2004 lippincott williams & wilkins cells, tissues, organs, diseases, diagnosis, and drugs

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Diseases, Diagnosis, and Drugs


The term cell, meaning small room, was used to describe the structures first observed in 1665 by Robert Hooke as he examined cork using microscope. He noted that small cells were part of a larger web of woven tissue

The study of cells that comprise the human body became known ………….. And the study of tissue became known as ……………….

Four basic types Epithelial

Covers and protects body structures, lines organs Connective

Supports and binds body structures Muscle (root: my/o)

Contracts to produce movement Nervous (root: neur/o)

Makes up brain, spinal cord and nerves


4 Basic Tissue Types


Organs and Organ Systems

Organs Comprised of tissues Grouped into

systems Systems

Have specific function

Work together, not independently


Body cells combine to form tissues and combinations of tissues compose the organs necessary for body functions.

Organs act together as part of the body systems. For example, the kidneys are ……….that function to filter blood as part of the urinary system. (urin/o means and -ary means………..

The Greek combining form for kidney is nephro/o and Latin is…………..

The medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of the urinary tract is called…………

The physician who particularly specializes in the study and treatment of the kidneys is known as a …………..

Examination of body cells and tissues is part of the medical specialty concerned with the study of disease known as……………

The physician who is a specialist in the study of disease is called a ………..


Plas/o is a combining form meaning ……….., anddys- is a prefix meaning bad, difficult, or…… . Dysplasia is

the term used to describe abnormal cell and tissue development, and neoplasia, referring to a condition of ……………formation, is the term used to describe the formation of cells and tissue into tumor.

The suffix for tumor is……… . A cancerous tumor is called …………The specialty concerned with the study of tumors and cancers is…………

The largest organ of the body, the skin, is part of the integumentary system. Integument is Latin for skin and dermat/o is Greek meaning………….The specialty field involved with the study and treatment of skin diseases is called ……………. The specialist is a…………..

The muscoskeletal system provides support and gives shape to the body……………..is the combining form for bone and arthr/o is the combining form meaning…………, the hinge between bones


The cardiovascular system consists of the ………….and ……… that transport blood throughout the body. Blood provides transport for oxygen nutrients and wastes the study of blood is called………..

Pneum/o meaning………is the key combining form of the respiratory system which is responsibel for gaseous exchange. Rhin/o is the Greek combining form for meaning …………and the Latin is………..

The nervous system is a complicated network of nerves and fibres that control all functions of the body……….is the combining form for nerve

The ductless glands of the endocrine system affect the function of organs by secreting hormones. Endo means…..and crin/o means……………


Combining forms related to key structures of the tubular digestive tract are or/o meaning…….., gastr/o meaning……, enter/o meaning………intestine and co/o or colon/o meaning….intestine. Hepat/o is combining form for………., the organ secreting bile

The male and female reproductive systems produce sex cells and maintain the organs necessary for the production of human offspring. The physician who specializes in the treatment of the male and female urinary systems as well as the males reproductive system is called a uro……………….. Treatment of the female reproductive system involves two medical specialties obstetrics and …………… (study of women)


Disease Categories Infectious

Infectious diseases--caused by microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism. Any disease-causing organism is described as a pathogen.

Degenerative diseases--resulting from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can result in a le- sion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death) of tissue. Common examples include arthritis, cardio-vascular problems

Neoplasia Abnormal, uncontrolled growth of tissue

Immune disorders Failures of immune system Allergies Autoimmune disorders


Disease Categories (con’t)

Metabolic disorders Caused by lack of enzymes Hereditary disorders, malnutrition

Hormonal disorders Underproduction or overproduction of hormones Diabetes mellitus

Mental and emotional disorders Affects the mind Individuals unable to adapt to environment


Diagnosis

Determination of nature and cause of illness

Starts with patient history Chief compliant Present illness Past medical history Family, social history Physical examination follows: Objective Review of Symptoms: Subjective


Physical Examination

Inspection Visual examination

Palpation Touching body surface with hands, fingers

Percussion Tapping body and listening to sounds made

Auscultation Using a stethoscope to listen to body sounds


Vital Signs

Temperature Pulse rate

Measured in beats per minute Respiration

Measured in breaths per minute Blood pressure

Systolic recorded when heart contracting Diastolic recorded when heart relaxing


Examination Tools

Ophthalmoscope For examining eyes

Otoscope For examining ears

Hammer For testing reflexes

Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) For testing blood pressure


A. Ophthalmoscope; B. Otoscope


Examination Procedures

Endoscope Examines body cavities

Biopsy Removal of tissue for

microscopic examination Specimens obtained by:

Needle withdrawal Small punch Endoscopy Surgical removal


Treatment Determined if appropriate by diagnosis May consist as any combination of:

Counseling Drugs Surgery Radiation Physical therapy Occupational therapy Psychiatric treatment

Followed up done with Prognosis (prediction of outcome of disease)


Surgery One method of treating disease Usually done by cutting incision into skin Anesthesia dulls pain Incision sealed after surgery with sutures

Drugs Substance that alters body function Derived from:

Natural plants Animals Mineral sources Synthetic material Genetic engineering

Obtained OTC or by prescription FDA regulates JFDA


Adverse Drug Effects

Sometimes drugs may have effects not intended Side effects ( usually minor) Anaphylaxis=severe allergic reaction

May not be used even if normally beneficial Contraindications=reasons not to use based on

specific info about individual Synergy or antagonism where drugs reacting

with / against each other


Drug Names Generic

Simple version of chemical name for drug Not capitalized

Trade name Registered trademark of manufacturer Same drug by different companies have

different trade names Begins with capital letter

Brand Name? Scientific Name? Generic Drug?


Drug/Treatment Information Journal articles Pharmacology Books Therapeutics Books Treatment Guidelines Professional Websites Drug information Hand Books Computer Software (handheld and Desktop)


Exercises

1. nitroglycerine is ordered: prn SL. This means:

a. as needed, under the tongue b. at bedtime, under the tongue c. as needed, on the skin d. by mouth, on the skin e. by mouth,

under the skin


2. epinephrine was given in an IV bolus. This means it was administered

a. orallyb. intravenously in a continuous drip c. intravenously in a rapid concentrated

dose 3. A.E. takes four 250-mg capsules

of Pentasa po bid. How many capsules does he take in one day?

2004 lippincott williams & wilkins cells, tissues, organs, diseases, diagnosis, and drugs

Documents

study of tissue

study of blood

study of disease

body functions

examination of body

study of tumors

human body

body systems