDodk@ e,fESif'g%fay;cH&onf? Todk@jzifhvDeifonf aoqHk;oGm;aomawmfvSefa&;orm;wpfa,muf. nDwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwGuf ol@twGufwHcg;rsm;pGmydwfqdk@cJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI vDeifu bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepfwdk@udkpGef@cGmvkdufonf?

aemufqHk;wGif umZefwuUodkvfrS vDeifudkvufcH+yD; Oya'ynmoif=um;

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cGifhay;cJhonf? wuUodkvfwGif ynmoif=um;aepOfyif vDeifu EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_wGifyg0ifcJhonf? ausmif;wuf+yD; oHk;vtwGif;rSmyif ol@udkqENjyyGJrsm;wGifyg0ifr_jzifh a'o&Jpcef;odk@ tzrf;cHjcif;cHcJh&onf? &Jtm%m±Sdwpfa,mufuol@udk “vli,f&,f–awmfvSefa&;vkyf+yD; 'DeH&HawGumxm;wJhae&mrSmvmae&wmbmvdk@ awmfvSefa&;vkyfcsif&wmvJ?” vDeifu udk,fhudk,fudk,Hk=unfr_tjynfhjzifh “'DeH&Hu',drf;',dkifeJ@/ eJeJav;wGef;vdkuf,if+ydKoGm;rSm” [lIajymcJhonf? &v'ftaejzifh ol@udk wuUodkvfrSarmif;xkwfvdkuf+yD;ynma&;avmuwGif 0kdif;y,fjcif;cH&avonf? ausmif;Yxkwfy,fvdkufjcif;cH&+yD;aemuf pdef@yDwmbwfodk@oGm;+yD;tjyifausmif;wufcJhonf? 1891 ckESpfwGif Oya'pmar;yGJatmifjrif+yD; ausmif;om;OD;a& 124 a,muf±Sdonfhteufoluyxrqk&±SdcJhonf? vDeifu prfr&mwGifOya'jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðycJhonf?

1893 ckESpfwGif pdef@yDwmbwfodk@ajymif;a±$@+yD; Oya'tvkyfxrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSmyif rm;ppf (Marxist) ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;tpysdK;ay;cJhonf? ol.tzGJ@udk tzGJ@i,fajcmufzGJ@tjzpf cGJxkwfvdkufonf?qdkvdkonfrSm puf±Hktvkyfrsm;.tajctaersm;udk ±SmazGpHkprf;jcif;/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;aumuf,ljcif;ESifh vufurf;pmwrf;rsm;a&;xm;jcif; ponfwdk@udkvkyf=uonf? TtzGJ@uav;rsm;cGJI tvkyfvkyfonfhtcsdefrSmwGifyif ol.ZeD;onfem'uf'gc&yfpum,m (Nadezhda Krupskaya) ESifhawG@±Sd+yD;1898 ckESpfwGifolwdk@ESpfa,mufvufxyfcJh=uonf?

1895 ckESpfwGif qGpfZmvefEdkifiHodk@xGufoGm;+yD; olESifhtawG;tac:wlnDonfqdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwdk@ESifhawG@&efoGm;cJh+yD; a*smf*sDzvufcaemh (Georgi Pl-

-ekhanov) ESifhawG@qHkpum;ajymcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf ±k±Sm;jynftwGif;ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&mwGif rnfodk@rnfyHkvkyfrnfjzifh jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;=uonf?zvufcaemhu tv,ftvwfwef;tqifh vpfb&,fvlwef;pm;rsm;udk

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xnfhoGif;vdk+yD; vDeifurl qif;&Jom;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;udkomxnfhoGif;vdkonf? Todk@tjiif;tcHkjzpfr_wdk@a=umifh aemufqHk;wjznf;jznf;qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDonf rif±SDApf (Mensheviks) ESifhabmf±SDApf (Bolsh-

-eviks) [lItzGJ@ESpfzGJ@uGJoGm;onf?

vDeif±k±Sm;odk@jyefvmonfhtcg olESifhtwl w&m;r0ifvufurf;pm±Gufrsm;,lvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;owif;pmwpfapmifpwifxkwfa0&ef aqmif±GufcJhonf? xdkowif;pmxkwfa0aomnrSmyif olESifhtjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;tzrf;qD;cH&onf? axmifxJwGifpkpkaygif; 15 vtcscH&onf? xdk@aemufol@udkqkdufab;&D;,m;odk@ jynfESif'g%fay;vdkuf+yD; xdkae&mYyif olESifhc&yfpum,mwdk@vufxyfcJhonf? jynfESif'g%fay;cHcJh&aomtcsdef+yD;qHk;oGm;+yD;aemufolwdk@onf qGpfZmvefEdkifiHodk@ xGufoGm;+yD; aemufqHk;wGiftpPcg&m (Iskra)

qdkonfhowif;pmudkxkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? tpPcg&m.t"dyg,frSm t*Fvdyfvdk(Spark–rD;yGg;jzpfonf? Ttrnfudk uAsmwpfyk'fxJ±Sdpmydk'frS &±SdcJhonf?xdkuAsmpm ydk'frSm “The spark will kindle a flame–rD;yGg;awG[m rD;awmufawGjzpfvmatmifEd_;qGay;wJht&mjzpfw,f” [lIyif? qGpfZmvefwGifaepOftwGif; qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDudk tm%m±Sdvmatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf? oltaejzifh acgif;rm+yD; aphpyfa=uat;wwfwJh tjrifr±Sdjcif;a=umifhygwDudkuGJoGm;aponfht"dutcsufwpfckjzpfonf?

1905 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGg;cJhaom pdef@yDwmbwftpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufowfjzwfr_a=umifh vDeifudk t=urf; zufvkyfief;rsm;pwifvkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;ay;ouJhodk@jzpfonf? tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufowfjzwfr_rSm Father Georgi Gapon

OD;aqmifaom +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyaeaomtzGJ@udk Cossacks wdk@rS ypfcwfjcif;rSpwifcJhygonf? Tjzpf&yfa=umifh ±k±Sm;wGifqENjyyGJrsm;pGmjzpfay:vmcJhonf?vDeifonf ±k±Sodk@ESpfESpf=umjyefvmaecJhaomfvnf; oluwdjyKxm;cJhaomqENjyyGJ/ odk@r[kwf vlxkawmfvSefa&;yGJ}uD;jzpfrvmcJhacs? tb,fha=umifhqdk

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aomf Zmwdk@uvlxk}uD;udk tcGifhta&;wpfcsdK@ay;+yD; auseyfESpfodrfhapcJhonf? 1906 ckESpfwGifvDeifudk ±k±Sm;qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpftvkyform;ygwD(Russian Social Democratic Labor Party [RSDLP]) .tr_aqmifaumfrwDtzGJ@0iftjzpf a±G;cs,fcH&aomfvnf; ta±G;cH&onfrSpI 1917 ckESpftxdrsm;aomtm;jzifh Oa&mywpfcGifY jynfESif'g%fay;jcif;cH&onf? olonfcufcJcg;oD;aomb0udk jzwfoef;&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;pmaywdk@udk qufvufa&;om;EdkifcJhonf?

yxrurBmppfpwifjzpfay:onfhtcsdefwGif vDeifu =op}wD;,mrSmyif±Sdaeao;onf? 1914 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif ±k±SaxmufvSrf;a&;tjzpf tzrf;cH&+yD;axmifxJwGiftusOf;cscH&onf? odk@aomf axmifxJwGifc%=umomtzrf;cH&+yD; qGpfZmvefodk@ajymif;oGm;&ef tcGifhay;vdkufonf? bmeD(Berne) Yusif;yaom tpnf;ta0;wpfckxJY rdrd.ppfyGJESifhywfoufaomtjrifrsm;udkaz: jycGifh&cJhonf? oluyËdyuQudk e,fcsJ@ 0g'[kac:qdk+yD; ppfudkaxmufcHaomqdk±S,fvpfrsm;tm; qif;&Jom;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;udk azgufjyefaomolrsm;[kpGyfpGJcJhonf?

Oa&my±Sdqdk±S,fvpfrsm; ppfyGJudkaxmufcH=uonfudk vDeiftaeESifhxdwfvef@tHh=ocJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI vDeifu tm;oGefcGefpdkuf “e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;udkjynfol@ppfyGJ” rsm;tjzpfodk@ajymif;vJ&ef vH_@aqmf0g'jzef@r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? vDeifu r[mrdwfwyfom;rsm;u ,if;wdk@.±dkifz,frsm;udk ppfAdkvf}uD;rsm;qDjyefvSnfh+yD; qdk±S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf 0g'jzef@csDa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

1915 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif eDudkvyf(pf) II u a±S@wef;wGifwdkufcdkufaeaom ±k±SwyfrawmfwGif =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_±Sdonf[k,lqxm;onf? xdk@a=umifhppfbufqdkif&mqHk;±_H;r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; 1917 ckESpfwGif ol@tpdk;&udk axmuf

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cHr_rsm; usqif;oGm;cJhonf? wdkif;jynf.ppfa&;ppf&mtay:wGif y&d,m,frºuG,f0jcif;ESifhjzwfpm;v'fpm;vkyfr_wdk@a=umifh ±k±Sm;wyfrawmftwGuf acwfrSDaomppfyGJudkwdkuf&ef vdktyfaomvufeufypPnf;rsm; axmufyHhIr&awmhacs? 1917 ckESpfwGif ppfom;aygif; 1˜300˜000 ausmfwdkufyGJwGifusqHk;oGm;+yD; 4˜200˜000 xdcdkuf'g%f&m&um 2˜417˜000 a,muftzrf;cHcJh&onf?

TppfyGJ}uD;onfvnf; ±k±Sm;pD;yGg;a&;twGuf qdk;usdK;oufa&mufr_ jzpfay:apcJhonf? tpm;tpmavsmhenf;vm+yD; aps;E_ef;vnf; tqrwef}uD;rm;vmonf? 1917 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif zufwdku&ufY ukefaps;E_ef;rSm ajcmufqwdk;vmcJhonf?

1917 ckESpfwGif ±k±Sm;EdkifiHYawmfvSefa&;ESpfckpwifcJhonf? rwfvwGif pdef@yDwmbwfwGif±Sdaom pwD;vkyfom;rsm;u oydwfarSmuf=uonf? wjznf;jznf;TqENjyyGJrSm }uD;rm;vm+yD; vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGifwef;pDqENjyae=uonf? TwGif Zmbk&if. tm%mqHk;±_H;cJh+yD; tvufZENm;uD&ifpuD;OD;aqmifaom 'lrmtzGJ@u tm%modrf;,lcJhonf?vDeifu *smrefwdk@ESifh oabmwlnDr_wpfckjyKvkyfcJhonf? tu,fI*smrefwdk@u ol@tm; ±k±Sm;odk@tE W&m,fuif;ab;±Sif;pGmydk@aqmifay;Edkifv#if olutm%modrf;,l+yD; ±k±Sm;wyfudk ppfyGJtwGif;rS±kyfodrf;ay;rnf[lIyif? uD&ifpuD;uwdkif;jynfwGif tcuftcJrsm;}uHKawG@&+yD; ±k±Sm;wyfrawmfrS t±H_;ESifh&ifqdkif&aomfvnf; ±k±Sm;wyfudkjyefI±kyfodrf;&efpdwfrul;ay? atmufwdkbmvwGif vDeifu wdkif;jynftm%mudk aoG;pufrusavmufatmifyif odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf?

bv,fwDrmvDeiftouf 47 ckESpft±G,fwGifuGefjrLepfygwD (Society of

People’s Commissars)[email protected];aqmifjzpfvm+yD; wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif wdkif;jynf.orRwjzpfvmonf?

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tpdk;&topfjzpfaom uGefjrLepfygwD.tcuftcJrSm enf;yg;vSonfr[kwfacs? *smreDESifhjzpfyGg;aeaomppfyGJrsm;vnf; ±kwfw&uf+yD;qHk;oGm;onf? (ol.aºuG;a=umfoHrSm ‘aygifrkef@ay;ygppfyGJr[kwfyg’ [lIjzpfcJhonf)? ±k±Sm;wdk@[email protected]@jcif;jzpfaom ,lu&def;udk *smreDrsm;vufodk@qHk;±H_;oGm;vdkuf&aomfvnf;rsm;r=umrD*smreDu ppfyGJwGifqHk;±H_;oGm;aomtcg olwdk@rS,lu&def;udk jyefvnf&±SdcJhonf? v,f,majr rsm;udkcGJ,lr#a0+yD; wcsdK@udktrsm;ydkifajrtjzpfxm;cJhonf? tpdk;&u puf±Hkrdkif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhb%frsm;udk EdkifiHawmfydkifodrf;ydkufvdkufonf? xdk±k±Sm;atghoa'hgbk&m;ausmif;udk zsufodrf;cJhonf?

vDeiftwGuf twdkuftcHygwD±SdcJh+yD; 1918 ckESpfwGifrif±SDAdwf (tjzL) abmfv±SDApf (teD) wdk@t=um; jynfwGif;ppfrsm;jzpfcJhonf? tjzLrsm;udk +AdwdefESifhtar&duefwdk@u ulnDcJhaomfvnf; aemufwGiftjzLrsm; ppfyGJwGifta&;edrfhcJh&onf?

1919 ESifh 1921 ckESpfrsm;wGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_ESifhwdkufzGdKwfa&m*grsm; ±k±Sm;jynfwpfjynfvHk;Yjzpfay:cJh+yD; vl 27 oef;ausmfr#udk toufqHk;±_H;apcJhonf?Tjy\emrsm;udkajz±Sif;&eftwGuf vDeifu pD;yGg;a&; vkyfief;pOftopfwckcsay;cJhonf? Tvkyfief;pOfudk ysufpD;±_yfaxG;ae+yD; ±k±Sm;jynf}uD;.aoqHk;ae+yD;jzpfaompD;yGg;a&;pepfudk jyefItouf±Sifvmap&ef t&if;±SifpepftawG;tac:rsm;jzpfay:vmawmhonf? v,form;rsm; v[mjyifaps;wGif aps;a&mif;cGifh&±Sdjcif;ESifhtvkyform;iSm;&rf;EdkifcGifhrsm;&±Sdvmonf? v,f,majrwdk;csJ@vkyfudkifaom v,form;rsm;udk ukvwf (a±S;±k±Sjynf±Sdv,form;}uD;rsm;) [kod±Sd=uonf? tvkyform;ta,muf 20 xufenf;aompuf±Hkrsm;udk jynfolydkiftjzpfrSE_wfy,f+yD; ,ciftvkyf±Sifrsm;vufxJodk@ jyefay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; ol.vkyf&yf&v'frsm;udk olaumif;aumif;rawG@±SdcHpm;&awmhay? 1918 ckESpf=o*kwfv 30 &ufae@wGif qdk±S,fvpfawmfvSefol

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rsm;.tzGJ@0ifjzpfaom 'dk&mupfvefu ol@udkaoewfESifhypf+yD;aemuf ol@usef;rma&;vnf; qkwf,kwfvmavonf? ol.cE<mudk,fxJodk@ usnfqHESpfawmifh0ifcJh+yD; cGJpdwfxkwf&eftwGuf tE W&m,f±SdvGef;ojzifhrxkwfcJh&acs?

1922 ckeSpfarvwGif vDeifavjzwfcH&+yD; aemufwpfESpfrjynfhrSD xyfIavjzwfcH&onf? oltoufraoqHk;rD aemufqHk;ESpfESpftwGif; wdkif;jynf.vGefu|HpGmjzpfay:aeaom jzpf&yfwpfcsdK@udk }udK;pm;jyKjyifcJhonf? ol.tjrifrSmt&if;±SifEdkifiHrsm;ESifhtwl ,SOfwGJaexdkif&ef avhvmjcif;wdk@vdktyf+yD; xda&mufr_r±SdaomAsLwdkua&pDpepfudkvnf;&yfpJ&eftwGufjzpfonf? [email protected]&mudk pwmvifur[kwfyJ xa&mfpuD;udktm%m&±Sdapvdkonf?odk@aomf olratmifjrifcJhay? pwmvifonftvGefyifjzwfxdk;Om%faumif;+yD; vDeifuJhodk@vltwGufyifwu,fyiftuif;yg;vnf0JoljzpfcJhonf? 1923ckESpfwGif vDeifudk avaemufwpfcgxyfjzwfI oludk,fwpfjcrf;aooGm;+yD;pum;rajymEdkifawmhay? xdk@aemuf olrnfonfhtcgr# jyefaeraumif;awmhyJ 1924 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 21 &ufae@wGif OD;aESmufaoG;a=umjywfa&m*gjzifhuG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

oDtdk'dk±kpbJhonf 1858 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 27 &ufae@Y e,l;a,muf+rdK@wGifzGm;jrifonf? olonfcsrf;omºuG,f0aompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfOD;.pwkwom;jzpf+yD;ol.i,femrnfrSm “xuf'D” jzpfonf? oluxdkemrnfudkvHk;0r}udKufay? ol@wGifyef;em&if=uyfa&m*g ESifhtvGefyifrsufpdr_efaoma&m*g±Sdonf? xdk@a=umifhol.zcifonfol@tm; tEdkifrcHt±_H;ray;yJ rdrd.a&m*grsm;udkwGef;vSefEdkif&efTodk@tm;ay;cJhygonf? “om;rSmOm%fAv±SdayrJh um,Avr±Sdbl;? 'ga=umifhum,Av±Sdatmif vkyf,l&r,f?” ol.zcifrSol@om;udkulnD&eftwGuf tm;upm;±Hkudk [email protected];cJhonf? Todk@ESifhxuf'DrS wjznf;jznf;rdrd.cE<mudk,fusef;rmoefpGrf;vmatmif tm;upm;vdkufpm;vmcJh&maemifwGif “u|J±dkif;wpfaumifvdkusef;rmoefpGrf;vmonf” [kEd_if;,SOf&vmatmif usef;rmoefpGrf;vmygonf?toufi,f±G,fpOfu oDtdk'dkonfol.rdom;pkESifhtwlOa&mywpfcGifvHk;c

]]pum;udkcsdKompGmajymNyD;wkwfBuD;BuD;wpfacsmif;udkifxm;yg/}}

"Speak softly and carry a big stick."

]]r½dkufyJeJUa½SmifEdkif&ifvHk;0r½dkufygESifh? 'gayrJh½dkuf&ifb,fawmhrS

jznf;nif;pGmr½dkufygESifh/}}

"Don’t hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting,but never hit soft."

oDtdk'dk±kpbJh (1858–1919)

tdk'dk±kpbJh (Theodore Roosevelt) onft ar&duefjynfaxmifpk. 26 a,mufajrmuf

orRwjzpf+yD; olonf}uH@cdkif+yD; vkyfief;wGiftm;oGefcGefpdkuftvkyfvkyfaqmifaom acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; tar&duefEdkifiHudkEdkifiHjcm;a&;&mudpPrsm;Y yg0ifaqmif±Gufr_rsm;rsm;jym;vmapcJhygonf?

oD

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&D;vSnfhvnfcJh+yD; xdkae&mwpfYyif ol.jyifopfpum;ESifh*smrefbmompum;udku|rf;usifpGmwwfajrmufcJhonf?

1876 ckESpftouf 18 ESpft±G,fwGif oDtdk'dkonf[m;AwfwuUodkvf0ifcGifh&cJhonf? olupm;aomtm;upm;rsm;rSmavSavSmfjcif;/ vufa0S›upm;jcif;/jrif;pD;upm;jcif;ESifhpcef;csupm;jcif;rsm;udkESpfoufonf? oDtdk'dkonfynmavhvmoif,l&mwGifpdwf0ifpm;r_±Sd+yD; trSefwu,fajym&v#if v_yf±Sm;wufºuGaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; pmoif=um;ydk@cs&mwGif tm;wufoa&mavhvmoif,lonf? wpfcgwkef;uqdkv#if ol@udkpmoif=um;ydk@csaomya&mzufqmuoDtdk'dkudk “'DrSm=unfhoDtdk'dk/ igu'Dtwef;xJrSmq&mjzpfaewmvJowd&tHk;aemf” [l.?

1878 ckESpfwGifoDtdk'dku emrnfausmf=um;aomabmhpwefrdom;pk.orD;jzpfol tJvpf[moma0;vDESifhawG@qHkcJhonf? ,if;wdk@ESpfOD;cspfol&nf;pm;tjzpftcdsef=umjrifhpGmaexdkifcJh+yD; 1880 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 27 &ufae@wGiftJvpfESifhoDtdk'dkwkd@vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhonf? TtcsdefwGifrSmyif ol.zcifrSm tpmtdrfuifqmjzifh 1878 ckESpfazazz:0g&Dv 9 &ufae@wGifuG,fvGefcJhonf? ol.zcifaoqHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf toufESpfq,fhwpfESpft±G,f±SdoDtdk'dkonf ,if;.rdom;pktwGuf tdrfaxmifOD;pD;jzpfvmcJh&onf?

xdk@aemufoDtdk'dku udkvHbD,m±SdOya'ausmif;udkqufwuf+yD; 1881 ckESpfwGifausmif;rSxGuf+yD;e,l;a,mufc±dkifjynfol@v$wfawmfwGif ae&m&atmif}udK;pm;cJhonf? ol@udk&Dywfbvpfuef (Republican) wGifta±G;cs,fcH&+yD;&DywfbvpfuefudkOD;pD;OD;aqmif&eftwGuf ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif ta±G;cHcJh&onf?

oDtdk'dk.uHaumif;oxufaumif;vm+yD; ol@b0wGif vsifjrefpGmwdk;wufr_rsm;±SdvmonfudkawG@&rnf? odk@aomfvnf; 1884 ckESpfwGifol.b0rSmwpf

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-48-


ppD+ydKuGJoGm;&onf? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &[email protected];av;tJvpf±kpbJhvD;udkzGm;jrif+yD;aemuf ol.ZeD;onfwGif ausmufuyfa&m*g±Sda=umif;awG@±Sd&onf? xdka&m*gjzifhyifazaz:0g&Dv 14 &ufae@cspfolrsm;ae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJh±Smonf? ol.rdcifrSmvnf;aeraumif;jzpf+yD; wdkufzGdKuftzsm;a&m*gudk&um 1884 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 14 &ufae@naeydkif;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&±Smonf?

Tokd@jzifh 1884 ckESpfwGif ±kpbJhutaemufbufqDodk@c&D;ESifI 'gudkwm(Dakota) Ywd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;tvkyfvkyf=unfh&ef }udK;pm;onf? ol@taeeJ@'gudkwm.vloluif;rJhr_u ol.&ifxJrS cHpm;ae&aoma=uuGJ0rf;enf;r_wdk@ajzodrfhEdkifvdrfhrnf[k,Hk=unfonf? taemufbuf±Sd vlqdk;vlayrsm;uol@udk “av;vHk;” ESifh “ajcaxmufaysmh” ponfhrav;rpm;rcHcsdrcHomjzpfatmifajymqdkjcif;rsm;udkjzwfoef;I wjznf;jznf;ol@udkqef@usifvmonfholrsm;udk tajctaetvdkufay:rlwnfI jzwfxdk;Om%foHk;aomfwefjyefrsm;jzifhjzpfap oHr%duJhodk@rmausmaompwD;vufoD;rsm;jzifhjzpfap wjznf;jznf;tEdkif,lvmcJhonf? [email protected]'goudkawmhol.ig;r#m;avSudkcdk;oGm;onfholcdk;rsm;rSty rnfolr#odrnfr[kwfay? olcdk;rsm;uol.ig;zrf;avSudkcdk;+yD;onfhtcg oDtdk'dkonf =urf;wrf;vSonfh'gudkwmajrrsufESmjyifudkrr_bJ olcdk;rsm;.aemufudkESpfywf=umvdkuf+yD;wJhaemufydkif;aemufqHk;olcdk;rsm;udkzrf;rdcJh.? xdk@a=umifh ta±S›t&yfu “ajcaxmufaysmhwJh+rdK@}uD;om;[molcdk;awGudk zrf;EdkifcJhw,f” vdk@emrnfwGifcJhonf? Tumvwpfav#mufwGif oDtdk'dkupmrsm;pwifa&;om;+yD; pma&;q&mjzpfvmonf? ola&;om;aompmtkyfxJwGif 1889–1896 ckESpfwGifxkwfa0aom“America’s Westward Expansion” av;tkyfwGJudkygxkwfa0cJhonf?

1889 ckESpfwGif &DywfbvpfueforRw[m&Dqifu,if;udk tar&duefjynfol@0efaqmifr_aumfr±SiftzGJ@0ifwpfOD;tjzpf cef@xm;vdkufonf? 1895 ckESpf

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wGif±kpbJhue,l;a,muf+rdK@e,fykvdyfbk'ftzGJ@0ifjzpfvmonf? aemufwpfESpfwGif &DywfbvpfueforRwruf(cf)uif;av (Mckinley) uol‹udka&wyf. taxGaxGvufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfcef@tyfcJhonf? ±kpbJhu tar&duef.a&wyfpGrf;tm;udkwdk;csJ›jr‡ifhwifcJhojzifh tar&duefonfvnf;urBmhppfyGJrsm;wGif ydkIyg0ifvmonfudkawG@&rnf? pydefESifhtar&duefppfyGJrsm;twGif; ±kpbJhuajcvsifwyf&if;wGif 'kAdkvf}uD;tjzpfwufºuGpGmwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?

1898 ckESpfwGif ±kpbJhrSme,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpfta&G;cH&+yD; 1900 ckESpfwGiforRwrufuif;av;.atmufwGif 'kwd,orRwta±G;cH&avonf? 1901ckESpfwGif rufuif;av;uvkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&+yD; ol‹ae&mudk±kpbJhqufcH&±Sdonf? xdkoufwrf;jynfh+yD;aemufrS ±kpbJhurdrdwGiftcGifha&;±Sdonfhtwdkif;orRwtjzpf 1904 ckESpfwGifta±G;cs,fcHcJh&onf? olorRwoufwrf;wpfav#mufvHk;wGif }uD;rm;aomaumfydka&;±Sif;rsm;.tm%mrsm;udk uef@owf&eftwGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; usifhoHk;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pwiftpysdK;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xdk@xufru tar&duef. yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;om;O,smOfudk zavmf&D'gjynfe,fY 1903 ckESpfESifh 1906 ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;om;ausmufwdkifudk ,Gef;rif; (Wyom-

-ing) wGifwnfaqmufcJhonf?

EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mwGifvnf; ±kpbJhutar&duefonf “csdKompGmpum;ajym+yD;wkwf}uD;}uD;wpfacsmif;udkifonf” [ka=ujimcJhonf? ol‹,Hk=unfcsufrSmtu,fItjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;u tar&duefonf rdrd.tusdK;rsm;udk ppfa&;+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;jzifhtumtuG,fay;a=umif;odv#if tar&duef.vHk+cHKa&;rSm ydk+yD;wdk;jr‡ifhvmvdrfhrnf[lIyif? rGef±dk;pmcsKyfa=umifh uma&;bD;,ef;yifv,fxJY EdkifiHjcm;a&wyfrsm;±Sdvmjcif;rS umuG,f+yD; vufwiftar&duefudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwpfckkuom =um;0ifpGufzufEdkifonf?

±kpbJhonf yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;wnfaxmifa&;udk tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJhonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif Russo–Japanese ppfyGJudk +yD;qHk;atmifjyKvkyfcJhonfhtwGuf Edkb,f(vf)qkudkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&onf?

±kpbJhuorRw&mxl;rS 1908 ckESpfwGift+idrf;pm;,lcJhonf? 1912 orRwa±G;aumufyGJwGif ol‹.ae&mudkqufcH&±SdcJhaom0DvsHxyf(zf).ay:vpDudkróudufojzifh olESifhòydifIrJa±G;cJhonf? xdk‹a=umifh &Dywfbvpfuef.rJudkESpfzGJ‹cGJovkdjzpf+yD;aemuf 'Drdku&ufwpftrwf 0l;('f)±dk0DvfqifuorRwjzpfvmcJhonf?

±kpbJhonf 1919 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 6 &ufae@toufajcmufq,ft±G,fwGifaoqHk;oGm;cJhaomfvnf; ol.tarGtESpfrsm;usef&pfcJhonf? oDtdk'dkonftar&duef. orRwaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfonfomru opPm±SdaomcifyGef;onfpHjyzcifESifhEdkifiHawmftwGuftusdK;jyKonfomru urBmwpfckvHk;tusdK;twGuftusdK;jyKvkyfaqmifcJhaom jynfol@om;aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfcJhonf? olonfpma&;q&maumif; wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;Y rem;raeyg0ifaqmif±Gufonfomru acgif;aqmifr_t&nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhEdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfonf? rdrd.teD;tem;wpf0dkuf±SdurBm}uD;udk yHkpHoGif;onfomru rnfonfhtvkyfudkrqdkvkyf&mwGifvGwfvyfr_/ w&m;Oya'atmufwGifw&m;r#wr_ESifhpdwfcsrf;omr_tay:wGifrlwnfonf?

ol.emrnf “xuf'D” udktpGJjyKI 0uf0H±kyfuav;rsm;udk xuf'D±kyf[kac:onf?

-50-


rm*&ufa&mbwfonf ukefpHkqdkifa&mif;ol.orD;jzpf+yD; 1925 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 13 &ufwGif =urforf (Granham)/ vifuGef;±_dif;,m; (Lincolns-

-hire) wGifzGm;jrifcJhonf? atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkvfwGifatmifjrifcJh+yD;onfhaemuf rm*&ufonf okawoejyK"gwkynm±SifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf? xdk@aemufolru Oya'ynmudkqufvufoif=um;I 0wfvHkawmf&a±S@aewpf

]]trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufu tdrfOD;pD;xdef;csKyf&mrSm jzpfay:vmwJhtcuftcJawG

taMumif;udkem;vnfygu wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&mrSm ay:aygufvmwJh

jyóemawGtaMumif;udkem;vnfvmzdkUeD;pyfvmNyD;/}}

"Any Woman who understands the problems of running a home willbe nearer to understanding the problems of running a country."

]]tmPm½Sdw,fqdkwm rdef;rwpfa,mufeJUwlw,f/ wu,fvdkUoifbmjzpfw,f

qdkwmudkajymjy&&if oifrdef;rjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;/}}

"Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell peopleyou are, you aren't."

]]wu,fvdkUuRefrvdkcsifwJht&mudk&rnfqdkvQifuRefrtvGefU

tvGefpdwf½SnfEdkifygonf/}}

"I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own

way in the end."

rg*&ufoufcsm (1925- ) *&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher) onf,l Edkufwufuif;'drf;.yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;orD;

0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf+yD; 1979 ckESpfrS 1990 txdtkyfcsKyfcJhonf?oufcsmu+Adwdef.pD;yGg;a&;zGHŒ+zdL;wdk;wufvmatmifvkyfaqmifrnf[kuwday;+yD; olru T&nfrSef;csufodkŒa&muf&Sdatmif tpdk;&ydkifpuf¶Hkrsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;ESifhyk*~vduydkiftjzpfodkŒajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vkyfudkifcJhonf?

rm

-51-

-52-


OD;jzpfvmonf?

1951 ckESpf'DZifbmv 13 &ufae@wGif'Jepfoufcsm (Denis Thatcher) qdkaom atmifjrifaompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfa,mufESifhvufxyfcJhonf? rm*&ufoufcsmonf uGefqmaA;wpfygwD0ifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; 1959 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvwGif (Finchely) udkudk,fpm;jyK&ef a±G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf? aemifESpfESpft=um;wGif[m±dkrufrDvef (Harold Macmillan) tpdk;&.yifpifESifhEdkifiHtmrcHa=u;XgewGif wGJzufygvDreftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif±GufcJhonf?

1964 ckESpf taxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJwGif uGefqmaA;wpfygwD±_H;ESdrfhcJh+yD; [m±dk0Dvpif (Harold Wilson) u0ef}uD;csKyftopfjzpfvmcJhonf? uGefqmaA;wpfygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfvmoltuf'0yf[uf(of) (Edward Health) uolrudk twdkuftcHtpdk;&.yifpifESifhEdkifiHtmrcHa=u;XgewGif ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdyk*d~Kvftjzpfcef@xm;cJhonf? xdk@aemufolru twdkuftcHygwDbufrStdrf,mXge (atmufwdkbm 1965)/ b¿ma&; ({+yDv 1966)/ avmifpmESifhpGrf;tif (atmufwdkbm 1967)/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; (Edk0ifbm 1968) ESifhynma&; (atmufwdkbm 1969) wdk@YtoD;oD;wm0ef,lcJh&onf?

1970 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJrsm;Y uGefqmaA;wpfygwDtEdkif&onfhtcsdefwGif oufcsmuynma&;ESifhody`Ha&;&mwdk@Y twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmonf? 1970 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvwGiftouf 7 ESpfausmfuav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;rsm;YEdk@ tvum;wdkufau|;r_udk &yfqdkif;ypfjcif;ESifhausmif;wGiftpm;tpmzdk;rsm; jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;rsm;vkyfonfhtwGuf tjiif;yGg;r_rsm;jzpfay:apcJhonf?

xdktcsdefwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftuf'0yf[uf(of)onf ukefaps;E_ef;ay:vpDESifh0ifaiGay:vpDrsm;csrSwf&ef }udK;pm;cJhonfhtwGuf tvkyform;or*~ESifhyËdyuQ

-53-


jzpfay:apcJhonf? oluw&m;r0ifqENjyr_rsm;twGuf Oya'jyXgef;Edkif&ef}udK;pm;r_rsm;a=umifh tvkyform;tvkyf±SifyËdyuQudkjzpfay:apcJhonf? 1973ckESpfwGif owKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;. “tkyfcsKyfr_twGuftvkyfvkyfjcif;”(Work-to-rule) qENjyjcif;rsm;a=umifh v#yfppf"gwftm;jzwfawmufjcif;rsm;r=umc%jzpfay:+yD; wpfygwfoHk;&uftvkyfvkyfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf?1974 wGif[uf(of)u “rnfoltkyfcsKyfonf” qdkonfhudpPtay: taxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJudkac:,lusif;ycJhonf? TwGiftuf'0yf[uf(of)u tEdkifr&awmhbJ [m±dk(vf)0DvfqifESifhavbmygwDrSm tm%mjyefvnf&±Sdvmonf?

1975 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif oufcsmutuf'0yf[uf(of)udk uGefqmaA;wpfygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,SOf+ydKifta±G;cH&efpdefac:cJhonf? azaz:0g&Dv4 &ufoufcsmu[uf(of)udkrJ 130 rJESifh 119 rJjzifhtEdkif&±SdcJhonf? xdk@aemuf Tta&;}uD;aom trsdK;orD;EdkifiHa&;ygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf?[uf(of)u ±_H;ESdrfhjcif;udkvufrcHEdkifyJ oufcsm.uufbdeufwGiftvkyfqufvkyf&efjiif;qefcJhonf?

1976 ckESpfrwfv 16 &ufae@wGif*sdrf;acgv*ef (James Collaghan) u[m±dkvf0Dvfqif.0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk qufcH&,lcJhonf? wpfjznf;jznf;oufcsmu vuf,m0g'D0g'udkydkIvufcHusifhoHk;um aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfodk@ydkItm±Hkpdkufvmonf? 1978 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif olruvlrsm;uEdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrSa±$@ajymif;aexdkifvmolrsm;. “v$rf;rdk;r_” cH&rSmudkpdk;&drfonfhta=umif;rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhojzifh jypfwif±H_@csjcif;cHcJh&onf?

1978 ckESpfwGifEdkifiHt}uD;tuJ "Chancellor of the Exchequer" jzpfol'Jepf[Jav (Denis Healey) uaiGa=u;rsm;tay: wif;=uyfpGmxdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? aiGa=u;xdef;csKyf&mwGif [email protected]&;ESifhusef;rma&;t

-54-


wGuf &efyHkaiGrsm;udkygjzwfawmufcJhonf? a0zefoHk;oyfolrsm;u Todk@jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;a=umifh aiGa=u;xkwfvkyfr_udktajccHaompepf (Monetarism)

udkjzpfay:vmaponf? 1978 ckESpfwGif jynfolwdk@twGuftoHk;p&dwfrsm;jzwfawmufvdkufonfhtwGuf rauseyfr_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; qENjyyGJrsm;ay:aygufvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 1979 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJwGif avbmygwDta&;edrfhcJhonf?

TwGifrm*&ufoufcsmu +AdwdefEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;orD;0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmonf? 1979 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif oufcsmu Oa&mypD;yGg;a&;todkif;t0dkif; (European Economic Community–EEC) .xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufcJh+yD; EEC xJodk@ +AdwdefxnfhoGif;&aomaiGyrm%twGuf n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf?

oufcsmtpdk;&onf 'Jepf[JavtpysdK;cJhaom aiGa=u;xdef;csKyfr_ (moneta-

-rist) ay:vpDudkqufvufusifhoHk;cJhonf? 1979 ckESpfESifh 1980 ckESpfrsm;wGifaiGodyfonf;r_E_ef;avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf; tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;rSm ESpfqwdk;yGg;vmonf? 1981 ckESpfwGif Exchequer .t}uD;tuJjzpfol qm*sufz&D[dk0D (Sir. Geoffrey Howe) ujynfoltwGuf toHk;p&dwfrsm;jzwfawmufcJhonf? Tumvwpfav#mufwGif jynfol@qENaumuf,lcsufrsm;Y +Adwdef.ordkif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGif rm*&ufoufcsmonf jynfolt}udKuftenf;qHk;0ef}uD;jzpfcJhonf?

oufcsmtpdk;&u yk*~vduydkifodk@ajymif;vJjcif;pDrHudef;jzifh &efyHkaiG±SmazGcJhonf? TwGif+Adwdo#a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;/ +Adwdo#av,mOfc&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;/ ±dkvf±dGKuf(pf)ESifh+Adwdo#pwD;vkyfief; ponfhEdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduvufodk@ jyefay;jcif;tygt0ifjzpfonf?

1982 ckESpf{+yDv 2 &ufae@wGiftm*sifwD;em;uazghuvef (Falkland) u|ef;

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pkrsm;udkusK;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJhonf? aemufwpf&ufrSmyif urBmhukvor*~oEMdXgef 502 udkxkwfjyefcsrSwfcJh+yD; tm*sifwD;em;udk azmhuvefu|ef;pkrsm;rSxGufcGmoGm;&efawmif;qdkcJhonf? {+yDv 5 &ufae@wGif+Adwdo#[email protected]&wyfonf azgh(pf)armihf (Portsmouth) rSxGufcGm&ef azghuvefu|ef;pkbufqDodk@OD;wnfcJhonf? +Adwdefuazghuvefu|ef;pkywfywfvnfrdkif 200 udkoD;oef@ZHktjzpfa=ujimcJh+yD; 1982 ckESpfarv 2 &ufae@wGif tm*sifwD;em;ppfoabFm*sife&,f(vf)b,fvfu&mEdkudkepfjrKyfypfcJhonf? aemufESpf&uft=umwGif+AdwdefoabFm±SzD;vf('f)rSm'Hk;ysHjzifhtypfcH&onf?

arv 21 &ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wyfrsm; azmhuvefu|ef;pkpefumavmhwGifqkdufa&mufvmonf? wdkufyGJrsm;qufvufjzpfyGg;+yD; aemufqHk;wGifazghpwefav (Post Stanley) utzrf;qD;cH&+yD; tm*sifwD;em;wyfrsm;u 1982ckESpf*|efv 14 &ufae@wGif vufeufcst±_H;cHcJhonf? ppfyGJrsm;atmifEdkifaoma=umifh rm*&ufoufcsm. emrnfausmf=um;vmaoma=umifh 1983 ckESpfwGifusif;ycJhaomtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJY uGefqmaA;wpfygwDu rJtrsm;qHk; 144 rJjzifhtEkdif&cJhonf?

oufcsmu 0ef}uD;csKyfa&mfe,f&D*ifESifh &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif;qufqHr_&±SdcJhonf? xdk@aemufolwdk@ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;u qdkAD,uf,leD,Htay: wif;rmpGmqufqH&efoabmwlcJhonf? oufcsmudktrsm;u acgif;rmaomtrsdK;orD;[k0ifpm;ac:a0:=uonf? odk@aomf 1983 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh}udKIaqG;aEG;r_r±SdyJ +Adwdo#vufatmufcHu&ife'g (Grenada) udktar&duwdk@u usK;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJhonfhtwGuf oufcsma'goxGufcJh&onf?

oufcsmtpdk;&u [email protected]:vpDjzpfaom tvkyform;or*~.tm%mav#mhcsjcif;udkqufvufusifhoHk;cJhonf? trsm;tay:pmemaomqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh qdkifydwfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;udk wm;jrpfonf? or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u

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oydwfarSmufyGJwGif jyKvkyfrnfhv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;tay: [email protected]@0ifrsm;udkrJxnfhcdkif;&rnfjzpf+yD; or*~rSTtzGJ@0ifrsm;tm;vHk;.v_yf±Sm;r_tay: wm0ef,l&rnfjzpfonf? tpdk;&u tvkyf±SifESifhtvkyform;yËdyuQjzpfr_tay:*±krpdkufyJwif;rmpGmqufqHcJh+yD; 1984 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGg;cJhaom rdkif;wl;vkyfom;rsm;.pwifcJhaomoydwfarSmufr_rSm 12 v=um+yD; rnfonfhatmifjrifr_rSr&cJhacs?

1985 ckESpfrwfv 13 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom Konstantin Chernenko

.tokbY acgif;aqmifopfrDac;(vf)udkbmacsmh(Af)(Mikhail Gorbachev)

ESifhawG@qHkcJhonf? udkbmacsmh(Af)rS Perestroika ay:vpDjzpfaom jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ay:vpDopfudk a=ujimvdkufonfhtcg oufcsm.qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktay: tjrifajymif;vJoGm;onf? qdkAD,uf.pD;ygG;a&;ydkrdkxda&mufr_±Sdvmap&ef&nf±G,fcsufjzifh pD;yGGg;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;Yvdkufavsmr#wr_±Sdvmjcif;ESifh,Ofaus;r_jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? udkbmacsmh(Af)uqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktwGif; aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfrsm;pwifusifhoHk;+yD; pufr_vkyfief;ESifhpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Y udk,fydkifvkyfief;rsm;wdk;csJ@vkyfudkif&ef tm;ay;cJhonf?

1986 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif usif;ycJhaomtpnf;ta0;yGJwpfckY oufcsmuOa&myaiGvJvS,fE_ef;,E W&m; (European Exchange Rate Mechanism)

xJodk@ 0ifrnfht}uHay;r_udk y,fcscJhonf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl xdkvtwGif;wGifoufcsmu vlZifbwfOa&myaumifpD(Luxembourg European Coun-

cil) tpnf;ta0;yGJtwGif;Yyif Single European Act xJYvufrSwfxdk;&efoabmwlcJhonf?

1986 ckESpf{+yDvwGif oufcsmu tar&duefAHk;}uJav,mOfrsm;udk +AdwdefEdkifiHwGif&yfem;cGifhay;+yD; vpfAsm;EdkifiHudk AHk;}uJ&eftcGifhay;cJhonfhtwGuf a0zef

-57-


jcif;rsm;pGm&±SdcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif vpfAsm;EdkifiHudk tajccHaom t}urf;zuform;wdk@utar&duefudk tcgaygif;rsm;pGmwdkufcdkufcJhonf?

1987 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJwGif trsm;rJqENESifhtrwfaygif; 102&±SdcJh+yD; wwd,t}udrftm%mjyefvnf&±Sdvmonf? xdkESpfrSyif oufcsmudkESpf 100 twGif;oufwrf;t±SnfqHk;0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf towfrSwfcHcJh&onf?vlcGefaumufjcif;udk paumhwvefY 1989 ckESpf{+yDvwGif pwifa=ujim+yD;(aemifwpfESpft=umwGif+AdwdefEdkifiHwpfEdkifvHk;odk@) aumufcHonfhtwGufolr.emrnfudkqdk;±Gm;ysufpD;apcJhonf? tcGeftopfudk vltrsm;pkur}udKufyJaemufqHk;wGif jynfolqENjyyGJrsm;jzpfay:apcJhonf?

1990 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGifuGefqmaA;wpfygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJh&m yxrt}udrfwGiftEdkif&cJhaomfvnf; 'kwd,t}udrfwGifrl ±_H;edrfhcJhonf? 1990 ckESpfEdk0ifbmv 28 &ufae@wGif rm*&ufoufcsmu 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rSEkwfxGufcJh+yD;,if;.ae&mwGif*|efar*smu tpm;xdk;ae&m,lcJhonf?

1992 ckESpfrwfvwGif oufcsmu atmufv$wfawmfrSEkwfxGufcJhonf?r=umcifrSmyJtxufv$wfawmfY “Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven”tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif±GufcJhonf?

tdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;rS ol‹tm; r[wWr*END[kac:qdk=u+yD; “jrifhjrwfaomol”[kt"dyg,f&onf? *ENDonf tajymif;tvJudk rvdkvm;aom/ xHk;wrf;"avhudk rpGef@y,fvdkaomrdom;pkrS qif;oufvm+yD; touf 13 ESpft&G,fwGif

]]rsufvHk;wpfvHk;twGuf rsufvHk;udkay;qyf&&ifawmh urÇmwpf0Srf;vHk;yg

rsufpduef;ukefawmhrSmaygh/}}

"An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind."

]]yxrawmholwdkUuoifhudkOayu©mjyKMuw,f? NyD;awmholwdkUuoifhudkavSmifajymif

&,farmMuvdrfhMur,f? NyD;awmhoifhudkwdkufcdkufMuw,f? aemufawmh

oiftEdkif&oGm;wmbJ/}}

"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you,then you win."

]]urÇmay:rSm udk,fjrifcsifwJhajymif;vJrItwdkif; udk,fhudk,fudkajymif;vJ&r,f/}}

"We must become the change we want to see in the world."

r[wWr*END (1896-1948)

oma&;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifESifhavm ukwWESifhvlom;wdk@tusdK;aqmif&Gufol 1869-1948 r[wWr*END (Mahatama Gandhi)

onf 1869 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 2 &ufae@wGiftdENd,EdkifiHydkbef'gY arG;zGm;cJhygonf? olonf 20 &mpkwGiftxif&Sm;qHk;aom avmukwW&mESifhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf? *ENDonftdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;tm; t=urf;rzufjidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrS vGwfvyfEkdif&ef jyKvkyfcJhjyD;tdENd,wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; rSol@udkav;pm;tyfaomzcif}uD;wpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðycJh=uygonf?

bm

-58-

uwfpwbmqdkaomtouf 12 ESpft&G,frdef;uav;ESifh rdbrsm;.pDpOfr_jzifhtdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf? *ENDwGif om;&wemav;OD;arG;zGm;cJhygonf? om;[m&DvmESifhrmeDvmudk tENd,wGifarG;zGm;cJh+yD;/ om;a';zf'gESifh&rf'gudk awmiftmz&duwdkufwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf? *ENDonf vltrsm;tm;vHk;tm; cspfcif=uifemr_xm;aomfvnf; rdrd.om;r,m;tay:wGif pnf;urf;wus=uyf=uyfrwfrwf±SdcJhonf?

*ENDonfvef'efwGif Oya'bmom&yftm; oGm;a&mufavhvmoif,lcJh+yD;1891 ckESpfwGif tENd,odk@vufawG@toHk;cs&ef jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonf?oljyefa&muf+yD;vtenf;i,ftwGif; rdcifuG,fvGefoGm;cJhygonf? xdktcsdefwGif *ENDtouf 21 ESpfyif&Sdao;onf? tENd,wGif rdrd.w&m;Oya'twwfynmudk vufawG@toHk;cs&mwGif atmifjrifr_r&SdcJhaoma=umifh 1893 ckESpfwGif emwmvfawmiftmz&duodk@ a&S›aetoif;wpfckY tvkyfvkyf&efajymif;a&$@oGm;ygonf?

xdktcsdefwGif awmiftmz&duonf +Adwdo#[email protected]_vufatmufwGif&Sdaeao;onf? +Adwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;xH rdrd.wef;wltcGifhta&;udk wifjyawmif;qdkonfhtcg rw&m;zdESdyfr_udkcH&+yD; tjcm;aomtENd,vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; Todk@yifcHpm;ae&a=umif;olod&SdjrifawG@vmonf? olESifhtjcm;aomtEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;onf rsufESmjzLrsm;ESifhtxl;wef;&xm;wGJrsm;wGif pD;cGifhrjyKjcif;/ wnf;cdkcef;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olwdk@tm; vufrcHjcif;wdk‹tjyif &dkufESufjcif;/ rw&m;ojzifhjyKrlqufqHjcif;rsm;ukdcH&onf? olonfa'ocHtdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;tay: rw&m;jyKrlqufqHjcif;rsm;udk ckcH&efOya'enf;vrf;udktoHk;jyKcJhonf? [dENLt,l0g'v$rf;rdk;r_/ Jainism ESifhc&pf,mefbmomomoemwdk@v$rf;rdk;r_/ pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;jzpfaom Tolstoy ESifh Thoreau [email protected]$rf;rdk;r_ponfwdk@a=umifh *ENDonf Satyagraha (trSefw&m;udkcspfcifr_)/trSm;rsm;udk t=urf;rzufaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;jcif;vrf;pOfudk a&;

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om;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mrw&m;r_rsm;udk ckcHwdkufcdkufonfh ol.t=urf;rzufvrf;pOfrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufjcif;/ trsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&Sdjcif;/ vufurf;pmapmif rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifhrjyif;xefaomckcHr_rsm;yif jzpfygonf? awmiftmz&duwGif aexdkifvmonfhtESpf ESpfq,ftwGif;wGif*ENDonf t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcsjcif;cH&onf? 1914 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz&duwdkuftpdk;&rS *END.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rsm;pGmvufcHvmonf?

awmiftmz&duwdkufwGif atmifjrifr_&&Sd+yD;aemuf 1914 ckESpfY *ENDonftdENd,EdkifiHodk@jyefvmcJhonf? ol.,m,Dvkyfief;rSwqifh vl@oduQmtm;todjyK&ef pnf;&Hk;v_H‹aqmfa&;vkyfief;tm; tESpfESpfq,fausmftxd jyKvkyfvmcJh&onf? *ENDtouf 45 ESpft&G,fwGif +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrStENd,vlrsdK;rsm;vGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk@0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? 1919 ckESpfwGif +Adwdeftpdk;&udk rESpfoufaomqENjyyGJrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? +Adwdefwdk‹rS ykefuef&efv_H‹aqmfaomolrsm;tm; tus,fcsKyfcs&efjzpfaom ±dkvuftufOya' (Rowlatt Acts) udkxkwfoHk;onfhtcsdefwGif *ENDrSvnf; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomaemufvdkfufom;rsm;tm; qGJaqmifaponfh "Satyagraha" vrf;pOfopfudk csufcsif;xkwfjyefa=ujimaponf?

1919 ckESpf {+yDvwGif "Rowlatt Acts" qENjyyGJjcif;udk +Adwdef "Amritsar"+Adwdo#ppfom;rsm;. t=urf;zufESdrfESif;r_jzpfaom "Amritsar" tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_tm; jzpfapcJhygonf? +Adwdeftpdk;&onf tdENd,rSvnf; [email protected]=u;eef;}udK;rsm;udk jzwfawmuf+yD; teD;&Sd&xm;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; jzwfawmufvdkufa=umif; owif;&&Sdonfhtcg jAdwdv#tpdk;&onf EkdifiHawmfta&;ay:tajctae (State of Emergency) tm;a=ujimvkdufjyD; rnfonfhtpnf;ta0;rsm;rjyKvkyf&a=umif; a=ujimvdkufygonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&rS rnfonfhtpnf;ta0;yGJudkrS rjyKvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; a'ocHygwDnD

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vmcHtpnf;ta0;rSmjzpfajrmufcJhonf? xdk‹a=umifhnae 5 em&D 15 rdepftcsdefwGif +Adwdo#-tdENd,ppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;tpnf;ta0;yGJudk 0ef;&Hvdkufygonf? wyf&if;rSL;&,f*sDe,f'dkif,m (Brigadier Reginald Dyer) .trdef@t&ppfom;rsm;onf vufeufrJhpkpnf;qENjyaeaoma,mufsm;/ rdef;rrsm;ESifhuav;oli,frsm;tm;ypfcwfcJhonf? Typfcwfr_onf tcsdef 10 rdepfr#=umjrifhI aoewfusOfqHaygif; 1˜650 r#ypfcwf+yD; ppfom;wpfOD;v#if y#rf;r#tm;jzifh usnfqH 33 vHk;r#ypfcwfcJhonf[k wGufq&ygonf? xdktjzpftysufwGif vlOD;a&aygif; 379 OD;aoqHk;a=umif; +Adwdeft&m&Sd Raj rSazmfjyygonf?odk@aomf tjcm;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGifrl vlOD;a&aygif; 1˜000txufaoqHk;+yD;/ 2˜000 OD;a&txd'%f&m&&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf?cGJpdwfukq&m0ef a'gufwmprpfrS vlOD;a& 1800 cef@aoqHk;okd@r[kwf'g%f&m&&SdcJhonf [kazmfjyxm;ygonf? T Amritsar tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_wGif +Adwdo#tm;axmufcHcJhzl;aom oef;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmaomvlrsm;u tdENd,udk axmufcHtm;ay;vmonfhtjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJcJhygonf?1920 ckESpfwGif *ENDonf tdENd,.EdkifiHa&;wGif=uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;aomyk*~dKvfwpfOD;jzpfvmonf? olu tdENd,trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkuf+yD;rdrd.+idrf;csrf;aom vkyfief;pDrHudef;jzpfaom rnfonfh+Adwdo#tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhryl;aygif;bJ jAdwdo#tpdk;&.xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;ukdoydwfarSmufjcif;wdk@jyKvkyfcJhaoma=umifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;cHcJh&ygonf?

1922 ckESpfwGif *ENDudk,fwdkifaxmif'%f 6 ESpfus&efpD&ifjcif;cHcJh&onf? odk@aomf 2 ESpfaemufydkif;axmifrS v$wfajrmufvm+yD; EdkifiHa&;avmurSE_wfxGufoGm;I qdk;&Gm;aeaom[dENL-rlpvif.qufqHa&;wif;rmr_jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmapa&;wGif tm&Hkpdkufaqmif&GufaecJhonf? 1930 ckESpfwGifqm;tcGefaumufcHa=u;tay: qENjyonfhtaejzifh pnf;&Hk;a&;w&yfudkjyKvkyfcJhjyD; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;jzifh qm;±Sd&myifv,fodk@csDwufjyD;

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rdrdwdk@ukd,fwdkifyifv,fa&uae qm;xkwfvkyfEkdifonfhoauFwwcktaejzifhjyocJhygonf?

+Adwdo#rS csrSwfxm;onfhOya't& tdENd,jynfoljynfom;wkd@onf tajccHpm;aomufukefjzpfonfh qm;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;ukd rxkwfvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf? vdkifpifcGifhjyKcsuf&Sdaom qm;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm;wGifom0,f,lpm;oHk;cGifh&Sdonf? ‚if;cGifhjyKcsuf&xm;aom qm;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm;tm;vHk;rSm +Adwdo#wdk@ydkifqdkifxm;ygonf? yifv,fodk@csDwufyGJudk *ENDrS24 &uf=umOD;aqmifpDpOfcJh+yD; yifv,fa&rSqm;rsm;ukdxkwfvkyfcJhonf? TcsD wufyGJwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlxktiftm;yg0ifcJhygonf? {+yDv5 &ufae@wGif vlxkrsm;ESifhtwl yifv,fodk@*ENDa&muf&SdoGm;+yD;eHeuf 8 em&D30 rdepftcsdefwGif obm0qm;tvHk;tcJudk *ENDrSpwifaumuf,lcJhonf?TwGif *ENDonf jAdwo#wdk‹.qm;rxkwf&Oya'udk csdK;azmufavjyDjzpfonf? Todk@jyKvkyfjyD;aemufydkif; tjcm;aomygvmonfhvlpkonfvnf;qm;rsm;ukdpwifaumuf,lcJhygonf? Todk@jyKvkyfonffh wpfygwftwGif;wGif jAdwdo#Oya'udkcsdK;azgufr_jzifh axmifrsm;wGifvlrsm;jynfhoGm;jyD; *ENDudk,fwkdifrSvnf; axmifxJodk@ xnfhoGif;jcif;cHcJh&ygonf?

1931 ckESpfwGif tdENd,trsdK;om;uGef*&ufygwD. wpfOD;wnf;aomudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf vef'efwGif usif;yonfhpm;yGJ0dkif;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJodk@ wufa&mufcJhygonf? odk@aomf 1934 ckESpfwGif ygwDrSE_wfxGufoGm;+yD; t=urf;rzufaomenf;vrf;udktoHk;jyKum EdkifiHa&;vkyf&Sm;r_wGifyg0ifcJhonf? *sm0g[mvmae±l; (Jawaharlal Nehru) rSol@acgif;aqmifae&mudk qufcH&±SdcJhonf?

*ENDu tdENd,jynfpD;yGm;a&;tm; rdrdwdk@.&yf&Gm"avhpD;yGm;a&;vrf;pOftwkdif;jyKusifh&efvdkvm;aomfvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf*sm0g[mvmae±l;rS oabmrwlnDaoma=umifh tdENd,wGifacwfrSDpuf&Hkrsm;/ &xm;vrf;rsm;ESifhacwfrSDydk@aqmif

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qufoG,fa&;vrf;rsm;udk pwifwnfaqmufavonf?

1945 ckESpfwGif +Adwdeftpdk;&u 1947 avmh'farmifhbwfweftpDtpOfESifhbmoma&;,Hk=unfr_tay:rlwnf+yD; udk,fydkiftcsKyftjcmtm%m±Sd vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;oGm;rnfh tdENd,ESifhygupPwefEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumiff; +Adwdo#tpdk;&rS aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfcJhygonf? 1857 ckESpfuwnf;u +Adwdo#[email protected] tENd,EdkifiHonf 1947 ckESpf=o*kwfv 15 &ufwGifvGwfvyfaomEdkifiHjzpfvmonf?[dENLESifhrlpvifwdk@t=um; txdu¶k%f;onf qdk;&Gm;pGmqufvufjzpfay:aeonf? *END u tdENd,EdkifiHpnf;vHk;nD!$wfa&;twGuf [dENLESifhrlpvifwdk@+idrf;csrf;pGmaexdkif&ef pnf;&Hk;ajymqdkcJhonf? Todk@ESifh 1948 ckESpfwGiftdENd,([dENLtrsm;pkjzpfonf) ESifhygupPweftjzpfESpfEdkifiHjzpfvmonf? ta&S@ydkif;ESifhtaemufydkif;rSm (rlpviftrsm;pkjzpfonf)/ ta&S@yguDpwefonf ,cku|Efkyfwdk@ac:aeaomb*Fvm;a'h&Sfjzpfvmonf? *ENDonf tdENd,EdkifiHESpfydkif;uGJoGm;onfudkqef@usif+yD;/ Tbmoma&;tkyfpkESpfckt=um; jzpfay:aomt=urf;zufr_rsm;twGuf tvGef0rf;enf;ayonf? 1948 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 13 &ufwGiftouf 78 ESpf&Sd+yDjzpfaom*ENDonf aoG;,dkoH&JqENjyyGJrsm;&yfwef@oGm;aponfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh tpmiwfcHOykofapmifhaecJhonf? 5 &ufjynfhonfhaemufydkif; qef@usifolacgif;aqmifrsm;rS cdkuf&efjzpfr_rsm;udk&yfwef@&efoabmwlnDcJhojzifh *ENDonftpmiwfcHOykofapmifhjcif;udk&yfwef‹apcJhygonf?*END.tpmiwfcHOykofapmifhr_wGif t=urf;zufr_jzpfay:aeonfh [dENLESifhrlpvifESpfzufpvHk;&yfwef‹apjyD; 4if;ESpfzGJ@pvHk;tm; t&Suf&apcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,ae@xdwdkifyif [email protected]&;qdkif&mtxdu&k%f;rSm ,ae@txdqufvufjzpfyGm;aeqJjzpfygonf?

1948 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 30 &uf/ olonfOykofapmifhjcif;rS&yfqdkif;+yD; 12 &ufaemufydkif;wGif a'vDY[dENLbmoma&;pGJolwpfOD;. vkyf}uHowfjzpfr_udkcH&

avonf? *END.=oZmtm%monf om;pOfajr;quf tqufquftay:qufvuftkyfpdk;aeqJjzpf+yD; tar&duefvlrsdK;rmwifvlomuif;onfvnf;tar&duefEdkifiH. vlr_a&;ajymif;vJa&;twGuf *END.t=urf;rzufaomqENjyr_enf;vrf;udktoHk;jyKcJhonf?

*END.tokbY csD;usL;*k%fjyKonfhpum;aygif;rsm;pGmtxJrS xif&Sm;aom&lyaA'ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfonf[k Albert Einstein rSTuJhodk‹ajymoGm;ygonf? “Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this

walked the earth in flesh and blood.” t"dyg,fuawmh- “aemifvmrnfhaqGpOfrsdK;qufrsm;---taeeJ‹'DvdktaoG;tom;eJ‹ touf±SifcJh wJh vlwpfa,muf±SdcJhw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unf=urSmr[kwfbl;” vdk‹qdkcJhw,f?

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olonf ykyf&[ef;rif;.tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfudk acwfrSDatmifajymif;vJEdkifcJhonf?,cifu ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;rsm;onf vlrsm;ESifha0;uGmpGmae+yD; AufwDeefESifha0;aomae&mrsm;wGif roGm;cJhbl;acs? odk@aomf *|efayg(vf)taeESifh rdrdwGifc&D;pOfrsm;jzifhjynfhESufaeonf? olonf bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf tDwvDtwGif; 102 }udrf/ tjyifbufwGif 144 }udrf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;odk‹c&D;xGufcJh+yD; ol.ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpfonfhoufwrf; 26 ESpftwGif;EdkifiHaygif; 130 EdkifiHodk@c&D;xGufcJhonf? olonf tjcm;ykyfrsm;oGm;cJhaom c&D;pOf

]]vGyfvyfa&;qdkwmudk,fvkyfcsifwmudkvkyfwmr[kwfbJeJU

udk,fvkyfoifhwJht&mudkvkyfwmjzpfw,f/}}

“Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the rightto do what we ought.”

]]vlrIa&;w&m;rQwrIudktMurf;zufwJhenf;eJU,lvdk&rSmr[kwf/tMurf;zufrIqdkwm

olvdkcsifwJht&mudk owfvdkufwmjzpfw,f/}}

“Social justice cannot be attained by violence. Violence kills what itintends to create.”

]]tem*wf[m'DaeUrSmpw,f/ reufjzefrSmprSmr[kwfbl;/}}

“The future starts today, not tomorrow.”

ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf (II) (1920-2005)

ayg(vf) II (Pope John Paul II) udk urBmwpfv$m;bk&m;zl;xGufaomykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;[kvltrsm;uod±Sdxm;ygonf?olonf±dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;ordkif;twGif;tjcm;aombmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;xufurBmtESH@±Sdae&mrsm;odk@c&D;xGuf+yD;vlaygif;rsm;pGmESifhpum;ajymcJhzl;onfhyk*~dKvfwpfOD;jzpfonf?

*Wef

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uDvdkrDwmrsm;aygif;vdkufv#if olwpfOD;wnf;oGm;cJhonfhuDvdkrDwmu ydkIrsm;aeygonf?

1978 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 16 &ufae@Y *|efayg(vf)touf 58 ESpfom±Sdao;onfhtcsdefwGif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;tjzpfta±G;cs,fcHcJh&onf? Todk@ESifh*|efayg(vf) II onf ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;touf ti,fqHk;ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpf+yD; 15 &mpkESpfaemufydkif;±Sd yxrqHk;aomtDwvDEdkifiHom;r[kwfonfhykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;vnf;jzpfcJhonf? ol@udk vltrsm;u=unfndKzG,faumif;+yD;wnf+idrf&ifhusufr_±Sd+yD; ol@udk awG@zl;aomolrsm;u ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;udktodOm%f/ tvif;a&mifay;onfhyk*~dKvf[k rSwf,l+yD; oloGm;onfhrnfhonfhae&mwGifrqdk ol@udk jynfolvlxku}udKufESpfouf=uonf?

rwfv 4 &uf 2004 ckESpfwGif*|efayg(vf)onfyD,yf(pf) (Pius ix)

ESifhpdef@yDwmwdk@rSvGJIoloufwrf; t±SnfqHk;ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpfcJhonf?

emZDacwfuausmif;om;b0ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;. i,femrnf&if;rSm cg±dkvf0dk@vm (Karol Wojtyla) jzpf+yD;arv 18 &uf 1920 ckESpfY 0g'dk0_duf(pf)ydkvefEdkifiHwGifzGm;jrifcJhonf? oltouf±SpfESpft±G,fwGif rdcifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? oHk;ESpfaemufydkif; ol.tpfudkwpfa,mufu eDjref;tzsm;a&m*gESifhaoqHk;oGm;onf? [email protected] wyf=uyf}uD;wpfOD;jzpf+yD; 1941 ckESpfwGifuG,fvGefcJhonf? ol@touf 20 t±G,fwGifol.rdom;pk0ifoHk;a,mufudkqHk;±_H;cJh&onf?

cg±dkvf0dk@vmonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtpkvdkufaewwf+yD; puD;pD;jcif;/ ajcusifc&D;xGufjcif;/ awmifwufjcif;/ a&ul;jcif;ESifhavSavSmfjcif;wkd@udk }udKufESpfoufonf? xdk@twl pmudktywfwukwf}udK;pm;aom ausmif;om;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf? olonf bmompum;wGiftvGefxl;c|ef+yD; bmompum;

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11 rsdK;udku|rf;usifpGmajymEdkifonf?

emZDvufatmuf±Sd ydkvefEdkifiHwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfaom cg±dkvftaeESifhbmoma&;udk tvGefvdkufpm;aomoljzpfonf? olonf ±dkrefuufovpfjzpf+yD; r,fawmfrm&Dudk wu,fyif=unfndKav;pm;+yD; ol.udk,fydkifaqmifyk'fu vufwifbmomjzifh ''Totus tuus'' jzpf+yD; vufwifjzifh“tm;vHk;oifhtwGufjzpf+yD;t"dyg,frSm ‘rm&D’ ” jzpfonf?

cg±dkvf0dk@vmonf ydkvefordkif;wGif touf 38 ESpft±G,fwGiftoufti,fqHk;*dk%f;csKyfbkef;}uD; (bD;a±Smh(yf)) jzpfvmonf? aemufudk;ESpfwGif toufti,fqHk;uufovpf*dk%f;csKyf}uD;jzpfvm+yD; bmomw&m;r±SdaomEdkifiH}uD;twGif;±Sdvlrsm;udk bmoma&;vrf;!$efr_rsm;ay;cJhonf? 1978 ckESpfwGifvltrsm;tHh=oaponfhtcsufwpfckrSm *dk%f;tkyfrsm;.aumvdyfausmif;rSol@tm; ±dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;udkOD;aqmif&ef a±G;cs,fcJhonf?

ol.tjrifwpfcsdK@u *|efayg(vf)udkawmfvSefa&;orm;[k xifjrif=uonf? olonfvl@tcGifhta&;tay:wGif rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfay;jcif;/ ppftpdk;&rsm;udk a0zefqef@usifjcif;/ *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhjyefvnfoifhjrwfaygif;pnf;a&;/ tjcm;aombmomw&m;,Hk=unfolrsm;ESifh pum;pjrnfajymqdkaqG;aEG;yGJvkyfjcif;ESifhwurBmvHk;±Sdc&pf,mefbmom0ifwdk@. nD!$wfa&;twGuf}udK;pm;cJhonf?

trsm;u ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;taeESifh rdrd.Zmwd&yfajrydkvefwGif pnf;vHk;nD!$wfr_v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;jyKcJhonfhtwGuf Oa&my±SduGefjrLepfpepfudkulnDI yaysmufaponf[kajym=uonf? xdk@twl vlcsrf;omESifhqif;&J om;rsm;t=um;±Sdonfh vpf[mr_wdk@udkod±Sdjcif;/ t&if;±Sifpepfrsm;vGef;jcif;tay: a0zefjcif;ESifh taemufEdkifiHwdk@.±kyf0g'wdk@tay: a0zefjcif;wdk@jyKvkyfcJhonf?

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ol@udk oGm;ykyfavv$ifhajymolrsm;uol@udkwdk;wufjyKjyifajymif;vJr_udkqef@usif+yD; wu,fhacwfopfwGifjzpfay:aeaomt&mrsm;udk qef@usif+yD; em&DudkaemufjyefqGJol[kxif=uonf? wpfcsdK@u ol@udk tpGef;a&mufa±S;±dk;t,l0g'±Sd+yD; trsdK;orD;&[ef;cHjcif;/ oaE<wm;qD;jcif;ESifhudk,f0efzsufjcif;wdk@tm;wm;qD;r_tay: ol@udka0zef=uonf? olu vltrsm;.vlOD;a&rsm;vGef;jcif;[kqdkaomt,ltqudk '¾&D,Hkwrf;pum;tjzpfrSwf,l+yD; uGef'Hk;udk AIDS

a&m*gumuG,fa&;twGufoHk;jcif;onf xdka&m*grsm;jyef@yGm;a&;twGuftultnDay;onf[kqdkonf?

{+yDv 2002 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuufovpf*dk%f;csKyf 12 a,mufudk 2&ufwmtwltpnf;ta0;ac:,l+yD; tar&duwGifuufovpf&[ef;rsm;uuav;i,frsm;tay: vdifqufqHa&;vkyfjcif;ponfh ausmfraumif;=um;raumif;t±_yftaxG;rsm;ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;ajymqdk=uonf? ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;u olESifh0ifa&mufawG@qHkaom*dk%f;csKyf}uD;rsm;udk &[ef;rsm;ESifhbmomw&m;u uav;rsm;tay:vdifqufqHr_vkyfjcif;onf “&mZ0wfr_”[krSwf,l+yD; bk&m;ocifrsufpdxJwGif “xdwfvef@zG,faumif;aomtjypf”[kqdkonf?

vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;jcif;ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;onf 1981 ckESpfwGif ay:wl*DEdkifiHr,fawmfrm&D.zmwDrmblbk&m;ausmif;odk@oGm;pOftwGif; ol@udkaoewfESifhypfI vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;cJhaomfvnf; olu ,if;taeESifhvGwfajrmufEdkifjcif;rSm r,fawmfrm&D.ulnDaoma=umifh[k,lqonf? aemifwGifol@udk}udK;pm;I owfrnfhwl&uDEdkifiHom;rmruftvDt*g (Mahmet Ali Aga) udk axmifxJwGifoGm;awG@+yD; ol@udkcGifhv$wfcJhonf?

xdk@twl zufwDrmbk&m;ausmif;odk@oGm;+yD; r,fawmfrm&Dudk ol@tm;ao

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ab;rSulnDcJhonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wif&efoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif "g;udkifxm;aom&[ef;wpfa,mufu ol@udk"g;ESifhxdk;owfawmhrnfhaemuf bmrSrvkyfyJol@zmomol&yfqdkif;cJhonf?

vltrsm;. “ykyf&[ef;rif;” .b0aemufqHk;c&D;ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;.aemufqHk;b0wGif a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK;udk cHpm;&onf? 1992ckESpfwGif ol.tlr}uD;twGif; jrif;zka&mifemudkcGJxkwfcJh+yD; 1993 ckESpfwGifol.ausmukef;tqpfvGJcJh+yD; 1993 ckESpfwGifaygif±dk;usOf;jcif;ESifh 1996 ckESpfwGiftltwufudk cGJxkwfvdkuf&onf?

xdk@twl *|efayg(vf)onf yguifceferfa=uma&m*g/ ±dk;qufa&mifem/ wifyg;qHk±dk;emusOfjcif;ESifh 1991 ckESpfwGifvkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;r_a=umifh emwm±Snfa&m*gponfwdk@udkcHpm;cJh&onf? 1992 ckESpfwGiftl±Sd jrif;zkemudkcGJxkwfcJh&+yD; 1992 ckESpfwGif rawmfwqacsmfvJcJhaoma=umifh wifyg;qHk±dk;rsm;cGJpdwfcJh&onf?

Ta&m*grsm;=um;xJuyif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;onf urBmtESH@c&D;pOfudk qufvkyf&efqHk;jzwfcsufcs+yD; ordkif;0ifc&D;pOftjzpf usK;bm;EdkifiH/ awmiftmz&du/ qD;&D;,m;/ ,lu&def;/ *&dEdkifiHodk@oGm;+yD; vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwk@dudk awG@qHkE_wfqufcJh+yD; vli,fvl±G,frsm;udkvnf;awG@qHkcJhygonf?

odk@aomf 2005 ckESpfazaz:0g&DvwGif *|efayg(vf) II rSm touf±SLjcif;tcuftcJwdk@a=umifh aq;±Hkc%c%wufcJh&onf? &ufowWaygif;rsm;pGm=um+yD;aemuf ol.av¹yGefudkcGJuk+yD;aemuf touf±SLydkufudk ol@vnfacsmif;xJodk@xnfhoGif;ay;cJhonf?

azaz:0g&Dv 27 &uf 2005 ckESpfwGif we*FaEGae@r,fawmfrm&Dtm; 0wfjyK

&efacgif;avmif;xdk;aumif;csD;ay;jcif;udk udk,fwdkifrvkyfEdkifbJ rdrd.vufaxmufudkvkyfcdkif;cJh&onf? Tt}udrfonf ol.ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;oufwrf;wpfav#muf yxrqHk;t}udrfjzpfonf?

c&pfawmf±Sifoefxajrmufawmfrlaom ae@aumif;csD;r*Fvmay;yGJrS vGJItjcm;uufovpf*dk%f;csKyfwdk@udk wm0efay;I ol@udk,fpm;wm0efxrf;aqmifaponf? c&pfawmf±Sifoefxajrmufawmfrlaom we*FaEGae@wGif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;u rdrd.AmwDuefjyLwif;aygufrS rsufESmaz: jyvm+yD; pdef@yDwmpuGJwGif&yfaeaomvlxk}uD;udk aumif;csD;ay;cJhonf? olpum;ajym&ef}udK;pm;cJhaomfvnf; aemufqHk;wdwfqdwfpGmyif pdwfxJYaumif;csD;ay;cJh&onf?

ykyf&[ef;rif;. usef;rma&;wpwpqdk;±Gm;vm+yD;aemufwGif olu aq;±Hkodk@ac:oGm;rnfudkrvdkawmhyJ AmwDuefeef;awmfwGifomae&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?{+yDvESpf&ufwGif *|efayg(vf) II uG,fvGefoGm;+yD; ol.toufrSm 84 ESpfjzpfonf?

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0ifpwefvD,dkewfpyifpmcsyfacs;(vf)onf Edk0ifbmv 30 &uf 1974 ckESpfwGifbv,f[if (Blenhiem) eef;awmfatmufpzdk@±d_if;,m; (Oxfordshire)

wGifzGg;jrifonf? ol.zcif avmh('f)&efa'ghcyfacs;(vf)rSm xif±Sm;ausmf=um;aomEdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf? csyfacs;(vf)onfpif[wf (pf) Sandhust

ppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif atmifjrif+yD; ppfr_xrf;cJhonf? olonftaemufajrmufydkif;tdENd,ESifhpl'efEdkifiH¶Sd ppfajrjyifrsm;Y wm0ef,lcJh&onf? ppfxJwGiftr_xrf;aepOftwGif; csyfacs;(vf)u ae@pOfppfa=u;eef;pmrsm;udkzwf+yD;"The

Story of The Malakand Field Force (1898)" ESifh "The River War" ponfh

]]cHpm;rIuae vIHUaqmfrIeJUtouf½SifvGwfajrmufrIwdkUudk qGJxkwfEdkif&r,f/}}

"We shall draw from the heart of suffering itself the meansof inspiration and survival."

]]udk,f&wJhpm;0wfaea&;twGuftoHk;jyKNyD; udk,fay;wJht&meJUtoufwm

wpfckudk aqmufvkyfEdkifw,f/}}

"We make a living by what we get, but we make a lifeby what we give."

]]wdkUtaumif;qHk;vkyfaew,fvdkUajymwm bmrStoHk;rusygbl;/

vdktyfaewJht&mudk vkyfwJhtcg atmifjrifrI½Sd&r,f/}}

"It is no use saying, ‘we are doing our best. You have got tosucceed in doing what is necessary."

qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (1874-1965)

(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (Sir Winston

Churchill) onf rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfIzufqpf0g'udk qef@usifaomEdkifiHacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; wurBmvHk;u'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif ,Hk=unfr_±SdvmatmifESifh +AdwdefEdkifiHudk'kwd,urBmppftwGif;atmifjrifr_&±SdatmifOD;aqmifEdkifcJhonf?

qm

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pmtkyfrsm;udka&;om;cJhonf?

1899 ckESpfwGif +AdwdefppfwyfrSE_wfxGufcJh+yD; “armeif;zdk@pf Morning Post

owif;pmwGif ppfyGJowif;axmuftjzpf wvvkyfcJhonf? awmiftmz&duwGif±Sdaom bdktm (Boer) ppfyGJYowif;axmufaepOftwGif; bdktm(Boers) rsm;uol@udkzrf;qD;I axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh&onf? odk@aomfolvGwfajrmufvmonfhtcsdefwGif acgif;}uD;ydkif;owif;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf?t*Fvefodk@jyefa&mufonfhtcsdefwGif ol.tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk a&;om;I“London to Ladysmith” pmtkyftjzpf 1900 ckESpfwGifxkwfa0jzef@csDcJhonf?

1900 ckESpfwGifcsyfacs;(vf)u tdk;[rf; (Oldham) ygvDrefwGif uGefqmaA;wpftzGJ@0ifjzpfvm+yD; vlr_a&;jyefvnfwnfaxmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk axmufcHoljzpfvmonf? 1904 ckESpfwGif ol.ygwDt}uD;tuJrsm;vdkvm;aomtajymif;tvJudkem;rvnfedkifaoma=umifh csyfacs;(vf)uvpfb&,fygwDodk@ajymif;vJ&efjiif;ckefcJhonf? 1905 ckESpfa±G;aumufyGJwGif vpfb&,fygwDtEdkif&aomtcg csyfacs;(vf)udk udkvdkeD±Hk;YvufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfcef@tyfjcif;cH&onf?

1908 ckESpfwGif uufbdeuftwGif;odk@ukefoG,fa&;bkwftzGJ@0if. OuUXtjzpf0ifa&mufcJh+yD; 1910 ckESpfwGifjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;wpfa,muftjzpfolvkyfaqmifcJhonfht&mrsm;rSm tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom tusOf;axmiftwGif;ynmay;a[majymyGJrsm;ESifhtusOf;om;rsm;twGuf *Dwya'omyGJrsm;usif;yay;jcif; tygt0ifwdk@jzpfonf? xdk@jyif axmifxGuftusOf;om;rsm;udk tultnDay;aomtzGJ@rsm;udkxlaxmifay;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl0uf(vf)(±Sf) (Welsh) rdkif;wl;vkyfom;rsm;qENjyyGJwGif csyfacs;(vf)u ppfwyfoHk;cJhonfhtay:olŒudk jyif;xefpGma0zefcJh=uonf?

1911 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvwGif csyfacs;(vf)onf a&wyft}uD;tuJ (First

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Lord of the Admiralty) jzpfvmcJh+yD; acwfrSDaoma&wyfjzpfvmatmifulnDay;cJhonf? csyfacs;(vf)onf 1912 ckESpfwGif a&wyfrawmf.av,mOfysH0efaqmifr_ (The Royal Naval Air Service) udkwnfaxmifay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif &±Sdvmaomenf;pepfopfrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmtoHk;jyKEdkif&efava=umif;Xge (Air Department) udkwnfaxmifcJhonf? csyfacs;(vf)u zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;wGif tvGefyifpdwfv_yf±Sm;wufºuGaoma=umifh av,mOfarmif;oifwef;udkwufa&mufcJhonf?

1914 ckESpfyxrurBmppfjzpfay:cdsefwGif csyfacs;(vf)u ppfaumifpDwGif0ifa&mufyg0ifcJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl 1915 ckESpf'g'efe,fw&m;a[m,ajymyGJ (Dardanelles Campaign) ratmifjrifr_tay: tjypfwifjcif;cH&onf? xdk@aemuf “Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster” tjzpfae&majymif;ay;jcif;cH&onf? tpdk;&.ppfa&;rl0g'rsm;wGif yg0ifygwfouf&ef =oZm tm%mr±Sdawmhonfhaemuf olpdwfrcsrf;omawmhyJ aemufqHk;+Adwdo#wyfrawmfxJwGif jyefvnftr_xrf;+yD; taemufydkif;a±S›wef;ae&mrsm;wGif±Sdaom “Royal Scots Fusiliers” wyf&if;udkOD;aqmifcJhonf?

1917 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&tvkyfxJjyefvnf0ifa&muf+yD; vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf0ef}uD;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifonf? 1919 ckESpfrS 1921 ckESpftxdoluppfa&;ppf&mESifhava=umif;qdkif&mbufwGif wm0ef,l&aomtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfcJh+yD; 1924–1929 ckESpftxd 0ef}uD; (Chancell of the Exchequer)

tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?

xdkESpfrsm;aemufydkif;q,fESpftwGif; ol@twGuf “uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusaomESpfrsm;” [kqdk&ayrnf? tdENd,rsm;.rdrdudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tay: qef@usifa&;ESifh Abdication crisis–tcGifhtm%mvufv$wfa&;ta&;awmfyHktwGif;tuf'0yf(wf)tm;axmufcHtm;ay;r_wdk@a=umifh ol@udkvltrsm;uvufrcHawmhojzifh ol.emZD*smreDrsm;ay:ay:ufvmjcif;ESifh+AdwdeftaeESifh vufeuftopftqef;rsm;jyefvnfwyfqif&eft}uHay;jcif;wdk@udk rnfolr#t

a&;rvkyfawmhay? 1939 ckESpf'kwd,urBmppfjzpfay:onfhtcsdeftwGif; csyfacs;vfonfa&wyf.t}uD;tuJ ( First Lord of the Admiralty) jzpfvmonf? 1940 ckESpfarvwGif Neville Chamberlian u0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rSE_wfxGuf+yD;aemuf csyfacs;vfu ,if;.&mxl;udkqufcHcJhonf? ol.emZD*smreDrsm;atmufwGif vufrajrmuft±_H;ray;cJhjcif;a=umifh wdkif;jynfrSol@udk}udKufESpfouf=uonf? ppfyGJtwGif;umvrsm;Y ryifryef;bJ ol.wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJh+yD; tar&dueforRw±kpbJhESifhqufqHa&;rsm;aumif;rGef+yD; wpfcgwpf&HqufqHa&;cufcJaom qdkAD,uf,leD,HjzifhyifqufqHa&;aumif;rGefatmif aqmif±GufEdkifcJhonf?

1945 ckESpfppfyGJt+yD; a±G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif csyfacs;vfutm%mudkvufv$wfcH&aomfvnf; twdkuftcHygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf+yD;rdrd.ppfat;ppfyGJ(Cold War) tay:pdk;&drfr_rsm;ESifh“Iron Curtain*”

[laompum;toHk;tE_ef;udk wifpm;ausmf=um;vmatmifvkyf aqmifcJh+yD;Oa&myESif h "Trans–Atlantic" wd k @pnf;vH k;nDn$wfr_±S datmifvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf? 1951 ckESpfwGifolu0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfjyefvnfwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpfwGif E_wfxGufcJhaomfvnf; olraociftcsdefwdktwGif;txd 0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf)aoqHk;oGm;onfhwdkif ol.EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;aqmif±Gufr_awGomrupmtkyfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudkvJa&;om;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 1953 ckESpfwGifEdkb,f(vf)pmayqkudk&±SdcJhonf?

csyfacs;vfonf 1965 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 24 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefcJh+yD; ol@udkEdkifiHawmfu*k%fjyKo+*dKvfcJhonf?

* Iron Curtain “oHuef@vef@um” qdkonfhpum;vHk;pm0gaqmEdkifiHrsm; (uGefjrLepfEdkifiH –t"dutm;jzifhtar&duESifhtaemufOa&myEdkifiH) wdk@udk cGJjcm;xm;onfhpnf;rsOf;

jzpf+yD; 1945 rS 1991 ckESpfppfat;ppfyGJukefqHk; onfhtcsdefumvwGifjzpfonf?

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a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf qdkAD,ufpepfudkjyefvnf&Sifoefap&ef jyKvkyfrnfqdkaomfvnf; ‚if;pepfudkjzKwfcscJhygonf? a*:bmacsmh(Af). taemufwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;txl;ojzifhtar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifhhjzpfyGm;aeaomwif;rmr_ajzav#mhcsifaomay:vpDonf 1940 ckESpfuwnf;uurBm}uD;udk cGJjcm;cJhaomppfat;yGJ}uD;+yD;qHk;&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;aomxnfh0ifr_wpfckjzpfcJhonf?

]]uRefawmfr[kwf&ifb,foljzpfrvJ/ aemufNyD;tckrSr[kwfvdkU&Sd&if

b,fawmhjzpfrvJ/}}

"If not me, who? And if not now, when?"

]]raeUuoiftrsm;BuD;vkyfcJhNyD;NyDvdkUxifae&if 'DaeUoif

trsm;BuD;rvkyfEdkifawmhbl;/}}

"If what you have done yesterday still looks big to you,you haven't done much today."

]]uRefawmf[muGefjrLepform;wpfa,muf? wu,fhuGefjrLepform;yg/ wjcm;ol

awGtwGufawmhpdwful;,Ofp&mbJjzpfvdrfhr,f? 'gayr,fhuRefawmhftwGufawmhw

u,fh&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifwpfckyg/}}

"I am a Communist, a convinced Communist! For some thatmay be a fantasy. But to me it is my main goal."

rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) ( 1931- )

ac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) (Mikhail Gorbachev)

onf 1931 ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;cJh+yD; 1985 ckESpfrS1991 ckESpftxd qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH(USSR) .acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhygonf? qdkAD,ufESifhta&S@ydkif;Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;.uGefjrLepf0g'udk jzKwfcs+yD; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'udkwnfaqmuf&eftaumiftxnfazmfcJ honfhaemufqHk;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfcJhygonf?

rD

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rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af)onf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH Privolnoye rS 1931 ckESpfrwfv 2 &ufae@wGifarG;zGm;cJhonf? olonfpdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&mv,f,m&dwfodrf;a&;pufr_ypPnf;rsm;jyifqifolwOD;.om;jzpfygonf? a*:bmacsmh(Af).tbdk;jzpfol Pantelei Yefimovich Gopkalo onfuGefjrLepfygwD(CPSU).tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ (trsm;ydkifv,f,majrvkyfief;) Kolkhoz &Gm.OuUXwpfOD;jzpfygonf? 1937 ckESpfwGifoltm; NKVD* v#dKŒ0Sufykvdyfwdk@rSvD,Gefxa&mfpuD; Leon Trotsky udkaxmufcHonfh ykefuefoltzGJ@tpnf;.acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tr_jzifh zrf;qD;axmifcscJhygonf? axmifwGif 2 ESpfeD;yg;ESdyfpufzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;cH&cJh+yD;/ 1938 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJhygonf?

‚if;jzpfysufcJhonfh&mZ0ifordkif;a=umifh a*:bmacsmh(Af)u ol.EdkifiHa&;tm;toGifajymif;vJr_ay;apcJhonfh t"dutcsufjzpfonf[kajymqdkcJhygonf?ol@tbdk;onf uGefjrLepform;qefaeqJjzpf+yD; rdrd.ajr;tm; Karl Marx/

Frederick Engels ESifh vDeif (Lenin) [email protected];qdkif&mrsm;jzifh qufEG,fapcJhygonf? (vD,Gefxa&mfpuD;.vkyfief;ta=umif;udkrlrajymjycJhay)?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u a*:bmacsmhAf.&Gmudk*smrefppfom;wdk@ odrf;ydkufjcif;cHcJh&ygonf? aemufydkif;wGif rdrdukdk,fwdkifTodk@a&;om;cJhygonf? “ppf+yD;oGm;onfhtcsdefwkef;uu|efawmfhtouf 14 ESpfbJ&Sdygao;w,f? u|efawmfwdk@&J@rsdK;qufuawmh ppfwGif;rSjzpfay:cJhwJhuav;rsm; rsdK;qufjzpfygw,f? 'DppfyGJawG[m u|efawmfwdk@b0avmifu|rf;apcJhw,f? u|Ekfyfwdk@&Jh,ckvuf&SdurBmtm; awG@jrif}uHKawG@&SdyHkESifhjyKrlusifh}uHr_awGudkvnf;jzpfvmapygw,f?”

*NKVD onfqdkAD,uf,leD,H.v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@jzpf+yD; pwmvifacwfwGif EdkifiHa&;ESdyf uGyfr_rsm;twGuf wm0ef,l& onf?

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a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf armfpudkwuUodkvfY Oya'qdkif&mbmom&yftm;wufa&mufoif=um;jcif;rjyKcif aumuf&dwfodrf;r_qdkif&mwm0efcHtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? ausmif;om;b0wGifyif uGefjrLepfygwD(CPSU)

wGiftzGJ@0iftjzpf yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh+yD; Raisa Titorenko ESifhvufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhygonf?

a*:bmacsmh(Af)wuUodkvfausmif;qif;+yD;aemuf uGrfqdkrdkuGefjrLepfvli,frsm;tzGJ‹ (Komsomol Communist Youth Organizaion) wGif tcsdefjynfh0efxrf;wpfOD;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? 1995 ckESpfwGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf uGrfqdkrdke,fedrdwfqdkif&maumfrwD.twGif;a&;rSL;wpftjzpfcef@tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? a*:bmacsmh(Af)onfvkyfief;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;pGmjyKvkyfcJhonfhtay: 1960 ckESpfYpwm&dkydkvfwGif uGrfqdkrdk.xdyfwef;t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfvmcJhonf? aemufESpftwGif;wGifa*:bmacsmh(Af)onf armfpudk&Sd 22 }udrfajrmufuGefjrLepfygwDnDvmcHodk@ uGrfqdkrdk.udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfapv$wfjcif;cH&ygonf?

a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf pwm&dkydkwGif pdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&mynmudk (1964-67ckESpftxd) aemufxyfavhvmoif,l+yD; 1970 ckESpfwGif pwm&dkydke,fedrdwfqdkif&mwGif twGif;a&;rSL;wpftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&cJhygonf? rdrd.vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf jynfe,fvHk+cHKa&;qdkif&maumfrwD (KGB) .OuUXjzpfaom,l&DtJef'&dkydktm; oabmusapcJhygonf? xdka=umifh tJef'&dkydkonf rdrd.tm%mudktoHk;csum a*:bmacsmhtm;&mxl;wdk;¹r‡ifhvdkufygonf?

1971 ckESpfwGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf uGefjrLepfygwD.A[dkaumfrwDtzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpfvmcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif pdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&mtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfwm0ef&Sdaoma=umifh armfpudkodk@ajymif;a&$@oGm;ygonf? 1980 ckESpfY ydkvpfbl&dkwGif toufti,fqHk;aomtzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpfvm+yD; av;ESpftwGif;wGif

-78-


Konstantin Chernenko .udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfvmcJhonf?

1985 ckESpfwGif Chernenko uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? ‚if;ae&mtm; A[dkaumfrwDrSa*:bmacsmh(Af)tm; uGefjrLepfygwD.taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfa&G;cs,fwifa¹r‡mufcJhonf? ygwDacgif;aqmifwpfOD;taejzifh olonfrvdkvm;aomA[dkaumfrwD0ifrsm;tm; &kwfw&uf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufapcdkif;vdkufygonf? E_wfxGufoGm;olrsm;tpm;wGif ol.vkyfaqmifcsuftm;axmufcHoabmwlnDaom toufi,f&G,faomyk*~dKvffrsm;jzifh jyefvnftpm;apxdk;cJhygonf?

1985 ckESpfwGif vD,Gefxa&mfpuD;t&ufpGJjcif;ESifhvmbfay;vmbf,ljcif;udkqef@usifonfhtaejzifhpnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfcJhonf? xdk@aemuf qdkAD,ufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk ydkrdkaumif;rGefwdk;wufvm&eftusdK;jyKaponfh vpfb&,fpD;yGm;a&;/EdkifiHa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;odk@ jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh Perestroika

(jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;r_) .vdktyfcsufrsm;udkvnf;ajymqdkcJhygonf?

a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;udkwnfaqmufrnfh qdkAD,ufpufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_rsm;jzpfay:ap&eftm;ay;onfh rlay:vpD0g'rsm;udkjyXgef;cJhygonf? odk@aomf qdkAD,uftm%mydkifrsm;u jyKjyifajymif;vJr_wGif taxmuftulrjyKa=umif;ESifhaps;qdkifrsm;wGifukefypPnf;rsm;vHkavmufr_r&Sda=umif;azmfjyygonf?

a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf qdkAD,uf.EdkifiHjcm;a&;rlay:vpD0g'ajymif;vJr_udkvnf;a=ujimcJhygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif a&mfe,f&D*ifESifhawG@qHkcJh+yD; (INF) t%kjrLzsufodrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk csufcsif;vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufonf? wqufwnf;wGif ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;.jynfwGif;a&;&mrl0g'ay:vpDrsm;wGif yg0if aESmifh,Sufr_jyKawmhrnfr[kwfa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJh+yD; tmz*efepPwefrS

-79-


qdkAD,ufvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk±kyfodrf;a=umif; 1989 ckESpfwGifa=ujimvdkufygonf? ,if;a=ujimjyD;wESpfwGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)rS +idrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,f(vf)qkudk&&SdcJhonf?

ta&S›Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;wGif uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usifonfhqENjyyGJrsm;wGif a*:bmacsmh(Af)onfqdkAD,uf.wifhum;rsm;tm; apv$wfrydk@ay;cJhonfudkowdjyK=unfhyg? Todk@jyKvkyfjyD; r=umcifaom vydkif;twGif;ydkvefEdkifiH/ [efa*&D/ bla*;&D;,m;/ &lar;eD;,m;ESifhta&S@*smreDEdkifiHrsm;wGif uGefjrLepf0g'rsm;udkyxkwfEdkifcJhonf?

(a&S;t,l0g'tkyfcsKyfr_)uGefqmaA;wpftm%mydkifrsm; tm%mwGif±SdaeaomtcsdefwGif a*:bmacsmhh(Af)rS qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD; 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHjzpfvm&ef}udK;pm;r_wdkrSm atmifjrifr_r&cJhay? 1991 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGifa*:bmacsmh(Af)onf uGefjrLepfygwDtrmcHrsm;rS tm%modrf;&ef =udK;pm;cJhonfudka&Smif&Sm;EdkifcJhonf? Todk@jyKvkyfjcif;tm; wHkŒjyefonfhtaejzifha*:bmacsmh(Af)onfA[kdaumfrwDtm;zsufodrf;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfapqdkAD,ufEdkifiHjydKvJonfhaemufydkif; 1995 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 25 &ufae@wGifa*:bmacsmh(Af)&mxl;rSE_wfxGufoGm;cJhygonf?

ukdrDeDonf bmoma&;qdkif&mynmwwfqm,pfarmhpwdkzm (Sayyid Most-

-afa) .om;jzpf+yD;,if;.touf 6 vt±G,fwGif ,if;.zcifuG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? ukdrDeD.touf 15 ESpft±G,fwGif ,if;.rdcifESifhta':aoqHk;oGm;onfhtwGuf tpfudk}uD;ujyKpkapmifha±SmufcJhonf? ukdrDeDonftpfudk}uD;ESifhtwl cdk&efusrf;udk tvGwfusufrSwf+yD; ±SD,mtpPvmrf (Shia Islam)

]]tD&efrSmjzpfay:vmwJhawmfvSefa&;rSmvlawGutpövmrfudkvdkcsifw,fvdkUa<u;aMumf

Muw,f/ 'DvlawG[m'Drdkua&pD&zdkUxNyD;a<u;aMumfawmfvSefMuwmr[kwfbl;/}}

“In the revolution that was achieved in Iran, people were screamingthat they wanted Islam; these people did not rise up

so their country could have democracy”

]]uREkfyfwdkUudkqefUusifwJhvlawG[muifqmtBudwfeJUwlw,f/olwdkUudkcGJpdwfjzwfxkwf

zdkUvdkw,f/ 'DvdkrSrvkyf&ifolwdkU[mtm;vHk;udkt*wdvdkufpm;rIawGvkyfrSmjzpfw,f/}}

“Those who are against us are like cancer tumors that need to beremoved surgically; otherwise they will corrupt everything”

]]rdcifwpfa,mufuom;udkudk,fwdkifw&m;½Hk;odkUydkUNyD;aemufolr&Jhom;[m

BudK;rdefUay;cH&cJhw,f/ 'DrdcifudkvlawGtwk,loifhw,f/

“People have to learn from the mother who brought her ownson to court and then her son was hanged”

t,mwdkvmukdrDeD (1902–1989),mwdkvmukdrDeD (Ayatollah Khomeini) .emrnft&if;rSmqm,rf±l[dkvm-tmvf-rl

qm0D-tmvf-ukdrDeD (Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-

Khomeini) jzpfonf? olonfbmoma&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; EdkifiH.jyifyrSaeIvlxk}uD;udk OD;aqmif+yD;tD&efrS rdk[mruf&Dpm±Smygv0D (Muhammad Reza

Shah Pahlavi) (±Sm) udk+ydKvJatmif 1979 wGifwGef;vSefEdkifcJhonf?

t

-80-

.tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udkavhvmcJhonf?

rsm;r=umrSDukdrDeDonf (t&yf Arak) +rdK@odk@oGm;+yD; tpPvmrfrpfOya'udkavhvmoif,lcJhonf? 1920 ckESpftapmydkif;wGif ol.q&muuGrf (Qum) +rdK@odk@ajymif;a±$@cJhonfhtwGuf ukdrDeDvJol@q&maemufodk@ vdkufygvmcJhonf?ukdrDeDu “t,mwdkvm–Ayatollah” bGJ@trnfudk&±SdcJhonf? t,mwdkvmbGJ@onf awmfaom±SD,mausmif;om;rsm;udkay;aombGJ@jzpf+yD; t"dyg,frSm“bk&m;ocifuay;aomvufaqmif” [lIyif? ukdrDeDueufeJaomt,l0g'rsm;udkvufcH+yD; ,if;wdk@rSmavmupnf;pdrfOpPmrsm;udk ypfy,f+yD; bk&m;.eufeJaom v#dK@0Sufqef;=u,fr_rsm;udk pl;prf;±SmazGoHk;oyfjcif;yifjzpfonf?ukdrDeD.t,l0g'wGif Oya'/ ,kwWdaA' (usdK;a=umif;qufpyfI,Hk=unfaponfhtodynm) ESifh'\edutawG;tac:rsm;yg0ifaoma=umifh ol.aemufvdkufrsm;pGm±SdcJhonf?

tjcm;aomtD&efEdkifiHom;rsm;uJhodk@ ukdrDeDonf tD&efEdkifiHtwGif;Y tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;.0ifa&mufpdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_tay: vHk;0rvdkvm;acs? EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifhacwfrSDaomfvnf; tpPvmrfrpf.±dk;&mudkqef@usifaomEdkifiHa&;t,l0g'rsm;udkaxmufcHtm;ay;onf? yxrOD;qHk;acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufrSm&Dqm±Smygv0Djzpf+yD; 1921 ckESpftwGif; ±k±Sm;tpdk;&.axmufcHulnDr_jzifh tD&efyxrOD;qHk;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktpdk;&udk z,fxkwfypfEdkifcJhonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;udk=unfh+yD; trsufa'goxGufaomfjim;vnf;ukdrDeDu 1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wGifyg0ifywfoufcJhjcif;r±Sday? oluEdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;.acgif;aqmifrSm bmoma&;vkyfaqmifaomvlrsm;.vufxJwGif ±Sd&rnf[k,Hk=unfonf? xdk‹a=umifholu tjcm;bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonfh t,mwdkvm[,f&D.tqHk;tjzwfjzpfonfh &Dqm±Sm. tD&efEdkifiHtay:ajymif;vJr_udkvdkufem&rnfudkvufcHcJh&onf? 1941 ckESpfwGif udkrDeDu ygvm0Dtpdk;&tm;toHk;r

-81-


-82-


usaomtpdk;&[ka=ujim+yD; trdef@tm;vHk;udk tm%m±SiftkyfcsKyfr_tpdk;&uay;+yD; bmrSwefzdk;r±Sdbl;[kqdkcJh.? 1941 ckESpfwGif ygvg0D.ae&mudk ol.om;rdk[mruf&Dqm±Smygvm0Du +Adwdef/ jyifopfESifhtar&[email protected]&±SdcJhonf? 12 ESpfaemuf+yD;wGif tar&duefaxmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpD(CIA) u Shah [email protected][mrdwfudk ,if;wdk@.&efoljzpfaom0ef}uD;csKyfrdk[mrufrdkpm'uf (Mohammad Mosaddeq) udk y,fcs&mwGifulnDcJhonf? =oZmwufodrf;aomtzGJ@u udkrifeDudk Shah tay:a0zefr_rsm;jyKonfh twGufzdtm;ydkIay;cJhonf?

1960 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif ±Smwdk@utjzLa&mifawmfvSef;a&;udkpwifcJh+yD;taemufwdkif;t,l0g'rsm;jzpfaom trsdK;orD;rsm;tcGifhta&;/ wef;wlnDr#&±Sda&;ESifhbmoma&;udktajcrcHaomynma&;rsm;ponfwdk@udkxnfhoGif;ay;cJhonf?udkrDeDu uGrf±SdzufZDusrf;pmoifausmif; (Faziye Seminary) wGifynmoif=um;aepOfrSmyif a'go}uD;pGmjzifh±[email protected]:vpDudk wdkufcdkufxdk;ESufcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ±Smwdk@uol@udk 1963 ckESpfwGifaxmifcscJh+yD; 1964 ckESpfwGiftD&efEdkifiHrSxGufoGm;&ef jynfESif'g%fay;cJhonf? udkrDeDtD&wfEdkifiH (Iraq)

ajrmufydkif;wGif±Sdaom ±SD,[email protected]@±Sif;aom+rdK@jzpfonfhem*swf (Najaf)

wGiftajccsaexdkifonf? xkdae&mYyif udkrDeDuol.t,l0g'rsm;udkausmif;om;aygif; 12/000 ausmfxHodkŒjzef@a0cJhonf? em*swf (Najaf) +rdK@rSaeIyJ&pf+rdK@odk@ 1978 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif ajymif;a±$@aexdkifcJhonf? udkrDeDu tD&efEdkifiHom;rsm;udk±SmESifh,if;[email protected]&duefr[mrdwfrsm;udk +zdKcGJypf&efESifh,if;utar&duefwdk@udk “u|Efkyfwdk@&JhOD;aESmufrsm;udk'jrwdkuf,lol” [kac:qdkonf? aemufqHk;±Smwdk@u tm%mrSwdkufjzKwf+yD; 1979 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGifwdkif;jynfrSESifxkwfvdkufjcif;udk cH&onfhtcsdefwGif udkrDeDutD&efodk@jyefvmcJhonf? 'DZifbmvwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opfwpfckudk csrSwfcJh+yD;tD&efEdkifiHudk tpPvmrfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH[ka=umfjimcJh+yD; ,if;udktDref (rdk[mrufae&mudkqufcHrnfhol) [ktrnfay;cJh+yD; b0toufwmtwGufOD;

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aqmifay;rnfhacgif;aqmiftjzpf rSwf,ljcif;cH&onf?

udkrDeDatmifjrif+yD;aemufwpfESpfwGif tD&wfrStD&efudkwdkufcdkufcJh+yD; ±SpfESpf=umyËdyuQpwifcJhonf? ppfa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;rsm;jym;vm+yD;aemufqHk;wGifudkrDeDrSol.pum;twdkif; “tqdyf&nfwpfcGufaomufjcif;”[kajym+yD;ukvor*~.=um;0iftypftcwf&yfpJa&;vkyfief;udkvufcHcJhonf?

1989 ckESpfZGefvwGif udkrDeDaoqHk;oGm;onfhtcg tD&efEdkifiHom;aygif;rsm;pGmu udkrDeDtwGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGJcJh&onf? oluG,fvGefoGm;onfhtcsdefwGiftD&ef.pD;yGg;a&;rSm tvGeftiftm;enf;cJhaomfvnf; tpPvmrfEdkifiHudkrlaumif;rGefpGmxlaxmifEdkifcJhonf?

1954 ckESpfwGif jyifopfwdk‹udk ESdrfESif;wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhonf? ,if;onf AD,uf

erfppfyGJY ajrmufydkif;AD,uferfudk rdrdtoufqHk;oGm;onftxdOD;pD;cJh+yD;/ 6

ESpfaemufydkif;wGif ajrmufAD,uferfydkif;rSatmifyGJ&±SSdaoma=umifh ppfyGJ+yD;qHk;

oGm;cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf AD,uferfvlrsdK;rsm; aygif;pnf;nD!$wfr_pwif&±Sdvm

cJhonf? ,cifu AD,uferfawmifydkif;.òrd‹awmfjzpfaompdkifuGef (Saigon)+rdK@

awmfudk[dkcsDrif;tm;*k%fðyaomtm;jzifh[dkcsDrif;+rdK@awmf[k trnfajymif;vJ

]]rkefwdkif;aMumifhxif½SL;yifrsm;ESifhqdkufy&uf(pf)xif;½SL;yifrsm;urdrdwdkUtm;omcsuf

rsm;ESifhwnfNidrfrIrsm;udkazmfjyEdkif&efaumif;aomtcGifhta&;wpfckjzpfaMumif;owd&yg/}}

"Remember, the storm is a good opportunity for the pine and thecypress to show their strength and their stability."

]]uRefawmfh&Jhwm0ef[m yJhudkifolwpfa,mufvdkbJ-zcifEdkifiHBuD;jzpfwJh-avSwpfpif;&Jh

yJhudkifudkab;uif;pGmxdef;xm;NyD;? rkefwdkif;rsm;tMum;uaevlxkawGudkaysmf½TifrI

urf;pyfodkUa&muf&SdEdkifatmifydkUaqmifzdkUwm0ef½Sdygw,f/}}

"My duty is like that of a helmsman who must steer safely theboat-the Fatherland-through storms and take people to

the shores of happiness."

[dkcsDrif; (1890-1969)

csDrif; (Hochi Minh) onf AD,uferfawmf

vSefa&;EdkifiHacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; aemif

wGif (AD,uferfajrmufydkif;) Democratic

Republic of Vietnam .OuUXESifh0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmol

wpfOD;jzpfygonf? [dkonf 1941 ckESpfrSpIAD,ufrdef

vGwfvyfa&; twGufv_yf&Sm;cJholjzpf+yD;/ 1945 ckESpfwGif

Democratic Republic of Vietnam udkuGefjrLepftkyfcsKyf

a&;pepfudkjzifhtkyfcsKyfEdkifcJhonf?

[dk

-84-

vdkufygonf?

[dkcsDrif;onf AD,uferfY 1890 ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;cJhygonf? ol.zcif!dk,Jef

pdef[l (Nguyen Sinh Huy) onfjyifopfwdk@rS ausmif;q&mwpfOD;tjzpft

vkyfcef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? olonftvGef^m%faumif;ol[k *k%fowif;

ausmfaZmaomfvnf; jyifopfbmompum;udkoif,l&ef jiif;y,fcJhaom

a=umifhtvkyfjyKwfcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifh touf±Sifaexdkifa&;twGuf AD

,uferfwjynfvHk;odk@ c&D;vSnfhvnf&+yD; v,form;rsm;twGuf 0efaqmif

r_vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&if; toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKcJhonf? xdk0efaqmifr_

vkyfief;rsm;rSm aq;bufqdkif&m ukor_ay;jcif;ESifhpma&;jcif;tvkyfrsm;yg0if

ygonf?

trsdK;om;a&;0g'DwpfOD;taejzifh !dk,Jefonf rdrdom;orD;rsm;udk jyifopf.

tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usifawmfvSef&ef oifay;cJhygonf? xdk‹a=umifhom;orD;

rsm;}uD;jyif;vmaomtcg trsdK;om;0g'Dudkqkyfudkifxm;+yD; AD,uferfvlrsdK;

rsm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&efqEN&Sd=uonfrSmrxl;qef;ay?

[dkcsDrif;.tpfronf jyifopfppfwyfYtvkyf&cJhonf? olronf rdrd&¶Sdaom

&mxl;udktoHk;ðyI jyifopfwyfrS ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;udkcdk;,lcJhonf? ol

.&nf±G,fcsufrSm wae‹wGif xdkvufeufrsm;udktoHk;ðyI jyifopfrsm;udkAD

,uferfrSwdkufxkwf&efjzpfygonf? odk@aomf olrtm;zrf;rdoGm;ojzifh w

oufwu|ef;axmifcscH&cJhavonf?

!dk,Jefonf rdrdudk,fwdkifjyifopfbmompum;oif,l&ef jiif;qefcJhaomf

vnf;[dktm; jyifopfausmif;odk‹ynmoif=um;&efydk@aqmifcJhonf? Tonf

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-86-


rSmjyifopfwdk@tm;wdkufxkwf&mwGif aumif;aomjyifqifr_yifjzpfonf[k rdrd

xifjrifaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?

[dkcsDrif;ausmif;+yD;onfhaemufydkif; wc%ausmif;q&mtvkyf0ifvkyfcJhyg

onf? xdk@aemuf oabFmom;vkyf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? Todk@jzifhwdkif;

jynftESH@tjym;odk@c&D;vSnfhvnfcGifh&cJhonf? jyifopftifyg,mEdkifiHrsm;pGm

odk@vnf; rdrda&muf&SdcJhonf? Todk@c&D;vSnfhvnfjcif;jzifh rw&m;ojzifhaoG;

pkyfcH&olonf AD,uferfvlrsdK;wpfckwnf;omr[kwfa=umif; olavhvmod&Sd

cJh&ygonf?

1917 ckESpfwGif [dkonfyJ&pfwGif tajccsaexdkifcJhygonf? um;vfrwf (Karl

Marx) a&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;ESifhtjcm;vuf0J0g'Dpma&;q&mrsm;a&;

om;aom pmtkyfrsm;udkzwf¶SK+yD; aemufydkif;uGefjrLepf0g'Dwpfa,mufjzpfvm

onf? 1920 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif jyifopfuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwifzGJ@pnf;vdkuf

onf? [dkonf ,if;ygwDjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pwifwnfaxmifcJhaomt

zGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf?

[dkonf tjcm;aomjyifopfuGefjrLepfygrsm;uJhodk@yif ±k±Sm;awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udkoabmuscJhonf? 1924 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkodk@ [dk

tvnftywfa&mufcJhonf? armfpudkY a&muf&SdaepOf rdrd.oli,fcsif;xH

odk@ uGefjrLepform;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif rdrdwdkif;jynfodk‹jyefoGm;&ef wm0ef¶Sd+yD;

“vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&ef/ pnf;&Hk;&efESifhoifwef;rsm;ay;&ef/ xdk@aemuf

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&mwGif OD;aqmifr_jyKjcif;” wdk‹udkvkyf&rnf[k

a&;om;cJhygonf?

rnfodk@yifjzpfap [dk AD,uferfodk@jyefoGm;cJhv#if jyifopftm%mydkifrsm;.zrf;

qD;r_tE W&m,frS uif;v$wfrnfr[kwfa=umif; rdrdudk,frdrdowdjyKrdygonf?

-87-


xdk@a=umifh w&kwfEdkifiHAD,uferfe,fpyfodk@oGm;a&mufaexdkif&ef qHk;jzwf

vdkufygonf? xdkae&mwGif wdkif;wyg;a&muftrsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;tm; “AD

,uferfawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;” xJodk@0ifa&muf&efpnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfav

onf?

1940 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif *syefppfom;rsm;tif'dkcsdKif;em;udk usL;ausmf

wdkufcdkufcJhygonf? *smreDwdk@rS yJ&pfudkodrf;ydkufcJhonfhtwGuf jyifopfppf

om;rsm;rSwdkufyGJqifE$J&ef tusdK;r±Sdawmha=umif;odI *syefrsm;xHvufeuf

csvdkufygonf? Ttjzpfudk awG@jrif&onfh [dkcsDrif;ESifhol.aemufvdkuf

om;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;om;[email protected]_rSvGwfajrmuf&ef vkyfaqmif&rnfh

tcGifhtcga&mufvm+yD[kxifjrifaoma=umifh AD,ufrdef [kac:aomtzGJ@

tpnf;wpfckzGJ@pnf; wnfaxmifvdkufonf? ppfAdkvfcsKyf Vo Nguyen Giap

.acgif;aqmifr_jzifh AD,ufrdefonf ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;pepfjzifh *syefrsm;

tm;wdkufcdkufqef@usifcJhonf?

AD,ufrdefonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkxHrS ppfvufeufrsm;ESifhcJ,rf;rD;

ausmufrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdonfomru ykvJqdyfurf;YAHk;}uJ+yD;onfhaemuf

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkxHrS axmufyHhr_rsm;&&SdcJhygonf? xdktcsdefumvwGif

ppfbufqdkif&my&d,m,fudkavhvmod±SdcJhonf?

1945 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif [D¶dk¶SD;rm;ESifheg*gpmuDYAHk;}uJr_jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf *syef

rsm;rSrdrdwdk‹.r[mrdwfrsm;xH vufeufcsonfhtcg AD,ufrdefwdk‹twGuf

rdrd. wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfEdkifonfhtajctaeaumif;wpfck&±Sdvmonf?

1945 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif [dkcsDrif;onf AD,uferf'Drdku&ufwpforRw

-88-


EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;vdkufa=umif; a=ujimvdkufygonf? AD,uferfppfyGJt+yD;wGif AD

,uferfwGif jzpfvmrnhftajctaersm;udk xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;yGJwGif z&ef

uvif;'D&kpbJh/ 0ifpwefcsyfacs;ESifh*sdK;Zufpwmvifwdk@rSqHk;jzwf+yD;jzpfa=umif;

AD,ufrdefrSrod&SdcJhay? 4if;wdk@. oabmwlnDcsufrSm AD,uferfudkESpfydkif;cGJ+yD;

ajrmufydkif;udk w±kwfwdk@rStkyfcsKyfrnfjzpf+yD;/ awmifydkif;udkrl +Adwdo#wdk@rStkyf

csKyfrnfjzpfa=umif;AD,uferfudkESpfydkif;cGJvdkufonf?

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;onfhaemuf jyifopfonfAD,uferfudk jyefvnftkyfcsKyf&ef

}udK;pm;avonf? [dkcsDrif;rS a=ujimvdkufonfhAD,uferf'Drdk&ufwpforRw

EdkifiHudkjyifopfwdk@rStodtrSwfrjyKaoma=umifh AD,uferfESifhjyifopfppfom;

rsm;t=um;wdkufcdkufr_jzpfyGm;avonf? tapmydkif;wGif ppfy&d,m,fynm

u|rf;usifaomjyifopfwdk@tm;wdkufcdkuf&mwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; Vo Nguyen

Giap rStcuftcJrsm;&ifqdkifcJh&onf? odk@aomf 1940 ckESpfarmfpDwHk; (Mao

Zedong) ESifhrdrd.uGefjrLepfwyfom;rsm; w&kwfEdkifiH¶Sd csefau±Sdwf (Chaing

Kai Shek) udkESdrfESif;cJhonfh 1949 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tajctaeydkrdkaumif;

rGefvmonf? xdktcgrSyif AD,ufrdefY'%f&m&olrsm;ESifh rdrd.ppfom;rsm;vHk

+cHKonfhwyfpcef;jyKvkyfvmEdkifayonf?

1953 ckESpfwGif AD,ufrdefonf AD,uferfajrmufydkif;±Sdae&mrsm;pGmudk

xdef;csKyf vmEdkifonf? odk@aomf AD,uferfawmifydkif;rSmrljyifopfwdk@rS tcdkif

trmcsKyfudkifxm;+yD; Bo Dai [kac:aom AD,uferf{u&mZfbk&ifudkjynf

e,f. ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpfwnfaxmifvdkufonf?

jyifopfwdk@onf ppfyGJwGif tcsdef=umyg0ifwdkufcdkuf&OD;rnf[k ¶Sif;vif;pGmod&

aomtcg jyifopftpdk;&onf AD,ufrdefESifhaphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyf&ef óud;pm;cJh

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onf? jyifopfwdk@u EdkifiHtpdk;&zGJ@pnf;&mwGif tultnDay;rnfjzpf+yD;w

jznf;jznf;AD,uferfudkvGwfvyfa&;ay;rnf[kuwdjyKonf? odk@aomf [dkcsD

rif;ESifhtjcm;AD,ufrdefacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm jyifopfwdk@ajymonfudkr,Hkojzifh

ppfyGJudkomqufvufqifE$Javonf?

jyifopfwdk@onfvnf; ppfyGJqufvufa&;udkckcHwGef;vSefavonf? AD,uferf

wGif¶SdaomppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; Navarre onftcsdefrsm;pGmukefvGefvm+yDjzpfaom

a=umifh AD,ufrdefwdk‹udkatmifyGJcH&ef tcsdefa&muf+yD[kawG;rdvmonf? xdk@

a=umifhppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; Vo Nguyen Giap tm;enf;y&d,m,fppfyGJ}uD;qifE$J

v#if rdrdwdk@jyifopfrStEdkif&¶SdoGm;rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf[kem;vnfo

abmaygufavonf? 1953 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif ppfAdkvfcsKyf Navarre onf

avmEdkifiHwGifpcef;csxm;aomAD,ufrdefrS ,if;wdfk‹.wyfpcef;odk@ 4if;wdk@jyef

roGm;Edkif&ef Dien Bien Phu wGif&SKyfaxG;aomckcHumuG,fr_udkwnf

aqmufavonf? ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; Navarre .avmEdkifiHwGif ppfqifr_enf;

AsL[mtay:ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; Giap rSjyifopftm; Dien Bien Phu wGifjyefvnf

wdkufcdkufvdrfhrnf[krSef;qxm;onf?

ppfAdkvf}uD; Navarre .tpDtpOftwdkif; ppfAdkvfrSL; Giap .pdefac:r_udkjyef

vnfckcHavonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap Giap onfw[kefwdk;wdkufcdkufpD;ESif;rnfh

tpm; Dien Bien Phu udk0ef;&Hvsuf jyifopfppfom;rsm;ywfywfvnfu

wkwfusif;wl;avonf? uwkwfusif;.tjyifbufwGiftjcm;uwkwfusif;

ESifhwl;ajrmif;rsm;udk jyifopfppfwyf&Sd&mtv,fA[dkodk@a&mufatmifwl;xm;

onf? Todk@ jzifhAD,ufrdefonf jyifopfppfom;rsm;&Sd&m Dien Bien Phu

udkteD;uyfckcH wdkufcdkufEdkifav+yD?

AD,ufrdefonf Todk@jyifqifr_rsm;ESifhtwl AD,uferfwcGifvHk;&Sd rdrd.tzGJ@

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om;rsm;tm;vHk;udkpkpnf;vdkufonf? Todk@jzifh ppfyGJpwif&ef tqifoifhjzpf

avonf? Dien Bien Phu udk0ef;&Hrnfh Giap .ppfwyfOD;a& 7 aomif;r#&Sd+yD;

jyifopfppfom;rsm;xuf tqaygif; 5 qydkrsm;onf?

1954 ckESpfrwfv 13 &ufwGif Vo Nguyen Giap udkxdk;ppfqifavonf?

AD,ufrdefrSjyifopfwdk@udk w[kefxdk;wdkufcdkufr_udk 56 &ufr#ckcHwdkufcdkuf,if;

jyifopfwdk‹.vufxJwGif Dien Bien Phu e,ftenf;i,f[musefcJhonf?

tajrmufwyfrS AdkvfrSL;}uD; Piroth onfrdrdtoHk;jyKcJhaom wdkufcdkufr_enf;y

&d,m,ftay:tjypfwifvsuf rdrd.wyfom;rsm;tm; “usKyftvGefoduQm

usw,f” [kqdkavonf? xdk@aemufvufypfAHk;jzifh olŒudk,fudk tqHk;pD&if

vdkufonf?

jyifopfwdk@onf arv 7 &ufae@wGif vufeufcsvdkufavonf? jyifopf

bufrSaoa=uxdcdkufol 7 axmifr#¶Sd+yD; ppfom;wpfaomif;wpfaxmifcef@

rSmaxmifcscH&onf? aemufwae@wGif AD,uferfrS rdrdwdk@qkwfcGmoGm;awmh

rnf[kjyifopftpdk;&rSa=ujimvdkufygonf? aemufwvt=umwGiftar&d

uefjynfaxmifpk/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ +AdwdefESifhjyifopfEdkifiHwdk@rSEdkifiHjcm;

a&;0ef}uD;toD;oD;rsm;onf udk;&D;,m;ESifhAD,[email protected]ËdyuQrsm;udk rdrd

wdk@taejzifh +idrf;csrf;aomjy\emajz&Sif;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udk awG@¶Sdv#ifawG@¶Sd

aumif;aqG;aEG;&ef *seDAmwGif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;=uonf?

aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmjyKvkyf+yD;onfhaemuf atmufygoabm

wlnDcsufrsm;&¶Sdvmonf?

(1) AD,uferfudk 17 'D*&Dajrmufydkif;rsOf;+ydKift=um; ydkif;jcm;xm;rnf?

(2) AD,uferfajrmufydkif;udk [dkcsDrif;tm;tkyfcsKyfaprnf?

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(3) AD,uferfawmifydkif;udk Ngo Dinh Diem tm;tkyfcsKyfaprnf?

(4) jyifopfppfom;rsm; AD,uferfrSxGufcGmoGm;&rnf?

(5) AD,ufrdefonf awmifAD,uferfrS xGufcGmoGm;&rnf?

(6) AD,uferfvlrsdK;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@ESpfouf&m AD,uferfawmifydkif;wGif

aomfvnf;aumif;/ ajrmufydkif;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;aexdkif&ef

vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fydkifcGifh&Sdonf?

(7) AD,uferfwcGifvHk;rS taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk 1956 ckESpf Zlvdkifvr

wdkifrSDwGif tjynfjynfqdkif&maumfr&Sif .}uD;=uyfuGyfuJr_atmuf

wGifusif;y&rnf?

4if;tcsufrsm;tay: &Sif;vif;pGmoabmwlnDr_&+yD;aemuf Ngo Dinh Diem

onfAD,uferfjynfaxmifpktwGuf a&G;aumufyGJjyKvkyf&efrvdkvm;ay? t

b,fa=umifhqdkaomf [email protected]&;OD;wnfcsufrsm;yg0if&ef tjcm;aom

enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJjyKvkyf&efpOf;pm;vmonf? Todk@jzifh a&G;

aumufyGJrsm;rjzpfajrmufcJhonfhtwGuf vlaygif;rsm;pGm AD,uferfawmxJ

wGifawmcdk+yD; vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;ydkrdkrsm;jym;vma=umif;awG@&onf?

1959 ckESpfwGif Diem tpdk;&t&m¶Sdaygif; 1˜200 cef@owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf?

Tr[menf;AsL[mudk [dkcsDrif;tpuwnf;uyifqef@usifcJhonf? AD,uf

erfawmifydkif;&Sd vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;onf Diem tpdk;&tay:t=urf;

zuf wdkufcdkufrnfhtpm; [email protected]@tpnf;vdktyfcsufaxmufyHha&;rsm;udk

ompOf;pm;vkyfaqmifoifha=umif;jiif;ckefcJhygonf?

aemufqHk;wGif[dkcsDrif;onf ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;wyfudk tultnDay;&ef

oabmwlnDvdkufonf? vufeufudkiftzGJ@i,fuav;rsm;udk aygif;pnf;I

-92-


tiftm;}uD;rm;aom ckcHwGef;vSefonfhtzGJ@jzpfvm&ef tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJh

onf? ,if;wdk@oabmwlnDaoma=umifh 1960 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif

National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) udkzGJ@pnf;vdkuf

onf? tar&duefrsm;ac:ae=ujzpfaom NLF ac: Vietcong onfuGJjym;

aom EdkifiHa&;ESifhbmoma&;aygif;rsm;pGmrS jzpfay:vmcJhonf? NLF acgif;

aqmifjzpfaom Saigon a&S@ae Hua Tho onf qdk¶S,fvpfoabmw&m;a&;

rl0g'¶Sdolr[kwfcJhaomfvnf; Tvkyf¶Sm;r_wGifyg0ifolaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf

uGefjrLepf0g'udk axmufcHtm;ay;=uaomolrsm;jzpfonf?

NLF onfrdrd.ppfom;rsm;udk oHkOD;rSq,fOD;jzifh tzGJ@i,fav;rsm;zGJ@pnf;

xm;onf? TtzGJ@i,frsm;tm; Cells [kac:onf? TtzGJ@i,frsm;onf

twlwuGtvkyfvkyfaqmif=uaomfvnf; rdrdwdk@wpfOD;csif;pDESifhoufqdkif

onfhta=umif;rsm;udkrod=uacs? Tenf;tm;jzifh [email protected];wyf

zGJ@rsm;tzrf;cH&onfhtcgwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ !‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;cH&onfh

tcgwGifaomfvnf;aumif; rdrdwdk‹.0efcHcsufrsm;u NLF tm;xdcdkufepfem

apjcif;tvGefenf;yg;onf?

NLF .ueOD;&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;rSm aus;vufa'o¶Sd awmifolv,f

orm;rsm;.axmufcHr_udk&¶Sd&eftwGufjzpfonf? NLF rS¶Gmrsm;odk@0if

a&mufonfhtcgwGif rdrdwdk@vkdufem&rnfhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;csufrsm;¶Sdyg

onf? tzGJ@om;rsm;tm;vHk; Tvrf;!$efcsufrsm;udktwdtusvdkufem=u

&onf? 4if;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;vrf;!$efcsufrsm;rSm-

(1) [email protected]_rsm;/ aetdrfrsm;/ aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;/ ajr,mrsm;

udkrzsufqD;&?

(2) jynfolrsm;tvdkr&Sdygu trdt&wdkufwGef;Iacs;iSg;apjcif;/ a&mif;cdkif;

-93-


apjcif;rsm;rjyKvkyf&?

(3) rdrdwdk@uwdjyKonfhtwdkif;uwdwnf&rnf?

(4) jynfolwdk@tm;txiftjrifao;aponfhpum;rsm;/ trlt&mrsm;

jzifhrjyKvkyf&?

(5) [email protected]@pOfvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom (aumuf&dwfjcif;/ xif;acGjcif;/

a&cyfjcif;/ pufcsKyfjcif;ponfrsm;wGifulnDr_ay;&ef ponfwdk@jzpfyg

onf?

1964 ckESpfwGif tar&dueforRw Lyndon B. Johnson onfrdk;+cdrf;uJhodk@}uD;

rm;aomppfqifa&; (Operation Rolling Thunder) udkpwifqifE$JcJhonf?

,if;wdk‹.tpDtpOfrSm AD,uferfajrmufydkif;.pD;yGm;a&;udk zsufqD;&efESifhAD

,uferfawmifydkif;ajymufusm;wyfrsm;udk ulnDr_rS&yfwef@ap&ef tpDtpOf&dS

ygonf? Tppfqifa&;onf &Spfywf=umppfqifa&;pDrHudef;jzpfaomfvnf;oHk;

ESpfr#=umoGm;onf? xdktawmtwGif;wGif tar&duefonf AD,uferfY

AHk;wefcsdefwpfoef;cef@}uJcJhonf?

1969 ckESpfwGif [dkcsDrif; uGefvGefoGm;ygonf?

armfonf 1893ckESpf'DZifbmv 26&ufae@wGif[leefjynfe,f/ a±Smif±Sefaus;±Gm±Sdv,form;rdom;pkzGm;jrifvmcJhonf? armfpDwHk;.zcifrSm wu,fpnf;urf;±Sdaomoljzpf+yD; [email protected]@udk zDvmqef@usifaeonf? wpfcguarmfuTodk@ajymcJhzl;onf? “u|efawmhftazuausmif;ESpfwef;wufcJhzl;+yD; pmtkyfawGzwfwwfw,f? 'gayrJhtaru pmvHk;0rzwfwwfbl;? u|efawmfuawmh rdom;pkawGtwGuf ‘pmwwfay wwf’wpfa,mufyJaygh? u|efawmf±dk;&mtpOftvma[mif;awGodygw,f? 'gayrJhu|efawmfr}udKufbl;? u|efawmf}udKufwmu [dk;a±S;a±S;wkef;u w±kwfjynf&Jh ta=umif;awGjzpf+yD; txl;ojzifh awmfvSefolawG&Jhta=umif;jzpfw,f?”

]]ppfyGJudkNyD;qHk;apwm[mppfyGJjzpfNyD; aoewfawGudkypfcszdkUtwGufao

ewfudkifzdkUvdktyfygw,f/}}

“War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid ofthe gun it is necessary to take up the gun”

]]avhusifhysdK;axmifrIr½SdwJhppfwyf[m xHkxdkif;xdkif;rIdif;wJhppfwyfjzpfNyD;

xHkxdkif;wJhppfwyf[m b,fawmhrSrdrd&Jh&efoludk acsrIef;EdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/}}

“An army without culture is a dull-witted army, and a dull-wittedarmy cannot defeat the enemy”

]]urÇmBuD;&Jhordkif;udkvIyf½Sm;wuf<upGma&;rSwfaewmuvlawGomvQifjzpfw,f/}}

“The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in themaking of world history”

armfpDwHk; (1893–1976)

pDwHk;onfqif;&Jom;v,form;wpf OD;.om;jzpfonf? olonf 1930 ESifh

1940 ckESpfrsm;twGif;±Sd w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udk OD;aqmifcJh+yD; 1949 ckESpfwGif w±kwfEdkifiH.acgif;aqmif}uD;wpfa,mufjzpfvmonf?

armf

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armfpDwHk;ynmoif=um;pOfwGif uGefjzL±Syf. oabmw&m;rsm;oif=um; &+yD;w±kwfjynfordkif;/ pmayESifhzDvdkqdkzDwdk@udkoif=um;&onf? 1911 ckESpfwGifarmfonfcsef±Sm+rdK@ (Changsha) odk@oGm;cJh+yD; &DywfbvpfuefppfwyfwGifppfom;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&onf? &Dywfbvpfuefwyfonf 1911 ckESpfawmfvSefa&;wGifo#if (Qing) rif;rsdK;rif;qufrsm;udk xkwfy,fcJhaomoljzpfonf? csef±Sm+rdK@Y±SdaepOf armfu taemufwdkif;zDvdkqdkzDrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;+yD;owif;pmESifh*sme,frsm;udkvnf; zwf±_avhvmcJhonf?

1918 ckESpfcsef±SmwGif±Sdaom[leefq&mtwwfoifaumvdyfwGif atmifjrifcJh+yD; yDuif;odk@oGm;um yDuif;wuUodkvfpm=unfhwdkufY tvkyf&±SdcJhonf?r=umcifrSmyif armfonf rm;ppf (Marxist) EdkifiHESifhvlr_a&;tawG;tac:ta=umif;avhvmonfhtzGJ@wpfzGJ@ESifhaygif;rd+yD; aemufwGif rm;ppf.ta&;tom;rSefor#udk rv$wfwrf;zwfonfholjzpfvmonf? 1919 ckESpfarv 4&ufae@v_yf±Sm;r_twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ESifhynmwwfrsm;u w±kwfjynf. acwfrSDwdk;wufa&;twGuf atmf[pfaepOf armfpDwHk;uGefjzL ±Syft,l0g'(Confucianism) . ±dk;&m"avhxHk;xrf;tarGtESpfrsm;tay: a0zefr_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? olu±dk;&m"avhrsm;udk awmfvSefykefuefonfhtcg udk,fcE<mpGrf;tifESifhOD;aESmuftoHk;jyK&rnf[k tav;teufa&;om;xm;onf? yDuif;wGif ,if;.yxrZeD;onf,Ofudkif[GD; ( Yang Kaihui) ESifhawG@qHkvufxyfcJhonf? (armftouf 14 ESpft±G,fwGif ol@zcifu ol@udk±GmxJ±Sdrdef;uav;wpfa,mufESifhvufxyfay;cJhonf? odk@aomfarmfu TvufxyfyGJudkb,fawmhrStodtrSefrjyKcJhacs?)

±k±Sm;awmfvSefa&;.=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_a=umifh 1921 ckESpfZGefvwGif ±Sef[dkif;+rdK@Yw±kwfuGefjrLepfygwD–Chinese Communist Party–CCP udkzGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf? armfpDwHk;u ,if;ygwD.tapmqHk;tzGJ@0ifjzpfvmonf?aemifESpfESpftenf;i,fwGif armfpDwHk;ESifhol.oli,fcsif;±k±Sm;awmfvSefa&;

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-96-


atmifjrifatmifxlaxmifay;aom vDeif.t,l0g'wdk@udk pwiftoHk;jyKcJhonf?

armfonf ±Sef[dkif;EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@ESifhpwiftvkyfvkyfcJhonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H±Sdt}uHay;yk*~dKvfrsm;tultnDjzifh ulrifwef; (Nationalist Party) trsdK;om;a&;0g'DygwDwjznf;jznf;w±kwfEdkifiHwGiftm%m±Sdvmonf? rwfv 12 &uf1925 ckESpfwGif ,if;[email protected];aqmifpef,wfpif (Sun Yat-Sen) uG,fvGefoGm;cJh+yD; csefau±Sdwfu acgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf? csefau±SdwfrS tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;±SduGefjrLepfrsm;udk xkwfy,fzdk@t+rJ}udK;pm;cJhonf? tESdyfuGyfrcH&aomuGefjrLepfrsm;u Jiangxi Soviet tzGJ@udkwnfaxmifcJhonf?

trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf 0dkif;&Hydwfqdk@r_rsm;pwifjyKvkyfvmonfhtwGufuGefjrLepfrsm; xdkae&mrS }udK; pm;xGufoGm;+yD; w±kwfjynf.taemufajrmufbufwGif trmcHpcef;topfwpfckcsvdkufonf? 1934 ck ESpfatmufwdkbmvwGif armfESifhtjcm;trsdK;om;wpfodef;ausmfESifh,if;[email protected];pk0ifrsm;onf t aemufydkif;±Sd awmifwef;rsm;±Sd&ma'oodk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a±SmifoGm;cJhonf?

xdkodk@wdrf;a±SmifxGufajy;olrsm; tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh&ifqdkif&onf? olwdk@onfwpfae@v#if rdkifaygif; 50 ausmfav#mufwuf+yD; ±SefpDodk@atmufwdkbmv 20 &ufae@ 1935 ckESpfwGifa&muf±SdcJhonf? cef@rSef;ajct&rdkif 8˜000ausmfvrf;av#mufjcif;wGifvl 30˜000 omtouf±SifaexdkifEdkifcJhonf?

1937 ckESpfwGif *syefwyfrsm;u w±kwfEdkifiHodk@usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcJhpOf csefau±Sdwfu +rdK@awmfudkerfuifrSc|efuif;odk@a±$@ajymif;cJhonf? olonf urf;±dk;wef;a'owpfav#mufESifhta&;}uD;aom+rdK@}uD;wpfcsdK@udk *[email protected]@ qHk;±_H;vdkuf&onf? *syefwyfrsm;udk wdkufxkwfvdkaoma=umifh csefau

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±Sdwfu armfpDwHk;ESifhol.uGefjrLepfwyfrawmfESifhvufwGJ&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; armfpDwHk;.pepfwus±Sdaom ajymufusm;wyfrawmfrsm;udk Zl'D; (Zhu De) ESifhvifbdkifatmif ( Lin Biao) wdk@rSOD;aqmifcJhonf?*syefwdk@rS vufeufcsvdkufonfESifhwpf+ydKifeuf uGefjrLepfwyfrsm;u csefau±SdwfOD;aqmifaom trsdK;om;a&;0g'Dwyfrsm;udkjyefIwdkufcdkufcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;jzpfaomw±kwfeDwyfrsm;wGif pnf;urf;ydk±Sdjcif;/ cH,lcsufoabmw&m;jrifhjrwfjcif;/ ae&mtESH@tjym;±Sd awmifolv,form;.axmufcHr_rsm;a=umifh csefau±Sdwfwyfrrsm;udk av;ESpftwGif;tEdkifwdkufEdkifcJhonf? 1949ckESpfatmufwdkbmvwGif CCP .OuUXtjzpfarmfpDwHk;u w±kwfEdkifiHudkw±kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH[kac:qdkcJhonf? csefau±Sdwf.wyfrsm;onf xdkif0rfu|ef;odk@xGufajy;v$wfajrmufcJhonf?

uGefjrLepfwdk@onf wjznf;jznf;wdkif;jynfudkxdef;csKyfvmEdkif+yD; 1949 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 1 &ufae@wGif armfu w±kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiHudkxlaxmifvdkuf+yD;jzpfa=umif;a=ujimcJhonf?

1958 ckESpfwGifarmfu“a±S@odk@t[kefjyif;pGmckefysHausmfv$m;jcif; (Great Leap

Forward)” udka=ujimcJh+yD; pdkufysdK;a&;ESifhpufr_ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;rsm;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmap&efa=umfjimcJhonf? Tjyefvnf xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;wGif pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk bHktzGJ@pepftjzpfxlaxmif+yD; vl 75˜000ausmfyg0ifcJhonf? bHktzGJ@pepfwpfckpDwGif ,if;wdk@. udk,fydkif+cHajrESifh0uf±Hkrsm;±Sd=uonf? rdom;pkwpfckpDwGif twdk;rsm;udkcGJa0&,l+yD; [email protected],fydkifv,f,majrrsm;ud k,fpD±S d =uonf? od k @aomf oH k;ESpfqufwd kufa&}uD;jcif;ESifhaumufyJoD;ESHraumif;jcif;a=umifh ,if;[email protected];apcJhonf? xdk@twl qdkAD,uf,leD,HrS ,if;.u|rf;usifolrsm;udkjyef

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vnfac:,ljcif;a=umifh xkdvkyfief;wdk@udkxdcdkufysufpD;apcJhonf? ,if;wdk@&±Sdonfh&v'frSmvnf; raumif;yJ cef@rSef;ajct& Great Leap Forward umvtwGif;vl 31 rS 33 oef;ausmftoufqHk;±H_;cJh&onf?

Great Leap Forward .ratmifjrifr_a=umifh armfu w±[email protected]&mxl;rSE_wfxGufvdkufonf? ol.ae&mudk vsLa±Smif±SD (Lui

Shaoqi) uqufcH&±Sdonf? odk@aomf armftaeESifh ay:vpDrsm;qHk;jzwf&eftwGufta&;}uD;aomyk*~dKvftjzpfusef±Sdaeao;onf?

armfonf 1966 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif wpfzefjyef0ifa&mufvm+yD;vifbdkifa,mif (Lin Biao) ESifhtwlvufwGJI ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhonf? 1966 ckESpfpufwifbmv 3 &ufae@wGif vifbdkifa,mifurdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; (Nik-

-ita Khrushchev) .t,ltqv$rf;rdk;r_cH&aom ygwDtm%mydkifrsm;udka0zefr_jyK&efwdkufwGef;cJhonf?

armf.a[majymr_rsm;txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u wHk@jyefr_ay;aomtm;jzifh yDuif;±Sdausmif;om;rsm;u teDa&miftapmihfwyfom; (Red Gua-

-rds) rsm;udkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? armfu Tv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udk axmufcHa=umif;trSwftom;jyKvdkufonfESifhw+ydKifeuf wkdif;jynfw0Srf;vHk;±Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u teDa&miftapmifhwyfrsm;udk wdkif;jynfwpfjynfvHk;wGif pIxlaxmifcJhonf? Tausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;[email protected]&m/ q&mrrsm;/ ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;ESifhtpdk;&t&m±Sdwdk@udk pwifa0zefajymqdk=uonf? armfudk,fwdkifu1966 ckESpf=o*kwfv 18 &ufae@wD,eferifpuGJwGifw&m;a[maepOf teDa&miftapmifhwyfom;rsm; aomif;aygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufvm=uonf?ausmif;rsm;ydwf+yD;aemuf wEdkifiH vHk;±Sdausmif;om;rsm;u armfudkbk&m;wqltjzpf =unfndKav;pm;=uonf? ausmif;ESifhwuUodkvfausmif;rsm;

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1966 ckESpfrSpydwfI 1969 ckESpftxdydwfcJhonf? armfuausmif;om;rsm;udk“Smash the four olds” [kac:qdkonf? “ta[mif;av;ckudky,fzsufjcif;”qdkonfht,ltqa[mif;/ ,Ofaus;r_a[mif;/ "avhxHk;wrf;a[mif;ESifhtavhtusifha[mif;” wdk@udkzsufqD;ypf&efjzpfonf? teDa&miftapmifhwyfom;rsm;apwDykxdk;rsm;/ tEkynmtvkyfrsm;/ pmayrsm;ESifhEdkifiHjcm;±dk;&mESihf"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfonf? xdk@twl tEkynm±Sifrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;ESifhEdkifiHjcm;ESifhtquftoG,f±Sdolrsm;udkvnf; jiif;yef;ESdyfpufcJhonf?

w&m;cHrsm;udk jynfolrsm;u 0kdif;Ia0zefjcif;/ t±SufcGJjcif;ESifhrawmfrw&m;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udkjyKvkyfonf? ynmwwfrsm;jzpfaom pma&;q&mavmif±SD(Lao She) ESifhordkif;ynm±Sif0l[ef(Wu Han) wkd@onf towfcH&jcif; odk@r[kwfw±[email protected]=uqHk;±H_;cJh&onf? trsm;uaxmifxJtusOf;cscH&jcif; odk@r[kwf tvkyfjyif;xefpGmvkyf&jcif;rsm;yg0ifonf?

omreftpdk;&t&m±Sdwdk@udk tajccHusaomtzGJ@wdk@. wdkufcdkufr_udkcHcJh&onf? armfpDwHk;udk,fwdkifa±G;cs,faom vsLa±Smif±SDudk,fwdkif omrefacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; t&m&mudkvufawG@enf;tm;jzifh udkifwG,fajz±Sif;aomoljzpfaoma=umifh ol@udkvlrsm;u “w±kwfEdkifiH&JheHygwfwpft&if;±Sifpepfudkvrf;cif; ay;cJhwJhvljzpf+yD; armfpDwHk;udk azmufjyefwJhvlvdk@ pGyfpGJjcif;cH&w,f?”olu 1969 ckESpfwGif axmifxJwGifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? vsLESifhEdkifiHtquftoG,f±Sdaom wdef@a±Smifzdef (Deng Xiaoping) wdk@udk tpdk;&&mxl;rS jzKwfcsvdkuf+yD; axmifxJtusOf;csIjzpfap/ jynfESif'g%fay;Ijzpfap jyKvkyfcJhonfhppfa&;acgif;aqmif vifbdkifa,mifonf armfvlr_a&;awmfvSefa&;ay:vpDudk axmufcH+yD;aemuf 1969 ckESpfwGif armf.&mxl;udkqufcH&±Sdonf?

1967 ckESpfwGif trdsK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfac:,lcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif w±kwfeDv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ESifh r=umc%wdkufyGJrsm;qufEGJ

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cJh&onf? 1967 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftwGif;vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaocJh&onf?jzpfay:aeaom qlylaomif;usef;r_wdk@udk &yfpJ&eftwGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk PLA .vufatmufwGifxm;+yD; ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udkpwifcJhonf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI +rdK@aetpdk;&t&m±Sdrsm;eSifhynmwwfrsm;udk awm±Gmrsm;odk@apv$wfI armf.vkyfief;rsm;udk avhvmapcJhonf? +rdK@ay:±Sdtouf16–19 t±G,f±Sdvli,fuav;rsm;udkvnf; rdom;pkESifhcGJxkwfI awm±Gmrsm;odk@apv$wfum qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;xHwGif A[kokw±SmrSD;aponf? rdom;pkrsm;udkcGJxkwf+yD; wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf rdkifaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomae&mwGifxm;+yD; cufcJqif;&J=uyfwnf;pGmaexdkifaponf?tdrfodk@jyefvmcGifhr&onfhtwGuf wcsdK@vli,fvl±G,frsm;rSm aus;vufa'orsm;wGifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexdkifcJh&±Smonf?

1970 ckESpfrsm;twGif; armfu ol.&nf±G,fcsufjzpfaom +rdK@ESifhaus;vufawm±Gmrsm;t=um; pD;yGg;a&;vpf[mr_wdk@udk av#mhcs&ef}udK;pm;cJhonf? +rdK@[email protected];orD;rsm;rSm a'owGif;±Sdqif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;taumiftxnfaz:+yD;aom vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;om oif=um;&onf?ausmif;om;rsm;onf tajccHaq;ynmrsm;oif=um;cGihf&±Sd+yD; awm±Gmrsm;odk@ aus;vufq&m0efrsm;taeESifhoGm;a&muf+yD; qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;twGuf tajccHusef;rma&;apmifha±Smufr_wdk@udkay;&onf? +rdK@aevlaer_tqifhtwef;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;bJav;jyZmwfrsm;/ atmfy&mESifhtjcm;aompmayrsm;udk xkwfvkyfcJh+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifhusD,ef±Sif (Jiang Qing)

(armfpDwHk;.ZeD;av;a,mufwpfa,muf) vufatmufwGifxkwfa0cJhonf? xdktEkynmrsm;rSm qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;. v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ESifharmfpDwHk;.ta=umif;*k%fjyKa&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

1970 ckESpf ESpfv,fydkif;twGif; tpGef;a&muf,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; wpfcsdK@wpfavu usef±Sdaeao;onf? armft

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aeESifh vlav;a,muftzGJ@udk axmufcHtm;ay;cJhonf? xdkav;a,mufrSmusD,ef±Sif (armf.ZeD;)/ 0rf[kef0if (Wang Hongwen)/ a,mif0if,Gef (Vao

Wenyuan) ESifhZefc|ef±SDa,mif(Zhane Chungqiao) wdk@jzpfonf? Tvlav;a,muftzGJ@rSm tm%m}uD;rm;vmcJhonf? armfpDwHk;aoqHk;+yD; 1976 ckESpfwGif usD,ef±SifESifhtjcm;*dk%f;orm;av;a,mufudk jypfr_rsm;pGmjzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? usD,ef±Sifudk,fwdkifaordef@cscHcJh&+yD;aemuf woufwu|ef;axmifcscH&onf? ,if;vlav;a,muf*dk%f;udk zrf;qD;+yD;aemuf ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;+yD;qHk;oGm;ovdk±SdcJhonf? wdef@a±Smifzdef@vufxufwGifrl xdk,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk jypfwif±_H@cscJhonf?

armfpDwHk;onf yDuif;Y 1976 ckESpfpufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf?

armfpDwHk;vufxuf 1949 rS 1975 txdcef@rSef;ajct& ,if;.EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_a=umifh vl@toufaygif; 54˜750˜000 rS 56˜900˜000 txd qHk;±H_;cJh&onf[kqdk.?

1923 ckESpfwGif tm%mrodrf;,lEdkifcJhaomfvnf; wjznf;jznf;aemufqHk;Y'D

rdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHjzifh tm%m&¶SdcJhonf? tm%m&onfESifhrdrdtm;

wdkufcHjyKolrsm;ESifh *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tm; okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypfjcif;jzifh urBmw

0Srf;vHk;udkpwifv$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifvmonf?

t'dk;zf[pfwvmonf *smrefe,fpyfESifheD;aom =op}wD;,m; EdkifiH&Sd +rdK@av;

wpf+rdK@Y 1889 ckESpf{+yDv 20 &ufae@wGifarG;zGm;cJhygonf? [pfwvm.rdb

ESpfyg;rSm qif;&JaomukefonfpD;yGm;a&;orm; rdom;pkrsm;rS qif;oufvm

]]vlom;tusdK;aqmif&Gufa&;t,l0g'[m owÅdr&SdaMumif;ESifh

iwHk;jzpfaMumif;udkazmfjyw,f/}}

"Humanitarianism is the expression of stupidity and cowardice."

]]vdrfvnfrIudkBuD;BuD;us,fus,fvkyfyg/ &dk;&dk;av;eJUbJvdrfvnfajymqdkyg?

tjrJajymaeyg/ tvdkvdkeJU olwdkU,HkMunfMuygvdrfhr,f/}}

"Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually theywill believe it."

]]atmifjrifjcif;twGufyxrqHk;vdktyfcsuf[m tMurf;zufrIudk

yHkrSefeJUtqufrjywf toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfw,f/}}

"The very first essential for success is a perpetually constant and

regular employment of violence."

t'dk;zf[pfwvm (1889–1945)

930 ckESpfydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifhvlr_a&;

tajctaersm; ¶kwfw&ufajymif;vJonfhtcsdef

wGif =oZmv$rf;rdk;+yD; rdef‹cGef;tajymaumif;aom=o

p}wD;,m;EdkifiHzGm; t'dk;zf[pfwvm(Adolf Hitler) rS

1920 ckESpftwGif; *smreDY tm%m&¶Sdvmonf?

1

-102-

onf? ol.zciftmvGD;Zf[pfwvm (Alois Hitler)onf tartdrfazmfrESifh

w&m;0ifzcifr±Sdaom om;jzpfcJhaomfvnf; olonftvGefawmfIar#mfvifh

csuf}uD;rm;olwpfa,mufjzpfaoma=umifh aemufydkif;wGif taumufcGefXm

erS t&m&Sd}uD;wpfOD;jzpfvmonf?

[pfwvmonf tajccHrlvwef;ausmif;wGif ynmxl;c|ef+yD; tem*wfwGif

ynma&;zufwGif xGef;aygufrnfholwpfOD;jzpfrnfhtvm;tvm±Sdonf? t

wef;xJwGif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;uJhodk@yif ausmf=um;olwpfOD;jzpf+yD; ol.

acgif;aqmifr_t&nftcsif;rsm;onf tvGefcsD;usL;zG,faumif;ygonf? ol

onf bmoma&;qefolwpfOD;vnf;jzpfygonf? [pfwvmonf bmem

wdwif; (Beneditine) bkef;}uD;ausmif;ESifhrsufESm csif;qdkifwGif 6 vr#

aexdkifcJhygonf? bkef;}uD;ausmif;.xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom yHko¾mefrSm

emZDp=um wHqdyf jzpfygonf? i,f&G,folwpfOD;taejzifh t'dk;zfonf

bkef;awmf}uD;wpfa,mufjzpf&efpdwful;cJhygonf?

txufwef;ausmif;}uD;wGif +ydKifqdkifr_rsm;ydkrsm;vmonfhtwGuf xdyfwef;

tqifhwGifr&&Sdonfhtcg ol.a&S@quf}udK;pm;aponfh pdwfenf;yg;oGm;ap

onf? [email protected] ol@tm;ausmif;+yD;onfhtcg =op}wD;,m;tpdk;&XgewGif

yg0iftr_xrf;rnfjzpfjyD; zcifajc.&meif;rnfholjzpfvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcsuf

rsm;xm;&SdcJhygonf? odk@aomf [pfwvmonf acgif;rmcJholjzpf+yD; pm}udK;pm;

&efv_H‹aqmfcJhaom ol.rdbrsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;. oGefoifqHk;rr_rsm;rSm

ratmifjrifcJhay? wqufwnf;wGifvnf; [pfwvmonf ol.tazmf

ausmif;om;rsm;=um;wGif xifay:ausmf=um;r_rsm;rSmvnf;enf;ygvmcJh

onf? xdk@a=umifhol@taz:rsm;uol‹udk ,if;wdk‹. acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf&ef

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-104-


vdkvm;r_r¶Sdawmhay? [pfwvmonf ol‹xuftoufi,faomausmif;

om;rsm;tm; trdef@ay;&onfudk tvGefESpfoufcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifhyif

ol@trdef‹tm;rvGefqefEdkifonfh ol@xuftoufi,f&G,fonfhuav;rsm;

jzifh tcsdefrsm;pGmudkukefvGefap cJhygonf? 1900 ckESpfwGif [pfwvmutEk

ynmonfwpfOD;jzpf&ef pdwf0ifpm;vmcJhonf?

[pfwvmonf [email protected],fvGefoGm;onfhtcsdefwGiftouf 13 ESpfom

&Sdao;onf? zcifuG,fvGefoGm;cJhaomfvnf; olwdk@rdom;pktwGuf aiGa&;

a=u;a&;jy\emr&SdcJhay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf olwdk@ydkifqdkifonfhudk,fydkif

tdrf&Sd+yD;/ aiGtvHk;t&if;tcsdK@ESifhtpdk;&0efxrf;rS&&Sdonfh t+idrf;pm;vpmaiG

rsm; vufcH&&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? twef;xJ wGifpmnHhonfhta=umif;

a=umifhESifh usef;rma&;raumif;onfhta=umif;wdk@a=umifh [pfwvmonf

touf 16 ESpft&G,fwGif ausmif;rSE_wfxGufcJhygonf?

[pfwvmtouf 18 ESpft&G,fwGif zcifrSxm;cJhay;aomtarGudk vufcH

&&Sdygonf? &±SdaomtarGjzifh tEkynmonfwpfOD;jzpfvm&ef rdrd&nfrSef;

xm;ouJhodk@ AD,m;emodk@ajymif;a&$@oGm;onf? rdrd.tEkynmvuf,mpGrf;

&nfrSm vHkavmufaejyD [laomtawG;tjrif&SdcJhaomfvnf; AD,m;emtEky

nmoifausmif;rS ol.0ifcGifhav#mufxm;[email protected]#mf

rSef;csufrsm; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mysufpD;cJh&ygonf? wqufwnf;wGif AD,m;

em;Adokumynmoifausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;&efxyfrHav#mufxm;aomf

vnf; ol@xHwGifausmif;xGufvufrSwfr¶Sdaoma=umifh xdkausmif;uol@udk

vufrcHcJhay?

Tausmif;ESpfausmif;rS rdrd.av#mufxm;pmudky,fcsr_a=umifh [pfwvm

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udkt&SufwuGJjzpfapcJhygonf? wqufwnf;wGifvnf; rdrd.rdciftm; T

tjzpfrsm;udk rnfodk@r#jyefrajymjy&ufay? Todk@jzifholonftEkynm

ausmif; wufa&mufynmoif,laeonfh yHkpHa,mifaqmif+yD; AD,m;emwGif

qufvufaexdkifcJhonf?

1909 ckESpfwGif [pfwvmppfr_xrf;&ef tcsdefa&muf&Sdvmonf? odk@aomf=o

p}wD;,m;udk txiftjrifao;ojzifh ppfr_rxrf;vdkaoma=umifh ta=umif;

=um;pmrsm;udkOayuQmjyKcJhonf? wm0ef&Sdolrsm;rS olESifhtquftoG,f&

&eftcsdef 4 ESpfr#=umjrifhpGm}udK;pm;cJhygonf? 1914 ckESpf=opx¶dk[efa*&D

,mppfwyfwGif aq;ppfaq;r_cH,l&m ratmifjrifcJhay? tb,fa=umifhqdk

aomf usef;rma&;raumif;I olonf vufeufrsm;tm;udkifwG,fEdkifrnfr

[kwfa=umif;/ wdkufcdkufr_/ ppfwm0efxrf;aqmifr_wGif pGrf;tifjynfhpHkEdkifrnfr

[kwfaoma=umifhy,fcsjcif;cHcJh&ygonf?

yxrurBmppf}uD;jzpfyGm;r_onf [pfwvmtwGuf yxrqHk;t}udrfwdkuf

cdkufr_wGifyg0if&ef tcGifhta&;&±SdcJhonf? ol‹taeESifh*smreDonf Oa&myEdkifiH

rsm;xJwGif tjrifhjrwfqHk;/ tiftm;t}uD;rm;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfa=umif; oufaojy

&mwGif yg0ifEdkifaprnfhtcGifhta&;wckjzpfonf[lIyif? xdk‹a=umifh bmAm&D

,ef (Bavarian) ppfwyfwGif yg0ifppfr_xrf;aqmif&ef av#mufv$mwifcJhyg

onf? 2 v =umoifwef;+yD;onfhaemuf Ypres teD;wGif [pfwvmESifhol

[email protected]&if;onf yxrOD;qHk;aom&ifqdkifwkdufyGJudk +Adwdo#ESifhb,fvf*Ds,ef

wyfwdk@jzifhqifEGJcJh&onf? ppfyGJawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif cufcufcJcJtouf

tE W&m,frS vGwfajrmufvmEdkifcJhojzifh ,if;.&JpGrf;owWdudk*k%fðyaom

Iron Cross qkESpfckudkqGwfcl;cJh+yD; wyf=uyf}uD;tjzpfodk@ &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&

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onf? ol.wyf&if;rSL;rS [pfwvm.pGrf;&nfudk Todk@rSwfcsufcsa&;om;yg

onf/ “a&S›wef;xGufppfwdkuf&mrSm ol[maoG;at;at;eJ@tEdkif&zdk@ &J&J&ifh

&ifh ppfwdkufcJholjzpfygw,f? tE W&m,frsm;wJhtajctae=um;rSm qufoG,f

a&;r&awmhwJhydwfrdaewJhtcsdefrSmawmif [pfwvm[m rarmwrf;eJ@r

a=umufwrf;bJ ta&;}uD;wJhowif;ydk@aqmifr_jyKEdkifcJhw,f?”

u|rf;usifr_wyfzGJ@ Free Corps onf *smreDEdkifiHtwGif; uGefjrLepf}uD;xGm;

vmr_udk umuG,fwdkufcdkufaom vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@wpfzGJ@jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;

tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf uGefjrLepfrsm; *smreDudk0ifa&mufxdef;csKyf&ef óud;pm;ae

onfhtcsdefESifh wajy;wnf;wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf? emZDygwDtm;

0efaqmifr_ay;onfhppfwyftaejzifh emZD.A[dkcsufrjzpfaom "Brown

Shirts" (S.A)ppfwyfudk wnfaxmifcJhygonf?

ppf+yD;qHk;+yD;r=umrDyif [pfwvmonf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wGifae&m&&Sd+yD;

*smreftvkyform;rsm;ygwDwGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifr_jyK&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&

onf? TygwDtm; rdrd.EdkifiHa&;wdk;wuf&modk@ ydk@aqmifay;onfhygwDwpfck

jzpfonf[kjrifonf? *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tay: rdrd.rkef;wD;r_rsm;onf TtzGJ@t

pnf;.EdkifiHa&; tkwfjrpfwpfckjzpfvmonf? odk@ESifh ygwD.tpnf;ta0;rsm;

ta=umif;udk Anti-Semitic owif;pmrsm;wGif awG‹vm&onf? 1919 ckESpf

atmufwdkbmv 16 &ufae@wGif [pfwvmonf vltrsm;.pdwfudk !dk@ap

onfhrdef@cGef;ajym=um;jcif;tvkyfwpfckjzpfay:vmonf?

[pfwvmonf trsm;.a'gorsm;jzpfay:ap&efESifhrdrdtay:ar#mfvifhcsuf

rsm;xm;&Sd&ef tpnf;ta0;rsm;odk@ t+rJaemufusa&mufavh&Sdonf? pifay:

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odk@a&mufonfhtcg y&dowfrsm;.qlylr_rsm; wdwfqdwfoGm;onftxd

apmifhqdkif;+yD;rS rdef@cGef;pwifavh&Sdonf? rdef@cGef;pajymonfh tapmydkif;tcsdef

wGif[pfwvmonf wkef&if+yD;xpftaernf? aemufydkif;rSwjznf;jznf;t

csdef,l+yD; vuf[efajc[efrsm;jzifhrdef@cGef;udk at;aq;pGmajymavonf? xdk@

aemuf jyif;xefaompdwfcHpm;r_jzifh wjznf;jznf;toHus,fvmonf? rdef@

cGef;ajymonfhtcsdefwGif ac|;rsm;xGufvmonftxd/ rsufESmjzLvmonfxd

ESifh rsufvHk;rsm;plxGufvmonfhwdkifatmif jyif;jyaompdwfcHpm;r_rsm;jzifht

oHrsm;uGJtufvmonftxd rdef@cGef;ajymavonf? *smreDtay:rw&m;o

jzifhjyKcJhonfrsm;udk [dwf}uD;[ef=uD;/ a'gESifharmESifhrdrd.y&dowfrsm;tm;

rkef;wD;r_rsm;jzpfay:ap&ef rdef@cGef;ajymavonf? rdrd.rdef@cGef;+yD;qHk;oGm;onfh

tcg y&dowfrsm;onf pdwfajcmufcsm;r_rsm;jzifhusef&pfcJh+yD; [pfwvmay;

rnfht}uHtOm%frSefor#udk vufcH,l&eftqifoifhjzpfjyD;jzpfonf?

[pfwvmonf rdef@cGef;ajym+yD;v#if+yD;csif; pifay:rStjrefqif;+yD; y&dowfjrif

uGif;rSaysmufuG,foGm;onf? rdrdonf v#dK‹0Sufqef;=u,folwpfOD;tjzpf

rdrdudk,frdrdzefwD;&ef &nf&G,fonfhtwGufa=umifh "gwfyHk&dkufonfrsm;udkjiif;

qefonf? Tenf;jzifh rdrdtm; “u,fwif&SifwpfOD;” tjzpfvltrsm;rSydkrdk

pdwf 0ifpm;vmap&efESifh olajymrnfht&mrsm;udk vlrsm;vma&mufem;qif

&efjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf?

[email protected] tcsuf 25 csufygaomygwDvrf;pOfudk rl=urf;a&;

qGJcJhonf? ‚if;udk 1920 azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufae@wGif pdwftm;xufoef

onfh vlxkESpfaxmifausmfwufa&mufaom jynfol@tpnf;ta0;Y wifjy

cJhygonf? Ttcsuf 25 csufxJwGif Versailles pmcsKyfudkzsufodrf;jcif;/

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ppfyGJrStusdK;&v'frsm;udk tm%mjzifhodrf;,ljcif;/ ajr,mrsm;udkjynfe,ft

wGuftoHk;jyK&efjzpfonfhtwGuf avsmfa=u;ray;bJodrf;,ljcif;/ *sL;vlrsdK;

wdk@. vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zsufodrf;jcif;ESifhppfyGJ+yD;aemuf *smreDodk@ajymif;

a¶$Œvmaom*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;ESifxkwfjcif; ponfrsm;yg0ifygonf?

[pfwvmonf [email protected]; *smreftrsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpftvkyform;

rsm;ygwDjzifh trnfajymif;vJvdkuf+yD; teDa&miftvHESifhp=umwHqdyfrSm ygwD

.oauFwjzpfvmcJhonf?

EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mrdef@cGef;a[m=um;r_wGif ESpftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif OayuQmjyKcH

cJh&aom[pfwvmonf ,cktcgwGifrdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif y&dowfrsm;

tm; qGJaqmifr_tjynfht0jzifh em;axmif,lEdkifonfhtajctaeodk@ a&muf¶Sd

vmcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;tjctaerSmvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;onf? *smreDonfppf

&_H;cJhonhf EdkifiHwEdkifiHvnf;jzpfcJhonf/ xdk@a=umif Versailles pmcsKyfwGif *smreD

tpdk;&rS T+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk twif;t"rRvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;cHcJh&+yD;

rdrd.e,fajr 13 &mcdkifE_ef;yg tqHk;¶SHK;cHay;cJh&ygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm rdrd.jynf

ol 6 oef;ESifhEdkifiHxGufukef=urf;ypPnf; (oHowWK&dkif; 65 &mcdkifE_ef;/ ausmuf

rD;aoG; 45 &mcdkifE_ef; / oGyf 72 &mcdkifE_ef;) ESifh puf¶Hk 10 &mcdkifE_ef;qHk;&SHK;cJhyg

onf? xdk@tjyif rdrd.vufatmufcHudkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; vufvGwfqHk;

&SHK;oGm;cJh&onf? T Versailles pmcsKyft& ppftwGif;ysufpD;qHk;¶SHK;r_rsm;t

wGuf *smreDrS xyfrHay;aqmif&ao;onf? Tavsmfa=u;onf *smreDtrsdK;

om;OpPm"ewefzdk;aygif; 38 &mcdkifE_ef;cef@&Sdonf?

Ttjzpftysufrsm;a=umifh [pfwvmonf wpfOD;wnf;txD;rusefawmh

ay? *smrefppfom;rsm;vnf; ol.rdef@cGef;ajymonfhtcsdefrsm;wGifwuf

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a&mufem;axmif+yD; ‚if;wdk@qHk;¶SHK;cJh&aomt&mrsm; xyfwljzpfaeonfudk

vufcHcJh=uonf? ol@ay;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;a=umifh ppfom;

rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkŒtjypfr[kwfa=umif; vufcHvm=uonf? [pfwvm

rS rdrdwdk@*smreDvlrsdK;pkonf ppfyGJwGifppf¶SHK;cJhonfr[kwfa=umif;/ ppfyGJjzpfay:

&efawmfvSefa&;ta=umif;ukd a[majymaeaom *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh Marxists

vlrsdK;wdk@. opPmazmufr_a=umifhomjzpfa=umif; Todk@ajym=um;cJhygonf?

1923 ckESpfEdk0ifbmv 8 &ufae@wGif[pfwvmonf jrLepfbD,mcef;r

aqmifY jyefvnfpkpnf;r_wpfckjyKvkyf+yD; awmfvSefa&;udk xkwfjyefa=ujimcJh

onf? aemufwae@wGif Bavarian tpdk;&tm;tm%modrf;,l&ef "Brown-

Shirts" ppfwyftiftm;ESpfaxmifr#jzifh OD;aqmifvmcJhaomfvnf; [pfw

vmtzrf;cH&+yD; Landsberg wGifaxmifuscJhonf? [pfwvmonf 5 ESpf

axmif'%ftjypfpD&ifcsufcscHcJh&aomfvnf; 9 vomaxmifuscJhonf?

axmifxJY&SdaepOftwGif; Mein Kampf pmtkyfyxrwGJudk a&;om;cJh+yD;'kwd

,twGJudkrl 1927 wGifyHkESdyfjzef@a0cJhygonf? ol.pmtkyfrsm;udk 'kwd,urBm

ppfpwifonfhtcsdeftxd tkyfa&aygif; 5 oef;cef@a&mif;xkwfEdkifcJhonf?

Mein Kampf pmtkyfxJwGif [pfwvmonf rdrd.EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:

rsm; udk xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;onf? *smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk (*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk

Aryan vlrsdK;pkrsm;[kk rSm;,Gif;pGmazmfjyxm;onf) tjcm;aomvlrsdK;pkrsm;

xufydkrdkjrifh jrwfaumif;rGefonf[k ‚if;rSTodk@azmfjyoGm;ygonf? “u|ef

awmfwdk@rsufpdESifh,ae@rjrif&ao;aom xif&Sm;aomvl@,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk;/

tEkynmrS xkwfvkyfaomt&mrSefor#/ odyHynmESifhpufr_vufr_ynmESifh

qdkifaom u|rf;usifr_rSefor#onf Aryan vlrsdK;wdk@. zefwD;wDxGifjcif;rSw

qifhqufpyfjyD; jzpfay:vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[kajymqdkcJhonf?”

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*ppfoHk@yef;pcef;(ConcentrationCamp) onf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhac|;wyfrsm;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;&ma'orsm; 1939–1953 ckESpf'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrSDESifh'kwd,urBm ppftwGif; emZD*smreDrsm;u *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;udkTppfoHk@yef;pcef;rsm;wGif zrf;qD;n‡if;yef;

ESdyfpufcJhonf?

axmifrSv$wfvmonfESifhw+ydKifeuf [pfwvmonf tm%mudkt"<r

enf;ESifhwdkufcdkuf&,lonfhtpm; EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkt&tm

%modrf;,l&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? 1930 ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif [pfwvm

.emZDygwDrS 18 &mcdkifE_ef;aomrJudk tEdkif&¶SdcJhonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif [pfw

vmonf orRwae&mtjzpfrJ0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif&mwGif 30 &mcdkifE_ef;aomrJ

jzifhtEdkif&¶SdcJhonf?

1937 ckESpfwGif pmtkyfxJwGifrdrda&;om;cJhonftwdkif; vufawG@taumif

txnfazmf&ef tqifoifhjzpfvmonf? 1937 Edk0ifbmvwGif xdyfwef;ppf

bufqdkif&m tultnDay;olrsm;udkac:,l+yD; "FÅhrer nDvmcH" wGifurBm

udkv$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef rdrda&;qGJxm;aomtpOfrsm;udk¶Sif;jycJhonf? 4if;tpD

tpOfudk qef@usifolrsm;ukdvnf; tvkyfrSjzKwfxkwfypfvdkufonf?

t'dk;zf[pfwvmonf *smreDudktkyfcsKyfvmonfh 12 ESpftawmtwGif;ESifh

'kwd,urBmppftwGif;rS ol.jyKvkyfr_a=umifh vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vl@

toufqHk;¶SHK;cJh&+yD; ,if;udk ordkif;a=umif;wGif vltrsm;rkef;wD;qHk;aomvl

wpfOD;jzpfapcJhonf? 1933 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHt}uD;tuJjzpf+yD;aemuf zGJ@pnf;yHk

tajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;vdkufjyD; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtwdkuftcHygwDrsm;udk

xda&mufpGmtwif;t"rRESdrfESif;+yD; emZDygwDtm;tm%modrf;cJhonf? *sL;

vlrsdK;rsm;/ Gypsies ESifhEdkifiHa&;qef@usifolrsm;tm;owfjzwf&ef &ufpuf

=urf;=uKwfaomv#dKŒ0Sufykvdyf (Gestapo) tzGJ@ESifhaxmifpcef;rsm;*udk wnf

-111-


aqmufvdkuf+yD; rdrd.pnf;rsOf;Oya'opfrsm;tm; vdkufemusifhoHk;apcJhonf?

[pfwvm.tpGef;a&muf EdkifiHjcm;rlay:vpDrsm;a=umifh 1939 ckESpfwGif 'kwd

,urBmppf}uD;udk jzpfay:apawmhonf? vGefcJhonfhppfyGJrsm;wGif [pfwvm

onf atmifjrifr_rsm;&&SdcJhaomfvnf; 1942 ckESpfwGif ppfyGJtajctaeajymif;

vJvmr_a=umifhESifh 1945 ckESpfwGif r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm; bmvifudkwdkufcdkuf

&ef *smreDodk@xdk;azguf0ifa&mufEdkifcJhonf? ppfyGJawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif [pf

wvm.toufudk&,l&eft}udrf}udrf}udK;yrf;cJh=uaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJh

ay? ppf¶SHK;awmhrnfhtvm;tvmay:vmonfhtwGufa=umifhESifh rdrd.'kAdkvf

rSL;}uD;rS rdrd.trdef@udkvnf; vGefqefvmonfhtcg 1945 ckESpf{+yDv 30&uf

ae@wGif [pfwvmonfrdrdudk,fudk tqHk;pD&ifvdkufonf? [pfwvmESifht

wl ,if;.tcsdefawmfawmf=umwdwfwdwfykef;r,m;jzpfaeonfh tDAmb

a&mif(ef) Eva Braun rSmvnf; olESifhwygwnf;aoqHk;cJhygonf?

a&mfe,f(vf)0Dvfqif&D*ifonf 1911 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv 6 &ufae@wGifxrfyDudk(Tampico)/ atvDEdGKif;(Illinois) jynfe,fwGifarG;zGm;cJhonf? ol.zciftrnfrSm *suf&D*ifESifhrdciftrnfrSm e,fvD&D*if [kac:onf? a&mfe,f(vf)wGifeD;(vf)[kac:aom tpfudk}uD;wpfa,muf±Sdonf? ol.rdbrsm;u ol@udk“'wf(csf)” [kac:=uonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf ol@zcifuol@udkykyk00'wf(csf)trsdK;om;ESifhwlaoma=umifh ol@udk 'wf(csf)[kcspfpEdk;ac:=uonf?&D*ifrdom;pkrS aiGrsm;rsm;pm;pm;r±Sdaoma=umifh Midwest a'owpfav#muf

]]vlawG[mppfyGJawGudkpvkyfwmr[kwfbl;? tpdk;&awGuomjzpfw,f/}}

“People do not make wars; governments do.”

]]olwdkUudktvif;a&mifjywmrjrifbl;qdk&iftyl½Sdw,fqdkwmcHpm;&atmifvkyfjyyg/}}

“When you can’t make them see the light, make themfeel the heat.”

]]oif½SmawGUwJhtaumif;qHk;vlawGeJUoifhudk0dkif;&Hxm;NyD;tmPmawGudk

ay;a0umbmrS0ifa&mufpGufzufrIrvkyfygeJU/}}

“Surround yourself with the best people you can find, delegateauthority, and don’t interfere.”

a&mfe,f&D*if (1911-2004)

e,f(vf)&D*if(Ronald Reagan)onf ±kyf±Sifrif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD;u,f vDzdk;eD;,m;+rdK@0eftjzpfoufwrf; 2 ck

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk.ta,muf 40 ajrmuforRwvnf;jzpfcJhonf? orRwwpfa,muftaeESifh ol@udkppfat;ppfyGJ&yfpJapolESifhtajctwifaqG;aEG;p&m±Sdonfh pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&may:vpDcsrSwfcJhol[k trsm;uowd&=uonf?

a&mf

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wGiftvkyfrsm;±Smvkyf&if; &D*ifrSmvnf; wpfjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vm+yD;aemufqHk;atvDEdGKif;'pfpefwGif tajccHaexdkif=ucsdefwGif 'wf(csf)uav;rSmtouf 12 ESpfyif±Sdao;onf? a&mfe,f(vf)udk,fwdkifxdkae&mwGif ausmif;+yD;+yD;txufwef;ausmif;udk tm;upm;bufwGif xl;c|efolESifh (extracurr-

-icular honors) wdk@udkyg&±SdcJhonf?

txufwef;ausmif;+yD;onfhaemuf &D*ifonf c&pfawmf.aemufawmfom;rsm; (Disciples of Christ) OD;aqmifaomtl&Dumaumvdyf (Eureka

College) wGif ynmqufvufoif=um;cJhonf? TwGif&D*ifonf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf ta±G;cs,fcH&onf? a&mfe,f(vf)trSwfaumif;aumif;r&aomfvnf; 1932 ckESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;udk vlr_a&;ESifhpD;yGg;a&;'Du&Drsm;&±SdcJhonf?

1932 ckESpf “Depression” [kac:aompD;yGg;a&;uyfqdkufaoma=umifh vlrsm;tvkyf±Sm&ef tcuftcJawG@&avonf? odk@aomf &D*ifutm;rav#mhyJtm;}udK;rmefwuf}udK;pm;cJhonf? olae&mwumodk@oGm;I tvkyfav#mufcJhaomfvnf; b,fae&mrSmrSr&acs? odk@aomfaemufqHk;wGif WOC a&'D,dktoHv$ifhXmeY owif;a=ujimoltjzpftvkyf&cJhonf? olonf =unfndKav;pm;zG,faumif;+yD; pum;ajymcsdKomaoma=umifh Des Moines wGif±Sdaom WHO [kac:aomXge}uD;qDodk@ &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf? 'uf(pf)rGdKif;eufwGif &D*ifu tm;upm;owif;a=ujim+yD; a'ocHwuUodkvfausmif;. abmvHk;yGJrsm;ESifh&pfuvDzD;vf (Wrigley Field) rScsDum*dkcyf(bf) (Chicago

Cubs) toif;ponfwdk@twGufa=ujimcJhonf? olu owif;a=ujim&mwGifatmifjrifr_&±Sdojzifh olvcaumif;aumif;&+yD; emrnfausmf=um;vmcJhonf?

&D*ifonf 1937 ckESpfwGif avmh(pf)tdef*s,fvpf+rdK@±Sd a[mvD;0k'fY rif;om;

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jzpf&ef &nf±G,fcsufjzifhc&D;xGufcJhonf? &D*ifu toHprf;oyf/ o±kyfaqmifjyoprf;oyfr_ wpfck+yD;wpfckvkyf+yD;onfhaemuf ol@udk0g;emb&m;om;pwl'D,dk(Warner Brothers Studios) rSol@udkukefusp&dwfenf;aom “B” twef;pm;±kyf±SifwGifo±kyfaqmif&efzdwfac:onf? olu“WB”.urf;vSrf;r_udkvufcH+yD; xdkESpfwGifxkwfvkyfaom “Love is in the Air” ±kyf±SifxJrSo±kyfaqmifcGifh&cJhonf? a[mvD;0k'fwGif ESpfESpftwGif; ±kyf±Sifum;wpfq,fhig;um;±dkufcJh&onf? 'uf(pf)rGdKif;eufwGif emrnfausmf=um;vmonfomru &D*ifuemrnf}uD;oxuf}uD;vm+yD; ydkIaumif;aom±kyf±SifwGif o±kyfaqmifcGifh&cJhonf? ol. emrnft}uD;qHk;±kyf±Sifum;ESpfum;rS abmvHk;orm;a*smh(±Sf)upf(yf)(George Gipp) tjzpf Knute Rockne/ All America ESifh King’s Row

qdkonf±kyf±Sifum;wGif tu,f'rD&ravmufjzpfcJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; &D*ifu yxrOD;qHk;±kyfa&mtoHygjrif&onfh±kyf±SifwGif o±kyfaqmifcGifh&cJh+yD; AkH;}uJav,mOfarmif;orm;rsm; oifwef;ay;&eftwGufjzpfonf? ol.±kyfjrifoH=um;±kyf±Sifum;aygif; 50 ausmfudk±dkufcJhonf?

1940 ckESpfwGif &D*ifu tu,f'rDrif;orD;*sdef;a0;rif; (Jane Wyman) ESifhvufxyfcJhonf? ,if;wdk@vufxyf+yD;aemuf armf&if;ESifhrdkufu,f(vf)qdkonfhom;orD;ESpfa,mufxGef;um;cJhonf? (wwd,uav;rSm rlvraphapm arG;ojzifharG;+yD;uwnf;uyif aoqHk;cJhonf?) olwdk@±SpfESpft=umtwlaecJh=u+yD; 1948 ckESpfwGifuGm±Sif;jywfpJcJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1952 ckESpfwGifeefpD'g;Apf (Nancy Davis) qdkonfhrif;orD;ESifhvufxyfcJhygonf? xdk@twla&mf(ef) (Ron) ESifhzufx&D±Sm qdkonfhuav;ESpfa,muf&±SdcJhonf? &D*ifueefpDESifhtoufxufqHk;aygif;oif;aexdkif=uonf?

1940 ckESpfESifh 1950 twGif; &D*ifu tar&dutwGif;±SduGefjrLepf0g'Drsm;ESifha[mvD;0k'ftwGif; 0ifa&mufpGufzufxdk;azmufolrsm;[k xif&aomolrsm;udk &J0HhpGmqef@usifajymcJh&if; EdkifiHa&;avmuxJ pwif0ifa&mufvmcJh

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onf? 1940 ckESpfwGif ol@udk ±kyf±Sifo±kyfaqmiftzGJ@tpnf;.OuUXtjzpfa±G;cs,fjcif;cH&cJhonf? TtcsdeftwGif; &D*ifuvnf; rdrd.ygwDudk 'Drdku&ufuae&Dywfbvpfuefodk@ajymif;cJhonf?

&D*ifu 1966 ckESpfwGif u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;+rdK@awmf0eftjzpf 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifta±G;cHcJh+yD; ol.+ydKifbufzufba&mif; (Pat Brown) udktEdkif&±SdcJhonf?+rdK@awmf0efwpfa,muftaeESifh tpdk;&.toHk;p&dwfESifhtcGefaumufjcif;wdk@tay: jzwfawmufjcif;wdk@udk }udK;pm;vkyfavonf? 1969 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHtapmifhwyfom;rsm;udk umvDzdk;eD;,m;wuUodkvf. Berkeley Campus odk@oGm;+yD; trsdK;om;O,smOftay: qlylqENjyaeaomausmif;om;rsm;udk &yfwef@&efapv$wfcJhonf? qlylqENjyaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tapmifhwyfut=urf;enf;oHk;I ESdrfESif;cJhonfhtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;'g%f&m&+yD;wpfa,muftoufqHk;±_H;cJhonf? TonfrSm &D*if. ESpfESpfoufwrf;twGif;vkyfcJhonfh qdk;±Gm;onf[kqdk&rnfh vkyfief;wpfckqdkp&mom±Sdonf?

1976 ckESpfwGif&D*ifu orRwwpfa,muftjzpf ta±G;cH&efqHk;jzwfonf?olonf vuf±SdorRwuJ&,f(vf)azgh('f) (Gerald Ford) udk &DywfbvpfueftwGif;rSpdefac:cJh+yD; aemufqHk;olut±H_;ESifh&ifqdkifcJh&onf? 1980 ckESpfwGifwpfzefjyefvm+yD; vpfb&,f&Dywfbvpfuefa*smh(±Sf)bk(±Sf)ESifh,SOf+ydKifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf a*smh(±Sf)bk(±Sf)udktEdkif&+yD; ,if;udk 'kwd,orRwtaeESifhae&may;cJhonf? ,if;wdk@ESpfa,mufrS orRwm*sifrDumwm (Jimmy Carter)

(,cifuazgh'fudk 1976 ckESpfwGifatmifEdkifol) udktEdkif&±Sd&ef}udK;pm;avonf? 1981 ckESpftoufajcmufq,fudk;ESpft±G,fwGif &D*ifudkorRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJh+yD; tar&duefordkif;wGif touft}uD;qHk;orRwjzpfcJhonf?

&D*iforRwpjzpfjzpfjcif; ol@udk*|ef[ifhvD (John Hinckley) qdkolu 1981

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ckESpfrwfv 30 &ufae@wGifaoewfESifhypfcJhonf? xl;jcm;onfhtcsufrSm[ifhvDonf &D*ifuEdkifiHa&;t&ypfcwfjcif;r[kwfbJ i,f±G,faom±kyf±Sifrif;orD;a*sm'Dzdk@'fpwm (Jodie Foster) oabmusatmifomjzpfa=umif;ajzmifhcsufay;cJhonf? TuJhodk@&D*ifu ta&;ay:cGJpdwfr_cH,l+yD;aemufvkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf? xdk@aemuf wpfESpfwnf;twGif;=o*kwfvrSmyif &Duifonfav,mOftoGm;tvmxdef;csKyfa&;ar#mfpiftvkyform;rsm;13˜000 ausmfu ol@trdef@udkem;rcHyJ qENjycJhaoma=umifh tvkyfrSxkwfypfvdkufonf?

&D*if.t"duay:vpDrSm z,f'&,ftpdk;&.t±G,ftpm;ESifhwm0ef0wW&m;udkav#mhcs&efESifh ol.pD;yGg;a&;ay:vpDjzpfaom “Reaganomics*” ay:vpDrSpD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mu|rf;usifoltmomvmzm (Arthur Laffer) . Supply–side oDtdk&Day:wGiftajccHxm;ygonf? 1990 ckESpf&Dywfbvpfuef.ygwDtwGif;,SOf+ydKifr_wGif bk(±Sf)u,if;.oDtdk&Dudk voodoo economice* [kac:onf?tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf tjcm;olrsm;uJhodk@ ol,Hk=unfonfhtcsufrSm Tay:vpDonfwu,fhvufawG@wGif toHk;csEdkifrnfr[kwf[lIyif? ,ae@pD;yGg;a&;u|rf;usifolrsm;ubk(±Sf).tjriftay: oabmwlnDr_±Sd=uonf?

*&D*ifaemrpf (Reaganomics) qdkonfhpum;vHk;rSm (Reagon &D*ifESifh economic–pD;

yGg;a&;) [lIjzpf+yD; ,ciftar&dueforRwa&me,f(vf)&D*ifrS xkwfaz:cJhonfhpD;yGg;a&; rl0g'jzpfonf? &D*ifpD;yGg;a&; rl0g'.t"dutcsufav;ckrSm –

• tpdk;&.jrifhrm;vmaomtoHk;p&dwfudkav#mhcsjcif;• 0ifaiGtay:tcGefaumufa=u;rsm;av#mhcs&ef• pD;yGg;a&;tay:xm;±Sdxm;aomtpdk;&.pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;av#mhcs&ef

• aiGa=u;odyfonf;r_udkav#mhcs&eftwGufaiGxkwfa0r_udkxdef;csKyf&e f Voodoo Economic onf&D*ifaemrpf.tjcm;emrnfwpfckjzpf+yD; xdkpD;yGg;a&;rl0g

'udkr}udKufaomolrsm;u Al'l (Voodoo) pD;yGg;a&;pepf[kac:=uonf? Voodoo rSm

atmufvrf;ynm[kt"dyg,f&onf?

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orRw&D*ifrJqG,fpOfu tpdk;&.toHk;tpGJudk av#mhcsrnf[kajymcJhaomfvnf; wu,fwGifrlumuG,fa&;buftoHk;p&dwfrsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhay;cJhonf?

&D*ifonf a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmudkppfwyf/ vufeufypPnf;ud&d,m(±dk;±dk;jzpfap/ t%kjrLvufeuf)/ enf;pepfrsm;ESifhokawoejyKr_rsm;twGuftoHk;jyKcJhonf? ol.pDrHudef;rsm;jzpfaom SDI odk@r[kwf pwm;0g; (Star

Wars) pDrHudef;twGuf ukefusp&dwfwpfckwnf;rSm a':vmukaËukËm ($

1 trillion) ausmf±SdcJhaomfvnf; aemufqHk;TpDrHudef;rSmwjznf;jznf;ysufpD;oGm;cJhonf? &D*ifu Todk@jyKvkyf&jcif;rSm 1940 ckESpftv,fydkif;u tar&duESifhppfat;ppfyGJqifEGJcJhonfh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. tar&dueftay:xdk;ppfqifvmEdkifzG,f&mtajctae±Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? TuJhokd@ppfa&; ppf&mjyifqifr_rsm;vkyfaeapumrl qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmifrDac;(vf)udkAmacsmh(Af).pGrf;aqmifr_a=umifh tar&duESifhqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkt=um; qufqHa&;wdk;jr‡ifhvmcJhonf? udkAmacsmh(Af)ESifh&D*ifwdk@pmcsKyfrsm;pGmudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh+yD; &D*if.'kwd,oufwrf;wGif EdkifiHESpfEdkifiHpvHk;rS t%kjrLvufeufxkwfa0r_udkav#mhcscJh=uonf?

qdkAD,ufESifhqufqHa&;aumif;rGefvmaomfvnf; &D*ifu urBmwpfv$m;±SduGefjrLepfrsm;udk qufvufwdkufcdkufcJhonf? 1982 ckESpftwGif; tar&duefwdk@rSu&ife'g (Grenada) EdkifiHodk@ usK;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;tcGifhay;cJh+yD; uGef*&ufuol@udk Tvkyf&yfw&m;r0if[kowday;cJhonfhwdkif eDu&muGg (Nicar-

-agua) wGif±Sdaomqef@usifr_rsm;udkaxmufcHcJhonf? olorRwjzpfonfhoufwrf;wGif tar&durS,if;.+idrf;pm;wyfwdk@udk vufbEGefodk@ydk@aqmif+yD;t=urf;zuform;rsm;udkaxmufcHonfhvpfAsm;EdkifiHudkAHk;}uJcJhonf?

1984 ckESpfwGif wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;u &D*ifudktdrfjzLawmfwGif aemufoufwrf;wpfcktvkyfvkyf&efa±G;cs,fcJhonf? &D*ifrdrd.+ydKifbufa0gvfwmrGef

a';vfudktjywftowftEdkif&±SdcJhonf? &D*if.'kwd,oufwrf;wGif tcuftcJrsm;ESifhjynfhESufae+yD; ,if;udktD&efrsm;xHodk@ vufeufa&mif;cs+yD;eDu&muGg±Sd uGefjrLepfqef@usifonfhtzGJ@rsm;tm; axmufyHhjcif;qdkonfh pGyfpGJcsufa=umifh Iran–countra t±_yftaxG;tay: pHkprf;axmufvSrf;r_udk&ifqdkifae&ygonf?

&D*ifonf rdrd.oufwrf;jynfh+yD;aemuf 1989 ckESpfwGif a*smh(±Sf)bk(±Sf)udkorRwtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJhonf? xdk@aemufolu ol.avmhpftdef;*s,fvpf/ b,f(vf)tJwGif±Sdaom tdrftopfwGifoGm;IaexdkifcJhonf?1992 ckESpfwGifolu Iran–Contra t±SKyftaxG;ta=umif; odyfor#ajymjyrnf[k uwday;cJhonf? odk@aomf pHkprf;axmufvSrf;olrsm;u ol.xGufqdkcsufrsm;udk±kyfodrf;cJhonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf &D*ifwGitfwdwfY jzpfay:onfht&mrsm;udk jyefIaumif;aumif;rGefrGefowdr&awmhaoma=umifhod±Sd onfhtwGufjzpfonf? r=umcif q&m0efuol@tm; (Alzheimer’s)

a&m*gudkcHpm;ae&onfhtwGuf ,if;.rSwfOm%fudk xdcdkufaponf[kqdkonf? &D*ifonfvlrsm;a±S›Y 1994 ckESpfrSpIaysmufuG,foGm;+yD; ol.ZeD;onfeef pDESifhtoufxufqHk;aexdkifoGm;cJhonf? &D*ifonfb,f(vf)tJ/umvDzdk;eD;,m;±SdaetdrfY ZGefv 5 &ufae@ 2004 ckESpfY uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

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Tta&;tcif;onf 1989 ckESpfZGefv 5 &ufae@wGif Forbidden +rdK@odk@oGm;aomvrf;jzpfaomwD,merif (Tiananmen) &ifjyifwGifqENjyaeaomolrsm;udk w±kwftpdk;&u t=urf;zufenf;jzifhajz±Sif;cJhaom aemufwpfae@wGifjzpfay:cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdkae@Y wifhum;rsm;onfwD,merif&ifjyif±Sd&modk@csDwufvmaepOf vlwpfa,mufu wifhum;rsm;a±S›wGifoGm;I &yfae+yD;ol. vufwpfbufpDwGiftxkyfwpfxkyfpDudkudkifxm;ygonf? wifhum;rsm;&yfoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif xdkolonfwifhum;rsm;xGufoGm;&ef vufjzifhcg,rf;aeonfudkawG@&rnf? wc%t=umwGif wifhum;yxrwpfpD;u ol@udka±Smif+yD;armif;xGufoGm;&m oluvnf;wifhum;oGm;onfhvrf;wGifyifoGm;I&yfaevdkufonf? wifhum;rsm;a±S›wGifydwf qdk@&yfae+yD;onfhaemuf xdkvluwifhum;tay:wGifwufoGm;I wifhum;armif;orm;ESifhoGm;Ipum;ajymonf? olajymaompum;rsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGifuGJjym;pGma&;xm;onfudkawG@&rnf? ,if;pum;rsm;rSm “bmvdk@'Dudkvm&wmvJ? igwdk@&Jh+rdK@z±kdz&Juarmufurjzpf&wm rif;wdk@a=umifhyJ? vmwJhvrf;uvSnfhjyef+yD; igwdk@vl

]]bmvdkU'Dudkvm&wmvJ/ igwdkU&JhNrdKUzNzdKz&Juarmufurjzpf&wmrif;wdkUaMumifhyJ/}}

"Why are you here? My city is in chaos because of you."

wifhum;vlom; wifhum;vlom; (Tank Man) odkŒr[kwftrnfrodawmfvSefa&;orm;udk=um;zl;ygovm;? 1989 ckESpfZGefv5 &ufae@wD,merif&ifjyifqENjyyGJYoluwifhum;rsm;a±S›wGif&yfIqENjyae

pOfol@udkuifr&mrsm;/ AGD'D,dkwdyfacGrsm;jzifh±dkuful;xm;+yD; owif;Xgersm;wGifjyocJhojzifh ol@udkurBmw0Srf;vHk;u od±SdIemrnfausmf=um;vmcJhonf?

wifhum;vlom; (1989)

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awGudkowfjzwfjcif;u&yf=uyg?” wpfcsdK@uvJ “xGufoGm;yg” [kom±dk;±dk;a&;xm;onf? AGD'D,dkxJwGif ol@&JhvlwpfcsdK@u ol@udkvltkyfxJwGifqGJac:oGm;+yD; wifhum;rsm;onfvnf; a±S›udkqufvufxGufoGm;=uonfudkawG@&onf?

ol.v_yf±Sm;r_rSm tcsdefwdktwGif;r#omjzpfaomfjim;vnf; rnfonfhbmompum;ajymaomolrqdk/ rnfonfhtouft±G,frqdk/ pmrzwfwwfaomolrsm;ESifh armfpDwHk;ta=umif;wpfcgrSr=um;zl;olrsm;yifv#if wifhum;vlom;.vkyf&yfudkem;vnf=uonf? wef;pD&yfaeaomwifhum;rsm;a±S›wGifvlwpfa,muf&yfaeonfhowif;yHkonf nwGif;csif;rSmyif urBmtESH@±Sdowif;=unfholrsm;xJa&muf±SdoGm;onf? owif;pm&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif xkdowif;udk owif;pmESifhowif;pmr*~Zif;[email protected];}uD;ydkif;owif;wGif ygvmonfudkawG@&rnf? xdk@twlurBmt&yf&yf±Sd owif;Xgersm;wGifvnf; xdkolta=umif;toHv$ifhxm;onfudkawG@&rnf? xdkol@"gwfyHkudk ±dkuful;aom"gwfyHkorm;wpfOD;onf,if;yHkudk Life Magazine . “urBmudkajymif;vJaom"gwfyHktyHk 100” xJwGifaz: jyxm;onfudkawG@&rnf? 1998 ckESpf{+yDvwGif tar&duEdkifiHrSxkwfa0aom “Time Magazine” rStrnfrodaomawmfvSefa&;orm;udk 20 &mpktwGif; vlrsm;tay:v$rf;rdk;r_±Sdaomvl100 a,mufxJrS wpfa,muftjzpfa±G;cs,fxm;onfudkawG@&rnf?

20 &mpk.emrn fausm f€¦ · ii 20 &mpk.emrn fausm fyk*~dkv f}u d;rsm; famous leaders in...

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