2009 society

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A Roadmap for

U.S.-China Collaboration onCarbon Capture and Sequestration

A pArtnership Among:

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A Roadmap for

U.S.-China Collaboration on

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

Nvb 2009

A pArtNership AmoNg:

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2

With Cntiutins by

asi Sciety Cente n U.S.-Chin reltinsoville Schell

Arthur Ross Directoralet g. Chn

FellowLu Chn

Program Ofcer

and

Cente f aeicn Pessanew Liht

Senior FellowJulin L. Wn

Senior Policy Analystdn Snchez

Special Advisor

with

mnit gupSctt r. dniels

Senior PartnerKut dssel

PartnerVivek Sekh

ConsultantJhn benjin W

Consultant

Lwence Livee Ntinl LtyS. Juli Fienn

Carbon Management Program Leader, Energy & Environmental Directorate

This is the second report in the Initiative for U.S.-China Cooperation on Energy and Climatehttp://www.sisciety./clite/

Vishkh N. desi, President Jhn Pest, President and CEO

A Roadmap for U.S.-China Collaboration on

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

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3

Acknowledgements

This report beneted from the input and expertise of a wide array of individuals:

Frank Alix President, Powerspan, Inc.

Jhn ashtn Special Representative for Climate Change for the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Ofce

bill bni Director of Governmental Affairs, United Mine Workers of America

buce butn Political/Legislative Affairs, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers

binus Finz Associate Director, Environmental Initiatives, World Economic Forum

b Fine China Program Director, Natural Resources Defense Council

ret Finley Director, Advanced Energy Technology Initiative, Illinois State Geological Survey

Sh Fes Senior Associate, World Resources Institute

oit Fenkel Senior Manager for International Trade and Investment, General ElectricKelly Sis gllhe Professor of Energy and Environment Policy, Tufts University

bnnin gett Director of Asian Affairs, The Atlantic Council

Kte gn Vice President for Energy, Center for American Progress

dietich gss CEO, Jupiter Oxygen Corporation

Tny Hyet Director, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

gn He Research Associate, Stanford University Program on Energy and Sustainable Development

T Helle Professor, Stanford University Law School; President and Founder, Climate Policy Institute

Ken Hupheys Researcher, Clean Fossil Energy, Pacic Northwest National Laboratory

melnie a. Keneine Associate Director, MIT Energy Initiative

C.S. Kin Director, China Low Carbon Cities Initiative

Jnn Lewis Assistant Professor, Science, Technology and International Affairs,

Georgetown University School of Foreign ServiceJnthn Lewis Staff Attorney, Clean Air Task Force

Lin Jin Vice President and Director of the China Sustainable Energy Program, Energy Foundation

gee Plk Founder, European Climate Foundation

Jinjin Qin Senior Research Associate, Natural Resources Defense Council

Susn Shik Director, Institute on Global Conict and Cooperation, University of California

Tiy Sith Senior Associate, Carnegie Energy and Climate Program and the Carnegie China Program

deie Stckwell Head of CCS in Developing Countries, International Climate Change and Energy, UKDepartment of Energy and Climate Change

S. min Sun Chief Representative Asia Pacic, Clean Air Task Force

mtthew We Coal Campaign Leader, UK Foreign and Commonwealth Ofce

Ths Wee Vice President, Jupiter Oxygen CorporationStephen Witti Director, Advanced Technologies Group Research and Technologies,

BP and Tsinghua University Low Carbon Laboratory

The views expressed in this report are those of the primary authors only and do not necessarily represent

those of the above advisors and reviewers.

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Contents

I. Executive Summary 6

II. Te case or U.S.-China collaboration on climate solutions 11

III. A ocus on carbon capture and sequestration 15

Wa can cabn cau and quan d? 16

hw d cabn cau and quan wk? 17

Wa nd b dn v cabn cau and quan cnly? 19

IV. A roadmap or U.S.-China collaboration 20

squan avalabl u a Co2

21

r ac, dvln, and dlyn 22

Caalyz ak CCs dlyn 25

V. Clearing political hurdles in the United States and China 30

obacl n Und sa 30

ovcn bacl n Und sa 31

obacl n Cna 36

ovcn bacl n Cna 37

VI. Conclusion 40

Acknowledgments 41

Appendices:

L Acny 42

Andx A: pl slcd CCs pjc n Us 43

Andx B: pl slcd CCs pjc n Cna 47

Endnotes 49

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I. Executive Summary

gll eenhuse s eissins a a aacn unuanabl and alan lvl

T bad cnnu a n, caud aly bunn l

ul, av ld lbal wan i ncanly vdn a anann cun

ajcy nu a n wd-ann and nally caac k

naual y and uan wla i al cla a an uncdnd lvl lbal

can wll b ncay uccully cnn n calln vn

c cla can

T Und sa and Cna a wld la nu a

Cllaban bwn w nan, , a uny

acvn annul ducn n lbal nu a n T

uc cllaban T w cun av acad n vau lbal cn n

cnly can, ncludn 2007 Bal Acn plan and maj ecn

Fu dclaan n eny and Cla a g-8 u n ialy July T

Und sa and Cna al ad jn cn a July 2009 Us-Cna

sac and ecnc Dalu n a mandu Undandn

enanc Can n Cla Can, eny and envnn, and dun Us

eny scay svn Cu cn Cna

T Und sa can anla lcal dwll n cnc acn, bu wll

nd bn layn u a ada n aa uual cncn Us ladn ccal aa wuld nn blaal lan bwn Und sa and

Cna, wl buldn nu wad a uccul uc a Und Nan

ullaal cla can nan n Cnan Dcb

on ccal away cllaban ccally dnd n Und sa and

Cna cn jn cn cabn cau and quan cnly, CCs,

wc a nal a n cal-d w lan T Und

sa and Cna cnnud lanc n cal-d w na lccy a aly

a u b addd n any cnv cla can lcy

CCs a c a aa and cau cabn dxd, Co2, ndual and

w lan lu a, n c a and undund, lkly nlcal an T c nally cau nu a n b

y n a and undund T cnly a advancd

ncanly v a dcad and cnn CCs av alady vn uccul

n jc aund wld

Wl CCs ll ac cndabl cnlcal, nancal, and ulay udl,

a nal away ln acv cncally-qud ducn

n lbal nu a n a ny cncy, cnvan and nwabl

n a unlkly n wn Nn n u uld b nd

a un a any n cabn aban n an an any i

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cla, wv, a n cuny can acv n ducn nd

ak wu addn avy lanc n cal CCs uld b ncludd n

a l cla can an , dnad cv andannul ducn n cabn n

Wl nal u l bn abu a nw an

bwn Us and Cna, da a l caalyz Us lad

acn by kcn u a cnc, cllabav nw lan acn n cabn cau

and quan a Und sa vnn can ad a cnn wn

calln addn cla can and nnn sn-Us lan

a thee-pne ppch t CCS clltin

A uccul an n CCs uld advanc ln- ac, dvln, anddlyn ccal-cal CCs, wl a a layn undan

nal n ducn T -nd cndan blw dn

na un w cllaban can bn daly and duc aly

ln, wl ulanuly advancn ln- al n xn

lan and dvln nw nancn accu wd CCs dlyn

1. Sequester the pure CO2

streams on existing commercial plants

Cna a nalld an 100 cal a a duc a a byduc u a

Co2a a cunly vnd dcly n a en a

lan a awad and l cly cau an n cbunlan and uld b da cu cllaban T Und sa

and Cna uld wk dun a CCs cllaban n dvln

ad, la-cal dnan lcal quan u a Co2

a x day n Cna T xn a a lavly a cau and uld

vd an aly uccul cllaban bwn Und sa and Cna

T Und sa and Cna uld dny a jc a ull n Cna,

and Und sa uld ak ubanal cnbun jc n acc,

qun, and cnc suc cllaban culd and ca vau quan

cnl wl buldn ulay and nancal naucu and cl

ndd wdad dlyn

Buldn u cnl n Cna wuld allw jc b cld a

l c an wuld b bl ndndnly, and uc xnc culd b bu back

Und sa accla dc lnan eac jc wuld c $50-

$100 lln al, w a nal Us cnbun $20-$40 lln T a

wuld lkly b w v ya lannn lnan, un an

2. Invest in research and development on retrotting older power plants

T cnd n uld cu n aadn ac, dvln, and dnan

-cbun CCs cnl a can b ud ld cal-d lan

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v du and ln Wl un x cllaban n nw

cal-d lan (and Cna a dnad n n un nw lan w

-cbun cau caabl, ly u inad gacan CbndCycl cnl), cllaban n nw lan aln wll n b ucn lbal

aban a bcau d nn clan xn lan B cun u

ulaly dal w xn l cal-d cnvnnal lan n d

lbal a, by un dwn n CCs

T wuld dny lan n b cun la-cal dnan

a wuld l dvl and dn nw cau cnl v cvn

and lw c i wuld al uln a lnay n cal-d w

lan n b Und sa and Cna a c lcal, ndual, and

nancal dn acT ac and dvln cn (wc b u wn xn Us

Dan eny call a cllabav ac cn) uld bn an

daly r dnan jc wuld ak ln bnlkly v ya

ncn bakn und ( ya dnyn a jc and w addnal

ya aan)

3. Catalyze markets or CCS

in abnc a ak can cabn ducn n Cna, Und sa and

Cna wll av vd nancal ncnv va caal nv n cabn cau

and quan jc mvan uc va caal wll qu caalyc ublcundn a ln a n va ak cabn aban an nnanal

ucu a can b ud nz uc nvn w ucn

T Und sa uld cnd dvln vnn-backd ublc nanc

ucu, uc a k nuanc uaan Co2c a aun uccully

abad cabn la d by Acan Clan eny and scuy Ac

2009, hr 2454 suc u culd v a an nal bd ak can

T Und sa can n aalll v nclun CCs-abad cabn n

uu uc a Clan Dvln mcan ( Ky pcl cabn

y a allw dvld cun n by ayn clan-

ny jc n dvln cun) T wuld l abl a du- a va caal k un n nvn n nan CCs jc T can al

l lquda nal Us vnn-backd ublc nanc au

T nal undwk can ba a dc nal ak abad

Co2

u ln- caal nvn and ccalzan Us and

dvld wld cnl Nnl, n n l-vdn: Und sa

and Cna wll av vnually buld an nnanal can duc c

cnd and d nan cnl ad a n lbal 2020 and 2050 Co2

uu a

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The benets of collaboration on CCS

T ada a bn undakn w aun a Und sa and Cna

b and an u cllaban an u ndndn uu CCs

T accal bn a blaal cllaban wll nclud ad dlyn, jb

can, and lw c

1. Accelerate U.S. technology

Acan x n quan cnly and ac wll dvld and ady

b daly ald n Cna a a a nw a Can bwn w

cun wuld accla ak nan cnly Cnducn nal

quan jc un -uy Co2

a adly avalabl n Cna

wll allw b d bn a xcun and lw c a Cna pvn cnl a quckly a bl ccal accla dvln c

an, cncal ndn, k l, and ulay awk T wkn

knwld CCs acc and cl and nal dnan n Cna

wuld al b avalabl Und sa and wuld l accla dlyn

CCs acl n Und sa by v 10 ya, w bn uly, ny, and

cnly can

2. Create U.S. jobs

By akn advana Us cnly and avy qun uca and n,

jc n b Und sa and n Cna wuld l v cvn Us n a lbal ak, wl al un nduy and can jb n

Und sa Alu Cna dvln uc cun-d cnly wn

n ld, a ncan aun advancd cnly and ac and

dvln n wld wuld lcally nd u bn xd Cna uly nw

CCs ak suc cllabav jc wuld al u Us dc jb w aan

u acclan wd-cal dlyn CCs cnly ou a w

a n a baln cna, CCs c wuld ca 127,000 dc and ndc n-

nw jb n Und sa by 2022 A v-ya acclan nca a 430,000 n

2022, and a 10-ya acclan u 943,000 n 2022

3. Lower U.S. electricity prices

A CCs ncanly vwd a a ccal a lbal cabn aban ,

acclan dvln cnly culd yld ncan ducn n

nun lccy a s c aban wll b bn by uly can,

and c culd b ad n aay dndn n ucu

cn can n cabn CCs cllaban wuld add valu by ducn CCs

c and u nun lccy a an lw an w b ca

mcKny & Cany a lbal nal calabl CCs by 2030 b 365

an ya Co2-quvaln aban, wc w a wll c $959 blln

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lbally acv v 20 ya d i w a abl accla CCs nav by

v ya u can w Cna, w a a a aban culd b

acvd a a c $934 blln, avn $25 blln i cllaban acclad CCsdlyn by 10 ya, w a a aban culd b acvd $859 blln,

avn $100 blln T Us a c avn axaly $5 blln n cna w a v-ya acclan, and $18 blln w a 10-ya acclan

4. Increase Chinese CCS expertise

Us-Cna can wll vd Cna w acc nw advancd CCs cnly,

and an qu x bc vn cv n abunn uu n c ak

5. Facilitate additional collaboration in preerred Chinese areas

Cllaban w Und sa n CCs wll v Cna lcal caal cllabav n d aa, uc a cnly an and nvn

n ld nwabl ny and ny cncy

6. Direct cost savings

sval ky cnn CCs a ca n Cna an n Und sa Tnclud l, cn, lab, and avn ad jc cln Fcud

jn culd duc c ndvdual jc and cnucn

by a uc a 50 cn

7. Risk sharing

By cbnn uc, Und sa and Cna a k CCs alu nad

ac cuny ban uc k aaly

8. Financial sureness in the market

Can andad a, cv jc wll v nancal cuny cndnc

and l nvn n nn n ducn jc n b cun

9. Rapid emissions reductionsi ada lnd, a culd ul n ndn a naly 10 lln n Co

2(wc wuld w n a) ac ya

bnnn w v ya a jc nan T ducn n n wuld b

quvaln akn 25 lln ca ad un dwn 500 awa

cal-d w lan vy yaT lbal cla c dand bld lad, nw an, and ann

a lw-cabn cny Wav uc Cnan, lun lbalcla can wll lkly b bn a uc yad nanal and blaal

a any and, ulnanal an i n cnn lkld a w

ada

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II. The case for U.S.-China collaboration

on climate solutionsI the two goliaths on the world stage can join hands and commit each otherat the

highest levelsto a long-term, vigorous climate and energy partnership, it will truly

change the world.

tdd sn, Us envy Cla Can, n ad ak a Cn

Acan p n Jun 3, 2009

The nes f ll clite chneglbal nu a n a a aacn unuanabl and alan lvl

Unl w al u cun ajcy, w ay n c a danu ld lavn u

w v w n dy

scnc cnnu lav ll dub a cau lbal cla can

avy cnqunc Bad and vwln vdnc dna a

ncad cncnan a-an nu a n a nc

ndual a a abuabl uan acvyaculaly cbun l

uland av ld an ncanly ad n lbal au

indd, cn An r by invnnal panl n Cla

Can a clan w lvl cany y i nd a 35 cnnca n ac cncnan Co

2 ndual lvl 2005, wc, a

379 a lln, by a xcd naual an v la 650,000 ya1 glbal

au an ava 08 d Clu v la cnuy, w a

dcad aln accunn a 06 d Clu nca2 md-an a by

ipCC dc a au nca bwn 18 and 40 d Clu by nd

cnuy3

Abu and nally caac dun uan and naual y l

rac a dcunn ncad du and ld, can acdcan, l n nw

cv and a c, n a lvl, and l bdvy 4 Cla can ncanly

dcud n nanal cuy , a d and wa cacy an, cnlc,

and lcal nably5

rac a can cly back Us cny and nanal cuy,

ncludn n y daa u and wld, l n aculual

uu a wav and du, dun Us and Acc naucu and

ln, a clan a and wa, and nw and dablzn an lw

uc-cac n6 mv, cla-nducd uanaan c aund wld

av nal an Us uc vn u7

T bl Cna a xcd b n l v Cna cacula cnc

w v a val dcad a c w a c Accdn Und Nan

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Dvln pa, Cna 16 wld 20 llud c, w

n-d uban ulan ban avly llud a8 Cnvav a

w a nvnnal dadan c Cna 8 cn gDp ya9 Cnnncla can n Cna ncanly undd b ccal n nly nvnnal

cn, bu al annanc Cna cnc, lcal, and cal ably

Wldwd Co2

n a jcd nca by 39 cn 2006 2030

wu a aj can n lbal ny lc and acc a dcly add cal10

gvn cna, cn au a wld culd ac a danu n n

n w dcad, n n, wby a lavly l au nca

dna and vbl daa11

The nee f U.S.-Chin cpetinT wld a ln ndd Und sa dna bld lad n annc

cla can T k lluna n away caalyz Und sa lad

u a blaal awk T l aly a any dy lbal cla

can b annul, Und sa and Cna wld w la

nu au nd a way and , cllabavly, a cn a lbal

A vu b Aa scy and Cn Acan p av

aculad, lvan ny and cla n Us-Cna anda wuld n nly dna

lad n addn cla av, bu a nal undanally a

dynac bwn w cun n a v and cnv way12

Y w cun ll nd lv n a a aaly n ccal umany Us akld wy a Und sa wll b a a dadvana n

any dc llan nnanal an cn l n nu

a n unl dvln cun uc a Cna a la au T

Cn vnn, n and, ly lacn an ablu l n

wn n, nn dvld cun nbly dy c

c cuulav n a av ld lbal wan

manwl, Und sa and Cna cnnu ly avly n cal duc

ny; accun 50 cn and 80 cn cun lccy nan,

cvly i w cun cann nd a way c jnly add

bl caud by n, ly unlkly a wld wll b abl an a ay cv an any n a UNFCCC nan n

Cnan Dcb wll av a any annul uc

Tu, can bwn Und sa and Cna a ccal and qu

an knd cndnc and u ndd aad wad an

cv lbal lun Funaly, w a nw Us dnal adnan and an

ncanly nvnnally-cncu Cn vnn, n l w

bly w cun jnly al cun a lucanc a a

vald unl nw

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U.S. n Chin: annul, Pe Cpit n Cuultive Co2

Eissins

Pwe genetin y Fuel

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

China United States

Annual CO2 Emissions

(2007)

Gigatons

0

5

10

15

20

25

China United States

Per Capita CO2 Emissions

(2007)

Tonspercapita

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

China United States

Total CO2 Emissions

(1900-2007)

Gigatons

4.3

14.7

0

20

40

60

80

2006 2030 (proj.)

China Power Generation by Fuel

Natural Gas

Liquids

Nuclear

Renewables

Coal

Qua

drillion

Btu

3.6

6.5

0

20

40

60

80

2006 2030 (proj.)

U.S. Power Generation by Fuel

Natural Gas

Liquids

Nuclear

Renewables

Coal

Quadrillion

Btu

Sources: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), 2007; the NetherlandsEnvironmental Assessment Agency (MNP), 2007; Population Reference Bureau 2007 World Population Data Sheet

Source: International Energy Outlook 2009, Energy Information Administration, May 2009

Per Capita CO2 Emissions

(2007)

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Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal Use (2005-2030)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

World

China

U.S.

MillionMetricTonsCO2

Note: 2005 data is actual; 2010-2030 data is projectedSource: International Energy Outlook 2009, Energy Information Administration, May 2009

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III. A focus on carbon capture and

sequestrationWhen people in America say, or people in Europe say, Well, we can turn our back on coal.

Why bother with carbon capture and storage? I would say we have to develop the technologies

frst, because otherwise we would turn our back on 25 percent o the coal reserves in the world,

which are in our borders.

svn Cu, Us eny scay, sb 22, 200913

Cabn cau and quan a way nualz aul n ac Und sa and Cna avy lanc n cal B cun wll

cnnu dnd n bunn la aun cal abl uu, and u,

cnly can b vn a ucn lvl cal and ay, dlyn

CCs cnl an nal ln n any ablz lbal nu a

n14

Wl CCs ll ac cndabl cnlcal, nancal, and ulay udl,

a nal away ln acv cncally-qud ducn n lbal

nu a n a ny cncy, cnvan and nwabl n a

unlkly n wn Nn n u uld b nd a un

a any n cabn aban n an an any T aclln aun, wv, a n cuny can acv n ducn

nd ak wu addn avy lanc n cal CCs uld b

ncludd n a l cla can an dnad

cv and annul ducn n cabn n

T July 2009 Us-Cna sac and ecnc Dalu n Wann DC

uld n nly n ndly lan, bu n a undbakn mandu

Undandn cn b a ca, an n, acv cannl

CCs can15 T nwly abld Us-Cna Clan eny rac Cn a

clan cal, ncludn CCs, a n ld aa ac16 T blaal ld

llw g8 abu al abln 20 ccal CCs jc by 2020, wCna layn an nal l17

T ada vn wad n CCs cllaban av a an un

l anla cnly nad dwll n cnc and acv

can by un accal way alvanzn w n an

quabl and cv an Can n CCs, wl nly n any aa

ncay can n clan ny and lw-cabn cnl, can bn abu a

wn-wn an

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Wht cn cn cptue n sequesttin ?

CCs cnly a bn ann und a an an nal ln n dyn

cla can sval nun av cnly cad u ud xann cncal vably and aban nal CCs, ncludn invnnal panl

n Cla Can, innanal eny Ancy, Us Dan eny,

maacu inu tcnly, sand Unvy, and elcc pw

rac inu T ndn av ld a nub cnclun:

1 CCs aa cncally und and abl, a dnad by analu ln-lvd

ndual c, a wll a a andul uccul jc alady lnd n

dn a wld

2 Dlyn CCs wll dca c acvn ablzan ac

cncnan cabn n a an cna by 50 cn 80 cn

3 i ly unlkly a ablzan blw 550 a lln () Co2-

quvaln n a can b acvd wu CCs18 eny cncy ,

wl lw n c, acv uly a qua lbal nd qud n

ducn CCs and nwabl ny , n and, can add uly

-qua lbal nd n ducn19

rpi ctin is equie f th the U.S. n Chin in the cl sect fclite stiliztin

A 450 ppm stabilization required steep emissions reduction more than 5 years ago.

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Hw es cn cptue n sequesttin wk?

Steps Involved in Carbon Capture and Sequestration

1 saa and cau Co2

ndual and w lan lu a a

cbun cbun u nw nan cnl

2 C and an caud Co2

a a cncnan

3 injc caud Co2

n uabl d lcal an, w

an qud ndnly

Wl CCs cnly alcabl a nub cnxuc a naual a andba w nan, lu nn, bul ducn, cn akn and

ccal anuacun cndd a ccal cnly ducn Co2n

n cal-d w nan and can -cbun -cbun

cau uc lan20

Pre-combustion capture nvlv val Co2

cbun duc

ydn Co2

can b caud yn a a cal aca-

n ac b xd w a n a cbun ubn p-cbun Co2

cau

alcabl cal w lan, w uc cu n inad Cal gacan

Cbnd Cycl cnly p-cbun cau cnly qu ncan d-

can w lan, and nly vabl nw w lan, n xn

lan

Post-combustion capture val dlu Co2

lu a a

ydcabn cbun exn ndual lan and w an can b d

w -cbun cau cnly wu ncan dcan nal

lan T ada cu aly n -cbun cau alcan

T n v cabn quan a u and abl

ck bd, nally a d uly n kl, w u and

au cndn nabl Co2

n a uccal a n wc vcy

and dny bc la a l A ubanal nub undundlcal v aa av nal undd uand an

Co2 F xal, aln an a cnan bn n vlu (aln

a an 10,000 ) a aculaly ud a and a wdly dbud

acally T Us Dan eny a ad a aln an n

N Aca can ld bwn 1,300 and 3,000 an Co2,21 w caabl

vlu a anland Cna, a wll22

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Chins thee pthwys f CCS in esech, ensttin, n eplyent

CCS Css sectin

Air

CO2

$%&'(')*+

CO

1. POST COMBUSTION

2. PRE COMBUSTION

,'-./0')*+CO2

Compression

&

Dehydration

CoalGas

Biomass

Reformerand CO2

Separation

CO2

$%&'(')*+CO2

Separation

Chemical

Process

Power & Heat

Power & Heat

3. BY-PRODUCT

,'-./0')*+

Also, pure by-product CO2 streams (CTL, ammonia/urea, methanol, chemicals)

TPRI

(Beijing,

Shanghai)

GreenGen

Shenhua DCL,

methanol

SNG, liquids,

methanol, NH3

Gasification

Air/O2 stream

Gas / Oil

N2 O2 2 2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2 CO2 CO2

C

O2

CO2CO2CO2

CO2

N2

O2

N2 O2

N2

O2

Air

Coal

Gas

Biomass

CoalGas

Biomass

CO2

C

O2

CO2

CO2

N2 O2

N2 O2

Source: Robert Socolow, Can we Bury GlobalWarming? Scientic American, 2005. Illustration

by David Fierstein; Concept by Julio Friedmann

Three technology pathways

can capture and separatelarge volumes of CO

2

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Wht nees t e ne t ipve cn cptue n sequesttin

technly?

CCs cllaban uld cu n advancn aa:

1. Demonstration plants: Accla dlyn -cbun Co2

lu-a

cau and lcal a dnan a cal-d w lan a ull ccal

cal

Wl ac cndd CCs cnl and cu acn av bn

ndvdually d n al-wld cndn, n ca -cbun lu-a

cau Co2

and a undund, a y b a ull ccal cal

dnan a a cal-d w lan23

Wu a cany c cvn and cncal ably la-cal cau and quan, w wll k nvn ucn va caal n CCs

uan a annul lvl dlyn

i u ccal lw nancal k by cnducn ull al-wld

dnan jc a nal cau Co2

a la w lan, anan

Co2

va ln a , njcn n a an lcal an,

ln- nn a ay, and ulan nw undn

dl

2. Cost: gna an accua a c CCs, na n cncd

duc c and dvl wkabl undn dli an na an accua a c CCs and nal cal,

ln, and away c ducn a n a bl inal c wll b , bu

ak aban adabl and u acvabl, c CCs nd b bu

dwn u acual xnc n CCs dnan jc24

3. Commercial deployment: Accla ac, dvln, and dlyn CCs

cnl ac nw and xn cal-d w lan

in d ak a ncan ac n lbal n, b Und sa and

Cna wll nd cal u dlyn CCs cnl ac a la cna

b nw and xn w lan and a caun and qun any lln

n Co2

T a qun abu ulay lcy, lal awk, and anal

acc a u b nd by ld by cncal ndn, vdn bun w

knd cnc and ulay cany y qu ak nvn dcn

n CCs cnl

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IV. A roadmap for U.S.-China collaboration

a successful U.S.-Chin p f clltin u b bul n uual c and

cnn b cun x and ncnv Bu u al lay ack

ubanal n aban and b abl vlv and w v Wl nal

u ada l bn abu a nw an bwn Und

sa and Cna, da a caalyz Us lad by kcn u a

cnc, cllabav nw lan acn n CCs a Und sa vnn culd

cnd adn a cnn wn calln dyn cla can and

nnn Us-Cna lan T ada al nndd cln, and

n ubu, nn blaal and ullaal cllaban n CCs a Cna

a w cun25 By wkn n aalll, a cllcv wll

yld ln a l accla CCs dlyn lbally

T -n a blw uln a c a can a daly duc

aly ln wl wkn wad ln- al n xn lan

and dvln ccal nw nancn ucu

1. Sequesttin f ville pue stes f Co2

Rapidlyimplementdemonstrationsofgeologicalcarbonsequestrationforexistinglow-

c, u a Co2

n Cna

2. Retrot research, development, and deployment

Spearheadamajornewcollaborativeresearchanddevelopmentprojectonboththe

cau and quan ac Co2

ducd by cnvnnal cal-d

lan n b Und sa and Cna

Identifypotentiallarge-scalepulverizedcoalcombustionprojectsthatarereadyfor

n Cna and Und sa

Outlineastrategytobeginretrottingplantsinbothcountries,whileatthesame

cnnun nd cnv way lw c, v cvn, and

advanc cal-u

3. Catalyze markets for CCS Establishmechanismstoguaranteethatcompaniesthatstorecarbonnowwillbepaid

a can aun n a a n n uu, by va ak

cabn by vnn n vn a ak a n dvld ucnly

T cnal ln ada l add any cncn and udl a

av dd u CCs a a annul cnlcal anw a cucal cla

can calln

F, bnnn lavly lw-c, cnc acn uld allw b cun

a dnan nw lad n na

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scnd, acclan dvln CCs acc, cl, and andad

uld l vd bun and vnn nan y nd nv n

and dly CCs cndnly and wly n uu succul dlyn canal l k ny c lw and accla dvln n-clla CCs jb

n ky Us and Cn n and ak

Td, ada wll lad can nancal can u la-

cal jc a lavly lw c

Fnally, ada wll accla ducn c and vd anc

xnc ndd cal u a dlyn CCs adly nu ak a

annul ac n n wldwd

1. Sequesttin f ville pue stes f Co2Cna cunly a lbal lad n cal acan dvln and dlyn, avn

alady nalld wll v 100 la a dn dn a vay u T

a a ud w c and a ud ak ccal dck ydn

lz, ccal, and lad duc Wa ak a lvan

jc a y al ca byduc a Co2

a a vy u in nc,

y duc -caud Co2

a lavly a cau and culd vd an

aly ucc cllaban bwn Und sa and Cna26

Can bwn Und sa and Cna culd bn al daly

a val w Cna a alady cld ably ud and lannn

acual quan jcT -caud a Co

2vd un a a n avalabl n

Und sa cabn a a lavly lw c $5-$10 n qud

Co2, ncludn c cn, dlln, and nn ov a v-ya d,

al c ac jc wuld b axaly $50-$100 lln 27 T Cn

culd cv an c ny naly, c, dlln, ycal uvy,

an, njcn, and an and annanculy 60 cn ac

jc28

T Und sa culd cnbu $20-$40 lln jc n Cna

cnc and cnly, dnan, and lnan quan acc;

advancd cncal u; avy qun u u Us cncal andvc can; and nu unv and nanal lab Fv uc jc, ac

qun 2 3 lln n Co2

ya, wuld n nly vd a a-bakn

, bu al duc lbal n by uly 10 15 lln n Co2

ac ya

T Und sa a c v jc wuld b bwn $100 $200

lln n al T c ac uc quan jc a lw an $1 $3

blln c a a nl -cbun cabn cau jc n Cna29

mv, cllaban culd bn al daly a val , wc

a lcad na ky quan a uc a Ba, snla, and od Ban

and wc a lcally la any Us ban30

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F nanc, snua dc cal--lqud lan n od, inn mnla

duc abu 36 lln n Co2

ya and a bn dnad by Cn

vnn b Cna la cal Co2 quan jc31 i

od quan jc w b undakn n cllaban w Us x and

can a av xnc n knd an, culd bc a wld-cla

jc a wca Us-Cna can n CCs cnly

T yn nn n uc a jc wuld bn b cun a wll a

wld a la Cllaban wuld n nly nca bably ucc and lw

c uc jc, bu wuld buld ad knwld w dn, n, a,

and anan an32 i wuld al dna a la-cal quan

bl n Cna, ndn an ncuan a nd ublc and va n

lw n wld And uc a cllabav la wuld allw Und saand Cna buld acc, cl, and nw nllcual y an

a culd l caalyz CCs nduy n b cun and allw cllcn

cnc knwld a wuld d u dlyn CCs wldwd33

snc Cna alady nnd cay u quan jc n wn, aculaly

n ld nancd l cvy, ak n Cna cllaba w Und

sa duc c and a k Cllaban wuld al accla un

wca ccal vably wld by lvan Cn caabl and

lad And nc quan jc cu cfy n acc, knw-w and

xnc a an cc cnly and adwa, lkly a w cun

culd laly d aj nllcual y uBu anly, uc cllabav quan jc wuld allw a nw

knd an a wuld n qu vly budn nw nvn, and u

allw Und sa and Cna bn can daly

2. Retrot research, development, and deployment

T dcd ajcy lbal n ak vdn a lan wll nv

lbal aban a unl n dn abu way w bun cal Cna a

wn n n un nw cal lan w -cbun cau caabl,

ly u inad gacan Cbnd Cycl cnl Und sa and

Cna cllaban n n culd u a nub ublc and va an accla uc igCC dnan34

Y cllaban n nw lan aln wll n b ucn lbal aban

a bcau d nn clan xn lan B cun u ulaly

dal w xn f cnvnnal cal-d lan n d lbal

a, by un dwn lan n CCs B cun

av acknwldd ncy and av bun ac nvn n ac and

dvln a wuld nabl n xn lan

Dan eny scay svn Cu cn annuncn a Und

sa wll na n jn ac w Cna a ly uny A a

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vnu, Wann and Bjn uld jnly uu an av nw nnv

ac and dvln jc cnd n n cal-d lan w lw-c,

cv CCs cnly T r&D a uld bn daly a dlyn cnly can bn ly a a n cl

i u a Cna a xd lucanc dly CCs adly wn

xn cal l35 rcn a av nd u a Cna vdn n

n cnc w and ny cuy ak CCs dlyn n d

y36

T ada cu n layn undwk vnual bad-cal n

by n u cndn uu CCs dlyn a n ncal Cna

n CCs a y b vn abl and c cv n a la cal s,

al nabl ac a a duc c n and ak CCs cn n d ca an nvnn v n wc b cun can

dn, n ba ul cllabav r&D, w bad-cal CCs

dlyn a alc cu acn

incnv ay can a ky advanc ak cnly l aaln i

al bl a dvaan c lbal wan wll cala uc a lvl a

c n an n bunn cal wll bc a Cna

ba a n wll nd b ad

Dnn jc vably aln wuld qu w ya n-nd

nnn dn ud aln sval ya lannn and analy wuld al n

b ndd lc nal jc lkly uccd n ac cuny i alan n a nly abu al Us lan av ucn a a and cncy

waan cndan37

gvn all ac, val ya dcun and xnan n

cal-d lan uld cu n al:

1. Engage in a wide array o research and development initiatives on both the capture

and sequestration sides o retrotting coal-red plants as soon as possible to lower

costs, improve efectiveness, and scale up these technologies or global application.

Both countries should build upon the multidisciplinary research centers already

annuncd by Us Dan eny and Cn mny scnc

and tcnly suc cn uld a and dna ln land n

cnly, ulan, bun dl, nancn, lan an, and dnan

jc T wll nabl w cun dly CCs adly wn lcal

and nancal cndn

China and the United States should establish large-scale research and education

caan a cu n dvaan ln- c cla can, nd

CCs cba cla can, and cncal ably and ay Co2

quan

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Onthecaptureside,keyresearchisnecessaryinpost-combustioncapture(e.g.,solvents,

bn, ban, nc lqud) and xy-d cnl (, ld-ul

cbun ac, la-a dn, lu-a cculan, o2 aan) acu n ducn caal and anal c n n xn lan

Onthesequestrationside,researchshouldfocusondevelopinganddemonstrating

cnqu ln- nn qud Co2, dnyn nal azad,

cn undwa qualy, and dvln bad x n lvan

anan acc

Researchshouldalsoincludedesign,drilling,andtechnologytransfereortsasthey

an CCs dlyn38

2. Identiy plants in China and the United States that are strong candidates or large-scale retrot demonstrations.

Screentheexistingeetofcoal-redplantstoidentifythoseinbothcountriesthatare

n candda dnan suc lan wuld nclud ubccal

ulvzd cal lan (400 awa la, abu 2 lln n Co2

ya)

a av ac, dn uabl n, and quan uc naby

Projectselectionwouldbefollowedbypreliminaryfront-endengineeringdesignstudies

dn cncal vably, bl alu d, and lkly c suc an

wuld qu acc lan nnn nan and cncal nan,

and a anan c a ul ud

Plantsselectedforretrot(andalternates)wouldbeannouncedaftertwotothreeyears cllabav analy rac wuld av ad nal cnl

dun and dvld lnay dn, ladn dvln

al lan dn and cun an avy qun nd

Groundbreakingandretrotwouldbeginatkeysiteswithinveyears,withthegoal

Co2

njcn cncn n ya la

3. Outline a broad, medium- to long-term strategy or retrotting power-sector coal

plants in China and the United States in a way that embraces the countries respective

political, industrial, and nancial conditions and needs.

Devisea strategy formutually establishingtargets for growth,emission abatement,ny nny, and c

Focusworkinggroupsonbothtechnicalandnontechnicalaspectspolitical,regulatory,

and lalcncn n ac cuny dvl uually aabl andad and b

acc w c , lcal quan, w lan anan,

and ulay awk

A caul ucu wll av b cad c nllcual y

acad w y c-bd an pva can uld b allwd

na wn nllcual y Ty a n b n knw w

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c , a valu nllcual y and undand c

n nn cllabav ak

A an xal, b bl Us can u a lcnn u cnl T Ju oxyn jc n inda lvd ipr bl by

ann w a lcal cany and vn a cany xcluv a acula

cnly n xcan a lcnn 39 suc a ay cvly ncn lcal

can uad aan nnn lv, u addn an addnal

lay dn w y and a n und

i al b bl dvl an nuanc und jnly backd by Und

sa and Cn vnn a nu Us can w a nllcual

y n ccal aa w Cna, uc way ova pva invn

Can nu ky ad dalB a can lkly na a wd an cav lun Bu ay

b a calln n a nbn a a A all, Cna ay bc a va

ak CCs Us can a wan b aj lay n ak wll

bn aly cllaban w aj Cn lay inllcual y k wll

b d by aklac wn cnc nal mak allu

wll b ucn n any ca dv can ula wn ca-cc

aann

T Und sa and Cna wll av xan a bad an u lvan

ulay vnanc i wll b an a cllaban bc

cnc dcu u lably, ay, aun, and vcan; jc dnand anan; cannl cuncan; and vnual clu i wll b

an na u n dal dwn ad

3. Catalyze markets for CCS deployment

Lack an cnc un, and uncany aund n and lvl a un, a

ky nancn ba a lw advancn CCs jc Unlk any

cnl a l duc nu a n uc a nucla, ydlcc, wnd,

la, bul, wa cycln, and ny cncy, n abld akn

bdy ayn cu can a CCs qun and vc bynd

cnday uc uc a l ducnou aun a uc a ak wll vnually c n bn u vau

ca-and-ad y a ax n cabn s, ky nancn calln buldn a

bd bwn day and a n n wn uc a ak qud Co2

x

Wu bd, va c nvn wll lw n CCs jc lwly and

navly a b A bd wuld nabl lw va nvn w n

v exnc and nnvan wll lw c qud Co2, uln n

an ncad a uly a any vn c T a - and du- lun

buldn bd

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Short-term (Year 0 to 5): Use public unds to support U.S. companies to participate in

sequestration projects in China while simultaneously providing a guaranteed return

or private capital investments in CCS that could be redeemed at a uture point.Us ax dlla wuld b allcad aly Us can, cnun a

cnc ulualb n wu a ull nc uc wk wuld ak

lac n Cna i wuld al b an nvn n cvn Us can

un a nally lucav lbal CCs ak induy c-nv n

jc bcau y wuld an an advana v c n aly

xnc n la-cal quan

on ay ula a ak valu abad cabn aad acual an

nal vn la lad u n Acan Clan eny and scuy

Ac in cna, Us wuld vd a uaand ayn (a $60 n) an nal xd vlu Co2

uccully qud, n Cna lw Lk n

Waxan-maky llan, c n wuld vay dndn n acn cabn

caud ( u 85% cau and lw u lw cau a) T

uaan culd b ucud a a -d nuanc ayu, a wuld b

n ulay Us caal unl 2020, xal, and n nly a ak nun w

n y avalabl nz uccully abad cabn T Us vnn wuld

nally ay n uu, ak a n y c n xnc

T nub n qud cabn culd b ld an aun la nu

ncua val dnan jc v nx v ya, bu all nu

a n bak--bank n unlkly vn a wa n uncnn ak qud cabn W wuld u undn b d v a v ya d u

1,500 mW caacy40 snc uc caacy na abu 9 lln n ya,

axu xu (aun a 100 cn cau and quan a) wuld b

abu $540 lln ya ($60 n ulld by 9 lln n), n vn a n

va ak abad cabn ad dvld by cd ayu

in addn can ncuan CCs n w c, w wuld al

u an analu can ndual c T a nuu ndual

an n Cna a duc Co2

a a by-duc nal an, and a

nw vnn cabn n a Ta Co2

uld b caud and d

undund n d accla lann and dvl caabl n aa snc cau alady ann, c ncua a can b uc lw W

u und $20 n Co2

d u 30 lln n T n

a axu xu $600 lln ($20 n ulld by 30 lln n) n

vn n va ak avalabl

suc a can culd al v a a la vnually nclud a bad

nnanal akld aca n ulan and vlun uccul

ublc-va an aund CCs dlyn

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Medium-term (Year 6 to 10): Push or the inclusion o sequestered carbon in a new Clean

Development Mechanism-type ofset regime to create access to other capital pools

T Clan Dvln mcan Ky pcl cabn y aallw dvld cun n by ayn clan-ny jc n

dvln cun CCs n cunly lbl CDm cd, bu uld b

lvad vd vnu can qun cabn A nw, a wnd a

bul n a dvln cuny cun a a cabn a euan

nu a, bu a CCs jc d n

CCs wa xcludd CDm undn n a bcau ncan n

cal-bad uc ny41 Cann qun nclud CCs wll n b

l Bu Und sa and Cna uld acvly u uc nclun n a nw

-Ky CDm-lk can v du-

Long-term (Year 11 and beyond): Global market or abated carbon

T bac calln ca a vnu uc ay qud cabn cla,

a - lun: buldn a nancn bd bwn nw and day a

uncnn ak Co2

c n bn onc a valu cabn, caal

ak can n ucu can aa, an, and ana caal lw

accdn uly and dand

T ln- lun nancn calln d by CCs , cu, a lbal

ak abad cabn, w a aban an n Und sa, Cna,

lw T ubjc bn addd lw, w cnn u cn ly nn a a lbal ak u vnually b alzd; nancn bd

d n u lad n n nd42

A u x wuld nd udy and ula dal uc a nw

nancn naucuanwn w uc ay n qud Co2; w

any n wll b cvd; wn wll ny b ad; and wa qun wll b

ndd n ak u Co2

ay undund on uc u,

Wld ecnc Fu Bun-ex tak Fc n Lw-Cabn py, a d

val cc al ublc-va nvn dl caalyz nvn

nunal nv a w uaz n Bx A

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box a

acceletin Investent in Lw-Cn Technlies in develpin Cunties

Proposals from the World Economic Forum Business-Expert Task Force on

Low-Carbon Prosperity

F ull cndan: wwwwu/cla

inunal nv, uc a ublc and va nn und, nuanc can,

vn wal und, ndwn and va bank la nal uc

ncay ln- va nvn n lw-cabn cnl n dvln

cun

publc-va nvn dl n wc ublc cd nancn and ulay

caacy buldn cbnd w va nunal caal av nal

unlck ncan nvn lw lw-cabn ny y n dvln

cun

Ppsls:

multiltel develpent bnk Lw-cn Chllene Funs:

publc-va, lw-cabn naucu nvn und n ac dvln cuny

n wc daw n quy nunal nd-nv uc a nn andvn wal und and u a nw nan ublc nanc (k an)

can ullaal and blaal dvln nanc nun

mullaal and blaal dvln nanc nun wuld bd u nal

acc nal acka ublc nanc can ladn lbal (

nal) und anan , w wuld nd bd suc a dl culd

caalyz u Us$ 10 blln n -ya cycl, ady bun by 2011

reinl Lw-Cn Cnestne Funs:

rnal cnn und lw-cabn naucu wuld b cad and

adnd by iADB, ADB, ADB, eBrD and eiB u abln calzd nun dld n Us ova pva invn Can

Ty wuld a anc quy ( Us$ 5 blln) aj nunal nv

a wll a cal and lanc dn and n nv ladn lbal and nal

und anan abl lw-cabn ny und, clan naucu

und, lw-cabn buldn und, n-c und, c by bddn a dbun

a ( Us$ 1 blln) anc quy T dl culd caalyz Us$ 50 75

blln n ac ya and culd b ady bun b a

cnd cn d n aly 2013

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A note on enhanced oil recovery

Co2can, and a ln bn, ud nancn l xacn ld by dlacn

l u njcn uzd Co2 a Co2 a ld ndual ua cay a v cnday cnc bn Bu dand all nal

Co2

nk nw na nu qu cabn dxd n a u b

ad lw dwn a cla can

s analy n Cna blv a nancd l cvy, eor, a nal

ca and v nal ccal un CCs n Cna hwv,

ak nal eor wll lkly b ld Cna vn la l ld can lkly

nly bwn 10-20 lln n Co2

ya T vlu culd b n na

w u Co2

a cal--ccal lan n a andul lcan suc

uc culd b caud, and, and ud eor $5-10 nanly c cn and lnand b uabl na- uca

an bwn pCna and Co2

ul Bu eor cann b cund n

la annual n ducn and wll n ncn an a ld nub

jc

Y Cn a vy nd n eor, n la a bcau ncnal

l ducn a ul Tu, b accal anc n nan

Us-Cn cllaban bac uc jc

T gngn jc n tanjn vd an xal a knd la,

wn al cncal and cnc ndn and an a lkly wn an nancd l

cvy la inal u culd b ud vd undn a-u a cllabav jc

T a nly a w nancn da i a bc ncanly cla u

c wn a n ady-ad lun u; a

calln a wll nca nn xlan And nc nanc lay a cn

CCs qun, an un nd av a calzd wkn u akd

cu ccally n qun nancn, wc wll b abl d d and

na vn nnvav n

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V. Clearing political hurdles in the United

States and ChinaThe ll ntue f clite chne dand nw an T

an a ncay accla Co2

n ducn and ann

a lw-cabn cny, and d wl ducn anbl and na- bn all

a nvlvd T a lcal calln CCs cllaban d ac a

b Und sa and Cna ulaly and u cllaban

an u uun ndndn away

ostcles in the Unite SttesWl u acn n cla can wn n Und sa, ubanal

bacl ll 43 A clcan ac n CCs dba Und sa

lan w aj cabn n cun n dvln wld, cally

w w a a cv ad lan 44 many Acan and

nav u u a c n cabn anday n ducn

a can a cv dadvana Und sa gvn xn

lcal cla n Und sa, any cllaban w Cna wll av nava a

nub ba vc uc a

Congress will most likely oppose the use o U.S. tax dollars to und collaborative

projects in China unless they bring substantial co-benets to American workers.

T Und sa ad dc w Cna and cnnud lanc n Bjn nanc

Us bud dc a c a nd dna blaal cnc lan

T ac a Cn cny aa b cvn quckly lbal

nancal c an a Und sa nc a cn balanc

and ca u anc aan undn cllaban 45

Congresss historic relationship with developing nations on climate change has been

competitive and apprehensive. Wn Clnn adnan bu Ky pcl back Und

sa, sna ndd w 1997 Byd-hal rlun (an 95-0), wc

danly clad a wuld b n acan any nnanal cla ay

a ald nclud dnd n cn dvln cun, n

n calld n pcl l

T hu cnly ad ya Fn rlan Auzan bll (hr

2410), wc ncludd a cc vn qun sa Dan nu a

nnanal a d n wakn Us can nllcual y i al

ad nc b cla a and lw-cabn cnl 46

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Wa , Waxan-maky Acan Clan eny and scuy Ac 2009,

nw ad by hu (bu n sna), nclud vn a wuld nally

nac bd ax adjun n cun a al ln lallybndn cnl n nu a n T bll wuld al qu epA

adna annually a and cy a Cn adn w

Cna and inda av add nu a n andad a la a c a

andad qud und Ac

Te ederal government must address public concerns surrounding CCS.

Alu clan cal bn wdly ald by any nduy u,47

nvnnal dub vably la-cal quan, cn CCs c

and lack vn cnly48

squn cabn al a nal nvnnalcncnuc a laka, aquak, and nav nacn w undwaa

av ld a cn uu n acv n a wld and vn aan

aly quan jc n eu49 T Und sa can xc la n

a a quan jc bn Y al u a ublc aud cann

vlv ucn u unl and unl a Us CCs dnan

a an 300,000 n ya

ovecin stcles in the Unite Sttes

Any cllaban w Cna n CCs u add cncn ulnd abv

Funaly, d cncn, CCs a nnl anad wn ubanalnal u an ky Us akld

Public sector

T Dan eny a bun ubanal wk clann u cal llun by

addn b cnvnnal lluan and cabn n Aln w val uly

can, Doe a nvd n a nub CCs dnan lan50 And

obaa adnan a bun acvly ncuan dc CCs dlyn

T Acan rcvy and rnvn Ac 2009 allca $34 blln CCs l

jc, ncludn $1 blln Fuugn jc n illn ACes al u

CCs, vdn nancal ncnv lbl jc quan Co2

n n allwanc und d cny-wd ca-and-ad c51

Commercial sector

T ccal c a ubanal nal dvl, und, and dly CCs

cnly D a an u qua, va can nvd $84 blln n

clan-c ndu n 2008 Alu lavly ll wn n CCs, nub

xcd w a cn nd52

Us can wkn n lcc w cnly, uc a gnal elcc and

Acan elcc pw, a nally uv CCs cnl T Us Cla

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Acn panan allanc bun and ladn nvnnal nn-vnnal

anzan ncludn Naual ruc Dn Cuncl and envnnal

Dn Fundnd lc un dvln and dlyn CCsAnd nn wc way lcal wnd a blwn, any Us ul a bnnn

w an n n nvn n CCs bcau ay n b ubanal x

un CCs cnly

Labor unions

La unn (uc a Und mn Wk Acan and innanal

Bd elccal Wk), a wll a lab unn dan (uc a AFL-

Cio), av n n n n cal-d w nan and lad cnl

l an a nw l cal-dndn jb n a cabn-cnand wld T

a axaly 397,000 ann, ull- jb n lcc w nan and

dbun n Und sa and an addnal 78,800 jb n cal nn c 53

Axaly 19 cn wk n nn nduy w unnzd n 200654

mv, a udy cld by BBC rac and Cnuln und a cnucn

n CCs lan wuld dcly ca bwn 13,000 and 14,000 jb-ya and 36,000

38,000 ubday jb-ya onn an and annanc uncn

ca an addnal 1,200 1,300 jb-ya uu cny

And a udy cld by Nanal eny tcnly Labay calcula

a dvln and dlyn advancd cal cnl wuld ca u

75,000 nw jb-ya, aly n anuacunwn 200,000 ya by 2020gvn c cn cn, clan cal a a nw cnly

undandably an ncan u ull c T u aund

by nvnnal u uc a Clan A tak Fc and Naual ruc Dn

Cuncl and cc u uc a All Allanc and Cuncl Acan

Cvn

Benets of CCS collaboration to the United States

CCS collaboration could help accelerate eventual CCS deployment in the United

States.

Acan x n quan cnly and ac and dvln wll

dvld and ady b daly xd Cna a a a nw a rad

Cn dlyn and lavly w ulay bacl uld nabl

Und sa and Cna xl CCs a adly an y culd ndndnly

ou a a, n ln un, knwld and uc cllaban can b

ald accla dlyn CCs acl n Und sa by 5 10 ya

T wuld llw ducd ln val ky nabln awk cnn:

Acclad dvln cl and acc n Und sa and Cna n

quan dlyn; acclad dcunan ca qud nancal

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ak nan; dnan CCs dlyn n ky Cn ban w a

d anancy and dcunan; ncad nvn n c-ducn

cau cnl and an aly a a lvn nal nllcual y cncn;dncan nw uc nvn n jc n w-c and nw

buld; and ncad u and lan buldn bwn w ky nan n a

lbally and CCs nduy

T acclan CCs dvln wll qu uand nvn v

ac and dvln d, la a ul, and a cnc a a

can dlv ky lcal and nnn nan all akld quckly and

cncluvly

And nly by dnan quan cnly n a la cal a w

can dnvly allay ay cncn n b cun55

A a , cllabanwll l dvl ulay awk, k l, cncal ndn, acc, and

cl a wll ncua nw nal a, ula, nv, and ublc

akld

CCS collaboration could create U.S. jobs.

Cllaban wuld acla ny any Us akld n a nally av

CCs ak n Cna T wuld bn Us lab ak by ulan nw un

a uly can, ny can and -c can, by can Us

jb

m anly, CCs nav and ca lln nw jb n b klldand unklld aa dun cnucn and a, a wll a dun nn

an ou dl ak wkn aun abu w Us-Cna can

n CCs culd accla dvln and dlyn CCs cnly and a

cndd ac y jb a wll a ndc jb acad w CCs nav,

bad n nduy daa56 T acclan CCs aly v jb cu

wn w xan cun baln, v-ya acclad, and 10-ya acclad

cna

in baln cna, w jc CCs-lad lyn ncan lwly a nw

buld and ak , wn 243,000 dc jb and 473,000 ndc jb

lbally n 2022 A v-ya acclan CCs dacally nca aun lyn dvn by CCs axaly 819,000 dc jb and 16 lln ndc

jb lbally n 2022 T av 10-ya acclan cna ul n v 18

lln dc jb and 35 lln ndc jb n 202257

W xc Us a jb nca a 2022 baln cna

43,000 dc jb and 84,000 ndc jb 145,000 dc and 285,000 ndc jb

w a v-ya acclan, and 318,000 dc and 625,000 ndc jb w a 10-ya

acclan58

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Ttl U.S. Eplyent asscite with CCS, y Ye

CCS collaboration could reduce U.S. electricity prices.

i Us Cn a a nal cla bll a ca a c cabn, andCCs dd b an nvabl cabn aban lun, aay al and

bn ducd lccy bll wn CCs dlyn abl cal a an

w culd wu cllaban CCs ncanly vwd a a ccal a any

vnual lbal cabn aban , and acclan CCs dvln culd

yld ncan ducn n lccy a a wuld nu und uc a a

s c aban wll b bn by uly can, and c

culd b ad n aay dndn n ucu cn can n

cabn T Und sa and Cna wll al canly acv CCs c ducn

quckly by cllaban an by wkn ndndnly ou a a v 10

ya acclan CCs dlyn u can w a c avn wuld

b ncan

Cun baln a jc c CCs aban d $9558

Co2 by 2015, and d u $5514 Co

2 by 203059 Acclan c

cuv wll allw vall CCs aban b acvd a lw c

in baln cna, un c nd abv, w jc acvn a al lbal

aban 365 g Co2-quvaln ya n 20 ya a a al c $959 blln By

acclan c cuv 5 ya, a al aban can b acvd a a al c

$934 blln, avn $25 blln60 A av 10-ya acclan c a al

$859 blln, avn $100 blln61

T Us a c avn axaly $5 blln

2010 2013 2016 2019 2022

0.5

0.0

1.0

Source: Monitor analysis; BBC Research & Consulting Employment and Other Economic Benets from Advanced CoalElectric Generation with Carbon Capture and Storage (preliminary results) Feburary 2009 (http://www.americaspower.org/content/download/1459/10428/le/BBC%20FINAL%20020709.pdf.); McKinsey & Co. Pathways to a Low-CarbonEconomy Version 2 (http://www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/ccsi/pathways_low_carbon_economy.asp)

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n cna w a v-ya acclan, and $18 blln w a 10-ya acclan62

T acclad c cuv b lw al c, and nc lccy c, and

duc ndd acv a vn lvl aban T ul n an ducn bynd baln a, wc u a w undak

accla c cuv, CCs culd a la n vall aban

an cunly aud n baln a

CCS Abatement Cost (U.S. Share)

for a total abatement of 3.65 Gt CO2e/yr

CCS collaboration could reduce costs or the United States.

Bcau val ky cnn CCs a ca n Cna an n Und sa

ncludn l, cn, lab, and avn ad jc clna

cud jn culd duc c ndvdual jc and

cnucn by a uc a 50 cn mv, by n a uually bncal,

un lan, Und sa wll al an a b canc lan uu

Cn dvln and u accla c ducn n dlyn a

Collaboration could allow the U.S. to share the risks.

Cbnn uc wll allw Und sa and Cna a n nly bn,

bu al k alu, wc wll nnanalz k s Acan can

av alady wd bun k n advancd cal c and av c u n

av bn aly v n cllaban w Cna rcn an annuncd

bwn Duk eny C and eNN gu and bwn Duk eny and Cna

180

0

10-yearAccelerated

152

165

170

160

Source: Monitor analysis; McKinsey & Co. Pathways to a Low-Carbon EconomyVersion 2 (http://www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/ccsi/pathways_low_carbon_economy.asp)

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huann gu l un bn zd k-an and c ducn

u cllaban63 Addnally, KBr and sun Cany cnly annuncd a

dal w Bjn gunn Ynu Clan eny ennn C, Ld lcn igCCcnly u a Dnuan igCC pw plan n guandn pvnc T dal wll

b ccal lnan trig cnly igCC64

ostcles in Chin

Cna ay cn wll cnnu b cnc dvln and lcal

ably, and dndn n cnc nnvan duc nvnnal c

w hwv, x ac Cna cnc akn c

bv

Cna bca wld la annual nu a n 2007 Wl n a nly n-u Und sa n a caa ba and cuulav

cal n a laly unqual,65 du n ubanzan and caa nc,

Cna ny dand wll an dubl 2005 lvl by 203066 Cna a c

cal v and wll c bun vn cal nw dand d

ac a cal alady cnbu 80 cn Cna aa Co2

n67 indd,

Cna a bn addn cal-d w ducn caacy a an ncanly ad a 68

Cnvav ud a a Cna nw bnn nln w 500 awa, cal-d

w lan vy wk, an annual nca qual UK n w d69

Chin pwe n cl uils

China has installed more than 500,000 Megawatts of coal capacity in the past 10 years

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gvn cnx, a val bacl CCs ac n Cna:

Chinas core interests are in energy security and economic development.

Bjn cnz dan Co2n, bu vdn n l n anann

cnnud ad cnc w and ny cuy Lackn ufcn l and naual a

v wn, Cna a bc ly dndn n dc cal and n l

70 Bu a al dvd an v aun cnc uc dvln

nwabl ny and ny fcncy cnl duc dndnc n n

l71 m jn Us-Cna ny jc da av cud n ln

nu a ndcly by n ny fcncy and nwabl ny

gvn Cna vdn cncn cnc dvln, n un a

CCs jc a vwd w a can kc A all, xnv a lanw CCs cnly and CCs lan qu cal duc a aun

lccy72 Undandably, Cna a al bn a cncnd w ulu dxd,

nn xd, and cuy llun cal-d lccy nanllun

w da al cnquncan w cabn n, wc av ln-

c73 T, bcau CCs xnv, al dvy Cna ny uc,

cu n lbal a an da and lcal nvnnal bl, and c

w cncal uncan and an nu ny naly, Bjn a bn cauu n

cn an av a n ld

Chinese climate negotiators expect developed countries to assume greater responsibilityor emissions reductions.

sakn n bal g77, a cnu dvln cun, Cna n

au a nc dvld nan cad bl cla can, y uld

n ay nbly dyn 74 indd, Cna a vn n a a

call n dvld cun duc n by 40 cn 1990 lvl by

2020, a wll a cnbu 05 cn 1 cn gDp ln dvln

nan duc n, b wc a unlkly an75 Bcau Cna

way bn nld u dvln cun nd cc and

avn a av budn d n bcau dynac w, a jcd

n n ca76 inad, Cna a d ba lw and

v, l bc bbld by a dnd l a ay b unabl and

a l w77

ovecin stcles in Chin

Any cv CCs cllaban u cnz Cna undlyn

cnc dvln and ny cuy, and uccully add calln c

and uncan n dlyn hwv, a an blv a vau

Cn akld wuld b cv cllabav vu n ld CCs,

cally vu a ad w ncnv and w Us xlcly

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akn nbly a a c budn oun Cna

nclud an cun-d cnly and cncal x n a uu ak,

xnal nancal u, uu n cllaban n d aa,78 a wll avd Us-Cna lan Dnan and dvln CCs cnly culd al

l abl Cna a a lad n nnvan, cnly and cla can an

China has become increasingly proactive in addressing climate change and greenhouse

gas emissions.

Ac lcal, acadc, and cvc cu, Cn lad av bun

acknwld b ublcly and valy a cla can a bl a u b akn

uly

79

Cna a av a nwabl ny, ny fcncy, nuclaw and anan, and a bn wkn any dc a80

Alu c allcan Cna 4 lln yuan ulu acka annuncd la

ya av bn dfcul dn, n vnn uc ay uly 580 blln yuan

(ju und $100 blln) wa allcad cla can an jc 81

Wa , Cna a bn adly nn nw cnl n la, wnd, and

yd w, and a bc wld la u yd w and la al

an and u la u wnd w n wld82 indd, Cna vn

a a akabl ac n bcn a wld lad n lw-cabn w, all wl can

a la nub nw n jb83 T nanal av a la bun nluncn

dcn akn a nal lvl, a Bjn a bun can c by wc valua lcal ladxn cnc w ndc w nvnnal nu

ncuban a nw knd nvnnal lcal lad84

A cn and qu ul cnd by Cna Nanal Dvln

and r Cn and sa Cuncl u a Co2

n n Cna

culd lw by 2020 and ak by 2030 a an 2050 w ny lc n

lac T al w a al d n av c a c lwd

cnc w in ac, u a qu nvn ak Cna a

lbal lad n lw-cabn cnl culd ulanuly l dy cla can

and b dc cnc w85 suc a nly any xal

Cn fcal wllnn add Co2 n acvly,86 vn wl lbal

cnvan n an qu lczd and lazd

T 10 sandn C Cna elvn Nanal pl Cn n

Auu 27, 2009 cnd a nw call a n nu a n T sandn

C cnzd a a n cla can val uan uvval, and

calld n wl cy aca n a wd an acn add cla

can87 m cnly n sb 22, 2009, pdn hu Jna ldd a Und

Nan gnal Ably duc Co2

n un gDp 2005 2020,

n cla ndcan da Cna wllnn au a nbly

n lbal n ducn88

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Te Chinese government and commercial sector are making investments in CCS

Cna a alady ad cn buld la CCs dnan lan and a

xlcly acknwldd a dlyn CCs n Cna w c na nd an n uu89 T sandn C Cna Nanal pl

Cn ju cnly d a nw ncua and u u

clan cal cnl, ncludn u CCs90 invn n CCs av bn

ad by NDrC, mny scnc and tcnly, and Cn Acady

scnc T nclud gngn n tanjn, quan cnn snua

dc cal--lqud lan n od, inn mnla, and Tal pw rac

inu/huann -cbun cau dnan n Bjn and sana91

NDrC and most nvn n a cnly dvln a tpri and ea

Cna Unvy av ld lcnn, cnucn, and dlyn la ccal

a n Cna and Und sa, and dvln pCC cnly a

tpri Cna a ud nvn abl l a an acv lay n CCs

ld and a nal lbal c n advancd clan cal cnly92

T ccal c n Cna a al bun w n n CCs, cally

an la a-un w and l can T ncnv wuld l ak

can vn nd n bann and dvln CCs cnly and

bcn lbally cv n a uu CCs ak A all, Cn nnu

av bn xly uccul n caalzn n Cna ann a lw-cabn cny,

ccally w ad nwabl ny and ny fcncy

T ublc and va c nd lc ac a aud wad CCs n Cnaa n nu n uabl and a x and ky dcn ak n

Cna a vy uv CCs T ay cncn la ny naly and

c CCs vn a n c cabn93 Bu lucanc vnually

wan c CCs d v , c u cabn dvl n

abl uu, and Us wlln lay a acv lad l94

China aspires to enhance its global reputation as a responsible and peaceul rising

power.

Cllaban w Und sa a an qual an l lv n

wld nu c wuld v Cna an unaallld uny au lballad

indd, a nw ca nn b n Cna wn dvln and Us-Cna

lan w 60 annvay pl rublc Cna and dcad

and nn ju ad A jn jc n CCs vd a lcal and annul

lac bn wavn a nw naav sn-Us lan v nx dcad

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VI. Conclusion

This year marked the 30th anniversary of U.S.-China rapprochement. T w

cun nd lv nc aan a a n n n n y Wl

an lan wll canly vlv n daac way v nx w ya,

wa uncan w wll vlv

A a a Und sa and Cna a acn a

lan, wld bn cnnd by an uncdnd calln: lbal cla

can ou da - n n u ay n alway b n

cl accd, bu u ln- n a unalably alnd wad nd

cllcvly lv daunn lbal bl

on aa a nw n l a a lcal an n cllaban ncabn cau and quan cal-d w lan, wc ak u a ucual

a b nan ny y i Und sa pdn Baack obaa and Cn

pdn hu Jna culd a an n u a u n n

Nvb, wuld b an uncdnd wad n nly n wld

c w cla can, bu al n Us-Cna lan W ada

ulnd n can l nabl lad n b d z uny

bn cv cun n a annul nw a cllaban n

ccal aa clan ny cnly N nly wuld uc a l CCs a

a wkabl anw Co2 an and v blaal lan, bu wuld v anal a UN cla u n Cnan Dcb a Us and Cna

a ully nad n kn a lun

Nw a aduu, bu n unul, juny wad cl Us-

Cna cllaban, and cla can an an aa cncd jn

T wll dubl b any aa dan a wll av b acd and

nad, bu da calln bn suc a bnnn culd caalyz

Und sa and Cna v wad n a cnvncnly cllabav way

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Acknowledgments

The chllene f unetkin pject such s this p ucc Aa

scy and pw Cn n glbal Cla Can A rada Us-Cna Can

n eny and Cla Cana n nly bn l ula nw and cv lcy,

bu al bn a cllu nd and wll-nd cal cvl

cy, bun, cnc, acada, and vnn w wll nc b abl b cnnu

cllaban T w av wkd ln and ad n a a d cncn abu

c cla can n u lan and w u wlln aca n a jc ad

a kcn u a cnc cu acn add n cal-d lan

T jc wa ad by Aa scy Cn n Us-Cna rlan and Cn

Acan p Tank a du Aa scy pdn Vaka Da Laua Canand Alb g Can, w dd uc avy ln a Aa scy, a du cal

ank Ty w ad by Jn Dluy, La Tn, Andw sall, mcal Za,

sn J sn and Aan Wu

A Cn Acan p, ank a du pdn and Ceo Jn pda,

w avld Bjn aca n Aa scy kck- cnnc w pkn and

tnua Unv and Cna mlcal Adnan n cla can d n

Al 2009 And cal ank a du Julan L Wn and Dan sancz w wkd ln and

ad w Aa scy cllau ac and w

Wu nu u cllu x, wuld av bn vy dcul

jc T cad cal ca al vy lvan ld, and w ank

all l aln way Bu a vy cal n acan u b accdd s Jul

Fdann, Lawnc Lv Nanal Labay D Fdann wa xadnaly

nu n an and x, and n dan ky ln ada

T wuld av ad a a l lkly c acn cln wu

xadnay ny mn gu w, u d fc p scwaz

a glbal Bun Nwk, mn anzan, wkd lly and bn

alvanz cln sc Danl and Ku Dal add vy cd and

wll-nd mn a and w ably ad by Vvk ska and Jn Bnjan W

W d cndan ada wll vd a an n

vnn b Us and Cnaa wll a all akld w a

nal ucc any uc ublc/va an bn cn a annulcllaban n CCs

Fnally, jc lk cann bn, uc l c uccul un, wu

nancal wwal undak W w undwn by vy nu u

Jn Anda, on scy inu, 11 hu pjc and Cla Wk, wc

nabld u cay u vnu W a dly aul

Orville SchellAu r Dc,Cn n Us-Cna rlan

Aa scy

Andrew Light

sn FllwCdna, innanal Cla plcy

Cn Acan p

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Appendices

List f acnys

aCES Acan Clan eny and scuy Ac 2009 (hr 2454)

aFL-CIoAcan Fdan Lab and Cn indual oanzan

Cdm Clan Dvln mcan

CCS Cabn Cau and squan

Co2 Cabn Dxd

doE Us Dan eny

EPa Us envnnal pcn Ancy

gdP g Dc pduc

IEa innanal eny Ancy

IgCC inad gacan Cbnd Cycl

IPCC invnnal panl n Cla Can

mIT maacu inu tcnly

NdrC Cna Nanal Dvln and r Cn

moST Cna mny scnc and tcnly

PCC p-Cbun Cau

pppa mlln

oPIC ova pva invn Can

TPrI Tal pw rac inu

UmWa Und mn Wk Acan

UN Und Nan

UNFCCC Und Nan Fawk Cnvnn n Cla Can

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Appendix A: Proles of Selected CCS Projects in the U.S.

Co2

Cptue Cecil PjectsSource: IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

Shady Point, Warrior Run, and Bellingham Cogeneration Power Plants

Project Overview: T lan na lccy and duc d-ad Co2

lu a

Goals:

Commercial-scale,economicalandenvironmentally-acceptablepowergeneration

culd w Co2

ducn

Great Plains Synuels Plant (GPSP) CO2

Capture and Compression

Project Overview: T gpsp nly ccal-cal cal acan lan n

Und sa a anuacu naual a

Goals:

TodeliverCO2

Wybun un n Canada

Co2

Cptue r&d Pjects

Source: IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

CANME Energy echnology Centre (CEC) R&D Oxyuel Combustion orCO

2Capture

Project Overview: T CetC -cv cllabav r&D a n oawa,

ackl dvln cbun and llun aban cnl l

ul n xyn (o2) and cycld lu a (rFg) a u ducn

uy Co2

a a a cau ady an and a

Goals:

Todevelopenergy-ecientintegratedmulti-pollutantcontrol,wastemanagement

and Co2

cau cnl cbun-bad alcan

Toprovideinformationforthescale-up,designandoperationoflargescaleindustrialand uly lan bad n xy-ul cnc

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Physics and Chemistry o Coal-Seam CO2

Sequestration and Coalbed Methane

Production

Project Overview: T ac wll ulaly vd udln dlln nw CBm

ducn wll and nabl ld nn dn ca Co2

quan

and/ lw an ducvy can b abud nn-dal cal bd au/

d , a, ac

Goals:

t drin raur dndnc Co2

qurain and an

rducin

t drin adrin ir r ur ga in a aic y r cal

NetL inr

t dvl a lw y gnra adrin ir via nurical cniquablid r daa analyi

Co2

gelicl Ste r&d Pjects


American Electrical Power (AEP) Mountaineer Plant Research Project

Project Overview: in Nvb 2002, Us Dan eny (Us Doe) annuncd

a ajr nw rarc rjc bgin udying nial r glgical rag Co2

a Aep munainr lan in Nw havn, W Virginia, UsA

Goals:t anwr quin wr rck abv ibl rag ara ar

urdy nug and ufcinly r inrcnncd racur aur a Co2

cann gradually ca

Large scale CO2

Transportation and Deep Ocean Sequestration

Project Overview: Aing cnical and cnic viabiliy larg-cal Co2

ranrain and d can rag

Goals:

t a cnical and cnic viabiliy can rag uing nancd i-

laying cnlgy

t rlv nginring callng canic ankr ranr

t dvl arria r laing lar/barg r vrical Co2

injcin

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Laboratory Investigations in Support of Carbon Dioxide-Limestone Sequestration in

the Ocean

Project Overview: t rjc will carry ur invigain in rarain andcaracriic Co

2/war/lin ixur r can qurain Co

2

Goals:

t rduc a ri ulin criing ixur liquid Co2, war and

grund lin

t and analyz uc ulin in r ir cical and rucural

caracriic

t carry u dling udi bavir ulin ar dicarg in can

t rduc ial ix ragn uc a a abl ulin i rd wi a

dniya an a awa

CCS Pwe genetin Pjects

Source: Stephen Wittrig, Director of Advanced Technologies for BP

AEP Alstom Mountaineer (WV)

Developer:Aep w/Al, rWe, NetL and Bmi

Size MW: 30 mW

Capture Process: p-cbun cau

CO2

Fate: squan (aln aqu)

Start-up: 2009

AEP Alstom Northeastern (OK)

Developer:Aepl Al

Size MW: 200 mW


CO2

Fate: eor

Start-up: 2011

Antelope Valley (ND)

Developer: Ban elcc; pwan (UsDA lan)Size MW: 120 mW


CO2

Fate: eor (p Canada)

Start-up: 2012

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W A Parish (X)

Developer: Nrg eny w pwan

Size MW: hunn 125 mWCapture Process: p-cbun cau

CO2

Fate: eor

Start-up: 2012

Appalachian Power

Developer: Aep

Combustion: igCC

Size MW: 629 mW


CO2

Fate: Undcdd

Start-up: 2012

FutureGen (IL)

Developer: Fuugn Allanc, 9 nnanal acan an

Combustion: igCC

Size MW: 275 mW


CO2

Fate: squan

Start-up: 2012

AMPGS (OH)

Developer:Acan muncal pw-o, inc; Bcl pw Can;

pwan

Combustion: igCC

Size MW: 1000 mW


CO2

Fate: eor

Start-up: 2015

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Appendix B: Proles of Selected CCS Projects in China

Co2 Cptue r&d Pjects


Near Zero Emissions Coal or China (NZEC)

Project Overview: T pa 1 an wll xl n dnan CCs

cal-d w nan n Cna

Goals:

ToexploreoptionsforthedemonstrationofCCSappliedtoacoalpowerplantin

Cna

TobuildknowledgeandcapacityonCCSinChina

CO2 Geological Storage R&D Projects


Development o Coal bed Methane echnology/Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Project

(CCCDP)

Project Overview: T jc addn a nub u ladn an eCBm/Co2

quan dnan jc n Cna va an Canadan cnly

Goals:

ToundertakeaprogrammeofworkleadingtoademonstrationprojectinChinaToproduceaninventoryofsuitablecoalbeds

Toproduceadetailedsiteselectionprocess

Tocarryoutmicro-pilotandlargescaletestinginselectedareas

Tocarryoutevaluationandtrainingexercises

EOR Application at Liaohe Oil Field in China

Project Overview: T jc xann njcn bl fu a nancd l

cvy culd w Co2 quan n a Cn l ld

Goals:

Tocarryoutinjectiontrialsusingsteamand/oruegasesinordertoboostoiloutput

and qu Co2

TodevelopthenextphaseoftheprojectinvestigatingCO2separationviamembrane

cnly and ncn Co2 lvl n cbun lu a u u

cculan cnly

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CCS Pwe genetin Pjects

Source: Stephen Wittrig, Director of Advanced Technologies for BP

CSIRO PCC Program

Developer: Tal pw rac inu (Cna); huann gu and Csiro

(Auala)

Combustion: Cal sa pw

Size MW: hunn Bjn lan 845 mW


CO2 Fate: Cabnad bva

Start-up: 2008

Shanghai Shidongkou Second Power Plant

Developer: huann pw innanal (jc n sana sana 2010 eXpo)

Combustion: Cal sa pw


CO2 Fate: Lcal al, d and nduy, bly vnual eor

Start-up: ealy 2010

GreenGen

Developer: Cna huann gu (51%) lu 4 sa pw can, snua,

Cna Cal, pabdy a ald jnCombustion: igCC

Size MW: 250 mW xandn 650mW

Capture Process: p-cbun

CO2 Fate: squan / eor

Start-up: 250 mW igCC lan n 2011, 650 mW igCC w pC cau n 2013; add

eor CCs n ax 2015

Shenhua CtL

Developer: snua gu

Capture Process: pbably rcl (Cal cnvn c uc a lan cau Co2 a a c and accally u Co2)

CO2 Fate: squan (aln aqu and dld l ld)

Start-up: CL anal CCs 2011

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Endnotes1 IPCC [International Panel on Climate Change] Working Group 1, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, vol.

1 of IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Parts per million (ppm) is the ratioof the number of GHG molecules to the total number of molecules of dry air.

2 NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, GISS Surface Temperature Analysis: 2005 Summation (New York: NASAGoddard Institute for Space Studies, 2006).

3 IPCC Working Group 1, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

4 IPCC Working Group 2, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, vol 2. of IPCC Fourth AssessmentReport (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

5 See Thomas Fingar, Statement for the Record before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the SelectCommittee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, House Of Representatives (Ofce of the Director of NationalIntelligence, 2008), http://www.dni.gov/testimonies/20080625_testimony.pdf.

6 Ibid.7 Ibid.

8 Khalid Malik, Project Launch Ceremony China Environmental Awareness Programme (United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, 2006), http://www.undp.org.cn/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&le=article&catid=13&topic=6&sid=348&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0.

9 China Environment Forum, Environmental NGOs, Public Participation, and Governance (Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars,2009), http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.categoryview&categoryid=EE5586BC-9247-863E-B7C96B9489272423.

10 Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA), Highlights, in International Energy Outlook 2009(IEO2009; DOE/EIA, 2009), http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html. The IEO2009 reference case projects anincrease from 29.0 billion metric tons in 2006 to 40.4 billion metric tons in 2030.

11 James Hansen, Tipping Point: Perspective of a Climatologist, in State of the Wild 2008-2009, ed. Eva Fearn (Wash-

ington, DC: Island Press, 2008), 6-15, 258-59. This estimate uses a carbon dioxide ceiling of 450 ppm.12 See Asia Societys Center on U.S.-China Relations & Pew Center on Global Climate Change, A Roadmap for U.S. China

Cooperation on Energy and Climate Change , January 2009, at http://www.asiasociety.org/climate/ and Center forAmerican Progress A Global Imperative: A Progressive Approach to U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century, August2008, at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/08/china_report.html

13 Renee Schoof,Answer to U.S. Search for Clean Coal May Lie in China McClatchy Newspaper September 24, 2009http://www.mcclatchydc.com/environment/story/76004.html

14 For the role of CCS technologies in climate change mitigation, see, e.g., McKinsey & Company, Global Cost Curve forGreenhouse Gas Abatement Measures (McKinsey & Company, n.d.), http://www.gltg.com.au/images/mckinsey-cost-curve.jpg, and McKinsey & Company, Chinas Green Revolution, 2009, at http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/great-erchina/mckonchina/reports/china_green_revolution_report.pdf.

15 See Memorandum of Understanding to Enhance Cooperation on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment betweenthe Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Peoples Republic of China, July 28,2009, at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/126592.htm.

16 U.S. Department of Energy, US-China Clean Energy Research Center announced, press release, July 15, 2009, athttp://www.energy.gov/news2009/7640.htm.

17 Lisa Friedman, A Sea Change in Chinas Attitude Toward Carbon Capture, New York Times, June 22, 2009, at http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2009/06/22/22climatewire-a-sea-change-in-chinas-attitude-toward-carbo-94519.html.

18 See Tao Wang and Jim Watson, Chinas Energy Transition: Pathway for Low Carbon Development, University ofSussex and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, April 2009, at http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenergygroup/documents/china_report_forweb.pdf, which evaluates four low-carbon scenarios from now till 2050 consistent withstabilizing the global atmospheric content of carbon at 550 ppm of CO2-equivalent, three of which CCS is a criticalpart of the solution, requiring 67 to 90 percent of the Chinese fossil fuel power plant eet to be equipped with CCS.

19 McKinseys work on mitigation solutions shows that energy efciency and renewable energy, although cheaper thanCCS, do not have the mitigation potential to stabilize CO2 concentrations at 450 ppm. See McKinsey, Global Cost

Curve, and Chinas Green Revolution.

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20See Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage,Post-Combustion Capture, October 27, 2007, at http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/sccs/capture/postcombustion.html and National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Carbon Sequestra-

tion: CO2 Capture, accessed October 1, 2009, at http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/core_rd/co2capture.

html

21U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States andCanada, 2nd ed., 2008, at http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasII/atlasII.pdf.

22Casie Davidson, The Potential for CCS Deployment in China, Pacic Northwest National Laboratory, May 29, 2008, athttp://www.pnl.gov/gtsp/docs/2008/GTSP3_China.pdf.

23 This is an important distinction, because the concentrations of CO2 in a power plants ue are lower and thereforeharder and more expensive to capture. CO2 has been transported and successfully stored underground (e.g., in Sleip-ner, Norway, and Weyburn, Canada), but at about 1/3 the volumes that would be generated by a single large powerplant. Demonstrations involving the injection of 10 times that amount (that is, the CO2 from several power plants) areneeded.

24 This can be done by identifying the most efcient current technologies, developing more efcient technologies for thefuture, identifying best practices in operations and integration, and so forth.

25 The joint UK-China Near Zero Emissions Coal initiative (see http://www.nzec.info/) and the Australia-China collabora-tion on post-combustion capture between Australian government research organization CSIRO and Chinas ThermalPower Research Institute (see http://www.csiro.au/news/newsletters/Energy/0408_energy/HTML/PCC.htm) are ex-amples of bilateral CCS projects involving China. The Asia Pacic Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (seehttp://www.asiapacicpartnership.org) and Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute in Australia (see http://www.globalccsinstitute.com) are examples of multilateral efforts in CCS that China is involved in.

26 For further recommendations on U.S. international sequestration collaboration, See Friedmann, S.J., and Newmark,R.L., Ch 4 Commercial Deployment of Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Clean Air Task Force, Coal Without Carbon:An Investment Plan for Federal Action, September 2009, at http://www.coaltransition.org/lebin/pdf/Coal_Without_Car-bon_Final_High-Resolution.pdf

27 Friedmann, S.J., 2006, The scientic case for large CO2 storage projects worldwide: Where they should go, what theyshould look like, and how much they should cost, 8th Greenhouse Gas Technology Conference, Trondheim, Norway

28 Chinese entities will likely over 60 to 80 percent of the project costs in local expenses, such as drilling, site character-

ization, geophysical surveys, pipelines, and compressors. The US would likely cover 20 to 40 percent, which wouldinclude eld scientic and technical support, travel, simulation and analysis, injection planning support, and CO2 in-jection monitoring and verication. For Chinese participation in a comparable US project, the costs would be reversed.

29 Most of the cost for projects is capital costs, and are reected in the estimates printed here. There would be a non-zerooperating cost as well roughly $5 to 10 million per year for pre-captured pure stream projects and $40 to 200 mil-lion per year for retrot projects. These are costs to be born by the operator, but could potentially be covered throughone of the nancial mechanisms discussed herein.

30 I. K. Newlands and R. Langford, CO2 Storage Prospectivity of Selected Sedimentary Basins in the Region of China andSouth East Asia (Australian Government, Geoscience Australia, Record 2005/13).

31 Qingyun Sun, CTL Development in China, U.S. China Energy Center, West Virginia University, April 24, 2008, athttp://les.asme.org/asmeorg/Communities/Technical/Energy/16089.pdf

32 A U.S.-China sequestration collaboration at Ordos could draw lessons from similar collaborative projects around the

world, such as the In Salah (Algeria) sequestration project which is injecting around one million tons of CO2 peryear into gas reservoirs. In Salah began sequestering CO2 in 2004 through a public/private partnership including BP(32%), Sontrach (35%) and Statoil (32%) and has set precedents for regulations and verication of CO2 storage.

33 Umbrella organizations such as the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) might help facilitate collaborativeresearch, information exchanges and networking. In particular, the policy group of the CSLF conducts research intolegal, regulatory, and intellectual property rights issues that could help inform proposed U.S.-China sequestration col-laboration. See http://www.cslforum.org/index.html

34 These projects could include collaboration over Now Gen (Duke Energys new Edwardsport IGCC-CCS plant) and GreenGen in China (Huanengs near-zero emission coal-red plant).Such cooperation between the worlds rst two demon-stration plants with near-zero emission would help accelerate further deployment, ensure a low-carbon success, createnew jobs and demonstrate leadership in both Washington and Beijing.

35 Heads of major government agencies in China (NDRC, NEA, and Ministry of Commerce) and Vice-Premier Wang Qis-han have argued that the additional heat, energy, and coal requirements for PCC will reduce power output, lower the

rate of economic growth, and reduce coal availability for future generations.

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36 Richard K. Morse et al., The Real Drivers of Carbon Capture and Storage in China and Implications for Climate Policy(Working Paper #88, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, Stanford University, 2009), http://iisdb.stanford.edu/pubs/22621/WP_88_Morse_He_Rai_CCS_in_China.pdf.

37 MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI), Retro-Fitting of Coal-Fired Power Plants for CO2 Emissions Reductions (MITEI, 2009),http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/reports.html.

38 Chinas GreenGen project creates a platform for near-term action. In particular, China has not yet decided on a capturetechnology; by engagement, the U.S. could help a domestic company land the licensing agreement and contract forconstruction and integration. This would also be an opportunity for trust building, joint learning, and cooperation thatwould help with the success of FutureGen, CCPI, and other large RD&D investments in the U.S. A GreenGen/Future-Gen pairing is possible, with money, expertise, and technology owing between both countries.

39 Jupiter Oxygen, telephone interview by Monitor Group, August 26, 2009

40 This is one-fourth of the 6,000 MW amount allowed for in the American Clean Energy and Security Act, which reectsthe fact that Chinas per capita emissions are one-third that of the United States.

41 See Heleen de Coninck, Trojan horse or horn of plenty? Reections on allowing CCS in the CDM, Energy Policy 36(2008), pp. 929-936, for a more complete discussion on the various arguments for or against including CCS into the

clean development mechanism.42 A series of documents are now in preparation by the World Economic Forum on nancing for low-carbon technologies

in the developing world, including China and India. These focus on architecture for the development of a series ofOPIC-like development banks for clean energy. These documents will be released at the opening of the U.N. GeneralAssembly in September.

43 Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, A Deeper Partisan Divide over Global Warming (Washington, DC:Pew Research Center, 2008), http://people-press.org/report/417/a-deeper-partisan-divide-over-global-warming.

44 See, e.g., Keith Bradsher, China Builds High Wall to Guard Energy Industry, New York Times, July 14, 2009, B1.

45 See David Goldman, Worst Year for Jobs since 45 (CNNmoney.com, 2009), http://money.cnn.com/2009/01/09/news/economy/jobs_december/.

46 See American Clean Energy and Security Act, H.R. 2410, Section 1120A.

47

See, e.g., American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity, http://www.cleancoalusa.org/.48 See, e.g., Greenpeace International, False Hope: Why Carbon Capture and Storage Wont Save the Climate (Green-

peace International, 2008), http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/false-hope.pdf

49 Public criticisms have delayed Royal Dutch Shells efforts in Barendrecht, The Netherlands, and forced the suspensionof Vattenfalls Schwarze Pumpe project in Spremberg, Germany. See Fred Pals, Barendrechters Stand Up to ShellsPlans to Bury CO2 (Update1), Bloomberg.com, April 20, 2009, at http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=agmq9zHTafTM; Terry Slavin and Alok Jha, Not Under Our Backyard, Say Germans, in Blow to CO2Plans, guardian.co.uk, July 29, 2009, at http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jul/29/germany-carbon-capture.

50 The U.S. has practiced enhanced oil recovery for more than 40 years, storing CO2 underground. It has focused primar-ily on Integrated Gasication Combined Cycle technology, but also on capturing and sequestering CO2, which involvesadvanced geological surveying technology. See DOE/NETL, Carbon Sequestration through Enhanced Oil Recovery(DOE/NETL, 2008), http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/factsheets/program/Prog053.pdf.

51 See American Clean Energy and Security Act, H.R. 2452, Section 115.52 Emma Ritch, Record 2008 for Cleantech with $8.4B in Investments (Cleantech Group, 2009), http://www.cleantech.

com/news/4028/record-2008-cleantech-84b-investments.

53 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), National Employment Matrix (BLS, 2007), http://www.bls.gov/emp/empiols.htm.

54 SourceWatch, Coal and Jobs in the United States, in SourceWatch Encyclopedia (Center for Media and Democracy,2009), http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coal_and_jobs_in_the_United_States.

55 MIT Energy Initiative, Retro-Fitting of Coal-Fired Power Plants for CO2 Emissions Reductions, 2009, at http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/reports.html.

56 See Douglas Jeavons, et. al., Employment and Other Economic Benets from Advanced Coal Electric Generationwith Carbon Capture and Storage (Preliminary Results), BBC Research & Consulting, February 2009, at http://www.americaspower.org/content/download/1459/10428/le/BBC%20FINAL%20020709.pdf.

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57 Indirect jobs are jobs created due to the purchase of goods and services by directly affected industries from other rmsas well as purchases by employees of directly and indirectly affected businesses.

58

The U.S. share of the jobs created is estimated by multiplying the global job gures by 17.69 percent, which is theU.S. share of emissions resulting from coal consumption in 2006 based on data derived from Energy InformationAdministration, International Energy Annual 2006, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tableh4co2.xls.We expect that our calculations of the U.S. share of global jobs in the ve-year and 10-year acceleration scenarios maybe an underestimate. To the extent that the United States, as a result of this collaboration and other efforts is seen tobe an early mover of CCS development and deployment, the United States may expect to create a larger share of globalCCS jobs than other coal consuming countries.

59 See McKinsey & Co., Pathways to a Low Carbon Economy, 2009, at http://www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/ccsi/pathways_low_carbon_economy.asp.

60 Over a 15-year perio

2009 society

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