,

4:

.-. , . , 2002

ii

: 2001 - 2002 : 18 000 000 ( 52 825) . : : , - : . : . : . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .-. , . 12 2002 http://www.itia.ntua.gr/g/projinfo/77/. , , http://www.itia.ntua.gr/2002plastiras/.

iii

v

vi

vii

1 1

1.1 ......................................................................................................................................1

1.2 ...........................................................................................................................1

1.3 ...................................................................................................................7

2 10

2.1 ....................................................................................................................................10

2.2 .................................................................11

2.3 ...............................................................14

2.4 .........................................................15

2.5 ...................................................................................16

2.6 ...................................................................................17

2.7 ..............................................................................19

2.8 ..........................................................................................21

3 22

3.1 .....................................................................................22

3.2 ........................................................25

3.3 ....................................................................................................................26

4 28

4.1 ................................................................................................................................28

4.2 ........................................................................................................................30

4.3 ................................................................................................................................30

4.4 ...........................................................................................................................31

4.5 .....................................................................................................................31

4.6 ................................................................................................................32

iv

5 33

5.1 .............................................................................................................33

5.2 ............................................................................33

5.3 .........................................................................................................34

5.4 ................................................................................39

5.5 ...........................................................................................................................41

: 43

: 56

: 61

: 63

: Lago di Como, 65

72

v

. -, (792 m), (776 m). . , . 786 m . , 782 m, , , . , , . , , , , , . , .

The level of Lake Plastira varies widely due to water release. Specifically, the level varies from 792 m, which is spill level, to 776 m, which is the lowest level. This variation affects the landscape to a high degree. In this report the aesthetics of the landscape of Lake Plastira is examined, focusing on the effects of level variation. The conclusion is that for levels around 786 m or greater, there are minimal effects on the landscape and virtually everyone finds it wonderful. For lower levels, down to about 782 m, the landscape is significantly affected, mostly due to the dead zone revealed by the lowering of the level; most first or second-time visitors find it beautiful, but many inhabitants of the area and people who visit it regularly anticipate problems. For even lower levels, only visitors who do not come regularly may find the landscape satisfactory, and only in a few observation points. Apart from level variation, other problems of the landscape are discussed, namely those resulting from development. Such problems concern roads, boats, buildings, signs, and light pollution, and it is concluded that the area must be protected. In addition, some preliminary suggestions are made concerning the creation of tourist attractions and infrastructure which should fit the character of the area.

vi

1.1: .......................................................................... 3 1.2: ....................................... 4 1.3: ........................................................................................ 4 1.4: ........................................................................... 5 1.5: .................................................................................................. 5 1.6: ................................................................... 5 1.7: ................................................. 6 1.8: .............. 6 1.9: ......................................................... 6 1.10: ................................ 7 2.1: ................................... 10 2.2: .............................................................. 14 2.3: ........ 17 2.4: ................................................................................................ 20 3.1: ...................................... 26 4.1: , ................... 30 4.2: ................................................... 30

vii

1.1: ........................................................................................... 2 1.2: ......................................................................................................... 8 2.1: ........................................................................................... 10 2.2: ........................................................ 11 2.3: , ....................... 12 2.4: ................................. 13 2.5: ......................................................................................... 15 2.6: .................................................................................. 16 2.7: ............................................................................ 18 2.8: ......................................................................................... 19 2.9: .................................... 20 2.10: ............................................................................... 21 3.1: .............................................................................. 22 3.2: ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.3: ............................................................................................... 23 3.4: ............................................ 24 3.5: .......................................................................................... 24 3.6: ...................................................................................................... 25 3.7: ................................................................... 27 4.1: ........................................................................... 29 4.2: .............................................................. 29 4.3: . .............................................................. 30 4.4: ................................. 31 4.5: ....................................................................................... 32 5.1: .............................................................. 34 5.2: ............................................ 35 5.3: ................................................................................................................. 35 5.4: ................................................................ 36 5.5: Bellagio, Como, ................................................ 37 5.6: ....................... 37 5.7: ........................................................ 38 5.8: ............................................................................ 38 5.9: Como, ..................................................... 38 5.10: Bellagio, Como, ............................ 39 5.11: Como, ................................... 40 A.2: 2..................................................... 45 A.3: 3..................................................... 46 A.4: 4.................................................... 47 A.5: 5......................................................... 48 A.6: 6............................ 49 A.7: 7..................................................... 50 A.8: . ....................................................................................... 51 A.9: ......... 52

viii

A.10: .............................................................................. 53 A.11: 11 ........................... 54 A.12: 11.1 ....................... 55

1

1

1.1 1960 . . 1967 (, 1967). (1986). () . ( , .) .

, : . , , . , . , , .

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4

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. . :

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, 1.3 ( , 1995, . 181).

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1 0-500 m ,

, . 2 500-5000 m . 3 >5000 m

.

1.2.5

( , 1995, . 204208, ) . 1.4. 1.7 1.5 1.6.

5

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.

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: (2001, . 6970)

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. (Appleton, 1995, . 182). . .

1.3 De gustibus et coloribus non est disputandum

; ; , . Kant , , (Beardsley, 1976).

8

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, . , .

. , Leibniz. . . . , . .

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9

, .

. . . .

10

2

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.

(1954) 25 km2 ( ). , , ( 2.1).

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161.3 km2 2140 m 794 m 792 m 776 m 25 km2 15 km2

11

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. , , , . (, 1977). ( , 1995, . 147). , , .

. 1000 m . , , , , . , . , . , ,

2.2:

. . , , . . , , - . , , . .

, . , Como Lugano, , ,. . .

12

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13

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. (, , ) , , , , . , -, .

14

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. . .

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. , .

. , .

. , . .

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15

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. , - ( ), ( ).

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16

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. ( , , .). 4.1 .

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17

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. , . . ( ), , , .

, .

: (2000, . 2640 2001, . 6872) . , 786 m. 3.2, 2.3.

2.6 2.6.1

9 15 km2 ( , 776 m), , 2.2.1, . , , , . , :

18

2.6.2

2.7:

. . , . (, 1998). ( - ). , , , , . . .

. , , . .

19

2.6.3

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2.7 1.2.5. 2.4. 1.5, ( 2.10 ). , . .

20

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.

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.

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. 3/4 , , 1.6, .

21

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. (. 4-6) , . .

22

3

(792 m) (776 m).

, ( -). 25 15 km2 ( ), . , , .

3.1 ( ) .

. ( , , , ), (Nebel and Wright, 1981, . 28). , , . , , .

, ( 3.1):

, .

. . , , , .

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23

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() () . , . ( , .)

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24

. 792 m, , , 1 2 . , , , 3-4 . , 787 m. , , , 790 m . , .

, .

( ). , , , . .

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. .

3.5:

. .

25

( 3.6). .

3.6:

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. . , , - , . :

( )

, , . , .

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. .

' . , . , , .

26

, , . , 15 km2; , 776 m 10 km2, , o , , . 20% ( , ).

, ( 2.5), 787 m , 783 m. : , , , , , , .

( 2.7), , . , ( 2.8), .

3.1.

3.1:

(786 792 m) -

.

(782 786 m) . . .

(776 782 m) . - , 3.

3.3 . , . , .

1990 , 782 m. . 3.7.

27

3.7:

15 2001, 781.00 m.

28

4

, . . , , , . , , . . , 5.

4.1 4.1, , , , .

, (, 1986 . 4.2). , . . , (. 4.1), . , , , .

29

4.1:

-. . . . .

4.2:

Texas Department of Transportation , , , (: , ). Landscape and Aesthetics Design Manual (Texas Department of Transportation, 2001), Texas Department of Transportation.

, ( 4.2), . . ( ).

30

4.1: ,

40 km/h 100 70 km/h 60

100 km/h 40 : (1995, . 184)

4.2:

() (km) 100 59

27 (27%) 16 (27%)

51 (51%) 34 (58%)

(.. 5 ).

22 (22%) 9 (15%)

, 30 40 km/h.

4.2 , , . , , , . .

4.3: .

, .

4.3 885/06-11-1998. , . , . ,

31

, - ( 4.4).

4.4:

Lugano () Como ().. , . . , ( ) .

4.4 ( ) (, 2000, . 184185 , 2001, . 24).

. . , ( ) .

4.5 . , , , , . , .

, , . , . , .

32

4.5:

, . , , , , .

4.6 . , . , ., , . , .

. . , . , (, , , , ) , .

.

33

5

5.1 3.2. 3.1 (. 26) , 5.1 - . , , , . , 5.1 .

5.1:

(m)

788792 (788790) (790792).

786788 .

784786 , , - .

782784 , .

776782 , .

5.2 , : . 5.1 . . 7 , . ,, , , .

34

5.1:

, , 781 m. .

5.3 , . . 2.7 (. 18), , , . ( 5.2), . , 5.3, .

35

5.2:

5.3:

.

36

, . ( 5.4). , , . .

5.4:

. , , . (, ) , ..

. :

. - . .

, .

, . , . , . . . () .

, , . 5.5, .

37

5.5: Bellagio, Como,

885/6-11-1998, 793.1 , . , , .

, . , 1996.

5.6:

, . . , .

(, 1986). , , , .. ( 5.7) . , ( 5.8).

38

5.7:

. Como, , (cut and cover).

5.8:

5.9: Como,

, , . (.. ) . , . -.

39

5.10: Bellagio, Como,

, , , , , , - , .

5.4 , , , , , . , Leader, (. - . , ), -. , (Bucher1, , 2002). .

, , Como , , (Bucher, , 2002). , - , , . , . , Como, 20 , , .

. 1 . Gianfranco Bucher Azienda di Promozione Turistica del Comasco, .

40

. ( Como Lugano) , ( ). , .

, , 1950, ( ). , .

5.11: Como,

. , . . , ( , , ).

- , (Villani2, , 2002).

TEAM 4 (TEAM 4 2001) :

2 Dott. Giuseppe Villani Como, .

41

( , ) .

, .

5.5 . .

- . 3 . / .

. Kant : , , , , . ' , , , a priori .

Kant , , .

. , , /, .

( ) . , Canter .

. ,

3 .

42

: .

43

:

. 1 10 . GPS ( ). .

35-58 mm. , ( ). ( ) , 35 58 mm. 35 mm , , 58 mm 4, 9 360, , . , . 35 mm, 40-58 mm. . 5 ( , , , ) . , .

( 784,7), http://www.itia.ntua.gr/2002plastiras/.

44

1 N 3916.629 02144.100 958 m

-

1

1

.

1 .

A.1: 1

45

2 N 3918.444 02144.072 797 m

2

2 [35m]

.

2

A.2: 2

46

3 N 3920.715 02142.363 806 m

3

.

3

3 . .

A.3: 3

47

4 N 3919.759 02143.317 816 m

4

.

4

4 . - 150.

A.4: 4

48

5 N 3914.227 02145.237 872 m

5

.

5

5 . . 5 .

A.5: 5

49

6 N 3914.293 02145.153 823 m

6

.

5

6 . .

A.6: 6

50

7 N 3917.580 02146.431 802 m

.

7

7

-

7 . .

A.7: 7

51

8 N 3914.242 02144.238 1213 m 8 . . , 10-15 ..

A.8: .

.

52

9 N 3914.168 02144.772 =803

9

.

9

9 .

A.9:

53

10 N 3915.688 02144.478 =1006

10

.

10

10 . . 10.

A.10:

54

11 N 3916.650 02144.161 921 m

11.1 N 3916.551 02144.544 791 m . . , 11. 11 . 11.1.

. 2-7-01 . .

A.11: 11

55

A.12: 11.1

56

:

. . . .

. GIS .

57

(:=1/10).

, . . , . , 2 ( 500 m), , .

, , . , .

. ( ) . .

, ( ) , (-). , .

58

. . ( ) . . .

( ) .

, , ( ) .

( )

( ) , . , .

59

60

61

:

( ) . ( ) .

. ( ) .

, , . . . , . . , .

( ) . ( ). . . "" 786-7 .

.

62

.

fractal. fractal (Mandelbrot, 1977). Adam Smith . . ( ), , . , , , :

Mandelbrot:

/ . 2,5-2,6 . 2 . 1.5-1.6 790

2.5-2,6 ( ) 785-6. . , ( ) . .

' . : . / .

, , , ( ) .

63

:

1. 2001 784.7 m

29/6/2001 .

30/6/2001 1 6. .

1/7/2001 7 10. .

2/7/2001 . . 11 11.1.

3/7/2001 . , , .

4/7/2001 .

2. 2001 782.6 m

27/7/2001 .

28/7/2001 1 10. .

29/7/2001 .

3. 2001 781.3 m

19/8/2001 .

20/8/2001 1 7. .

21/8/2001 7 10. .

22/8/2001 . . .

4. 2001 781.0 m

64

14/9/2001 .

15/9/2001 .

16/9/2001 . . . .

5. 2001 780.7 m

9/11/2001 .

10/11/2001 . - .

11/11/2001 . - . .

6. 2001 780.9 m

7/12/2001 .

8/12/2001 .

9/12/2001 . .

65

: Lago di Como,

, .-. . Como, Lugano, . , . http://www.itia.ntua.gr/2002plastiras/.

1. Como (Lago di Como) 30 . 142 410 m . , , Lugano, , , . , , , 10 , , , , , .

66

, : Como (), Lecco (), Colico (). Adda, Colico. Lecco, Adda. 4.5 , Lecco. , 30 cm .

Como, 80.000 .

Como ( ), . , , . .

Lecco , , Como . , (, , ).

67

19 - ' , . , . , . , 1927, .

Como 1939. , 1960 1970, , . . , , . , , . .

2. 4 7 2002. , --. .

Como, Menaggio, . Como ACSM, , , , . Angelo Briccola ( ), Martino Ascoli ( ), . Simone Briccola ( ). , Como ( ), .

Lugano, , 49 . , Como, Como. Lugano

68

, , Lugano, . , Lugano , , Como, Menaggio. Lugano Como.

Como. . Lecco , Bellaggio. .

Dott. Guiseppe Villani, Como, , . Veronica Vittani, . , Azienda di Promozione Turistica del Comasco, . Gianfranco Bucher, , . .

3. . Bucher Como . 1.5 . , 17 . Garda, . , , ( ) . , , Vila Deste, , . ( . Bucher), , . , , , . . Bucher, , , .

Lugano , , Garda : . , . , Garda.

; . Bucher, , . Como; , Como 2000 . , , , . , , , ,

69

, ., , . , trekking, , , .

Como , , . , , . ' Como business tourism, water sports . Como trekking .

Como-Lecco , .

, . Bucher, , . , . Menaggio Bellaggio. .

4. , , , , , . , , cut and cover, . , (>60 km/h) , , . . Como, , , . , , , . , .

Como , . ' , . , .

, , Como Lecco ( ).

Como Lugano . Como , . , , , , .

( Como, , ' Lecco), , , Como Menaggio. , . , ,

70

. : . , , , -. , . , , , , . , : ! ! !, . , , .

, , 1960 1970. Lugano.

5. Dott. Villani Como : Como, , Lecco, . , Lecco , , .

. Como , . , . .

19 , , ( ) 1939.

. Villani , ( ) ( ). , , .

5. . . , , , , .

, , Como Lugano .

71

( ). Como, . , , - . 1960 . . Bellagio, , , . Bellagio, , , . . , ( , , ).

72

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Elements and total consept of URBAN & WATER DESIGN, editorial director Kynko Tsuroi, Graphic-sho publishing Co LTD 1990.

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Goulty, G. A., A dictionary of Landscape, Billing and Sons Ltd, Worcester GB 1991.

Landscape and Aesthetics Design Manual http://manuals.dot.state.tx.us/dynaweb/coldesig/lad/@Generic

Laurine, M., An Introduction to Landscape Architecture, Prentice Hall, NJ 1986.

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TEAM 4, () , , , 2001.

Texas Department of Transportation, Landscape and aesthetics design manual, November 2001.

. . 1998.

, . ., . (), , , 1986.

, ., , , 1958.

, . ., , , , 1986.

, ., , , , 1977.

.., , 3, , 1996.

73

, . . ( ), , , 1967.

Life, , , ., 1994.

Life, , , ., 1995.

, ., , . , , , 1954.

, -., , , , , , , , , 1998.

, . , ' , , 1993

., 96., 2001

, ., : 21 , , , 2001.

, ., , , , 2000.

, , --, 1996

, . , ., , , 1996

, ., . , , - , , 1995.