Career Guidance, Migration, Labour Markets’ Efficiency,

Quality of Training, and Democracy: Is There a Link?

AboubakrAboubakr A. A. BadawiBadawi

Acknowledgement

CSENDCSEND, Understanding and appreciating the , Understanding and appreciating the topic (CG);topic (CG);ETFETF, Raising awareness and Capacity , Raising awareness and Capacity building;building;Mr. Mr. ZellothZelloth--ETFETF, Support and lending slides;, Support and lending slides;

YouYou, Interest and devoting time., Interest and devoting time.

Career Guidance (CG): the Concept

Life Long Career Guidance and Life Long Career Guidance and CounsellingCounselling

helping individuals of helping individuals of ALL agesALL ages to to choosechoosebetween the full range of available between the full range of available educationeducation, , trainingtraining and and employmentemployment opportunities, in opportunities, in relation to what is likely not only to relation to what is likely not only to utilize utilize their abilitiestheir abilities but also to meet their but also to meet their interests interests and valuesand values, so leading to , so leading to greater fulfillmentgreater fulfillmentand satisfactionand satisfaction”. ”.

So CG Includes:

Career Career informationinformation, , Assessment and Assessment and selfself--assessmentassessment tools,tools,Counselling interviewsCounselling interviews, , Group guidanceGroup guidance programmes, programmes, Career educationCareer education programmes, programmes, WorkWork--experienceexperience programmes, and programmes, and JobJob--search skillssearch skills training programmes.training programmes.

Is there a Problem?!

European European demographic trendsdemographic trends and the and the need need for migrantsfor migrants;;European European Workforce’s SkillsWorkforce’s Skills and Education; and Education; Middle East and North Africa Middle East and North Africa young young populationpopulation and and scarcity of employment scarcity of employment opportunitiesopportunities;;Previous contactsPrevious contacts attracting people to Europe;attracting people to Europe;Legal and illegal migrationLegal and illegal migration..

EU Member States

EU Mediterranean Neighbourhood CountriesAlgeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, West Bank and Gaza Strip

Our Forum Objective

Shed some light on Shed some light on CG`s linksCG`s links to HRDto HRD--related related issues in the issues in the MENA regionMENA region;;DiscussDiscuss the possible role of Career guidance the possible role of Career guidance in supporting developmental strategies in in supporting developmental strategies in MENA;MENA;Propose Propose anticipated role of MENA anticipated role of MENA GovernmentsGovernments;;Identify Identify possible support to these effortspossible support to these efforts..

1. Europe and Migration!

Europe becoming the “Europe becoming the “DREAM LandDREAM Land”;”;Aging populationAging population: a challenge to Europe;: a challenge to Europe;Skill and EducationSkill and Education: still another challenge to : still another challenge to Europe;Europe;Young populations in the VicinityYoung populations in the Vicinity!!

They need us, we need themThey need us, we need them; ; Would TVET and career Guidance helpWould TVET and career Guidance help??

Europe becoming the “DREAM”

for many Africans and for many Africans and MediterraneansMediterraneans;;Pressure of legal and illegal Pressure of legal and illegal migrationmigration;;Recent demographic trends in Europe and Recent demographic trends in Europe and the the need for migrantsneed for migrants;;European European Workforce’s SkillsWorkforce’s Skills and Education; and Education; Relevance and Relevance and quality of Migrants’ skillsquality of Migrants’ skills;;

EU Demographic time bomb

EU bEU by 2030y 2030 ……almost almost 14 million more older14 million more older people people 9 million fewer young9 million fewer young peoplepeople2 million fewer learners in VET2 million fewer learners in VET(at secondary & tertiary level, if participation rates doesn’t c(at secondary & tertiary level, if participation rates doesn’t change)hange)

Future labour markets Future labour markets will rely more on will rely more on older workers and migrantsolder workers and migrants;;Quality and LifeQuality and Life--long Traininglong Training..

Aging Population(From ETF, Mr. Zelloth)

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Source: Population projection 2004, Eurostat, baseline variant

15-24 years 55-64 years

Population in EU25 aged 15-24 and 55-64, 2005-2030 (in million)

Another EU Challenge Worldwide skills competition

72 million Europeans72 million Europeans are formally are formally lowlow-- skilledskilled(as many as inhabitants of France + Ireland + the Baltic States (as many as inhabitants of France + Ireland + the Baltic States togethertogether))

Europe scores:- low on high skills;- high on low skills;- strong at intermediate skills.

Europe’s competitive advantage through:- coping with increasing demands and diffusion of new technologies;- high skilled jobs require both vocational qualifications (secondary & tertiary level) and academic skills.

Source: CEDEFOP

skilled workers/technicians

highly qualified (MBA/BA)

low skilled workers

unskilled workers15 %15 % 9 %9 %

10 %10 %8 %8 %

61 %61 % 66 %66 %

17 %17 %14 %14 %

Development of the skilled labour segment (From ETF, Mr. Zelloth)

Source: Tessaring, 1994; Schüssler, Spiess, Wendland,& Kukuk, 1999

Past and likely future qualification trends 1996-2015 (EU-25+) Source: CEDEFOP

(From ETF, Mr. Zelloth)

0

50

100

150

200

25019

96

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Million jobs

H igh qualification

Medium qualification

Low qualification

Past and likely future qualification structure1996-2015 (EU-25+)

Source: CEDEFOP, (From ETF, Mr. Zelloth)

32.926.2 20.8

46.248.6

49.9

20.9 25.3 29.3

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1996 2006 2015

High qualification

Medium qualification

Low qualification

Educational Attainment(From ETF, Mr. Zelloth)

Educational attainment of the adult population (25-64 year-olds) by highest level of education attained, 2005

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

EU 25 Australia Canada Japan Korea Russia USA

Source: EU25: LFS, Eurostat ; other countries: OECD 2004

pre-/primary and lower secondaryupper and post secondary tertiary

MENA and MigrationVery young populationVery young population;;Inability of economies to Inability of economies to absorb new entrantsabsorb new entrantsto the Labour Market;to the Labour Market;Diminishing Diminishing return on educationreturn on education/ training;/ training;Growing trends of Growing trends of legal and illegal migrationlegal and illegal migration;;What are the What are the anticipated skillsanticipated skills;;Migration as a Migration as a viable optionviable option!!

Why to Europe?

20012001 and subsequent events;and subsequent events;European European diversitydiversity;;Europe Europe geographic locationgeographic location;;Previous Previous coloniescolonies;;TraditionalTraditional contacts.contacts.

MENA ChallengeVery Youth Population in MENA

% Population age 0-29

0 20 40 60 80

Algeria

Egypt

Jordan

lebanon

Morocco

Palestine

Syria

Tunisia

Difficulties Faced 1

MigrationMigration is still an is still an important source of important source of employmentemployment for many;for many;Migration to EU countries continue to ensure Migration to EU countries continue to ensure migratory flows that are migratory flows that are driven not only by driven not only by unemploymentunemployment or severe poverty, or severe poverty, but also by but also by an aspirationan aspiration to improve opportunities and to improve opportunities and standards of living;standards of living;MENA migrants and the MENA migrants and the competitioncompetition that that exists in the international exists in the international labourlabour market.market.

Difficulties Faced 2

The The legal barriers to working in EUlegal barriers to working in EU countries countries and the and the lack of recognition of qualificationslack of recognition of qualificationsobtainedobtained at home leading to problems of at home leading to problems of illegal migration and underemployment of illegal migration and underemployment of migrants;migrants;Above 80%Above 80% of Youth stated “of Youth stated “DesireDesire” to ” to migratemigrate;;With With objective measuresobjective measures, the likelihood of , the likelihood of migration migration fell to 25%fell to 25%..

MENA Countries Migration to Germany

4.9%4.9%(33.000)(33.000)

5.5%5.5%(38.826)(38.826)

2.4%2.4%(22.570)(22.570)

MENAMENA

2.7%2.7%(19.770)(19.770)

3.5%3.5%(25.858(25.858

0.7%0.7%(9.752)(9.752)

Middle East Middle East (ME)(ME)

2.2%2.2%(13.230)(13.230)

2.0%2.0%(12.968)(12.968)

1.7%1.7%(12.818)(12.818)

North North Africa (NA)Africa (NA)

200320032000200019941994

MENA Countries Migration to France

MENAMENA

Not Not significantsignificant

Not Not significantsignificant

Not Not significantsignificant

M.E.M.E.

40.80%40.80%(58.571)(58.571)

42.8%42.8%(52.798)(52.798)

38.5%38.5%(35.364)(35.364)

N.A.N.A.

200420042002200220002000

Would Career Guidance Help?!

Career guidance and Career guidance and educated decisions educated decisions concerning migrationconcerning migration;;CG and selection of CG and selection of training fieldtraining field;;CG and CG and LanguageLanguage and other labour market and other labour market needs; needs; Career guidance and derive towards Career guidance and derive towards qualityquality..

2. Labour Markets’ Efficiency

Labour Markets are Labour Markets are JointJoint individual/ individual/ establishment (public and private) Arena;establishment (public and private) Arena;LM LM informationinformation:: Availability and use;Availability and use;TransitionTransition from school to work;from school to work;Balancing Balancing Supply and demandSupply and demand of of LabourLabour(qualitatively and quantitatively;(qualitatively and quantitatively;Shortening Shortening Frictional unemploymentFrictional unemployment;;

Reverse Migration !

The majority (85%) of returning migrants The majority (85%) of returning migrants reported being employed since their return to reported being employed since their return to Egypt;Egypt;Nearly half of salaried workers abroad Nearly half of salaried workers abroad became employers after returning homebecame employers after returning home

Would Career Guidance Help?!Career Guidance (CG) and Career Guidance (CG) and labour market labour market informationinformation;;CG and selfCG and self--assessmentassessment of individuals;of individuals;CG and CG and local labour market needslocal labour market needs;;CG and CG and relevance to migrationrelevance to migration;;CG and CG and quality of trainingquality of training;;CG and CG and school to workschool to work programmesprogrammes; ; CG and CG and foreign foreign labourlabour marketsmarkets;;CG and CG and labourlabour mobilitymobility..

3. Quality of Training

Skills Skills relevancerelevance to LM needs (locally and to LM needs (locally and abroad);abroad);Individual's Individual's benefitingbenefiting from training Quality from training Quality (better chances or fringe benefits);(better chances or fringe benefits);Achieving the positive impact on Achieving the positive impact on ““organization's performanceorganization's performance”;”;Meeting the Meeting the highhigh--tech demandtech demand in EU;in EU;CommunicationCommunication skills.skills.

Would Career Guidance Help?!

Career guidance and Career guidance and relevancerelevance of skills of skills training;training;CG and CG and qualityquality of skills training;of skills training;CG and CG and easier integrationeasier integration;;CG and CG and Labour productivityLabour productivity;;CG and CG and jobjob--search skills;search skills;CG and CG and LM informationLM information (balancing);(balancing);Career guidance and Career guidance and return on educationreturn on education/ / training.training.

4. Democracy

EssenceEssence of democracy is choice;of democracy is choice;Trend towards democracy but Trend towards democracy but lack of lack of mechanismsmechanisms;;Current policy of “Current policy of “ChannelingChanneling”;”;Ability to Ability to decide for one's self;decide for one's self;Having a SayHaving a Say in concerned maters;in concerned maters;Selection of Selection of study/ trainingstudy/ training!!!!

Would Career Guidance Help?!Career guidance is all about Career guidance is all about selectionselection;;CG as training for CG as training for citizenshipcitizenship;;CG and CG and opening optionsopening options for individuals;for individuals;Career guidance a Career guidance a right stepright step towards towards democracy.democracy.

Career Guidance is PivotalMigration

LMEfficiency

QualityOfTraining

Democracy

CareerGuidance

Revival of CG (2001- Now)

The The OECDOECD, reviewed , reviewed 14 member14 member countries;countries;The The World BankWorld Bank 7 middle7 middle--incomeincome countries;countries;CEDEFOPCEDEFOP seven Europeanseven European countries;countries;the the ETFETF studied studied 11 Acceding11 Acceding and Candidate and Candidate countries as well as countries as well as 7 Western Balkans7 Western Balkans and and 10 10 MEDAMEDA countries; countries; All these studies used All these studies used closely related definition of closely related definition of CGCG;;Importance given to Importance given to CG as a developmental toolCG as a developmental toolrather than a service. rather than a service.

OECD FINDINGS

Career guidance Career guidance not only important for not only important for individualsindividuals

Career guidance Career guidance contributes to public policy contributes to public policy goalsgoals

-- in in educationeducation and training and training (efficiency, human (efficiency, human capital…)capital…)

-- in the in the labour marketlabour market (efficiency, mobility…)(efficiency, mobility…)-- in in social cohesionsocial cohesion and equity and equity (social, gender, (social, gender,

citicenship)citicenship)

Also

EffectiveEffective career guidance systems are career guidance systems are building blocks of building blocks of national active employment national active employment and LLL policiesand LLL policies..

Career Guidance in MENA

RegionalRegional and and country studiescountry studies, ETF;, ETF;EgyptEgypt’s education ’s education reform recommendationsreform recommendations;;JordanJordan and developing and developing AlAl--ManarManar;;MoroccoMorocco and CG in and CG in EducationEducation;;PalestinPalestinee and a and a CG CentreCG Centre;;SyriaSyria and Pilot and Pilot CG CentreCG Centre (UNDP);(UNDP);Possible Possible UNESCOUNESCO action.action.

Challenges to CG in MENA

NumberNumber of anticipated beneficiaries;of anticipated beneficiaries;Availability of Availability of counselorscounselors;;CG CG materialmaterial, socially and culturally adjusted;, socially and culturally adjusted;Uncertainty of the Uncertainty of the anticipated impactanticipated impact;;Nature of Nature of social changesocial change;;Many Many burning issuesburning issues and stretched budgets.and stretched budgets.

What Governments Would do?

Already Already major steps takenmajor steps taken;;LongLong--term term visionvision and immediate and immediate actionaction;;Enhancing Enhancing researchresearch;;Promoting multiPromoting multi--stakeholdersstakeholders;;Expedite Expedite CounselorsCounselors training:training:Producing multiProducing multi--media media materialmaterial;;MediaMedia campaigning;campaigning;HighHigh--level level committmentcommittment..

What Support Would be Offered?

PolicyPolicy--makingmaking level and formulating a level and formulating a visionvision;;PlanningPlanning level and level and integrated approachesintegrated approaches;;PractitionersPractitioners`level and `level and toolstools;;SustainabilitySustainability..

Conclusions

CG is CG is not a magic sticknot a magic stick solving all problems;solving all problems;CG is vital to CG is vital to better HRDbetter HRD, , citizenshipcitizenship, , employmentemployment and and social cohesionsocial cohesion;;It is time to It is time to considerconsider CG;CG;It is time to consider as It is time to consider as a prioritya priority;;It is time for It is time for Technical CooperationTechnical Cooperation providers providers to promote CG.to promote CG.

THANK YOU

how human resources development can how human resources development can contribute to migration policy;contribute to migration policy;knowledge on the overall consequences of knowledge on the overall consequences of migration in relation to education/skills and migration in relation to education/skills and labour markets is limited;labour markets is limited;improving the quality and relevance of the improving the quality and relevance of the system and filling skills gaps are equally system and filling skills gaps are equally crucial, particularly in view of the crucial, particularly in view of the competition that exists in the international competition that exists in the international labour market.labour market.

migration is still an important source of migration is still an important source of employment for many Egyptians (mainly employment for many Egyptians (mainly men);men);severe primary unemployment among young severe primary unemployment among young people, and especially educated young people;people, and especially educated young people;migration to EU countries) continue to ensure migration to EU countries) continue to ensure migratory flows that are driven not only by migratory flows that are driven not only by unemployment or severe poverty, but also by unemployment or severe poverty, but also by an aspiration to improve opportunities and an aspiration to improve opportunities and standards of living.standards of living.

The legal barriers to working in EU countries The legal barriers to working in EU countries and the lack of recognition of qualifications and the lack of recognition of qualifications obtained in Egypt are leading to problems of obtained in Egypt are leading to problems of illegal migration and underemployment of illegal migration and underemployment of migrants;migrants;

the likelihood of migrating within the next the likelihood of migrating within the next two and a half years, the ability to finance the two and a half years, the ability to finance the move, language knowledge, information about move, language knowledge, information about the most likely migration destination, and the most likely migration destination, and possession of the necessary documents possession of the necessary documents –– were were taken into consideration. On this basis, the taken into consideration. On this basis, the likelihood of migration fell to 25%.likelihood of migration fell to 25%.

46% of those who migrated to the USA 46% of those who migrated to the USA undertook studies or received training, undertook studies or received training, compared to 19% for EU;compared to 19% for EU;The majority (85%) of returning migrants The majority (85%) of returning migrants reported being employed since their return to reported being employed since their return to Egypt;Egypt;Nearly half of salaried workers abroad Nearly half of salaried workers abroad became employers after returning home.became employers after returning home.

Current role of TVET

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