2007 mcgraw-hill companies, all rights reserved history of forensic science mathieu j. b. orfila:...
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2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved
History of Forensic Science
Mathieu J. B. Orfila:• Many forensic science specialties can be traced
back to the medicolegal institutes of Europe• One of the most renowned medicolegalist of the
time was Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853)• Mathieu Orfila is best known for
his involvement in the “Lafarge” arsenic poisoning case in France
• He is often referred to as the “father of forensic toxicology”
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History of Forensic Science
Hans Gross:– A magistrate and law professor in Austria– Known for his publications and for introducing
the word “criminalistics”– In 1893, published a Handbook for Magistrates
that greatly influenced the practice of criminal investigations
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History of Forensic ScienceAlphonse Bertillon:• Developed an anthropometric system for human identification in the
1890s• The limitations of this system was
shown by its inability to distinguish between two Leavenworth, Kansas, penitentiary prisoners, Will West & William West
• The Bertillon system was eventually replaced by the fingerprint system being developed by Francis Galton, William Hershel, Edward Henry & others in the late 1800s
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Development of Forensic Science Laboratories
Professor R. A. Riess:• Established a forensic photography laboratory at the University
of Lausanne, Switzerland in 1909
Edmond Locard:• Established one of the world’s
first police crime laboratories in Lyon, France in 1910
• Known for the Locard Exchange Principle
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Development of Forensic Science Laboratories
August Vollmer:• Established a forensic laboratory at the Los
Angeles Police Department in 1923Colonel Calvin Goddard:• Established a crime detection laboratory at
Chicago’s Northwestern University in 1929• Perfected the comparison microscope for
bullet and cartridge case examinations
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Development of Forensic Science Laboratories
J. Edgar Hoover:• Established the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) forensic laboratory in 1932
New York City (NYC):• The NYC Police
Department Crime laboratory was established in 1934
History of the Local Lab
• Most Crime Labs were established within police agencies and performed – Firearms
– Fingerprints
– Photography
• Missouri State Highway Patrol Lab– Established 1936
• Full service lab system
• No questioned document examiners in Missouri labs
History of the Local Lab
- Formally known as SEMO Regional Crime Laboratory
- served the southeast Missouri region since 1969
- Under direction of chemistry department
- First full time director in 1971
- Prints, firearms, drug analysis
- serving 20 counties, 90 agencies
- Merged with MSHP in 2006
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Development of Forensic Science Organizations
• American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)
• Established in 1948• Approximately 5,000 members representing
all forensic science disciplines and specialties
• Started the Journal of Forensic Sciences in 1954
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Development of Forensic Science Organizations
• American Society of Crime Lab Directors (ASCLD)
• Established in the early 1970s
• Created a Lab Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB)
• ASCLD/LAB began lab accreditation in 1982
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Forensic Science Specialties
Forensic Pathology:• Pathology is a specialty area of medicine
• Pathology is the study of diseases and the bodily changes caused by the diseases
• Forensic pathologists determine the cause of death (the medical reason why a person died; e.g. asphyxiation)
• Forensic pathologists determine the manner of death (the circum-stances causing death; e.g. homicide)
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Forensic Science Specialties
Forensic Entomology:– Entomology is a branch of biology devoted to the
study of insects
– Forensic entomologists use insects as investigative aids
– By examining insects, larvae or pupae associated with a corpse, knowing the life cycle of insects, and by using the existing environmental factors, forensic entomologists can estimate the time of death
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Forensic Science Specialties
Forensic Odontology:• Odontology is the study of the physiology,
anatomy, and pathology of teeth• Forensic odontologists perform two types of
analyses involving the human dentition– Identify human remains by comparing premortem
and postmortem dental X-rays– Bite mark comparisons (crime scene marks to known
bite marks)
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Forensic Science SpecialtiesForensic Anthropology:• Physical Anthropology is the science
of the human skeleton and how it has evolved over time
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Forensic Science Specialties
Forensic anthropologists:– Can determine whether found remains are
of human or animal origin– Reconstruct the skeleton from found remains– Provide an estimate of age, stature, and
gender– Can sometimes determine racial origin– Detect skeletal abnormalities and any trauma– Can provide information about the cause of
death
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Forensic Science Specialties
Forensic Toxicology:• Forensic toxicology is the study of the effects of
extraneous materials such as poisons and drugs in the body
• Forensic toxicologists must determine both the presence and the amounts of extraneous materials in the body
• Assist the medical examiners in determining the cause of death
• May be involved in the determination of ethanol levels in blood and breath samples
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Forensic Science Specialties
Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology:• Psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerning the
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness• Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and
behavior of humans• Forensic psychiatrists & psychologists evaluate
offenders for civil and criminal competence and may be involved in offender treatment programs
• A few specialize in “profiling” of criminal cases, primarily serial murderers and serial rapists
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Forensic Science Specialties
Forensic Engineering:
• Involved in the investigation of transportation related accidents, material failures, and structural failures
Forensic Computer Science:
• Use information located on computers and other electronic devices as investigative aids
• Find hidden or deleted information to determine if internet based crimes have been committed
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Forensic Science SpecialtiesCriminalistics:• Criminalistics involves the examination,
identification, and interpretation of items of physical evidence