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2005 Minerals YearbookGeMstones

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

October 2006

Gemstones—2005 30.1

Gemstones

ByDonaldW.olson

Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas A. Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator.

inendingtheproblemofconflictdiamonds(ProfessionalJeweler,2003§1).

Production

U.s.gemstoneproductiondatawerebasedonasurveyofmorethan230domesticgemstoneproducersconductedbytheUsGs.thesurveyprovidedafoundationforprojectingthescopeandlevelofdomesticgemstoneproductionduringtheyear.However,theUsGssurveydidnotrepresentallgemstoneactivityintheUnitedstates,whichincludesthousandsofprofessionalandamateurcollectors.Consequently,theUsGssupplementeditssurveywithestimatesofdomesticgemstoneproductionfromrelatedpublisheddata,contactswithgemstonedealersandcollectors,andinformationgarneredatgemandmineralshows.

CommercialminingofgemstoneshasneverbeenextensiveintheUnitedstates.morethan60varietiesofgemstoneshavebeenproducedcommerciallyfromdomesticmines,butmostofthedepositshavebeenrelativelysmallcomparedwithotherminingoperations.IntheUnitedstates,muchofthecurrentgemstoneminingisconductedbyindividualcollectors,gemclubs,andhobbyistsratherthanbybusinesses.

thecommercialgemstoneindustryintheUnitedstatesconsistsofindividualsandcompaniesthatminegemstonesorharvestshellandpearl,firmsthatmanufacturelaboratory-createdgemstones,andindividualsandcompaniesthatcutandpolishnaturalandlaboratory-createdgemstones.thedomesticgemstoneindustryisfocusedontheproductionofcoloredgemstonesandonthecuttingandpolishingoflargediamondstones.Industryemploymentisestimatedtorangefrom1,000to1,500workers(U.s.InternationaltradeCommission,1997,p.1).

mostnaturalgemstoneproducersintheUnitedstatesaresmallbusinessesthatarewidelydispersedandoperateindependently.thesmallproducersprobablyhaveanaverageoflessthanthreeemployees,includingthosewhoonlyworkparttime.thenumberofgemstoneminesoperatingfromyeartoyearfluctuatesbecausetheuncertaintyassociatedwiththediscoveryandmarketingofgem-qualitymineralsmakesitdifficulttoobtainfinancingfordevelopingandsustainingeconomicallyviableoperations(U.s.InternationaltradeCommission,1997,p.23).

thetotalvalueofnaturalgemstonesproducedintheUnitedstatesduring2005wasestimatedtobemorethan$13.4million(table3).theproductionvaluedecreasedby7%fromthatoftheprecedingyear.

1Referencesthatincludeasectionmark(§)arefoundintheInternetReferencesCitedsection.

In2005,theestimatedvalueofnaturalgemstonesproducedintheUnitedstateswasmorethan$13.4million,andtheestimatedvalueofU.s.laboratory-createdgemstoneproductionwasmorethan$51.1million.thetotalestimatedvalueofU.s.gemstoneproductionwasalmost$64.6million.thevalueofU.s.gemstoneimportswas$17.2billion,andthevalueofcombinedU.s.gemstoneexportsandreexportswasestimatedtobe$8.85billion.

Inthisreport,theterms“gem”and“gemstone”meananymineralororganicmaterial(suchasamber,pearl,petrifiedwood,andshell)usedforpersonaladornment,display,orobjectofartbecauseitpossessesbeauty,durability,andrarity.ofmorethan4,000mineralspecies,onlyabout100possessalltheseattributesandareconsideredtobegemstones.silicatesotherthanquartzarethelargestgroupofgemstonesintermsofchemicalcomposition;oxidesandquartzarethesecondlargest(table1).Gemstonesaresubdividedintodiamondandcoloredgemstones,whichinthisreportdesignatesallnaturalnondiamondgems.Inaddition,laboratory-createdgemstones,culturedpearls,andgemstonesimulantsarediscussedbutaretreatedseparatelyfromnaturalgemstones(table2).tradedatainthisreportarefromtheU.s.CensusBureau.Allpercentagesinthereportwerecomputedusingunroundeddata.Currentinformationonindustrial-gradediamondandindustrial-gradegarnetcanbefoundintheU.s.Geologicalsurvey(UsGs)mineralsYearbook,volumeI,metalsandmineralschaptersonindustrialdiamondandindustrialgarnet,respectively.

Gemstoneshavefascinatedhumanssinceprehistorictimes.theyhavebeenvaluedastreasuredobjectsthroughouthistorybyallsocietiesinallpartsoftheworld.Amber,amethyst,coral,diamond,emerald,garnet,jade,jasper,lapislazuli,pearl,rockcrystal,ruby,serpentine,andturquoisearesomeofthefirststonesknowntohavebeenusedformakingjewelry.thesestonesservedassymbolsofwealthandpower.today,gemsarewornmoreforpleasureorinappreciationoftheirbeautythantodemonstratewealth.Inadditiontojewelry,gemstonesareusedforcollections,decorativeartobjects,andexhibits.

Legislation and Governments Programs

theCleanDiamondtradeActwassignedintolawonApril25,2003,bythePresident.thislawprovidedtheeffectivemeasurestostoptradeinconflictdiamondsintheUnitedstates,anditsenactmentmadetheUnitedstatesafullparticipantintheKimberleyProcessCertificationscheme(KPCs)(U.s.HouseofRepresentatives,2003§).U.s.participationintheKPCsiscriticaltoitssuccessinexcludingconflictdiamondsfromthelegitimatesupplychainbecausetheUnitedstatesistheworld’sleadinggem-qualitydiamondmarket.theindustryandtradeassociationshaveplayedanactiveroleinachievingthisprogress

30.2 U.s.GeoloGICAlsURveYmIneRAlsYeARBooK—2005

naturalgemstonematerialsindigenoustotheUnitedstatesarecollected,produced,and/ormarketedineverystate.During2005,all50statesproducedatleast$1,000worthofgemstonematerials.sevenstatesaccountedfor78%ofthetotalvalue,asreportedbysurveyrespondents.thesestates,inorderofdecliningvalueofproduction,weretennessee,Arizona,oregon,California,Arkansas,montana,andnevada.somestateswereknownfortheproductionofasinglegemstonematerial—tennesseeforfreshwaterpearls,forexample.otherstatesproducedavarietyofgemstones,forexampleArizona’sgemstonedepositsincludedagate,amethyst,azurite,chrysocolla,garnet,jade,jasper,malachite,obsidian,onyx,opal,peridot,petrifiedwood,smithsonite,andturquoise.thereisalsoawidevarietyofgemstonesfoundandproducedinCalifornia,Idaho,montana,andnorthCarolina.

During2005,theUnitedstateshadonlyoneoperationinknowndiamond-bearingareasfromwhichdiamondswereproduced.thatdiamondoperationisinCraterofDiamondsstateParknearmurfreesboroinPikeCounty,AR,whereadig-for-feeoperationfortouristsandrockhoundsismaintainedbythestateofArkansas.CraterofDiamondsistheonlydiamondmineintheworldthatisopentothepublic.thediamondsoccurinalamproitebrecciatuffassociatedwithavolcanicpipeandinthesoildevelopedfromthelamproitebrecciatuff.In2005,536diamondstoneswithanaverageweightof0.193caratswererecoveredattheCraterofDiamondsstatePark.sincethediamond-bearingpipeandtheadjoiningareabecameastateparkin1972,25,369diamondstoneswithatotalcaratweightof4,954.41havebeenrecovered(tomstolarz,parksuperintendent,CraterofDiamondsstatePark,writtencommun.,January31,2006).explorationhasdemonstratedthatthereisabout78.5millionmetrictons(mt)ofdiamond-bearingrockinthisdiamonddeposit(Howard,1999,p.62).AnArkansaslawenactedearlyin1999prohibitscommercialdiamondmininginthepark(DiamondRegistryBulletin,1999).

therehavebeennocommerciallyoperateddiamondminesintheUnitedstatessince2002.DiamondwasproducedattheKelseylakediamondmine,locatedclosetotheColorado-WyomingstatelinenearFortCollins,Co,forseveralyearsuntilApril2002.theKelseylakepropertyincludesnineknownkimberlitepipes,threeofwhichhavebeentestedandhaveshownthatdiamondsarepresent.theremainingsixpipeshaveyettobefullyexploredandtestedfortheirdiamondpotential.ofthediamondsrecovered,35%to50%wasindustrialgrade.theidentifiedresourcesareatleast17mtgradinganaverageof4caratsper100metrictons(taylorHardmoneyAdvisers,2000§).

studiesbytheWyomingGeologicalsurveyhaveshownthatWyominghasthepotentialfora$1billiondiamondminingbusiness.twentydiamondiferouskimberlitepipesandonediamondiferousmaficbrecciapipehavebeenidentifiedinsouthernWyoming.twoofthelargestkimberlitefields,statelineandIronmountain,andthelargestlamproitefieldintheUnitedstates,leuciteHills,areinWyoming.severaldiamondminingfirmshavebeeninterestedinthesouthernWyomingandnorthernColoradoarea,buttheonlydiamondminedevelopedintheareathusfaristheKelseylakemine(AssociatedPress,2002§).

thesuccessofCanadiandiamondmineshasstimulatedinterestinexploringforcommerciallyfeasiblediamonddepositsintheUnitedstatesoutsideofWyomingandColorado.AustralianandCanadiancompaniesarenowconductingdiamondexplorationinAlaskaandminnesota.AlaskahassomesimilargeologicterraintothenorthwestterritoriesofCanada;inaddition,certainvarietiesofgarnetandotherdiamondindicatormineralsaswellas17microscopicdiamondshavebeenfoundnearAnchorage,AK.twoCanadiancompanieshaveinvested$1millioninanexploratorydrillingprogram.GeologistsfromtheUniversityofminnesotateamedwithanAustralianminingcompanyandwereconductingasoilsamplingprograminminnesotaformineralexploration,includingdiamond.thesampleswerebeinganalyzedbyAustralia’sWmCResourcesltd.thescientiststhoughtthatthereisagoodchanceofsuccessowingtosimilaritiesbetweenthegeologyinminnesotaandCanada(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005a).

Inanotherexplorationventure,DeltaminingandexplorationCorp.foundadiamond-bearingkimberliteinan32.4-hectare(80-acre)siteknownastheHomesteadpropertynearlewistown,mt.Preliminarytestshaveshownthepresenceofmicroscopicdiamonds.thecompanywasplanninga$700,000soilsamplingprogramasfurtherexploration.Diamondshavebeenfoundinthestreambedsandglacialvalleysofmontanaforyears(AssociatedPress,2004§).

Inadditiontonaturalgemstones,laboratory-createdgemstonesandgemstonesimulantsareproducedintheUnitedstates.laboratory-createdorsyntheticgemstoneshavethesamechemical,optical,andphysicalpropertiesasthenaturalmaterials.simulantshaveanappearancesimilartothatofanaturalgemstonematerial,buttheyhavedifferentchemical,optical,andphysicalproperties.laboratory-createdgemstonesproducedintheUnitedstatesincludealexandrite,diamond,emerald,moissanite,ruby,sapphire,andturquoise.simulantsofcoral,lapislazuli,malachite,andturquoisealsoaremanufacturedintheUnitedstates.Inaddition,certaincolorsoflaboratory-createdsapphireandspinel,usedtorepresentothergemstones,areclassifiedassimulants.

laboratory-createdgemstoneproductionintheUnitedstateswasvaluedatmorethan$51.1millionduring2005;simulantgemstoneoutputwasevengreaterandwasestimatedtobevaluedatmorethan$100million.Fivecompaniesinfivestates,representingvirtuallytheentireU.s.laboratory-createdgemstoneindustry,reportedproductiontotheUsGs.thestateswithreportedlaboratory-createdgemstoneproduction,indescendingorderofproductionvalue,werenorthCarolina,Florida,massachusetts,michigan,andArizona.

GemesisCorp.,acompanyinsarasota,Fl,consistentlyproducedgem-qualitylaboratory-createddiamondandreportedasixthyearofproductionin2005.thelaboratory-createddiamondsareproducedusingequipment,expertise,andtechnologydevelopedbyateamofscientistsfromRussiaandtheUniversityofFlorida.theweightofthelaboratory-createddiamondstonesrangefrom1.5to2carats,andmostofthestonesareyellow,brownishyellow,colorless,andgreen(Weldon,1999§).Gemesisusesdiamond-growingmachines,


eachmachinecapableofgrowing3-caratroughdiamondsbygeneratinghigh-pressure,high-temperature(HPHt)conditionsthatrecreatetheconditionsintheearth’smantlewherenaturaldiamondsform.Gemesiseventuallyplanstohave250diamond-growingmachinesinstalledatthefacilitynearsarasota,Fl(Davis,2003);atthatpoint,Gemesiscouldbeproducingasmuchas30,000to40,000stoneseachyear,andannualrevenuesmayreach$70millionto$80million(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2001).GemesisdiamondsbecameavailableforretailpurchaseinjewelrystoresandontheInternetinfall2003.thepricesoftheGemesislaboratory-createddiamondsarebelowthoseofnaturaldiamondbutabovethepricesofsimulateddiamond(Weldon,2003§).

ApolloDiamond,Inc.,nearBoston,mA,hasdevelopedandpatentedamethodforgrowingextremelypure,gem-qualitydiamondwithflawlesscrystalstructurebychemicalvapordeposition(CvD).theCvDtechniquetransformscarbonintoplasma,whichisthenprecipitatedontoasubstrateasdiamond.CvDhasbeenusedformorethanadecadetocoverlargesurfaceswithmicroscopicdiamondcrystals,butuntilthisprocess,noonehaddiscoveredthecombinationoftemperature,gascomposition,andpressurethatresultedinthegrowthofasinglediamondcrystal.CvDdiamondprecipitatesasnearly100%pure,almostflawlessdiamond,andthereforemaynotbedistinguishablefromnaturaldiamondbysometests(Davis,2003).In2005,ApolloDiamondproducedstonesthatrangefrom1to2caratsandexpectedtoexpandtolargerstonesinthefuture(maney,2005§).thecompanyplannedtostartsellingdiamondsinthejewelrymarketatcosts10%to30%belowthoseofcomparablenaturaldiamonds(Hastings,2005).ApolloplannedtoopentheApolloDiamondWebstoretothegeneralpublicin2006(ApolloDiamond,Inc.,2005§).Besidesitsuseasagemstone,CvDdiamond’shighestvalueisasamaterialforhigh-techuses,suchasincomputertechnology(maney,2005§).

Inearly2004,scientistsattheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington’sGeophysicallaboratorypublishedtheresultsofastudyinwhichresearchersgrewdiamondcrystalsbyaspecialCvDprocessatveryhighgrowthrates.theywereabletogrowgem-sizedcrystalsinaday—agrowthrate100timesfasterthanothermethodsusedbefore.thisisanewwayofproducingdiamondcrystalsforsuchnewapplicationsasdiamond-baseelectronicdevicesandnextgenerationcuttingtools(Willis,2004).Byearly2005,theGeophysicallaboratoryandtheUniversityofAlabamahadjointlydevelopedandpatentedtheCvDprocessandapparatustoproduce½-inch-thick10-caratsinglediamondcrystalsatveryrapidgrowthrates(100micrometersperhour).thisfasterCvDmethodusesmicrowaveplasmatechnologyandallowsmultiplecrystalstobegrownsimultaneously.thissizeisaboutfivetimesthatofcommerciallyavailablelaboratory-createddiamondsproducedbyHPHtmethodsandotherCvDtechniques.Dr.RussellHemley,aresearcherattheCarnegieInstitution,stated,“High-qualitycrystalsover3caratsareverydifficulttoproduceusingtheconventionalapproach.severalgroupshavebeguntogrowdiamondsinglecrystalsbyCvD,butlarge,colorless,andflawlessonesremainachallenge.ourfabricationof10-carat,half-inchCvDdiamondsisamajorbreakthrough”(Willis,

2004;CarnegieInstitutionofWashington,2005;scienceBlog,2005§).

BothApolloDiamondandtheCarnegieInstitutionhavenotedthattheirdiamondsproducedbytheCvDmethodareharderthannaturaldiamondsanddiamondsproducedbyHPHtmethods.

In2005,thenorthCarolinacompanyCharles&Colvard,ltd.entereditseighthyearofproducingandmarketingmoissanite,agem-qualitylaboratory-createdsiliconcarbide.moissaniteisalsoanexcellentdiamondsimulant,butitisbeingmarketedforitsowngemqualities.moissaniteexhibitsahigherrefractiveindex(brilliance)andhigherlusterthandiamond.Itshardnessisbetweenthoseofcorundum(rubyandsapphire)anddiamond,whichgivesitdurability(Charles&Colvard,ltd.,2005§).

AlthoughU.s.shellproductiondecreasedby11%in2005comparedwiththatof2004,shellisnotexpectedtoeverbethelargesegmentofU.s.gemstoneproductionitwasforseveralyearsinthepast.U.s.shellmaterialfrommusselsisusedasseedmaterialforculturingpearls.thelowershellproductionisowingtooverharvestinginpastyears,thekillingoffofU.s.nativemusselspeciesbyinvasiveexoticspecies,andadeclineinmarketdemand.Duringthepast10years,theUnitedstateshaslostaboutthree-quartersofthenativemusselpopulation,andone-halfoftheapproximately300totalU.s.nativemusselspeciesarenowlistedasendangeredspecies.thezebramusselistheinvasiveexoticspeciesthathasdonemostofthedamage,andithasbeenintroducedintoU.s.riversandwaterwaysindischargedballastwaterfromtransoceanicships(IowaDepartmentofnaturalResources,2001§;scottGritterf,fisheriesbiologist,IowaDepartmentofnaturalResources,oralcommun.,november14,2002).themarketstillhasnotcompletelyrecoveredfromthedie-offofJapaneseoysters.seedmaterialhadbeenstockpiledinJapan,andnowproducersinJapanareusingmanmadeseedmaterialsorseedmaterialsfromChinaandothersourcesinadditiontothestockpiledmaterial.therealsohasbeenanincreaseinthepopularityofdarkerandcoloredpearlsthatdonotuseU.s.seedmaterial(tedKroll,assistantdirectoroffisheries,KentuckyDepartmentofFishandWildlife,oralcommun.,november15,2002).InsomeregionsoftheUnitedstates,shellfrommusselsisbeginningtobeusedasagemstonebasedonitsownmeritratherthanasseedmaterialforpearls.thisshellmaterialisbeingusedinbeads,jewelry,andwatchfaces.

Consumption

AlthoughtheUnitedstatesaccountedforlittleofthetotalglobalgemstoneproduction,itwastheworld’sleadinggemstonemarket.U.s.gemstonemarketsaccountedformorethananestimated35%ofworldgemstonedemandin2005.theU.s.marketforunsetgem-qualitydiamondduringtheyearwasestimatedtohaveexceeded$16.2billion.Domesticmarketsfornatural,unsetnondiamondgemstonestotaledmorethan$996million.

IntheUnitedstates,abouttwo-thirdsofdomesticconsumersdesignatediamondastheirfavoritegemstonewhensurveyed.In2005,thetop10sellingcoloredgemstones,indescendingorder,


werebluesapphire;ruby;bluetopaz;fancysapphire;amethyst;peridot;tanzanite;emerald;aquamarine,citrine,andopal(tiedforninthplace);andrhodolitegarnet.Pinktourmalineandpearldroppedoutofthetop10fromthepreviousyear.During2005,50%ofthejewelryretailerssaidtheirsaleswereupcomparedwith45%ofretailersin2004(Prost,2005;Wade,2006).U.s.retailjewelrysalesreachedapproximately$60billionin2005,withabout56%ofthatvalueinvolvingdiamondjewelry(seekingAlpha,2006§).U.s.onlinejewelrysalesincreasedbymorethan25%in2005tonearly$2.1billion;thisrepresentsabout3.5%ofalljewelrysoldintheUnitedstates(IDeXmagazine,2006§).theU.s.marketaccountedformorethan50%oftheglobaldiamondjewelryretailmarketin2005.

theU.s.coloredgemstonemarketpostedanoverallincreaseinsalesduring2005comparedwiththepreviousyear’ssales.thepopularityofcoloredgemstones,coloredlaboratory-createdgemstones,and“fancy”coloreddiamondscontinuedtoincreasein2005.thiswasindicatedbyincreasedvaluesofU.s.importsforconsumptioninmostcoloredstonecategories(emerald,coral,rubies,sapphires,otherpreciousandsemipreciousstones,andlaboratory-createdgems)in2005comparedwiththevaluesfromthepreviousyear(table10).Coloredstonepopularityalsowasevidencedbytheirgeneralsalesincreasein2005(Wade,2006).

theGemologicalInstituteofAmerica(GIA)terminatedtheemploymentoffourofitsgradersforimproprietiesinitsnewYork,nY,laboratory,andthelabchiefresigned.theimproprietieswereviolationsoftheGIAcodeofethicsbyclientsofthelab,inparticular,improperattemptstoinfluencetheoutcomeofgradingreports.GIAistheworld’sforemostauthorityingemology,diamondandgemgradingandidentification,jewelryeducation,andgemologyresearch.themajorityofGIAemployeesremainabovereproach,andtheGIAremainstheleadinglabintheindustry.theincidenthadthepotentialtodamageconfidenceingemgrading,butbecauseofathoroughandimmediateinvestigationintothesituation,thatdidnothappen(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005c,f).

Prices

Gemstonepricesaregovernedbymanyfactorsandqualitativecharacteristics,includingbeauty,clarity,defects,demand,durability,andrarity.Diamondpricing,inparticular,iscomplex;valuescanvarysignificantlydependingontime,place,andthesubjectivevaluationsofbuyersandsellers.therearemorethan14,000categoriesusedtoassessroughdiamondandmorethan100,000differentcombinationsofcarat,clarity,color,andcutvaluesusedtoassesspolisheddiamond(Pearson,1998).

Coloredgemstonepricesaregenerallyinfluencedbymarketsupplyanddemandconsiderations,anddiamondpricesaresupportedbyproducercontrolsonthequantityandqualityofsupply.valuesandpricesofgemstonesproducedand/orsoldintheUnitedstatesarelistedintables3through5.Inaddition,customsvaluesfordiamondsandothergemstonesimported,exported,orreexportedarelistedintables6through10.

DeBeersGroupcompaniesareasignificantforceaffectingthepriceofgem-qualitydiamondworldwidebecausetheyminemorethan40%ofthegem-qualitydiamondproducedeachyear

(DeBeersGroup,2005§).DeBeerscompaniesalsosortandvaluateabouttwo-thirds(byvalue)oftheworld’sannualsupplyofroughdiamondthroughDeBeers’subsidiaryDiamondtradingCo.(DtC),whichhasmarketingagreementswithotherproducers(DeBeersGroup,2003§).

theyearlyaveragediamondpriceindexoftheDiamondHighCouncilofAntwerpincreasedin2005by7.8%to330.4for1-caratdiamondsandby1.3%to262.2for½-caratdiamonds.thediamondpriceindexmeasurespricechangesrelativetothebaselineof100setbythe1985price(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2006c).

Foreign Trade

During2005,totalU.s.gemstonetradewithallcountriesandterritorieswasvaluedatmorethan$26.0billion,whichwasanincreaseof17.7%fromthatofthepreviousyear.Diamondaccountedforabout95%ofthe2005gemstonetradetotal.In2005,U.s.exportsandreexportsofdiamondwereshippedto89countriesandterritories,andimportsofallgemstoneswerereceivedfrom103countriesandterritories(tables6-10).During2005,U.s.tradeincutdiamondandunworkeddiamondincreasedby14.6%and21.9%respectively,comparedwiththepreviousyear.theUnitedstatesremainedtheworld’sleadingdiamondimporter.theUnitedstatesisasignificantinternationaldiamondtransitcenteraswellastheworld’sleadinggem-qualitydiamondmarket.thelargevolumeofreexportsshippedtoothercentersrevealsthesignificancethattheUnitedstateshasintheworld’sdiamondsupplynetwork(table6).

tradeinlaboratory-createdgemstoneincreasedby0.3%fortheUnitedstatesin2005comparedwiththepreviousyear.laboratory-createdgemstoneimportsfromAustria,China,France,Germany,HongKong,srilanka,switzerland,andthailandmadeupalmost93%(byvalue)ofthetotaldomesticimportsoflaboratory-createdgemstonesduringtheyear.Pricesofcertainimportedlaboratory-createdgemstones,suchasamethyst,wereverycompetitive.themarketingofimportedlaboratory-createdgemstonesandenhancedgemstonesasnaturalgemstonesandthemixingoflaboratory-createdmaterialswithnaturalstonesinimportedparcelscontinuedtobeproblemsforsomedomesticproducersin2005.therealsowereproblemswithsomesimulantsbeingmarketedaslaboratory-createdgemstonesduringtheyear.

World Industry Structure

thegemstoneindustryworldwidehastwodistinctsectors—diamondminingandmarketingandcoloredgemstoneproductionandsales.mostdiamondsuppliesarecontrolledbyafewmajorminingcompanies;pricesaresupportedbymanagingthequalityandquantityofthegemstonesrelativetodemand,afunctionperformedbyDeBeersthroughDtC.Unlikediamond,coloredgemstonesareprimarilyproducedatrelativelysmall,low-costoperationswithfewdominantproducers;pricesareinfluencedbyconsumerdemandandsupplyavailability.

In2005,worldnaturaldiamondproductiontotaledabout183millioncarats—102millioncaratsgemqualityand81.0


millioncaratsindustrialgrade(table11).mostproductionwasconcentratedinafewregions—Africa[Angola,Botswana,Congo(Kinshasa),namibia,andsouthAfrica],Asia(northeasternsiberiaandYakutiainRussia),Australia,northAmerica(northwestterritoriesinCanada),andsouthAmerica(Brazilandvenezuela).In2005,Australialedtheworldintotaldiamondoutputquantity(combinedgemstoneandindustrial).Botswanawastheworld’sleadinggemstonediamondproducer,followedbyRussia,Australia,Canada,Congo(Kinshasa),southAfrica,andAngolaindescendingquantityorder.thesesevencountriesproduced95.1%oftheworld’sgemstonediamondoutputin2005.

DeBeersreportedthatitssalesofroughdiamondfor2005were$6.54billion,whichwasupby15%from$5.7billionin2004(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2004a,2005b,2006b).

In2002,theinternationalrough-diamondcertificationsystemKPCswasimplementedtosolvetheproblemofconflictdiamonds—roughdiamondsusedbyrebelforcesandtheiralliesinseveralcountriestohelpfinancewarfareaimedatsubvertinggovernmentsrecognizedaslegitimatebytheUnitednations(Un).theKPCswasagreeduponbyUnmembernations,thediamondindustry,andinvolvednongovernmentalorganizations.theKPCsincludesthefollowingkeyelements:theuseofforgery-resistantcertificatesandtamper-proofcontainersforshipmentsofroughdiamonds;internalcontrolsandproceduresthatprovidecredibleassurancethatconflictdiamondsdonotenterthelegitimatediamondmarket;acertificationprocessforallexportsofroughdiamonds;thegathering,organizing,andsharingofimportandexportdataonroughdiamondswithotherparticipantsofrelevantproduction;crediblemonitoringandoversightoftheinternationalcertificationschemeforroughdiamonds;effectiveenforcementoftheprovisionsofthecertificationschemethroughdissuasiveandproportionalpenaltiesforviolations;selfregulationbythediamondindustrythatfulfillsminimumrequirements;andsharinginformationwithallotherparticipantsonrelevantrules,procedures,andlegislationaswellasexamplesofnationalcertificatesusedtoaccompanyshipmentsofroughdiamonds(Weldon,2001§).CanadaactedasthechairandsecretariatoftheKPCsforthefirst2years,andinoctober2004,Russiaassumedtheseduties.FortheKPCstobefullyimplemented,allparticipatingcountriesmustpassthenecessarylawstocarryitout.In2005,IndonesiaandlebanonjoinedthelistofcountriesparticipatingintheKPCs,amountingtoatotalof45nationsthathavesignedtheagreement;participatingnationsintheKPCsaccountforapproximately98%oftheglobalproductionandtradeofroughdiamonds(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005h;KimberleyProcess,2005§).Discussionsaboutthepossibleparticipationofseveralothercountriesareongoing.

Worldwide,thevalueofproductionofnaturalgemstonesotherthandiamondwasestimatedtohaveexceeded$2billionin2005.mostnondiamondgemstoneminesaresmall,low-cost,andwidelydispersedoperationsinremoteregionsofdevelopingnations.ForeigncountrieswithmajorgemstonedepositsotherthandiamondareAfghanistan(aquamarine,beryl,emerald,kunzite,lapislazuli,ruby,andtourmaline),Australia(beryl,opal,andsapphire),Brazil(agate,amethyst,beryl,ruby,sapphire,topaz,andtourmaline),Burma(beryl,jade,ruby,

sapphire,andtopaz),Colombia(beryl,emerald,andsapphire),Kenya(beryl,garnet,andsapphire),madagascar(beryl,rosequartz,sapphire,andtourmaline),mexico(agate,opal,andtopaz),srilanka(beryl,ruby,sapphire,andtopaz),tanzania(garnet,ruby,sapphire,tanzanite,andtourmaline),andZambia(amethystandberyl).Inaddition,pearlsareculturedthroughoutthesouthPacificandinotherequatorialwaters;Australia,China,FrenchPolynesia,andJapanarekeyproducers.

World Review

Canada.—theekatiDiamondmine,Canada’sfirstoperatingcommercialdiamondmine,completeditsseventhfullyearofproduction.In2005,ekatiproduced3.23millioncaratsofdiamondfrom4.44mtofore(BHPBillitonltd.,2006b).BHPBillitonltd.hasan80%controllingownershipinekati,whichisinthenorthwestterritories.ekatihasestimatedreservesof60.3mtoforeinkimberlitepipesthatcontain54.3millioncaratsofdiamond,andBHPBillitonprojectedtheminelifetobe25years.theekatimineisnowproducingfromtheKoala,Panda,andmiserykimberlitepipes.BHPBillitonisusingundergroundminingtechniquestorecoverdiamondsfromdeeperportionsofthePandakimberlitepipe(BHPBillitonltd.,2004).UndergroundminingofthedeeperportionsoftheKoalakimberlitepipehasbeenapprovedandisexpectedtobegininDecember2007(BHPBillitonltd.,2006a).theKoalaandPandakimberlitepipeswerefirstopenpitmined(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2002).Approximatelyone-thirdoftheekatidiamondproductionisindustrial-gradematerial(DarrenDyck,seniorprojectgeologist,BHPDiamonds,Inc.,oralcommun.,may27,2001).

theDiavikDiamondmine,alsointhenorthwestterritories,completeditsthirdfullyearofproduction.In2005,Diavikproduced8.3millioncaratsofdiamondfromitsA154northorebodyandtheadjacentA154southpipe.Bothpipesarelocatedwithinthesamepit(DiavikDiamondminesInc.,2006).Diavikhasestimatedthemine’sremainingprovenandprobablereservestobe29.8mtoforeinkimberlitepipes,containing95.6millioncaratsofdiamond,andprojectedtheminelifetobe16to22years(DiavikDiamondminesInc.,2005).themineisanunincorporatedjointventurebetweenDiavikDiamondminesInc.(60%)andAberDiamondminesltd.(40%).themineisexpectedtoproduceatotalofabout107millioncaratsofdiamondatarateof8millioncaratsperyearworthabout$63percaratduringtheentireminelife,whichbeganproductioninDecember2002(DiavikDiamondminesInc.,2000,p.10-12).

DiamondexplorationiscontinuinginCanada,withseveralothercommercialdiamondprojectsandadditionaldiscoverieslocatedinAlberta,BritishColumbia,thenorthwestterritories,thenunavutterritory,ontario,andQuebec.Canadaproducedabout7%oftheworld’scombinednaturalgemstoneandindustrialdiamondproductionin2005.Canadiandiamonddiscoveriescontinuetobemadeandproductioncontinuestoincrease,andCanadaisnowfourthrankedinproductionofgemstonediamondafterBotswana,Russia,andAustralia.

Guyana.—AreportbyPartnershipAfricaCanada(PAC)statedthatnearly20%ofdiamondsminedinGuyanaevadetheKPsCbybeingsmuggledtoBrazilandcitedweakcontrolsin


Brazilandvenezuelaastheproblem.thesituationexposestheentireindustrytolaundereddiamondsfromothercountries,suchasCôted’IvoireandCongo(Kinshasa).thereportcalledfortheexpulsionofBrazilandvenezuelafromtheKPsCifthesituationisnotcorrected(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2006a).

Israel.—Polisheddiamondnetexportsforthe12-monthperiodthroughoctober2005increasedby4.2%to$6.33billioncomparedwiththesameperiodin2004,andexportsofroughdiamondincreasedby22.2%to$3billionforthesameperiod.Polisheddiamondnetimportsforthefirst10monthsof2005decreasedby18.4%to$264millioncomparedwiththoseofthefirst10monthsof2004,whilenetimportsofroughdiamondincreasedby2.2%to$4.5billionforthesame10-monthperiod(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005d).theUnitedstatesremainedtheleadingdiamondtradingpartnerforIsrael(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005e).

Russia.—DiamondproductionfigureswerereleasedforthefirsttimeinDecember2004.Productioninformationhadbeenkeptasastatesecretsincethefirstdiamonddiscoveryinsiberiain1955(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005g).

Sierra Leone.—Duringthecivilwarinsierraleone,officialdiamondexportshadplungedto$1.5millionayear.However,sincetheimplementationoftheKPsCandtheendofthecivilwardiamondexportsfor2005werereportedat$142million(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2006d).

Outlook

thereareindicationsthattheremaybecontinuedgrowthintheU.s.diamondandjewelrymarketsin2006.Historically,diamondshaveproventoholdtheirvaluedespitewarsoreconomicdepressions(schumann,1998,p.8).

Independentproducers,suchasArgyleDiamondminesinAustraliaandekatiandDiavikinCanada,willcontinuetobringagreatermeasureofcompetitiontoglobalmarkets.morecompetitionpresumablywillbringmoresuppliesandlowerprices.FurtherconsolidationofdiamondproducersandlargeramountsofroughdiamondbeingsoldoutsideDtCwillcontinueasthediamondindustryadjuststoDeBeers’reducedinfluenceontheindustry.

morelaboratory-createdgemstones,simulants,andtreatedgemstoneswillenterthemarketplaceandnecessitatemoretransparenttradeindustrystandardstomaintaincustomerconfidence.

During2005,onlinesalesroseby25%,representing3.5%ofallretailjewelrysalesfortheyear,andInternetsalesofdiamonds,gemstones,andjewelrywillcontinuetogrowandincreaseinpopularity,aswillotherformsofe-commercethatemergetoservethediamondandgemstoneindustry.thiswilltakeplaceasthegemstoneindustryanditscustomersbecomemorecomfortablewithandlearntheapplicationsofnewe-commercetools(DiamondRegistryBulletin,2004b,c;IDeXmagazine,2006§).

References Cited

BHPBillitonltd.,2004,BHPBillitonapprovesPandaundergroundproject:melbourne,Australia,BHPBillitonltd.newsrelease,may4,1p.

BHPBillitonltd.,2006a,BHPBillitonapprovesKoalaundergroundproject:melbourne,Australia,BHPBillitonltd.newsrelease,June28,1p.

BHPBillitonltd.,2006b,BHPBillitonproductionreportforthequarterended31December2005:melbourne,Australia,BHPBillitonltd.newsrelease,January24,12p.

CarnegieInstitutionofWashington,2005,verylargediamondsproducedveryfast:Washington,DC,CarnegieInstitutionnewsrelease,may16,1p.

Davis,Joshua,2003,thenewdiamondage:Wired,v.11,no.09,september,p.96-105,145-146.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,1999,verdictin—CraterofDiamondsremainspublicpark:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.31,no.2,February28,p.6.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2001,syntheticdiamondproductionexpands—Isitathreat?:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.33,no.11,December31,p.2.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2002,BHPattemptsundergroundmining:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.34,no.3,march31,p.3.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2004a,DeBeerssalesrise7percentin2003:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.36,no.2,February29,p.2.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2004b,onlineretailingcontinuesgrowthinsalesandpopularity:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.36,no.1,January31,p.4.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2004c,WashingtonPosttalksaboutdiamondsontheinternet:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.36,no.1,January31,p.6.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005a,DiamondsinAlaskaandminnesota?:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.37,no.5,may31,p.3.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005b,DtCsalesup3%in2004:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.37,no.2,February28,p.2.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005c,GIAreviewslabpractices;fourgradersfired,labchiefresigns:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.37,no.9,october31,p.1.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005d,Israelshowsraredecreaseinimportandexportforoctober:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.37,no.10,november30,p.3.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005e,Israel’spolisheddiamondexportsup14.4%in2004,only18%ofroughfromDtC:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.37,

no.1,January31,p.5.DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005f,Itwastheyearinwhich…:Diamond

RegistryBulletin,v.37,no.11,December30,p.1.DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005g,Russianproductionfiguresrevealed:

DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.37,no.1,January31,p.5.DiamondRegistryBulletin,2005h,U.n.reaffirmssupportforKimberley

Process:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.37,no.11,December30,p.4.DiamondRegistryBulletin,2006a,20percentofGuyana’sdiamondsevade

Kimberley—Report:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.38,no.4,April30,p.5.DiamondRegistryBulletin,2006b,DeBeerssaleshitnewrecord:Diamond

RegistryBulletin,v.38,no.2,February28,p.5.DiamondRegistryBulletin,2006c,DiamondHighCouncil(HRD)ofAntwerp’s

diamondpriceindex2005-2006:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.38,no.6,June/July,p.3.

DiamondRegistryBulletin,2006d,Report—Diamondexportsupinsierraleone,butpeoplearen’tbenefiting:DiamondRegistryBulletin,v.38,no.4,April30,p.5.

DiavikDiamondminesInc.,2000,Diavikannualsocialandenvironmentalreport—2000:Yellowknife,northwestterritories,Canada,DiavikDiamondminesInc.,74p.

DiavikDiamondminesInc.,2005,Diavik2005firstquarterupdate:Yellowknife,northwestterritories,Canada,DiavikDiamondminesInc.newsrelease,may4,1p.

DiavikDiamondminesInc.,2006,Diavik2005fourthquarterupdate:Yellowknife,northwestterritories,Canada,DiavikDiamondminesInc.newsrelease,February9,1p.

Hastings,michael,2005,Romancingthestone:newsweek[Asiaedition], v.CXlv,no.7,February14,p.40-46.Howard,J.m.,1999,summaryofthe1990’sexplorationandtestingofthe

PrairieCreekdiamond-bearinglamproitecomplex,PikeCounty,AR,withafieldguide,inHoward,J.m.,ed.,ContributionstothegeologyofArkansas—volumeIv:littleRock,AR,ArkansasGeologicalCommissionmiscellaneousPublication18D,p.57-73.

Pearson,Carl,1998,Diamonds—thedemandequation:miningJournal,v.331,no.8505,november6,p.7.

Prost,m.A.,2005,Retailsalesarebackontrack,butwithatwist:Coloredstone,v.18,no.1,January/February,p.31-33.

schumann,Walter,1998,Gemstonesoftheworld:newYork,nY,sterlingPublishingCo.,Inc.,272p.


U.s.InternationaltradeCommission,1997,Industry&tradesummary—Gemstones:U.s.InternationaltradeCommissionPublication3018,march,72p.

Wade,suzanne,2006,ourannualretailsurveyrevealsthatsomegemsaremoreequalthanothers:Coloredstone,v.19,no.1,January/February,p.24-27.

Willis,F.m.,2004,Ultraharddiamonds:today’sChemistatWork,v.13,no.5,may,p.12.

Internet References Cited

ApolloDiamond,Inc.,2005,Interestedinbuying?,accessedJune26,2006,viaURlhttp://www.apollodiamond.com.

AssociatedPress,2002(march13),GeologistseesnointerestinWyomingdiamondmining,accessedJuly15,2002,atURlhttp://www.montanaforum.com/rednews/2002/03/14/build/mining/wyodiamond.php?nnn=2.

AssociatedPress,2004(october19),microscopicdiamondfoundinmontana,accessedoctober19,2004,atURlhttp://www.cnn.com/2004/teCH/science/10/19/diamond.discovery.ap/index.html.

Charles&Colvard,ltd.,2005,Createdmoissaniteuniqueproperties,accessedJuly7,2005,atURlhttp://www.moissanite.com/unique_properties.cfm.

DeBeersGroup,2003,DiamondtradingCompany,accessedAugust10,2004,atURlhttp://www.debeersgroup.com/dtc/dtcProfile.asp.

DeBeersGroup,2005,WelcometotheDeBeersGroup,accessedmay30,2006,atURlhttp://www.debeersgroup.com/DeBeersWeb.

IDeXmagazine,2006(June4),U.s.onlinejewelrysalessoaring,accessedJuly7,2006,atURlhttp://www.idexonline.com/portal_FullmazalUbracha.asp?id=25686.

IowaDepartmentofnaturalResources,2001,Zebramussels,accessedJune10,2003,atURlhttp://www.state.ia.us/dnr/organiza/fwb/fish/news/exotics/exotics.htm.

KimberleyProcess,2005(January1),theKimberleyProcess,accessedJuly1,2005,atURlhttp://www.kimberleyprocess.com:8080/site.

maney,Kevin,2005(october6),man-madediamondssparklewithpotential,UsAtoday,accessedJune26,2006,atURlhttp://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-10-06-man-made-diamonds_x.htm.

ProfessionalJeweler,2003(April28),BushsignsCleanDiamondAct,accessedmay5,2003,atURlhttp://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/news/2003/042803story.html.

scienceBlog,2005,scientistspatentprocesstocreatelargediamondgemstones,accessedJuly7,2005,atURlhttp://www.scienceblog.com/cms/node/7526.

seekingAlpha,2006(June5),thebullandbearcasesforBluenile,accessedJuly7,2006,atURlhttp://internet.seekingalpha.com/article/11593.

taylorHardmoneyAdvisers,2000(April11),mcKenzieBayInternationalltd.,accessedJuly16,2001,atURlhttp://www.mckenziebay.com/reports/jt000411.htm.

U.s.HouseofRepresentatives,2003(April25),H.R.1584,accessedJuly16,2003,viaURlhttp://thomas.loc.gov.

Weldon,Robert,1999(August23),man-madediamondsinFlorida,accessedFebruary1,2000,atURlhttp://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/news/1999/082399story.html.

Weldon,Robert,2001(october1),Kimberleyprocessinchesforward,accessedmarch21,2002,atURlhttp://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/news/2001/100101story.html.

Weldon,Robert,2003(november21),Gemesisdiamondsatretailers,accessednovember25,2003,atURlhttp://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/news/2003/112203story.html.

GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Diamond,Industrial.Ch.inmineralsYearbook,annual.Garnet,Industrial.Ch.inmineralsYearbook,annual.Gemstones.Ch.inUnitedstatesmineralResources,

ProfessionalPaper820,1973.Gemstones.Ch.inmineralCommoditysummaries,annual.

Other

AnoverviewofProductionofspecificU.s.Gemstones.U.s.BureauofminesspecialPublication14-95,1995.

AntwerpConfidential.Coloredstonemagazine.DeBeersConsolidatedminesltd.annualreports,1998-2001.DirectoryofPrincipalU.s.GemstoneProducersin1995.U.s.

BureauofminesmineralIndustrysurveys,1995.Gems&Gemology.GemstoneForecaster.lapidaryJournal.


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e

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ge, g

reen

, or

viol

etla

rge

doub

lets

, mor

gani

tere

frea

ctio

n, r

efra

ctiv

e

inde

x.

Sapp

hire

or

ruby

,do

.R

ed, p

ink,

vio

let,

blue

, or

do.

Hig

h to

low

9.0

3.95

-4.1

0do

.1.

78St

ar q

uart

z, s

ynth

etic

Show

s as

teri

sm, c

olor

star

sgr

ayst

ars

side

vie

w.

Sapp

hire

or

ruby

,do

.Y

ello

w, p

ink,

or

blue

Up

to 2

0L

ow9.

03.

95-4

.10

do.

1.78

Synt

hetic

spi

nel,

glas

sC

urve

d st

riae

, bub

ble

synt

hetic

cara

tsin

clus

ions

.

Cub

ic z

irco

nia

Zir

coni

um a

nd

Col

orle

ss, p

ink,

blu

e,Sm

all

do.

8.25

-8.5

5.8

Sing

le2.

17D

iam

ond,

zir

con,

tita

nia,

Har

dnes

s, d

ensi

ty, l

ack

yttr

ium

oxi

des

lave

nder

, yel

low

moi

ssan

iteof

fla

ws

and

incl

usio

ns,

refr

activ

e in

dex.

Dia

mon

dC

arbo

nW

hite

, blu

e-w

hite

,A

nyV

ery

high

10.0

3.51

6-3.

525

do.

2.42

Zir

con,

tita

nia,

cub

icH

igh

inde

x, d

ispe

rsio

n,

yello

w, b

row

n, g

reen

,zi

rcon

ia, m

oiss

anite

hard

ness

, lus

ter.

red,

pin

k, b

lue

Feld

spar

:

Am

azon

iteA

lkal

i alu

min

umG

reen

-blu

eL

arge

Low

6.0-

6.5

2.56

XX

1.52

Jade

, tur

quoi

seC

leav

age,

she

en, v

itreo

us

silic

ate

to p

earl

y, o

paqu

e, g

rid.

Lab

rado

rite

do.

Gra

y w

ith b

lue

and

do.

do.

6.0-

6.5

2.56

XX

1.56

do.

Do.

bron

ze s

heen

col

or p

lay

(sch

iller

)

Moo

nsto

nedo

.C

olor

less

, whi

te, g

ray,

do.

do.

6.0-

6.5

2.77

XX

1.52

-1.5

4G

lass

, cha

lced

ony,

opa

lPa

le s

heen

, opa

lesc

ent.

or y

ello

w w

ith w

hite

,

blue

, or

bron

ze s

chill

er

Suns

tone

do.

Ora

nge,

red

bro

wn,

Smal

l to

do.

6.0-

6.5

2.77

XX

1.53

-1.5

5A

vent

urin

e, g

lass

Red

glit

tery

sch

iller

.

colo

rles

s w

ith g

old

orm

ediu

m

red

glitt

ery

schi

ller

See

foot

note

s at

end

of

tabl

e.


TA

BL

E 1

—C

ontin

ued

GU

IDE

TO

SE

LE

CT

ED

GE

MST

ON

ES

AN

D G

EM

MA

TE

RIA

LS

USE

D I

N J

EW

EL

RY

Prac

tical

Spec

ific

Ref

ract

ive

May

be

Rec

ogni

tion

Nam

eC

ompo

sitio

nC

olor

size

1C

ost2

Moh

sgr

avity

Ref

ract

ion

inde

xco

nfus

ed w

ithch

arac

teri

stic

s

Gar

net

Com

plex

sili

cate

Bro

wn,

bla

ck, y

ello

w,

Smal

l to

Low

to h

igh

6.5-

7.5

3.15

-4.3

0Si

ngle

1.79

-1.9

8Sy

nthe

tics,

spi

nel,

Sing

le r

efra

ctio

n,

gree

n, r

ed, o

r or

ange

med

ium

stra

ined

glas

san

omal

ous

stra

in.

Hem

atite

Iron

oxi

deB

lack

, bla

ck-g

ray,

Med

ium

toL

ow5.

5-6.

55.

12-5

.28

XX

2.94

-3.2

2D

avid

ite, c

assi

teri

te,

Cry

stal

hab

it, s

trea

k,

brow

n-re

dla

rge

mag

netit

e, n

eptu

nite

,ha

rdne

ss.

pyro

lusi

te, w

olfr

amite

Jade

:

Jade

iteC

ompl

ex s

ilica

teG

reen

, yel

low

, bla

ck,

Lar

geL

ow to

ver

y6.

5-7.

03.

3-3.

5C

rypt

o-1.

65-1

.68

Nep

hrite

, cha

lced

ony,

Lus

ter,

spe

ctru

m,

whi

te, o

r m

auve

high

crys

talli

neon

yx, b

owen

ite,

tran

sluc

ent t

o op

aque

.

vesu

vian

ite,

gros

sula

rite

Nep

hrite

Com

plex

hyd

rous

do.

do.

do.

6.0-

6.5

2.96

-3.1

0do

.1.

61-1

.63

Jade

ite, c

halc

edon

y,D

o.

silic

ate

onyx

, bow

enite

,

vesu

vian

ite,

gros

sula

rite

Jet (

gaga

te)

Lig

nite

Dee

p bl

ack,

dar

k br

own

do.

Low

2.5-

4.0

1.19

-1.3

5X

X1.

64-1

.68

Ant

hrac

ite, a

spha

lt,L

uste

r, c

olor

.

cann

el c

oal,

onyx

,

scho

rl, g

lass

, rub

ber

Lap

is la

zuli

Sodi

um c

alci

umD

ark

azur

e-bl

ue to

do.

do.

5.0-

6.0

2.50

-3.0

XX

1.50

Azu

rite

, dum

ortie

rite

,C

olor

, cry

stal

hab

it,

alum

inum

sili

cate

brig

ht in

digo

blu

e or

dyed

how

lite,

lazu

lite,

asso

ciat

ed m

iner

als,

even

a p

ale

sky

blue

.so

dalit

e, g

lass

lust

er, a

nd lo

calit

ies.

Mal

achi

teH

ydra

ted

copp

erL

ight

to b

lack

-gre

endo

.do

.3.

5-4.

03.

25-4

.10

XX

1.66

-1.9

1B

roch

antit

e, c

hrys

opra

se,

Col

or b

andi

ng, s

oftn

ess,

carb

onat

eba

nded

opaq

ue g

reen

asso

ciat

ed m

iner

als.

gem

ston

es

Moi

ssan

iteSi

licon

car

bide

Col

orle

ss a

nd p

ale

shad

es

Smal

lL

ow to

9.

253.

21D

oubl

e2.

65-2

.69

Dia

mon

d, z

irco

n, ti

tani

a,H

ardn

ess,

dis

pers

ion,

lack

of g

reen

, blu

e, y

ello

wm

ediu

mcu

bic

zirc

onia

of f

law

s an

d in

clus

ions

,

refr

activ

e in

dex.

Obs

idia

nA

mor

phou

s,B

lack

, gra

y, b

row

n,L

arge

Low

5.0-

5.5

2.35

-2.6

0X

X1.

45-1

.55

Aeg

irin

e-au

gite

,C

olor

, con

choi

dal

vari

able

(us

ually

dark

gre

en, w

hite

,ga

dolin

ite, g

agat

e,fr

actu

re, f

low

bub

bles

,

fels

ic)

tran

spar

ent

hem

atite

, pyr

olus

ite,

soft

ness

, and

lack

of

wol

fram

itecr

ysta

l fac

es.

Opa

lH

ydra

ted

silic

aR

eddi

sh o

rang

e, c

olor

sdo

.L

ow to

hig

h5.

5-6.

51.

9-2.

3Si

ngle

1.45

Gla

ss, s

ynth

etic

s,

Col

or p

lay

(opa

lesc

ence

).

flas

h in

whi

te g

ray,

trip

lets

, cha

lced

ony

blac

k, r

ed, o

r ye

llow

Peri

dot

Iron

mag

nesi

umY

ello

w a

nd/o

r gr

een

Any

Med

ium

6.5-

7.0

3.27

-3.3

7D

oubl

e1.

65-1

.69

Tou

rmal

ine,

chr

ysob

eryl

Stro

ng d

oubl

e re

frac

tion,

silic

ate

(str

ong)

low

dic

hroi

sm.

Qua

rtz:

Aga

teSi

licon

dio

xide

Any

Lar

geL

ow7.

02.

58-2

.64

XX

XX

Gla

ss, p

last

ic, M

exic

anC

rypt

ocry

stal

line,

onyx

irre

gula

rly

band

ed,

dend

ritic

incl

usio

ns.

See

foot

note

s at

end

of

tabl

e.


TA

BL

E 1

—C

ontin

ued

GU

IDE

TO

SE

LE

CT

ED

GE

MST

ON

ES

AN

D G

EM

MA

TE

RIA

LS

USE

D I

N J

EW

EL

RY

Prac

tical

Spec

ific

Ref

ract

ive

May

be

Rec

ogni

tion

Nam

eC

ompo

sitio

nC

olor

size

1C

ost2

Moh

sgr

avity

Ref

ract

ion

inde

xco

nfus

ed w

ithch

arac

teri

stic

s

Qua

rtz—

Con

tinue

d:

Am

ethy

stSi

licon

dio

xide

Purp

leL

arge

Med

ium

7.0

2.65

-2.6

6D

oubl

e1.

55G

lass

, pla

stic

, flu

orite

Mac

rocr

ysta

lline

, col

or,

refr

activ

e in

dex,

tran

spar

ent,

hard

ness

.

Ave

ntur

ine

do.

Gre

en, r

ed-b

row

n,do

.L

ow7.

02.

64-2

.69

do.

1.54

-1.5

5Ir

ides

cent

ana

lcim

e,M

acro

crys

talli

ne, c

olor

,

gold

-bro

wn,

with

met

allic

av

entu

rine

fel

dspa

r,m

etal

lic ir

ides

cent

fla

ke

irid

esce

nt r

efle

ctio

nem

eral

d, a

vent

urin

ere

flec

tions

, har

dnes

s.

glas

s

Cai

rngo

rmdo

.Sm

oky

oran

ge o

r ye

llow

do.

do.

7.0

2.65

-2.6

6do

.1.

55do

.M

acro

crys

talli

ne, c

olor

,

refr

activ

e in

dex,

tran

spar

ent,

hard

ness

.

Car

nelia

ndo

.Fl

esh

red

to b

row

n re

ddo

.do

.6.

5-7.

02.

58-2

.64

do.

1.53

-1.5

4Ja

sper

Cry

ptoc

ryst

allin

e, c

olor

,

hard

ness

.

Cha

lced

ony

do.

Blu

ish,

whi

te, g

ray

do.

do.

6.5-

7.0

2.58

-2.6

4do

.1.

53-1

.54

Tan

zani

teD

o.

Chr

ysop

rase

do.

Gre

en, a

pple

-gre

endo

.do

.6.

5-7.

02.

58-2

.64

do.

1.53

-1.5

4C

hrom

e ch

alce

dony

,D

o.

jade

, pra

se o

pal,

preh

nite

, sm

ithso

nite

,

vari

scite

, art

ific

ally

colo

red

gree

n

chal

cedo

ny

Citr

ine

Silic

aY

ello

wdo

.do

.7.

02.

65-2

.66

do.

1.55

do.

Mac

rocr

ysta

lline

, col

or,

refr

activ

e in

dex,

tran

spar

ent,

hard

ness

.

Cry

stal

:

Roc

kdo

.C

olor

less

do.

do.

7.0

2.65

-2.6

6do

.1.

55T

opaz

, col

orle

ssD

o.

sapp

hire

Jasp

erdo

.A

ny, s

trip

ed, s

potte

d, o

rdo

.do

.7.

02.

58-2

.66

XX

XX

do.

Cry

ptoc

ryst

allin

e,

som

etim

es u

nifo

rmop

aque

, vitr

eous

lust

er,

hard

ness

.

Ony

xdo

.M

any

colo

rsdo

.do

.7.

02.

58-2

.64

XX

XX

do.

Cry

ptoc

ryst

allin

e,

unif

orm

ly b

ande

d,

hard

ness

.

Petr

ifie

d w

ood

do.

Bro

wn,

gra

y, r

ed, y

ello

wdo

.do

.6.

5-7.

02.

58-2

.91

Dou

ble

1.54

Aga

te, j

aspe

rC

olor

, har

dnes

s, w

ood

grai

n.

Ros

edo

.Pi

nk, r

ose

red

do.

do.

7.0

2.65

-2.6

6do

.1.

55do

.M

acro

crys

talli

ne, c

olor

,

refr

activ

e in

dex,

tran

spar

ent,

hard

ness

.

Tig

er's

eye

do.

Gol

den

yello

w, b

row

n,do

.do

.6.

5-7.

02.

58-2

.64

XX

1.53

-1.5

4X

XM

acro

crys

talli

ne, c

olor

,

red,

blu

e-bl

ack

hard

ness

, hat

oyan

cy.

See

foot

note

s at

end

of

tabl

e.


TA

BL

E 1

—C

ontin

ued

GU

IDE

TO

SE

LE

CT

ED

GE

MST

ON

ES

AN

D G

EM

MA

TE

RIA

LS

USE

D I

N J

EW

EL

RY

Prac

tical

Spec

ific

Ref

ract

ive

May

be

Rec

ogni

tion

Nam

eC

ompo

sitio

nC

olor

size

1C

ost2

Moh

sgr

avity

Ref

ract

ion

inde

xco

nfus

ed w

ithch

arac

teri

stic

s

Rho

doch

rosi

teM

anga

nese

car

bona

teR

ose-

red

to y

ello

wis

h,L

arge

Low

4.0

3.45

-3.7

Dou

ble

1.6-

1.82

Fire

opa

l, rh

odon

ite,

Col

or, c

ryst

al h

abit,

stri

pped

tugt

upite

, tou

rmal

ine

reac

tion

to a

cid,

per

fect

rhom

bohe

dral

cle

avag

e.

Rho

doni

teM

anga

nese

iron

Dar

k re

d, f

lesh

red

, with

do.

do.

5.5-

6.5

3.40

-3.7

4do

.1.

72-1

.75

Rho

doch

rosi

te, t

hulit

e,C

olor

, bla

ck in

clus

ions

,

calc

ium

sili

cate

dend

ritic

incl

usio

ns o

fhe

sson

ite, s

pine

l,la

ck o

f re

actio

n to

aci

d,

blac

k m

anga

nese

oxi

depy

roxm

angi

te,

hard

ness

.

spes

sart

ine,

tour

mal

ine

Shel

l:

Mot

her-

of-p

earl

Cal

cium

car

bona

teW

hite

, cre

am, g

reen

,Sm

all

do.

3.5

2.6-

2.85

XX

XX

Gla

ss a

nd p

last

icL

uste

r, ir

ides

cent

pla

y

blue

-gre

en, w

ithim

itatio

nof

col

or.

irid

esce

nt p

lay

of c

olor

Pear

ldo

.W

hite

, cre

am to

bla

ck,

do.

Low

to h

igh

2.5-

4.5

2.6-

2.85

XX

XX

Cul

ture

d an

d gl

ass

or

Lus

ter,

irid

esce

nce,

som

etim

es w

ith h

int o

fpl

astic

imita

tion

x-st

ruct

ure,

ray

.

pink

, gre

en, p

urpl

e

Spin

elM

agne

sium

Any

Smal

l to

Med

ium

8.0

3.5-

3.7

Sing

le1.

72Sy

nthe

tic, g

arne

tR

efra

ctiv

e in

dex,

sin

gle

alum

inum

oxi

dem

ediu

mre

frac

tion,

incl

usio

ns.

Spin

el, s

ynth

etic

do.

do.

Up

to 4

0L

ow8.

03.

5-3.

7D

oubl

e1.

73Sp

inel

, cor

undu

m, b

eryl

,W

eak

doub

le r

efra

ctio

n,

cara

tsto

paz,

ale

xand

rite

curv

ed s

tria

e, b

ubbl

es.

Spod

umen

e:

Hid

deni

teL

ithiu

m a

lum

inum

Yel

low

to g

reen

Med

ium

Med

ium

6.5-

7.0

3.13

-3.2

0do

.1.

66Sy

nthe

tic s

pine

lR

efra

ctiv

e in

dex,

col

or,

silic

ate

pleo

chro

ism

.

Kun

zite

do.

Pink

to li

lac

do.

do.

6.5-

7.0

3.13

-3.2

0do

.1.

66A

met

hyst

, mor

gani

teD

o.

Tan

zani

teC

ompl

ex s

ilica

teB

lue

to la

vend

erSm

all

Hig

h6.

0-7.

03.

30do

.1.

69Sa

pphi

re, s

ynth

etic

sSt

rong

tric

hroi

sm, c

olor

.

Top

azdo

.W

hite

, blu

e, g

reen

, pin

k,M

ediu

mL

ow to

8.0

3.4-

3.6

do.

1.62

Ber

yl, q

uart

zC

olor

, den

sity

, har

dnes

s,

yello

w, g

old

med

ium

refr

activ

e in

dex,

per

fect

in b

asal

cle

avag

e.

Tou

rmal

ine

do.

Any

, inc

ludi

ng m

ixed

do.

do.

7.0-

7.5

2.98

-3.2

0do

.1.

63Pe

rido

t, be

ryl,

garn

etD

oubl

e re

frac

tion,

col

or,

coru

ndum

, gla

ssre

frac

tive

inde

x.

Tur

quoi

seC

oppe

r al

umin

umB

lue

to g

reen

with

bla

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TABLE 2

LABORATORY-CREATED GEMSTONE PRODUCTION METHODS

Gemstone Production method Company/producer Date of first production

Alexandrite Flux Creative Crystals 1970s.

Do. Melt pulling J.O. Crystal 1990s.

Do. do. Kyocera 1980s.

Do. Zone melt Seiko 1980s.

Cubic zirconia Skull melt Various producers 1970s.

Emerald Flux Chatham 1930s.

Do. do. Gilson 1960s.

Do. do. Kyocera 1970s.

Do. do. Seiko 1980s.

Do. do. Lennix 1980s.

Do. do. Russia 1980s.

Do. Hydrothermal Lechleitner 1960s.

Do. do. Regency 1980s.

Do. do. Biron 1980s.

Do. do. Russia 1980s.

Ruby Flux Chatham 1950s.

Do. do. Kashan 1960s.

Do. do. J.O. Crystal 1980s.

Do. do. Douras 1990s.


Do. Melt pulling Kyocera 1970s.

Do. Verneuil Various producers 1900s.

Sapphire Flux Chatham 1970s.



Do. Verneuil Various producers 1900s.

Star ruby do. Linde 1940s.


Do. do. Nakazumi 1980s.

Star sapphire Verneuil Linde 1940s.

e

TABLE 3

VALUE OF U.S. GEMSTONE PRODUCTION, BY TYPE1

(Thousand dollars)

Gem materials 2004 2005

Beryl 18 48

Coral, all types 261 216

Diamond (2) (2)

Garnet 207 46

Gem feldspar 659 626

Geode/nodules 212 214

Opal 137 140

Quartz:

Macrocrystalline3 206 196

Cryptocrystalline4 383 427

Sapphire/ruby 473 450

Shell 4,000 3,560

Topaz (2) (2)

Tourmaline 45 39

Turquoise 699 511

Other 7,170 r 6,960

Total 14,500 13,400See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 3—Continued


rRevised.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; maynot add to totals shown.2Included with "Other." 3Macrocrystalline quartz (crystals recognizable with the nakedeye) includes amethyst, amethyst quartz, aventurine, blue quartz,

citrine, hawk's eye, pasiolite, prase, quartz cat's eye, rock crystal,

rose quartz, smoky quartz, and tiger's eye.4Cryptocrystalline (microscopically small crystals) includes agatcarnelian, chalcedony, chrysoprase, fossilized wood, heliotrope,

jasper, moss agate, onyx, and sard.


e

TABLE 3


(Thousand dollars)

Gem materials 2004 2005

Beryl 18 48

Coral, all types 261 216

Diamond (2) (2)

Garnet 207 46

Gem feldspar 659 626

Geode/nodules 212 214

Opal 137 140

Quartz:

Macrocrystalline3 206 196

Cryptocrystalline4 383 427

Sapphire/ruby 473 450

Shell 4,000 3,560

Topaz (2) (2)

Tourmaline 45 39

Turquoise 699 511

Other 7,170 r 6,960

Total 14,500 13,400See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 3—Continued


rRevised.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; maynot add to totals shown.2Included with "Other." 3Macrocrystalline quartz (crystals recognizable with the nakedeye) includes amethyst, amethyst quartz, aventurine, blue quartz,

citrine, hawk's eye, pasiolite, prase, quartz cat's eye, rock crystal,

rose quartz, smoky quartz, and tiger's eye.4Cryptocrystalline (microscopically small crystals) includes agatcarnelian, chalcedony, chrysoprase, fossilized wood, heliotrope,

jasper, moss agate, onyx, and sard.

TABLE 4

PRICES OF U.S. CUT DIAMONDS, BY SIZE AND QUALITY IN 20051

Carat Description, Clarity3 Representative prices

weight color2 (GIA terms) January4 June5 December6

0.25 G VS1 $1,200 $1,200 $1,200

do. G VS2 1,150 1,150 1,150

do. G SI1 975 975 975

do. H VS1 1,100 1,100 1,100

do. H VS2 1,000 1,000 1,000

do. H SI1 925 925 925

0.50 G VS1 3,200 3,200 3,200

do. G VS2 2,800 2,800 2,800

do. G SI1 2,400 2,400 2,400

do. H VS1 2,800 2,800 2,800

do. H VS2 2,400 2,400 2,400

do. H SI1 2,200 2,200 2,200

0.75 G VS1 3,600 3,600 3,600

do. G VS2 3,500 3,500 3,500

do. G SI1 3,200 3,200 3,200

do. H VS1 3,300 3,300 3,300

do. H VS2 3,200 3,200 3,200

do. H SI1 2,900 2,900 2,900

1.00 G VS1 5,800 5,800 5,800

do. G VS2 5,500 5,500 5,500

do. G SI1 4,800 4,800 4,800

do. H VS1 5,200 5,200 5,200

do. H VS2 4,900 4,900 4,900

do. H SI1 4,700 4,700 4,7001Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.2Gemological Institute of America (GIA) color grades: D—colorless; E—rare white; G, H, I—traces of color.3Clarity: IF—no blemishes; VVS1—very, very slightly included; VS1—very slightly included; VS2—veryslightly included, but not visible; SI1—slightly included.4Source: Jewelers' Circular Keystone, v. 174, no. 2, February 2003, p. 44.5Source: Jewelers' Circular Keystone, v. 174, no. 7, July 2003, p. 52.6Source: Jewelers' Circular Keystone, v. 175, no. 1, January 2004, p. 28.


TABLE 5PRICES PER CARAT OF U.S. CUT COLORED GEMSTONES IN 2005

Price range per carat

Gemstone January1 December2

Amethyst $7-15 $7-15

Blue sapphire 625-1,250 625-1,250

Blue topaz 3-5 3-5

Emerald 1,900-3,200 1,900-3,200

Green tourmaline 45-60 45-60

Pearl:3

Cultured saltwater 5 5

Natural 210 210

Pink tourmaline 60-125 60-125

Rhodolite garnet 18-30 18-30

Ruby 900-1,125 900-1,125

Tanzanite 250-375 250-4001Source: The Guide, spring/summer 2005, p. 14, 30, 45, 61, 72, 86, 96,98, 104, 123, and 135. These figures are approximate current wholesale

purchase prices paid by retail jewelers on a per stone basis for fine-

quality stones.2Source: The Guide, fall/winter 2005-2006, p. 14, 30, 45, 61, 72, 86, 96,98, 104, 123, and 135. These figures are approximate current wholesale

purchase prices paid by retail jewelers on a per stone basis for fine-

quality stones.3Prices are per 4.6-millimeter pearl.


TABLE 6

U.S. EXPORTS AND REEXPORTS OF DIAMOND (EXCLUSIVE OF INDUSTRIAL

DIAMOND), BY COUNTRY1

2004 2005

Quantity Value2 Quantity Value2

Country (carats) (millions) (carats) (millions)

Exports:

Australia 7,570 $7 33,700 $7

Belgium 189,000 100 r 1,300,000 538

Canada 68,500 47 84,200 56

Costa Rica 31,800 3 37,200 3

France 16,300 11 90,000 51

Hong Kong 529,000 219 1,030,000 294

India 151,000 31 206,000 57

Israel 352,000 r 208 r 1,890,000 1,090

Japan 22,600 26 52,400 53

Mexico 397,000 124 1,080,000 144

Netherlands 421 3 27,600 8

Netherlands Antilles 47,200 23 35,500 33

Singapore 12,300 5 54,000 19

South Africa 498 (3) 21,100 4

Switzerland 19,000 r 47 108,000 82

Taiwan 11,000 6 16,700 4

Thailand 68,500 15 98,000 28

United Arab Emirates 15,700 4 101,000 43

United Kingdom 26,300 28 78,800 22

Other 52,200 r 29 r 87,200 46

Total 2,020,000 r 936 r 6,430,000 2,580

Reexports:

Armenia 69,500 r 3 44,300 3

Australia 19,100 7 40,300 8

Belgium 4,780,000 r 1,370 r 3,920,000 1,100

Canada 223,000 r 107 r 247,000 136

Dominican Republic 104,000 23 153,000 33

France 155,000 32 r 88,200 16

Guatemala 91,100 8 107,000 12

Hong Kong 2,690,000 r 490 r 2,500,000 618

India 2,200,000 r 345 r 1,840,000 387

Israel 7,650,000 r 2,690 r 7,670,000 2,640

Japan 207,000 r 47 r 150,000 33

Malaysia 41,100 9 34,900 5

Mexico 37,000 5 57,700 11

Singapore 264,000 r 46 218,000 35

South Africa 78,000 r 48 r 47,600 36

Switzerland 563,000 r 289 r 638,000 303

Thailand 285,000 r 70 290,000 83

United Arab Emirates 477,000 r 108 r 612,000 142

United Kingdom 490,000 r 171 540,000 211

Other 147,000 r 59 r 122,000 87

Total 20,600,000 r 5,930 r 19,300,000 5,890

Grand total 22,600,000 r 6,870 r 25,700,000 8,470rRevised.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2Customs value.3Less than ½ unit.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.


TABLE 7

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF DIAMOND, BY KIND, WEIGHT, AND COUNTRY1

2004 2005


Kind, range, and country of origin (carat) (millions) (carat) (millions)

Rough or uncut, natural:3

Angola 6,590 $19 19,400 $57

Australia 12,200 8 62,400 8

Botswana 144,000 48 274,000 132

Brazil 9,530 8 24,600 2

Canada 36,500 38 57,600 62

Congo (Kinshasa) 20,900 17 44,300 116

Ghana 1,910 (4) 58,000 3

Guyana 157,000 16 68,400 8

India 34,500 3 29,200 (4)

Namibia 28,700 1 10,700 1

Russia 250,000 20 45,500 13

South Africa 430,000 508 347,000 413

Other 74,400 r 68 r 16,800 49

Total 1,210,000 753 1,060,000 864

Cut but unset, not more than 0.5 carat:

Belgium 786,000 275 530,000 197

Canada 4,800 4 7,890 9

China 67,100 10 78,900 13

Dominican Republic 37,200 4 57,100 5

Hong Kong 200,000 43 228,000 58

India 9,720,000 1,770 8,780,000 1,820

Israel 969,000 477 843,000 425

Mauritius 1,890 4 10,400 15

Mexico 14,400 (4) 247,000 35

Singapore 9,460 2 6,180 2

South Africa 8,410 3 5,330 2

Switzerland 7,390 2 33,600 18

Thailand 189,000 36 71,500 18


Other 67,700 r 15 r 28,600 13

Total 12,200,000 2,670 11,000,000 2,650

Cut but unset, more than 0.5 carat:

Belgium 1,230,000 2,450 1,160,000 2,620

Canada 23,600 67 15,200 50

Hong Kong 71,300 111 83,400 162

India 1,530,000 1,080 1,340,000 1,260

Israel 3,080,000 6,660 3,070,000 7,670

Mexico 16 (4) 49,900 37

Russia 62,200 121 57,600 126

South Africa 40,500 242 46,300 336

Switzerland 20,100 155 16,600 138

Thailand 21,300 23 21,200 20


Other 88,200 r 272 r 67,000 235

Total 6,190,000 11,200 5,980,000 12,700rRevised.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2Customs value.3Includes some natural advanced diamond.4Less than ½ unit.



TABLE 8

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF GEMSTONES, OTHER THAN

DIAMOND, BY KIND AND COUNTRY1

2004 2005


Kind and country (carats) (millions) (carats) (millions)

Emerald:

Argentina -- -- 12,500 (3)

Belgium 25,200 $2 4,230 $1

Brazil 355,000 4 83,600 5

Canada 412 (3) 6,430 (3)

China 227,000 1 17,900 (3)

Colombia 677,000 47 456,000 54

France 745 1 2,360 7

Germany 7,440 1 93,600 1

Hong Kong 57,100 4 86,100 8

India 1,880,000 18 1,340,000 17

Israel 259,000 21 139,000 22

Italy 865 (3) 3,120 2

Namibia -- -- 4,590 (3)

Switzerland 9,450 7 18,500 8

Thailand 424,000 8 348,000 7

United Kingdom 851 2 2,520 2

Other 74,600 6 4,770 2

Total 4,000,000 122 2,620,000 137

Ruby:

Belgium 6,450 2 11,600 1

China 21,700 (3) 29,700 (3)

Dominican Republic 4,920 (3) 23,600 (3)

France 786 1 2,300 5

Germany 19,400 1 77,600 1

Hong Kong 52,100 4 119,000 7

India 1,300,000 4 935,000 5

Israel 41,300 1 8,840 1

Italy 6,570 (3) 4,340 1

Kenya 526 (3) 33,500 (3)

Sri Lanka 5,260 1 4,080 1

Switzerland 2,230 11 89,300 29

Thailand 2,090,000 43 3,030,000 48


Other 186,000 2 8,630 2

Total 3,750,000 72 4,380,000 102

Sapphire:

Australia 5,300 (3) 57,900 1

Austria 947 (3) 29,600 1

Belgium 4,480 1 7,120 1

China 120,000 (3) 84,100 (3)

Dominican Republic 3,750 (3) 24,500 (3)

Germany 41,000 2 72,700 5

Hong Kong 138,000 7 272,000 15

India 1,040,000 9 987,000 6

Israel 56,600 3 31,600 3

Italy 4,130 (3) 5,880 (3)

Singapore 379 (3) 5,350 (3)

Sri Lanka 455,000 42 448,000 45

Switzerland 29,900 11 49,000 9

Thailand 5,470,000 78 5,620,000 81See footnotes at end of table.


TABLE 8—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF GEMSTONES, OTHER THAN

DIAMOND, BY KIND AND COUNTRY1

2004 2005


Kind and country (carats) (millions) (carats) (millions)

Sapphire—Continued:

United Arab Emirates 7,360 (3) 2,490 (3)

United Kingdom 7,820 $3 2,550 (3)

Other 113,000 4 14,700 $5

Total 7,500,000 163 7,710,000 174

Other:

Rough, uncut:

Australia NA 3 NA 2

Brazil NA 8 NA 10

Canada NA 3 NA 4

China NA 3 NA 4

Colombia NA 1 NA 1

Czech Republic NA (3) NA 2

Germany NA 2 NA 3

India NA 1 NA 1

Japan NA (3) NA 1

Mexico NA 1 NA 1

Netherlands NA 1 NA 1

Pakistan NA 1 NA 1

South Africa NA 7 NA 1

Tanzania NA 1 NA 3

United Kingdom NA (3) NA 1

Other NA 5 r NA 5

Total NA 39 NA 40

Cut, set and unset:

Australia NA 9 NA 9

Austria NA 3 NA 4

Brazil NA 13 NA 18

Canada NA 1 NA 1

China NA 45 NA 57

France NA 1 NA 3

Germany NA 38 NA 33

Hong Kong NA 35 NA 49

India NA 82 NA 93

Israel NA 4 NA 5

Italy NA 1 NA 1

South Africa NA 5 NA 3

Sri Lanka NA 7 NA 7

Switzerland NA 10 NA 19

Taiwan NA 2 NA 2

Tanzania NA 7 NA 7

Thailand NA 46 NA 40

United Arab Emirates NA 2 NA 1

United Kingdom NA 1 NA 1

Other NA 7 r NA 7

Total NA 320 NA 360rRevised. NA Not available. -- Zero.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2Customs value.3Less than ½ unit.



TABLE 9

VALUE OF U.S. IMPORTS OF LABORATORY-CREATED

AND IMITATION GEMSTONES, BY COUNTRY1,2

(Thousand dollars)

Country 2004 2005

Laboratory-created, cut but unset:

Austria 2,410 3,700

Brazil 225 151

Canada 98 133

China 14,100 15,200

Cyprus 246 86

Czech Republic 114 91

France 989 945

Germany 13,800 12,200

Hong Kong 1,500 1,580

India 261 526

Ireland 7 69

Italy 75 131

Japan 112 110

Korea, Republic of 649 468

Netherlands 232 296

South Africa -- 87

Sri Lanka 1,290 1,300

Switzerland 3,340 2,050

Taiwan 197 238

Thailand 1,090 1,420

United Arab Emirates -- 70

Other 158 r 253

Total 40,900 41,100

Imitation:3

Austria 60,800 73,600

Brazil 8 16

China 4,660 3,500

Czech Republic 7,000 11,000

France 16 13

Germany 974 1,160

Hong Kong 700 271

India 207 361

Italy 100 222

Japan 1,110 474

Korea, Republic of 774 619

Philippines 16 15

Russia 53 17

Spain 165 256

Taiwan 220 179

Thailand 31 52

United Kingdom -- 24

Other 227 r 109

Total 77,000 91,900rRevised. -- Zero.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may notadd to totals shown.2Customs value.3Includes pearls.



TABLE 10

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF GEMSTONES1

(Thousand carats and thousand dollars)

2004 2005

Stones Quantity Value2 Quantity Value2

Diamonds:

Rough or uncut 1,210 753,000 1,060 864,000

Cut but unset 18,400 13,900,000 17,000 15,400,000

Emeralds, cut but unset 4,000 122,000 2,630 137,000

Coral and similar materials, unworked 6,120 11,500 5,520 12,200

Rubies and sapphires, cut but unset 11,200 234,000 12,100 275,000

Pearls:

Natural NA 15,500 r NA 21,800

Cultured NA 29,500 NA 27,100

Imitation NA 3,780 NA 4,170

Other precious and semiprecious stones:

Rough, uncut 1,130,000 25,200 1,630,000 22,900

Cut, set and unset NA 279,000 NA 319,000

Other NA 5,680 NA 7,200

Laboratory-created:

Cut but unset 249,000 40,900 196,000 41,100

Other NA 8,110 NA 10,300

Imitation gemstone3 NA 73,300 NA 87,700

Total XX 15,500,000 r XX 17,200,000rRevised. NA Not available. XX Not applicable.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2Customs value.3Does not include pearls.



TABLE 11

NATURAL DIAMOND: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY AND TYPE1, 2, 3

(Thousand carats)

Country and type4 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Gemstones:

Angolae 4,643 r 4,520 5,130 r 5,490 r 5,580

Australia 14,397 r 15,136 r 13,981 r 20,602 r 20,000 e

Botswanae 19,812 r, 5 21,297 r, 5 22,800 23,300 23,900

Brazile 700 500 5 400 r 300 r, 5 300

Canada 3,716 4,937 10,756 r 12,618 12,300

Central African Republice 340 312 250 263 r 265

Chinae 100 r 100 r 100 r 100 r 100

Congo (Kinshasa) 3,638 4,223 r 5,381 r 6,180 r 6,300 e

Côte d'Ivoire 207 e 205 r 154 r 201 r, e 201 e

Ghana 936 e 770 e 675 r 690 r 760 e

Guineae 273 368 484 6 354 r, 6 411 6

Guyana 179 248 413 455 r 357

Liberiae 100 48 36 18 18

Namibia 1,487 1,562 1,481 2,004 r 1,900 e

Russiae 17,500 17,400 20,000 21,400 23,000

Sierra Leone 102 r 162 r 233 r, e 318 r, e 318 e

South Africa 4,465 r 4,351 r 5,144 r 5,780 e 5,780 e

Tanzaniae 216 5 204 201 258 r 175

Venezuela 14 46 11 40 e 46 e

Other7 54 r 42 r 44 r 74 r 110

Total 72,900 r 76,400 r 87,700 r 100,000 r 102,000

Industrial:

Angolae 516 502 570 r 610 r 620

Australia 11,779 r 18,500 17,087 r 22,709 r 20,000 e

Botswanae 6,604 r, 5 7,100 7,600 7,800 8,000

Brazile 600 600 600 600 600

Central African Republice 113 104 83 88 r 88

Chinae 950 955 955 960 960

Congo (Kinshasa) 14,560 17,456 21,600 24,700 r 25,200 e

Côte d'Ivoire 102 101 r 76 r 99 r, e 99 e

Ghanae 234 193 225 r 230 r 253

Guineae 91 123 161 6 118 r, 6 137 6

Liberiae 70 32 24 12 12

Russiae 11,700 11,600 13,000 14,200 15,000

Sierra Leone 120 r 190 r 274 r, e 374 r, e 374 e

South Africa 6,698 r 6,526 r 7,540 r 8,500 r, e 9,380 e

Tanzania 38 36 36 46 r 30

Venezuela 28 61 24 60 e 69 e

Other8 91 r 81 r 82 r 121 r 190

Total 54,300 r 64,200 r 69,900 r 81,200 r 81,000

Grand total 127,000 141,000 r 158,000 r 182,000 r 183,000eEstimated. rRevised.1World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.2Table includes data available through June 5, 2006.3In addition to the countries listed, Nigeria produces natural diamond, but information is inadequate to formulatereliable estimates of output levels.4Includes near-gem and cheap-gem qualities.5Reported figure.6Exports.7Includes Cameroon, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon (unspecified), India, Indonesia, and Zimbabwe.8Includes Congo (Brazzaville), India, Indonesia, and Zimbabwe.

2005 minerals yearbook - amazon s3 · 2018-10-19 · of art because it possesses beauty,...

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