©2003, elsevier science (usa). all rights reserved. chapter 1,2,& 4 nutrition essentials and...
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©2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 1,2,& 4
NUTRITION ESSENTIALSand Diet Therapy
by Angie Lawson RN, BSN
CHAPTER 1,2,& 4
NUTRITION ESSENTIALSand Diet Therapy
by Angie Lawson RN, BSN
01- 01
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History of Food Guides 1940s—Seven Food Groups; included butter
(for a vitamin D source).
1950s—“Basic Four” Food Groups. Composed of bread, vegetables and fruits, dairy, and meat/protein.
1990s—The Food Guide Pyramid. The foundation of the diet (base of the pyramid) is plant-based; fats and sugars form the smallest part of the diet (tip of the pyramid).
01- 02
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Basic Terms
Nutrition
Malnutrition
Optimal Nutrition
Nutrient
Kilocalorie
Health
Public Health
Holistic Health
Medical Nutrition Therapy
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External Barriers to Adequate Nutrition
Economic
Physical
Cultural
Ecologic
Emotional
Religious
Political
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Positive Meal Environment Positive Conversation
Soft Music
Candles
Eat as a family
Food Variety
Encourage Relaxation
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Know some Positive Ethnic Eating Habits for:
Chinese
French
Japanese
Mediterranean Region
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Vegetarians Lacto-ovo vegetarian
Lacto-vegetarian
Total vegetarian
01- 03
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Macronutrients Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
01- 04
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Carbohydrates Sugars
– Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
Starches
– Polysaccharide
Dietary Fiber
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Proteins Biological Value
Essential Amino Acids
Complete Protein
Incomplete Protein
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Fats (Lipids) Phospholipids
Sterols
Monounsaturated Fats
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
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Triglycerides Diglycerides
Monoglycerides
Glycerol
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Calories per Gram Carbohydrates = 4 kcal Proteins = 4 kcal Fats = 9 kcal
***YOU WILL WANT TO MEMORIZE THIS. YOU WILL
SEE IT AGAIN.***
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Vitamins & Minerals Water soluble
Fat soluble
Major Minerals
Trace Minerals
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Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
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Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B Complex
– Thiamin (Vit B1)
– Riboflavin (Vit B2)
– Niacin (Vit B3)
– Pyridoxine (Vit B6)
– Cobalamin (Vit B12)
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Water Soluble Vitamins (cont.) Folate
Choline
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
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Major Minerals Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
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Trace Minerals Fluoride
Iron
Iodine
Selenium
Zinc
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Other Trace Minerals Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Manganese
Molybdenum
Sulfur
Nickel, Tin, Vanadium & Silicon
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Electrolytes Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Phosphate
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Harmful Minerals Arsenic
Excess Mercury
Lead
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Water > ½ of body weight is water
Intake = Output
Increase intake
– Excessive sweating
– Fever
– Diarrhea
– High protein & fiber diets