2006 chap7b application iiocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1....

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陰極射線螢光材料 陰極射線螢光材料 陰極射線螢光材料 陰極射線螢光材料 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 人肉眼視覺暫留 人肉眼視覺暫留 人肉眼視覺暫留 人肉眼視覺暫留: 1/20 sec or 50 msec

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Page 1: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

陰極射線螢光材料陰極射線螢光材料陰極射線螢光材料陰極射線螢光材料

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

人肉眼視覺暫留人肉眼視覺暫留人肉眼視覺暫留人肉眼視覺暫留: 1/20 sec or 50 msec

Page 2: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

常用常用常用常用CRT顯示器螢光體顯示器螢光體顯示器螢光體顯示器螢光體

彩色彩色彩色彩色CRT

ZnS:Ag

(Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Al

Y2O2S:Eu3+

黑白黑白黑白黑白CRT

ZnS:Ag

(Zn,Cd)S:Ag

示波器示波器示波器示波器

Zn2SiO4:Mn2+

Page 3: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Requires precision geometry

Patterned phosphors on CRT face Aligned metal shadow mask

Three electron guns

Less bright than monochrome CRTs

Delta Electron Gun Arrangement In-line Electron Gun Arrangement

Color Video

Page 4: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Development of CRT and its Phosphors

1. 1897年發明布朗管年發明布朗管年發明布朗管年發明布朗管(Braun tube)

2. 1925年年年年CaWO4 phosphor

3. 1931 年年年年B/W TV ZnS:Ag (Blue); (Zn,Cd)S:Ag (yellow)混合之白光螢光體混合之白光螢光體混合之白光螢光體混合之白光螢光體

4. 1960 年年年年 B/W TV 全盛時期全盛時期全盛時期全盛時期,改良硫化物螢光體改良硫化物螢光體改良硫化物螢光體改良硫化物螢光體 (Zn0.44Cd0.56)S:Ag

B/W TV 技術最近被應用在技術最近被應用在技術最近被應用在技術最近被應用在OA顯示器及投影式電視上顯示器及投影式電視上顯示器及投影式電視上顯示器及投影式電視上,但衰減期稍長但衰減期稍長但衰減期稍長但衰減期稍長,殘光性增加殘光性增加殘光性增加殘光性增加

初期彩電初期彩電初期彩電初期彩電CRT使用使用使用使用ZnS:Ag (Blue); Zn2SiO4:Mn2+ (green); Zn3(PO4)2:Mn2+;輝度低輝度低輝度低輝度低,長光性長長光性長長光性長長光性長 red phosphor化性不安定化性不安定化性不安定化性不安定

5. 1962年之後改為年之後改為年之後改為年之後改為 ZnS:Ag (blue); (Zn0.65Cd0.35)S:Ag (green); (Zn0.175Cd0.825) S:Ag (Red)

6. 1964 年年年年美國美國美國美國GTE公司公司公司公司 YVO4:Eu3+ (red) Energy efficiency 為為為為硫化物之硫化物之硫化物之硫化物之1/2 ,發光效率較發光效率較發光效率較發光效率較ZnS高出高出高出高出10%.

7. 1967 RCA公司公司公司公司 Y2O2S:Eu3+, brightness 較較較較YVO4:Eu3+ (red)多多多多出出出出80%,由於添加由於添加由於添加由於添加Eu3+, Tb3+, Pr3+均可以提昇硫化物之發光效率均可以提昇硫化物之發光效率均可以提昇硫化物之發光效率均可以提昇硫化物之發光效率, 所所所所以以以以1965年後年後年後年後稀土成為研究的主題稀土成為研究的主題稀土成為研究的主題稀土成為研究的主題

Page 5: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Preparartion of ZnS phosphors :

ZnO ZnSO4(aq) ZnSH2SO4 H2S(g) bubbling

ZnS之之之之shape, size, crystal quality 決定在決定在決定在決定在pH, T與濃度與濃度與濃度與濃度

ZnS + flux + activator →→→→ products →→→→ flux removed →→→→ milled

phosphors with crystal size 5 µµµµm

Preparation of Y2O2S:Eu3+ (紅紅紅紅) Phosphors

Y2O3 + S product oxysulfide Y2O2S:Eu3+

Flux: Na2CO3, M3(PO4)2

fluxWashed w.

dil HCl Remove Na2S

Page 6: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

SEM micrograph

Y2O2S:Eu3+

Page 7: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors
Page 8: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Phosphors for Color CRT TV

ZnS:Ag+ (blue) – high radiant efficiency donor-acceptor pair type

ZnS:Cu, Cl(or Al) – green, λλλλem = 530 nm

(Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Cl – emission color depending on the defect chemistry

(Zn,Cd)S:Ag (red)

Zn3(PO4)2:Mn2+ (red) 610 nm

YVO4:Eu3+ (red, for color TV) 被被被被Y2O2S:Eu3+

所取代所取代所取代所取代increased brightness

Y2(WO4)3:Eu3+ highly luminous

(Zn,Cd)S:Ag lumen equivalence is low

Y2O3:Eu3+ (high lumen equivalent)VB

CB

D

AAg+

Al

or

Cl

Shallow

donor

Page 9: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Delocalized luminescence center

donor-acceptor pair ZnS:Ag,Cl or

ZnS:Cu,Al

luminescence

Donor (Cl, Al)

Acceptor (Cu, Ag)

Conduction band

Valence band

0.1eV

1eV

3.7eV

electron

hole

Zn

Cu

AlS

luminescence

The representation of dopants (Cu,Ag, Cl) levels for ZnS-based phosphors.

Page 10: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT用螢光材料用螢光材料用螢光材料用螢光材料)

兩大特性兩大特性兩大特性兩大特性

- Response to electron beam excitation (brightness)

- The decay lifetime

人肉眼視覺暫留人肉眼視覺暫留人肉眼視覺暫留人肉眼視覺暫留: 1/20 sec or 0.05 sec (50 msec)

Radar application: long decay phosphors

References:

1. Sionoya and Yen (CRC Press, 1999)

Phosphors Handbook Vol. II

Chapter 6 Sections 1-6, pp. 445-520.

Page 11: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors to cathode ray excitation

(Zn1-xCdx)S:Ag solid solution; x = 0 , blue ; x = 0.80, red

When ZnS is excited with a 20 KV electron, its energy is absorbed by the lattice 造成造成造成造成 band gap excitation 或或或或 exciton wave

Energy transfer: lattice →→→→ activator center (energy sink) →→→→ emission

ZnS:Ag overall energy efficiency 20-22%

Next best CRT phosphors energy efficiency 6-8%

Page 12: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

1.1.1.1. λλλλem shows red shifting as doped Cd2+ content increases

2. Luminescence centers are associated with the sulfide, not Ag+.

3. The formation of “self-activated” phosphor is impossible to avoid.

4. Band gap of (Zn,Cd)S:Ag decreases as doped Cd2+ content increases

Page 13: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

JEOL SEM/ JSM-6300 CL

Page 14: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Cathodoluminescence Spectrometer Setup

陰極射線發光光譜儀構造示意圖

Page 15: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

• spatial dependence of luminescence for semiconductors

• correlation between structural and optical properties

• identification of luminescent centers by time-resolved measurements

• measurement of minority carrier diffusion lengths

• spectroscopy of small volumes

Possible Applications of CL Spectrometer

Page 16: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Specimen Requirements

Electrically conducting samples are required in order to achieve high spatial and spectroscopic resolutions. The specimen should be stable under electron beam irradiation.

Page 17: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Joint Electron Device Engineering Council

Page 18: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors
Page 19: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Green phosphors

Page 20: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Lig

ht

ou

tpu

t

Non-linearity of the red cathode phosphors

Page 21: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

新穎平面顯示器新穎平面顯示器新穎平面顯示器新穎平面顯示器

主動式平面顯示主動式平面顯示主動式平面顯示主動式平面顯示

-真空螢光顯示器真空螢光顯示器真空螢光顯示器真空螢光顯示器(VFD)::::1967年伊勢電子公司所發明年伊勢電子公司所發明年伊勢電子公司所發明年伊勢電子公司所發明

-電漿顯示器電漿顯示器電漿顯示器電漿顯示器(PDP)::::1964年年年年 Illinois大學首次提出構想大學首次提出構想大學首次提出構想大學首次提出構想

-場發射式場發射式場發射式場發射式顯示器顯示器顯示器顯示器(FED)

-電激發光顯示器電激發光顯示器電激發光顯示器電激發光顯示器(EL)::::1936年法國人德洛多利所發明年法國人德洛多利所發明年法國人德洛多利所發明年法國人德洛多利所發明

無機與有機(高分子小分子)OLED

被動式平面顯示被動式平面顯示被動式平面顯示被動式平面顯示

-液晶顯示器液晶顯示器液晶顯示器液晶顯示器(LCD):1947 Heilmeier,Schadt所發明所發明所發明所發明

Page 22: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

場發射型顯示器螢光材料場發射型顯示器螢光材料場發射型顯示器螢光材料場發射型顯示器螢光材料

Phosphors for Field Emission Display Devices

Page 23: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Field Emission

場發射場發射場發射場發射(field emission)主要是泛指在高電場激發下主要是泛指在高電場激發下主要是泛指在高電場激發下主要是泛指在高電場激發下,,,,陰極陰極陰極陰極

(cathode)材料中電子克服能障材料中電子克服能障材料中電子克服能障材料中電子克服能障(energy barrier),,,,由材料尖端由材料尖端由材料尖端由材料尖端

放電而產生射向陽極放電而產生射向陽極放電而產生射向陽極放電而產生射向陽極(anode)電子流之現象電子流之現象電子流之現象電子流之現象。。。。

依據依據依據依據Fowler-Nordheim所提出電子穿隧所提出電子穿隧所提出電子穿隧所提出電子穿隧(electron tunneling)原理原理原理原理,,,,場發射之電流密度場發射之電流密度場發射之電流密度場發射之電流密度(J)可由下列方程式加以預測可由下列方程式加以預測可由下列方程式加以預測可由下列方程式加以預測::::

J = AV2exp(-BΦΦΦΦ3/2/V)

其中其中其中其中J為電流密度為電流密度為電流密度為電流密度,,,,V為電場強度為電場強度為電場強度為電場強度,,,,A,B為常數為常數為常數為常數,,,,而而而而ΦΦΦΦ則代表陰極則代表陰極則代表陰極則代表陰極材料之功函數材料之功函數材料之功函數材料之功函數。。。。

Page 24: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

The basic structure of a typical field emission display (FED).

Page 25: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

螢光體之應用與原理螢光體之應用與原理螢光體之應用與原理螢光體之應用與原理

1. Phosphors for Lighting 照明用螢光體照明用螢光體照明用螢光體照明用螢光體

(a) Lamp phosphors – Fluorescent lamps; High Pressure Hg Lamps

(b) Phosphors for White-Light LED (Light Emitting Diodes) 白光白光白光白光LED用螢光體用螢光體用螢光體用螢光體

2. Phosphors for Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 陰極射線管螢光體陰極射線管螢光體陰極射線管螢光體陰極射線管螢光體

3. Phosphors for Field Emission Displays (FED)場發射顯示螢光體場發射顯示螢光體場發射顯示螢光體場發射顯示螢光體

4. Phosphors for Electroluminescent (EL) Displays 電激發光螢光體電激發光螢光體電激發光螢光體電激發光螢光體

5. Phosphors for Plasma Displays Panels (PDP) 電漿顯示螢光體電漿顯示螢光體電漿顯示螢光體電漿顯示螢光體

6. X-ray Phosphors X-光螢光體光螢光體光螢光體光螢光體

(a) Conventional intensifying screens (Blasse, Chap 8 Fig. 8.2).

(b) Photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) screens BaFCl:Eu2+

(c) Other X-ray phosphors Ba5SiO4Br6:Eu2+; Y2SiO5:Ce3+

Page 26: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Pixelation

Cathode backplate

Anode

Cathode

Electron emission

Page 27: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Cathode Materials for FE Devices

• Mo, W, Si, GaN, carbon-based materials, etc.

• Carbon nanotubes (Sato et al. Carbon 69, 339 (2000))

CNTs are very practical for field emitters since they have high aspect ratios, small radius of curvature at their tips, high chemical stability, and high mechanical strength; operated at moderate vacuum conditions.

• Boron nitride nanotubes (Cumings & Zettle, Solid state commun. 129, 661 (2004))

Page 28: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

1) Superior mechanical strength and low weight

2) Good heat conductance, varying electronic properties.

3) Ability to emit a cold electron at relatively low voltages due

to high aspect ratios and nanometer size tips.

Carbon Nanotube – field emitter for FPD

Page 29: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Structure of Field Emission Displays (FED)

Using Carbon Nanotubes as Emitters

Page 30: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Field Emission Lighting Device

A CRT lighting element is shown above where the conventional thermionic cathodes are replaced with CNT field emitters.

Page 31: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

Field Emission Lighting Devices Developed at ERL, ITRI

(工研院能環所工研院能環所工研院能環所工研院能環所 / 照明技術研究室陳世溥照明技術研究室陳世溥照明技術研究室陳世溥照明技術研究室陳世溥博士博士博士博士提供提供提供提供)

陰極

陽極

場發射管狀光源示意圖

平面光源平面光源平面光源平面光源

Page 32: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

表表表表1 常用高效率常用高效率常用高效率常用高效率FED顯示器螢光材料一覽顯示器螢光材料一覽顯示器螢光材料一覽顯示器螢光材料一覽

0.3 (0.4 kV) Y2SiO

5:Ce藍藍藍藍

0.7 (30V) 0.3ZnGa2O

4藍藍藍藍

- -SrS:Ce藍藍藍藍

2.8 (0.25 kV) -ZnS:Ag,Cl,Al藍藍藍藍

4.8; 2.7 (0.25 kV) 6ZnS:Ag藍藍藍藍

- 16 SrGa2S

4:Eu2+綠綠綠綠

2.0 (0.3 kV) -Y2O

2S:Tb綠綠綠綠

2.36 (0.2 kV) -Gd3Ga

5O

12:Tb綠綠綠綠

- 35.5Gd2O

2S:Tb綠綠綠綠

- 25-28ZnS:Cu,Al綠綠綠綠

-ZnGa2O

4:Mn2+綠綠綠綠

10.7 13.5ZnO:Zno藍綠藍綠藍綠藍綠

2.0 (25V) -(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,In紅紅紅紅

2.5 (25V) -(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,In+SnO2

紅紅紅紅

2.94 (0.25 kV) 7.5Y2O

2S:Eu紅紅紅紅

7 (0.8 kV) -YVO4:Eu紅紅紅紅

6 6.5-7.0Y2O

3:Eu紅紅紅紅

發光效率發光效率發光效率發光效率(Lm/W)

加速電壓加速電壓加速電壓加速電壓 0.5 kV 1.0 kV

化學組成化學組成化學組成化學組成發射色光發射色光發射色光發射色光

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References

1. L. Shea, The Electrochem. Soc. Interface Summer 24-27(1998)

2. A. M. Srivastava and C. R. Ronda, The Electrochem. Soc. Interface Summer 48-51(1998)

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Comparison of Powder and Screen Luminous Efficiencies

Screen efficiency (lower than intrinsic eff.)

- the efficiency of a thin layer of phosphor powder

deposited onto a substrate.

- The presence of binders that can absorb some

excitation and emissive energy; may also

chemically react with the phosphors

Powder efficiency or intrinsic efficiency- the efficiency of a powder sample of the phosphor

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Calculation of efficiency (εεεε)

Luminescence efficiency (εεεε)

εεεε = luminance (cd/m2)/Input power (Watt)

(luminance: total energy output of a light source emitted in the VIS region of the spectrum)

In general, the luminous efficiency of phosphors excited by sources that produce electron-hole pairs in the host

lattice (cathode ray, electric field, X-ray, αααα-particles, γγγγ-rays)

εεεε is used by display manufacturers to assess the potential of a phosphor for CRT or FEDs

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εεεε = ππππLA/P = ππππLA/V•I

L: luminance in cd/m2

A: area of the e-beam spot in m2

P: power of the incident e-beam,

P = e- accelerating potential (voltage) times current (amp)

I: current

ππππ: emission of phosphors is Lambertian

Luminous efficiency ε ε ε ε (in lm/W) of phosphors under

e-beam excitation in FED is defined as

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1. The screen efficiency must be 11, 22, and 3 lm/W

for R, G, and B phosphors, respectively. This corresponds to a display white brightness efficiency of 6 lm/W.

2. Operated at low voltages and high current densities, which compensates for the decreased voltages.

3. Resistant to coulombic aging > 2,000 C/cm2

(permanent loss of efficiency due to prolonged e-bombardment at high current densities) and saturation at high current densities.

4. Oxide phosphors are generally preferred than sulfide, oxysulfide and fluoride phosphors, provided they meet the efficiency requirements.

Proposed benchmarks for LVCL phosphorsProposed benchmarks for LVCL phosphors

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The predominant phosphor compositions are

1 kV 0.5 kV

Powder Eff Screen Eff Powder Eff

Y2O2S:Eu 7.5 lm/W 2.94 lm/W (0.25kV)

Y2O3:Eu 7 lm/W 6.5 lm/W 6 lm/W

YVO4:Eu 7 lm/W (0.8kV)

(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,(In,Sn)O2 2.5 or 2 lm/W (0.25 kV)

Page 39: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors

The predominant phosphor compositions are

1 kV 0.5 kV

Powder Eff Screen Eff Powder Eff

Gd2O2S:Tb 35.5 lm/W 9 lm/W

ZnS:Cu,Al 28.4 lm/W

ZnO:Zn 13.5 lm/W 10.7 lm/W

Gd3Ga5O12:Tb 2.36 lm/W (0.5kV) 8.02 lm/W

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The predominant phosphor compositions are

1 kV 0.5 kV

Powder Eff Screen Eff Powder Eff

ZnS:Ag 6 lm/W 2 lm/W 4.8 lm/W

ZnS:Ag,Cl,Al 3.9 lm/W 3.84 lm/W

ZnGa2O4 0.3 lm/W

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�目前目前目前目前需要突破主要的困難與技術障礙需要突破主要的困難與技術障礙需要突破主要的困難與技術障礙需要突破主要的困難與技術障礙 �

現有材料在現有材料在現有材料在現有材料在低壓操作環境低壓操作環境低壓操作環境低壓操作環境中主要技術障礙中主要技術障礙中主要技術障礙中主要技術障礙

為為為為::::發光效率低發光效率低發光效率低發光效率低、、、、抗庫倫老化抗庫倫老化抗庫倫老化抗庫倫老化((((anti-Coulombic

aging)能力差能力差能力差能力差、、、、高電流密度下操作輝度與效率高電流密度下操作輝度與效率高電流密度下操作輝度與效率高電流密度下操作輝度與效率

易於飽和易於飽和易於飽和易於飽和、、、、材料在真空環境下不穩定材料在真空環境下不穩定材料在真空環境下不穩定材料在真空環境下不穩定、、、、壽命短壽命短壽命短壽命短

等等等等,,,,這些障礙亟待突破與解決這些障礙亟待突破與解決這些障礙亟待突破與解決這些障礙亟待突破與解決。。。。

LV CL 螢光粉現況螢光粉現況螢光粉現況螢光粉現況

技術困境技術困境技術困境技術困境

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� 突破上述障礙的構想突破上述障礙的構想突破上述障礙的構想突破上述障礙的構想 �

1. 對現有螢光材料進行陽離子摻雜以增進對現有螢光材料進行陽離子摻雜以增進對現有螢光材料進行陽離子摻雜以增進對現有螢光材料進行陽離子摻雜以增進其電導與熱導率其電導與熱導率其電導與熱導率其電導與熱導率,,,,解決抗庫倫老化問題解決抗庫倫老化問題解決抗庫倫老化問題解決抗庫倫老化問題。。。。

2. 對現有螢光材料進行無機物表面被覆對現有螢光材料進行無機物表面被覆對現有螢光材料進行無機物表面被覆對現有螢光材料進行無機物表面被覆,,,,

以改以改以改以改 善其穩定性延長使用壽命善其穩定性延長使用壽命善其穩定性延長使用壽命善其穩定性延長使用壽命。。。。3....研製並採用新穎低壓非硫化物系列螢光粉研製並採用新穎低壓非硫化物系列螢光粉研製並採用新穎低壓非硫化物系列螢光粉研製並採用新穎低壓非硫化物系列螢光粉((((如如如如::::氧化物與矽酸鹽氧化物與矽酸鹽氧化物與矽酸鹽氧化物與矽酸鹽) ) ) ) 。。。。

LV CL 螢光粉現況螢光粉現況螢光粉現況螢光粉現況

Motivations and Solutions

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高性能高性能高性能高性能EL panel 應具備三大特徵應具備三大特徵應具備三大特徵應具備三大特徵::::

1.1.1.1.低電壓化低電壓化低電壓化低電壓化

2.2.2.2.自然色自然色自然色自然色

3.3.3.3.大容量化大容量化大容量化大容量化

(organic electroluminescence) 有機電激發光有機電激發光有機電激發光有機電激發光

Electroluminescence(電激電激電激電激////電致發光電致發光電致發光電致發光)

1936年年年年法國人德斯多麗發現法國人德斯多麗發現法國人德斯多麗發現法國人德斯多麗發現

1.本質型本質型本質型本質型EL::::伴隨著注入少量載子而發光伴隨著注入少量載子而發光伴隨著注入少量載子而發光伴隨著注入少量載子而發光

2. 注入型注入型注入型注入型EL::::以發光二極體施加電場以發光二極體施加電場以發光二極體施加電場以發光二極體施加電場,,,,並且注入少量載子並且注入少量載子並且注入少量載子並且注入少量載子

而產生發光而產生發光而產生發光而產生發光

高電壓在絕緣層與螢光粉層界面產生電子高電壓在絕緣層與螢光粉層界面產生電子高電壓在絕緣層與螢光粉層界面產生電子高電壓在絕緣層與螢光粉層界面產生電子,,,,電子再激發電子再激發電子再激發電子再激發

螢光粉產生發光螢光粉產生發光螢光粉產生發光螢光粉產生發光

Phosphors for Electroluminescence Devices

OEL

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Electroluminescence Displays (電激發光顯示器電激發光顯示器電激發光顯示器電激發光顯示器)

Page 45: 2006 Chap7b Application IIocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/ipchemistry/ipchemistry_lecture... · 2018. 1. 9. · CdS (2.58 eV, 481 nm), ZnS (3.7 eV, 335 nm) :both are high efficiency phosphors
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無機薄膜電激發光元件結構示意圖無機薄膜電激發光元件結構示意圖無機薄膜電激發光元件結構示意圖無機薄膜電激發光元件結構示意圖

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稀土氟化物

稀土氟化物

稀土氟化物

稀土氟化物

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