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CHAPTER 27RECONSIDERING

NATIONAL PRIORITIES

1972–1979

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“In a nation that was proud of hard work, strong families, close knit communities, and our faith in God, too many of us now tend to worship self-indulgence and consumption.”

President Jimmy Carter, 1979

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TIMELINE1972 February: Nixon announces visit to China

May: Détente initiated during summit meetingJune: Watergate break-inNixon wins reelectionNike shoes foundedMs. Magazine publishedTitle IX of the Educational Amendments

1973 The Ervin Committee hearingsOctober: OPEC’s boycott begins The War Powers ActRoe v. WadeBillie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs

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TIMELINE continued1974 August: Nixon resigns

Jackson-Vanik Amendment1975 April: Saigon falls to NLF and North Vietnamese

Hudson River found to be riddled with PCBs1976 All the President’s Men

Jimmy Carter elected President1977 Panama Canal Treaty signed

Trans-Atlantic Pipeline completed1978 Love Canal sealed off

The China Syndrome1979 March: Camp David Accords signed

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RECONSIDERING NATIONAL PRIORITIES Overview

Twin Shocks: Détente and WatergateDiscovering the Limits of the U.S.

EconomyReshuffling PoliticsDiffusing the Women’s Movement

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TWIN SHOCKS: DÉTENTE AND WATERGATE

Triangular DiplomacyScandal in the White HouseA President Laid Low

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Triangular DiplomacyThe Triangle: U.S., Russia, and ChinaNixon first U.S. President to visit China

(1972)Initiates détente with Soviets

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Scandal in the White HouseJune 17, 1972: Nixon’s reelection campaign breaks

into Democratic National Committee Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel

Cover-up at White House ensuesSecrecy and wire-tappingPublication of the Pentagon Papers in 1971Investigative reporting by Woodward and BernsteinSenate Watergate hearings and the tapesAugust 9, 1974: Nixon resigns

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A President Laid LowThe Watergate shadow

Percentage of voters decreasesMistrust of politicians and politicsQuestions on the balance of powers

Vice President Gerald Ford assumes office and grants a full pardon to Nixon

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DISCOVERING THE LIMITS OF THE U.S. ECONOMY

The End of the Long BoomThe Oil EmbargoThe Environmental Movement

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The End of the Long Boom“Stagflation”

War spending Wages drop Unemployment rise More citizens living in poverty Gap between rich and poor widens Drop in productivity

U.S. corporations move jobs to Mexico Maquiladoras Anti-immigrant sentiments

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The Oil EmbargoIsrael seizes control of the West Bank and

Gaza Strip6 years later, Egypt and Syria attack Israel on

Yom KippurKissinger diplomacy brings ceasefire and

Arab resentment of U.S.-Israel ties October, 1973: OPEC begins embargo on

selling oil to the U.S. or western European nations that supported Israel in the war

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Imported Petroleum as Share of U.S. Consumption

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The Environmental Movement

Sierra Club, National Wildlife Federation and Audubon Society increases membership

Capitalistic growth with finite resourcesAcid rain, smog, rainforest destruction, oil spills,

nuclear waste disposal, species extinction, ozone depletion, global warming, toxic chemicals

Cigarette smoking declines, organic foods, popularity of running, recycling, DDT banned, reduction on national speed limit to 55mph

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RESHUFFLING POLITICSCongressional Power Reasserted“I Will Never Lie to You”Rise of a PeacemakerThe War on Waste

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Congressional Power Reasserted

War Powers Act of 1973: President cannot wage war for more than 90 days without consent of Congress

Jackson-Vanik Amendment: ties human rights to détente

Congressional investigations of CIA, FBI, My Lai

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“I Will Never Lie to You”Jimmy Carter wins Presidency in 1976A reaction to the previous years of corruptionA poor economy and a fragmentation in the

Democratic party for the new presidentMoralistic views and a desire to balance the

federal budget hampers Carter’s work with the Congress

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Rise of a PeacemakerPardon of draft resisters Promotion of human rightsDesire to end racial discrimination Reigns in CIA and fires G.H.W. BushSigns treaties giving Panama

sovereignty over canalCamp David Accords

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The War on Waste“the Moral equivalent of war”:

conservation of energyDepartment of Energy Tax incentives for development of

alternative sources of energyRevolution in Iran

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DIFFUSING THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

The Meanings of Women’s LiberationNew Opportunities in Education, the

Workplace, and Family LifeEquality Under the LawBacklash

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The Meanings of Women’s Liberation

Personal relationships: Ms. Magazine

Public arenaEqual pay for equal work

LawBringing to light domestic abuse and rape

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New Opportunities in Education, the Workplace, and Family Life

Education: Number of women law students increases by 35% in 10 years; co-educational colleges

Workplace: women work in non-traditional jobs such as police office, construction workers; success in the professional careers such as doctors and lawyers

Family Life:more women in workforce changes role at home, chores shared with husband, but often in addition to outside job. Divorce rates climb as well.

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Equality Under the LawTitle IX: comparable dollars for men’s and

women’s sports programs

Equal Rights Amendment: approved by Congress and sent to states for ratification

Roe v. Wade: grants women right to make decision of whether to continue a pregnancy

The Selective Service Act of 1980

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BacklashWomen’s new found economic

independence and educational opportunities alter male-female relationships

Resistance from women’s groups Shafly’s stop-ERA campaign helps defeat

ratificationHyde Amendment: no Medicaid funds for

indigent to have abortions