2000/2001 Household Budget Survey (HBS)

Conducted by

The National Bureau of Statistics

Sample Design

• 22,178 Households were covered in 2000/01

• Around 1,000 Households in each region

• The Survey provides Regional Estimates

• 4,823 Households were covered in 1991/92

• It provides National Estimates

• Both surveys provide rural/urban/DSM

Information Collected

• Household Members’ Education, Economic Activities and Health Status

• Household Expenditure, Consumption and Income

• Ownership of Consumer Goods and Assets

• Housing Structure and Building Materials, and

• Household Access to Services and Facilities

Analysis: General Issues

• In framework of poverty monitoring &

policy: Tanzania development Vision

2025, National Poverty Eradication

Strategy and the PRSP,

•Analysis guided by the Research and

Analysis TWG and stakeholder

consultations

• Provides a baseline for the future

• Describes trends in 1990s, comparing

with HBS 1991/92

RESULTS

The Tanzanian Household

Percentage of Households Headed by

Women by Area

14

24

17 1821

28

22 23

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

DSM Other Urban Rural Total

91/9200/01

Percentage of Households Living in Dwellings Made of

Modern Materials

21

16

43

26

25

36

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

91/92 00/01

Non-earth floor

Durable walls

Concrete /metal roof

Household Amenities

• Fall in Average Distance to Some Key Services (Markets, Public Transport, Shops)

• Increase in Ownership of a Number of Consumer Goods

• 10% of Hhs are Connected to Electricity National Grid

• This Increased in Urban Areas Only

Percentage of Households with Mains Electricity

Dodoma6%

Arusha11%

Kilimanjaro18%

Tanga7%

Morogoro10%

Pwani6%

Dar es Salaam59%

Lindi5%

Mtwara5%

Ruvuma5%

Iringa6%

Mbeya9%

Singida5%

Tabora4%

Rukwa4%

Kigoma6%

Shinyanga3%

Kagera2%

Mwanza5%

Mara10%

Percent

2 - 4

5 - 9

10 - 14

15 - 19

20 - 59

Education

Percentage of Adults with Some Education, by Sex and

Area, 2000/01

96 9280 83

8982

6368

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

DSM Other Urban Rural Total

MaleFemale

Percentage of Children Aged 7-13 in School, 1991/92 and 2000/01

66 6456 57

76 77

58 61

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

DSM Other Urban Rural Total

91/9200/01

• There are Many Over Aged Children in Primary School

• They are Often Below the Class they Should be in for Their Age

• Enrolment in Secondary Education is Low, 5% of 14 – 17 year olds are in Forms 1-IV

Health

Percent of People Ill or Injured in the Last Four

Weeks

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0-4 5-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

Male Female

Source of Consultation

Government

Dispensary/hospital 41.6

Regional hospital 3.1

Community health centre 10.4

Private, modern  

Dispensary/hospital 22.3

Doctor/dentist 7.0

Missionary hospital/dispensary

9.2

Other  

Traditional healer 15.0

Pharmacy/chemist 2.5

Other 1.7

Client (User) Satisfaction

• Clients reported most dissatisfaction with Govt. Providers

• Long waiting times• Lack of Drugs

• High Cost of Modern private care

• Ineffectiveness of Treatment for Traditional Healers

Drinking Water

Source of Drinking Water

Other 1%

Unprotected 44%

Other P rotected 16%

P iped 39%

Economic Activities

Economic Activity of Adults

Activity 91/92 00/01

Farming, livestock or fishing 72.8 63.2

Employee – government 3.4 1.9

Employee – parastatal 1.8 0.6

Employee – other 2.0 4.1

Self-employed with employees 4.5 1.9

Self-employed without employees 0.3 6.1

Unpaid family helper in business 1.8 8.5

Housewife, house-maker or household chores

3.6 6.2

Student 6.3 2.8

Inactive 3.5 4.6

Total 100.0 100.0

• About 89% of Rural Hhs owned Land for Agriculture or Grazing, As was in 1991/92

• The Degree of Agriculture Mechanisation among Rural Hhs is Low – 11% Own a Plough, only 0.2% have a Tractor

Household Consumption

Expenditure Recorded over One Month

• The survey recorded everything that the interviewed households consumed over one month

• It included food and other items that have been purchased, and food grown by the Hh and consumed during the month

• It excluded household expenditure that was not for consumption, e.g., purchasing inputs for a farm worked by the household

Trends in Household Consumption Expenditure

per Person

• Average Consumption is highest in Dar es Salaam and lowest in Rural Areas (TShs. 21,949 compared to 8,538)

• After adjusting for inflation, Hh consumption rose by around 17%

• The largest rise was in DSM

Percentage Share of Consumption by type of Item

Consumed

1991/92 2002/02

Food – Purchased 35.8 38.6

Food – Home Produced 35.5 26.8

Durable Goods 7.2 7.3

Medical Expenditure 0.9 2.2

Education Expenditure 0.8 2.0

Other Non – Durable 19.7 23.1

Total 100.0 100.0

of which, Total Food 71.3 65.4

Income Poverty and Inequality

House-hold

Data

TotalExp.

Non-Cons.

Cons.Cons.AE

PovertyLine

NotPoor

Poor

Overview of Poverty Analysis

AE = Adult Equivalent

Poverty Lines – TShs for 28 days per Adult Equivalent

1991/92 2000/01

Food Poverty Line 2,083 5,295

Basic Needs Poverty Line

2,777 7,253

Percentage of the Population below the Basic Needs Poverty Line,

1991/92 and 2000/01

28 29

4139

18

26

3936

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

DSM Other Urban Rural Total

91/9200/01

• Because of population growth, there was an increase in the number of individuals living in poverty (11.4 mill in 2000/01 compared to 9.5 mill in 1991/92)

• A small increase in inequality occurred

Percentage of Poor Individuals, by Education of Household Head,

1991/92 and 2000/01

4651

36

13

5146

32

12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

None AdultEducation

Primary Only AbovePrimary

91/9200/01

Percentage of Population below the Basic Needs Poverty

Line

Dodoma34%

Arusha39%

Kilimanjaro31%

Tanga36%

Morogoro29%

Pwani46%

Dar es Salaam18%

Lindi53%

Mtwara38%

Ruvuma41%

Iringa29%

Mbeya21%

Singida55%

Tabora26%

Rukwa31%

Kigoma38%

Shinyanga42%

Kagera29%

Mwanza48%

Mara46%

Percent

10 - 19

20 - 29

30 - 3940 - 49

50 - 59

Reported Income

A Diversity of Sources

• The sale of Agricultural products was the main source of Cash Income for 62% of Hhs, compared with 67% in 1991/92

• Food Crops remain the most important single source

• The importance of cash crops has fallen. They provide the main cash source for only 17% of Hhs

• Agriculture provides slightly over half of total household Income, 60% in rural areas.

Mean Monthly Income per Earner by Gender and

Educational Level (‘000 TShs)

18

38

9684

38

16 20

45 43

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

None Primary Secondary Tetiary Total

MaleFemale

Conclusions

• Income poverty is high and many social indicators are poor

• There are large differences in the indicators between different groups

• The largest gap is between urban and rural populations – the rural population is much poorer

• Regional differences are more variable; some are consistently disadvantaged e.g Lindi, Singida

• Differences between men and women are smaller than the geographical differences

• Women have lower incomes than men and less education, but girls have higher primary school enrolment

• Many measures of welfare show modest improvements during the 1990s

• The economy diversified and household consumption has increased

• The proportion who are poor has fallen slightly, although the absolute numbers has risen.

• But there have been increases in inequality – particularly between urban and rural areas