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Troubled water

2009 number 3 ISSN 1993-8616

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Svin ou nst tivsHumanitys closest relative, the gorilla, is in danger. Development, poaching and war have been decimatingone of the only animal species which, like us, can use tools. 16

uNEsco: NEws

Confronting climate change in the Arctic. Education for sustainable development.Monuments of Nubia, past and future. 20

The waTer we eaTThe water we drink is less of aproblem than the water we eat.Agriculture absorbs 70% of this

resource, which is both omnipresentand scarce. Growing plants that are resistant to drought andsalt, desalination and storage are among the solutions recom-mended by experts to deal with water shortages. 5

blue ScorpIonS agaInST

waTer corrupTIonZero tolerance is the motto of theBlue Scorpions, a special unit createdwithin the South African Department

of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) to ght water relatedcrimes. With severe water shortages, South Africa is susceptibleto water corruption, but is tackling it more effectivelythan most of its neighbours. 8

The YangTze

or a journeY

Through TIme

On the banks of Asias longest river,the Yangtze, which winds some

6000 km across China, yaks and yurts cohabit with carsand high-rise buildings. Source of life to six million Chinese,it is undoubtedly also a source of development as long asthe means are there to make use of it. 10

auSTralIaS

waTer revoluTIonReturning an over-allocated systemto sustainability while combating

the harmful effects of climate changeand drought these are the challenges taken on by the newMurray-Darling Basin Authority, founded in 2008.In seven years the annual inow of one of Australias largest riverbasins has dropped nearly 80%. 12

waTer

In a changIng worldWe are not experiencing a globalwater crisis, says Olcay nver,coordinator of the World Water

Assessment Programme (WWAP). But while water crisesremain local, climate change is global, and we haveto nd global solutions for a problem that threatensthe future of the planet. 14

2009 - number 3

Contents

Water is a crucial factor in economic development.

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5000 children die every day fromdiarrhoea, or one every 17 seconds.In all, about one tenth of all illness-es worldwide could be avoided byimproving water supply, sanitation,hygiene and management of waterresources.

One kilo o meat =16,000 litres o waterWhile part of the population stilllacks adequate access to water,demand has never been greater.Freshwater withdrawals have tripledover the last 50 years, while thearea under irrigation doubled duringthe same period. This phenomenonis particularly linked to populationgrowth. The worlds population,

currently estimated at 6.6 billion, isgrowing by about 80 million peopleeach year. This means demand forfreshwater is increasing by 64 bil-lion cubic metres a year.Population growth implies in-

creased demand for agriculturalproducts, and so increased de-mand for water. Agriculture is by farthe greatest consumer of water, ac-counting for 70% of all water con-sumption (compared to 20% for in-dustry and 10% for domestic use).There have been changes in life-

styles and eating habits in recentyears, in particular an increase inthe share of meat and dairy prod-ucts consumed in emerging coun-tries. The production of a kilo ofwheat requires 800 to 4000 litresof water, while a kilo of beef, takes2000 to 16,000 litres.Water shortage linked to climate

change can also be expected. Ex-perts say that by 2030, 47% of

world population will be living inareas of high water stress. Waterscarcity in some arid and semi-ar-id regions will have major impactson migration. From 24 to 700 mil-lion people are expected to be

the importance of water

in developmentand economic growth

Editorial

demand is increasing, and some

countries are already reaching thelimits of their water resources. Theeffects of climate change are likelyto aggravate this situation evenfurther. Competition for water isintensifying whether betweencountries, urban and rural areas,

or different sectors of activity. Thismay make water an increasingly po-liticized issue.Access to basic water-related ser-

vices remains inadequate in muchof the developing world. The link be-tween poverty and water resourcesis obvious: the number of peopleliving on less than US$1.25 a daycoincides approximately with thenumber of those without access to

safe drinking water.This situation has a major impacton health. Almost 80% of diseasesin developing countries are associ-ated with water, causing some threemillion early deaths. For example,

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displaced because of a scarcity ofwater.Obviously water is one of the key

issues the world, and particularlydeveloping countries, has to face.Yet an inadequate percentage ofbudget allocation by governmentsand in ofcial aid goes to water. Forexample, overseas developmentassistance to the total water sectorhas been decreasing and remainsat only about 5% of total aid ow.At the same time, corruption in the

water sector may add to the over-all cost of these investments: typi-cal examples include falsied me-ter readings, favouritism in publicequipment purchases, and nepo-

tism in the allocation of public con-tracts. Estimates indicate that 30%of budgets can be siphoned off insome countries. These practicesare rarely curbed, despite initiativesby some countries, like South Af-rica.

Managing crisisConfronted with shortages, somecountries have already begun to

integrate their strategies for man-aging water resources with theirdevelopment plans. Urban waste-water use remains limited for agri-cultural purposes, except in certaincountries: 40% of uses in the Gaza

Strip (Palestinian Territories), 15%in Israel and 16% in Egypt.Desalination of sea water is an-

other process used in arid regions.It is used to obtain drinking waterand for industrial use in countriesthat have reached the limits of theirrenewable water resources (e.g.Saudi Arabia, Israel, Cyprus).Australia has also changed its poli-

cies, with a range of new measures.Restrictions have been introduced on watering gardens, washing cars,

lling swimming pools, etc in thecountrys major cities. In Sydney, adual water supply was introducedin 2008 one for drinking water,another for other uses, which drawson recycled water.This issue of the Courier includes

a series of articles illustrating themain points of the latest World Wa-ter Development Report, Water ina changing world.

Agns Bardon (UNESCO)

Editorial

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Fog collectors being constructed in La Ventana, Guatemala

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the water we eat

1960. In 2006 the gure was over80 million. According to the Institutefor Water Education, 3000 litres ofwater are required to produce onekilogramme of rice, 16,000 litres fora kilogramme of beef.

Wanna fll up or drink?Automobile production is booming

too. Between 20,000 and 300,000litres of water are needed to makea car. Bio fuel has become increas-ingly popular over the last few years.Cars need fuel, too. Ethanol, madefrom maize or sugar cane, has be-come a protable source of incomefor farmers in Mexico and Brazil, ag-gravating not only the problem offood, but that of water, too. About2500 litres of water are required

to produce one litre of ethanol. Ac-cording to World Energy Outlook2006, biofuel production is increas-ing at the rate of approximately 7%per year. This may not present somuch of a problem in rain-laden

he Earth really ought to be calledAqua, because more than two-thirds of our planet is covered bywater. Its where life evolved, and,even four billion years later, life stillneeds it.Paradoxically, though, water is a

commodity in short supply 97.5%is actually salt water, making it un-usable for humanity. And most of

the fresh water is not obtainable,either, being frozen in glaciers, inac-cessibly deep beneath the earthssurface, or in swamps. Only about0.0075% of total water is acces-sible fresh water and even thatis very unevenly distributed aroundthe world.Water shortage is a big problem,

particularly in developing coun-tries, since these countries are

mainly arid and dependent uponagriculture, which swallows upmost of the water used world-wide. According to the United Na-tions Water Development Report2009, this is approximately 70%,

and could even double by the year2050.Asia is the thirstiest of all. Admit-

tedly, the continent according tothe UN Food and Agriculture Orga-nization holds the second larg-est stock of fresh water on earth,but this is also the site of 70% oftotal irrigated agricultural areasworld-wide. The four billion Asians,

however, consume only about 6% ofthe water, and industry 10%. A good84 % is swallowed up by agriculture.Things are moving swiftly on the

Asian continent. Its estimated thatabout 9 billion people will be livingon Earth in 2050, 5 billion of them inAsia. But its not just the populationgures that are rising; the economyis growing and prosperity increas-ing, bringing with it a change in

consumer behaviour. The produc-tion of rice which is extremely wa-ter-intensive anyway will be joinedby the increasing demand for meat.Approximately 2.5 million tons ofmeat were produced in China in

()

Traditional irrigation around Mopti, Mali.

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Brazil, but biofuel could well be-come one in the China or India ofthe future.Just as you can already hear peo-

ple in Mexico sometimes sayingWanna ll up or eat? you mayone day hear people in Asia askingWanna ll up or drink?Its agriculture, then, thats the

main water-waster. It is estimatedthat about half the water used iswasted. That translates to 30%of the Earths total available fresh

water. This gives rise to a hugepotential saving. There are sev-eral ways to go about it. Irriga-tion is very inefcient, says JanOlof Lundqvist from the Stock-holm International Water Institute.And there is quite a big loss offood during production. That iswhat we call the loss from tree tofork. About half of all food is lostin harvesting, storage and trans-portation. All the food producedneeded water and that means:if we lost the food, we also lostthe water.But savings can be made at the

beginning of the production chainas well. Surface irrigation is main-ly used in developing countries,usually by damming methods, alsoused for the cultivation of rice. It ischeap and technically simple. Thedrawback is that a large propor-

tion of the water is lost by seepageand evaporation approximatelyhalf of it.It would be easy to make savings

here by using drip irrigation. Bymeans of hoses or pipes laid above(or better, below) the ground, smallamounts of water are directly aimedat the plants. This method is eco-nomical, but also costly. In addition,technical know-how is necessary for

laying the pipes and, once installed,cultivation is no longer exible.And it needs very much energy,

says Lundqvist. You need pumpsto get the water everywhere. Theinvestments are fairly high so it

is not suitable for every crop, es-pecially not for rice production. Itssimply too expensive.

New strategiesLundqvist can see other avenuesfor improvement: For rice produc-tion and not so high-value crops youcould improve the situation simplyby working on the coordination be-tween water supply schedules andfarming operations. The problem issimple: theres usually not enough

water there when its needed, andvice-versa. In Lundqvists opinionthere is an urgent need for farm-ers to improve their water manage-ment.And one nal point: There is a

need to utilize more green waterin agriculture which means rain-

fall, Lundqvist says. It should becaptured and stored, probably byunderground storage systems.But what should be done in areas

where it rarely rains? There, it wouldbe a good thing to have drip irriga-tion however, it wouldnt makeany sense to grow water-intensivecrops there. One solution for theseregions albeit controversial might be genetically modied plantsresistant to drought and salt. Butstill: farmers wont use them if they

cant sell them, says Lundqvist.One possible alternative herecould be the production of biofuel.Jatropha curcas is a spurge plant,the seeds of which contain 30%oil. The plant requires little water,and the oil can be processed tomake bio diesel. It does, however,

the water we eat

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rainfall better and to store it underthe soil. This is a big challenge, buthe believes it can be done. Im aborn optimist.

Jens Lubbadeh,

journalist forDer Spiegel Online,

Germany, correspondent

for the UNESCO Courier

the water we eat

contain toxicants as well. In Indiaand parts of Africa, Jatropha canbe grown without competition withwater and food production, saysLundqvist. But it depends on thescale. And I suppose the scalewill be fairly modest, compared tothe amount of energy that will beneeded.

Apart from saving water, the exploi-tation of new water sources couldbe the solution, particularly for theother regions. The huge amountsof water in the oceans, for example.But the desalination of water re-quires lots of energy and money.Which is why, in numerical terms,it doesnt play a big role yet. Onlyone% of desalinated water is usedfor agriculture. Thanks to modern

membrane technology, the pricesfor water desalination have comedown, says Lundqvist. Fifty cents(in US$) per thousand litres butthats still too expensive for theamounts of water that you need for

food production. This is why Lun-dqvist regards desalination moreas an option for producing drinkingwater and possibly for the produc-tion of premium foodstuffs.If one were to succeed in further

reducing the cost of desalination,the water problem could be largelyresolved . The Desertec consortium

has concepts for linking concen-trating solar thermal power (CSP)plants mirrors that concentratesunlight and produce cheap elec-tricity on the coast of North Africaand the Middle East - with desali-nation plants. These regions arethe most arid in the world, so theirproblems could thereby be solvedin one fell swoop.Climate change will also aggra-

vate the water crisis in the future. Itwill bring big changes in the rainfallpattern, says Lundqvist. Thereforeit is important to have a strategy tocombine irrigation and supplemen-tary irrigation systems with local

The Jathropha curcas represents a green alternative for biofuel production, needing little water.

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The production of bioethanol tripledbetween 2000 and 2007 and wasestimated at 77 billion litres in 2008.

Brazil and the US are the mainproducers accounting for 77%of global supply.

Biodiesel derived from oilincreased by a factor of 11between 2000 and 2007 with 67%produced in the European Union(OECD-FAO, 2008).

Global ethanol productionis projected to reach127 billion litres in 2017.

In 2007, 23% of maize productionin the US was used to produceethanol, as was about 54%of Brazils sugar cane crop.In the EU, about 47% of vegetableoil produced was usedfor the production of biodiesel.

The 2008 ethanol share of thegasoline transport fuel marketin these countries is estimatedat 4.5% for the US, 40% for Braziland 2.2% for the EU.

About one fth of the maize harvestin the US was used for ethanolproduction in 2006/2007, it onlydisplaced about 3% of the countrysgasoline (World Banks 2008 WorldDevelopment Report).

Ethanol and biodiesel are the two kindsof biofuel.

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As demand for clean water grows

worldwide, so do concerns aboutcorruption in the water sector. Notleast in South Africa, where a gov-ernment unit that combats watercrime is getting a much-neededboost.Water corruption in Southern

Africa hit the headlines earlier this

decade when the chief executive ofa US$8 billion construction projectwas found guilty of having acceptedmore than US$2 million in bribesfrom multinational constructioncompanies to secure contracts.Masupha Ephraim Sole was in

charge of the Lesotho HighlandsWater Project, an ambitious pro-gramme to build dams and canalsfor water transfer from the highlands

of Lesotho, a country the size of Bel-gium which is entirely surroundedby South Africa, to the dry Gautengarea around Johannesburg.Despite limited assistance from

the international community, Leso-

tho succeeded in bringing the err-ing parties to justice the chief ex-ecutive was sentenced to 18 yearsin prison in 2002 and some of thecompanies involved received multi-million nes and have been de-barred from receiving World Bankcontracts.

Fighting corruptionSince the incident, the govern-ments of both Lesotho and SouthAfrica have stepped up their ghtagainst corruption in the water sec-tor. Such corruption can take manyforms, from petty bribing to avoid apollution ne to multi-million payoffsto secure large contracts.In South Africa, compliance with

water regulations is monitored and

enforced by a special unit in theDepartment of Water Affairs andForestry (DWAF). The unit is nick-named the Blue Scorpions afterthe countrys elite anti-corruptionforce, the Scorpions.

The Blue Scorpions, set up in2005, ght a range of water-relatedcrime, from pollution to unlawfulabstraction of South Africas watercourses. The funding increase willincrease the units number of stafffrom a handful to, eventually, over100. It is also going to get accessto better technology, including sat-

ellite imaging, to track down wrong-doers.Corruption is one part of the murky

activity the unit unveils, says NigelAdams, its director. If you get toa place and theres just a big holein the ground, but 50 million rand(nearly US$5 million) has beenspent, then you know somethingstrange has happened, he says.His units success depends on

three things, he says. First, its closeworking partnership with other gov-ernment agencies and the SouthAfrican police. Second, its opendoor policy that welcomes anyone

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If you get to a place and theres just abig hole in the ground, but 50 million rand(nearly US $5 million) has been spent, thenyou know something strange has happened,says Nigel Adams, director of the BlueScorpions.

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deconcerned about their compliance

with water regulations to come inand talk to the unit. The third, how-ever, is a zero-tolerance policy forthose who refuse to comply withthe law. To those people, I am hardas steel, Adams says.Adams and his team are likely to

have their work cut out for them.Last year, South Africa dropped inthe corruption index compiled byTransparency International to 54thplace, down from 43rd place in2007. There is corruption on manylevels in South Africas water sec-tor, said a representative of a water

NGO who refused to be named.Some of the most common formsof dodgy dealings are fast-trackingprocurement contracts and givingconsultancy jobs to pals, she said.South Africa has many risk fac-

tors that make it susceptible towater corruption. It is a dry country,with some regions facing criticalwater shortages. Urbanisation andindustrial growth are putting pres-sure on the water supply. In addi-tion, the countrys Institution forCivil Engineering 2006 infrastruc-ture report card identied the needfor extensive refurbishment of thecountrys dams and sewage sys-tems, meaning more tenders, whichcan be corruption-prone.Still, South Africa is tackling cor-

ruption more successfully thanmost of its poorer neighbours onthe continent. The poor gover-

nance structure and large fundingows that characterise the watersector in the rest of Africa providefertile growing grounds for abuse,according to the 2008 GlobalCorruption Report. The report es-timates that due to corruption, thecost for reaching the MillenniumGoal on drinking water and sanita-tion in developing countries couldincrease by as much as with US$48

billion over the next decade.Such money-loss will have a directeffect on all Africans. Consumerswill pay more and water quality willdeteriorate (when pollution is over-looked in exchange for a bribe, for

example). Meanwhile, restricted ac-cess, lower economic growth (be-cause companies need water) andwater shortages could spark unrest,damaging national security.

A range o actionsBut few studies investigate thesituation on the ground, says PiersCross, a consultant who is investi-gating water corruption in drought-stricken Ethiopia for the WorldBank. Ethiopia is currently investingheavily in water infrastructure, suchas dams and bringing water to rural

areas.With a large number of contractsbeing offered to improve access toclean water across Ethiopia, thereare question-marks both over howcontracts are being handled, bothfor large infrastructure projects andsmaller-scale borehole drilling, saysCross. Hes going to Ethiopia inApril to take photos of new equip-ment. Well try to compare if what

is built equals what is being paidfor, he says.Some countries are addressing the

problem. In Zambia, following there-organisation of the water sectorto allow more local control, commu-

()

nity-based Water Watch Groupswere set up to monitor water pro-viders performance. The onus is oncommunities learning about theirrights and raising awareness of in-fringements. A 2008 study by S.Kayaga and R. Franceys, two UKacademics, found that NWASCO,the Zambian regulator, had madecommendable progress towardsbetter accountability and transpar-ency in the water sector.Due to the relatively short time

water corruption has been in thespotlight, there is little informationon what interventions work, says

John Butterworth from the Interna-tional Water and Sanitation Centre.What has been shown is that aquick x just pushes the corruptioninto a different area. If you sort outa particular aspect of your procure-ment, the people who were engagedin corrupt practices will just shift toanother part of the process. It needsa whole range of actions.Something that seems to work is to

raise the awareness of communitiesof the problem and how it affectsthem, he adds. Its called social ac-countability. Involving communities inlooking at the quality of construction,making sure all material is delivered,that sort of thing.Nor is the problem unique to

Africa. Water corruption by cartelsin South Asia inated prices be-tween 15 and 20% between 2001and 2002, according to a survey.

Recent member countries of theEU, such as Romania and Bulgaria,are, for example, ranking lower onTransparency Internationals corrup-tion perception index as comparedto some African or Asian countries,says Hkan Tropp, chairman of theWater Integrity Network, set up in2006 to improve transparency andgovernance in the global water sec-tor. So it is also problem we in de-

veloped countries have to deal within our own back yard.

Linda Nordling,

Swedish journalist

living in South Africa

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evolution that western countrieshave gone through so that we candrink from a tap today.The idea behind the journey was

also to translate the relationshipsbetween man and water into imag-es. In the West we have lost sight ofthe importance of this vital resource.Its there in abundance; even hotwater comes out of a tap. And,

worse still, we use drinking waterto ush our toilets. Most people onthe planet nd this incomprehen-sible. In China, for example, wateris so precious they see the Yangtzeas a source of nourishment, like amother.

So there is a direct link between

water and development?

g: Absolutely. Because of their geo-

graphical isolation, people living highup on the Tibetan plateau are, in away, condemned to underdevelop-ment. Of course, the new railwaythat opened in 2006 will help Tibetbecome less cut off, but, for the

the Yangtze or a journeY

through time

Why did you choose

development as the themeof your Yangtze Expedition?

gy: Travelling down theYangtze is like travelling through time.High up on the Tibetan plateau, thereare still people who have to walkfor three hours a day to fetch wa-ter. Its like the Stone Age. If youtravel downstream for a while, its

the industrial era, with big cities thatare beginning to control the water.And, in Shanghai, at the mouth ofthe same river, there is round-the-clock running water. Its the modernworld.We wanted our documentary to

show the link between access towater and level of development. Wevery quickly realised that China wasthe ideal place for this, because

of the extraordinary diversity in theways water gures in the lives of itspeople.l: Through this expedition we

were able to rediscover our ownhistory. It was important to trace the

()

time being, there is nothing modernabout life there. One Tibetan stu-dent who went back to her home vil-lage, Qmar He, in the holidays, toldus she spent most of her free timefetching water. In the city, she usesthis time for reading and leisure.A little further down river, we saw

a water mill, which is already a signof development. But it took a long

time before this kind of technology,albeit simple, was available. An-other 1000 km further down river,we came across the famous ThreeGorges dam. It is also a water mill,but much bigger. It was completedin 2009 and is the end result of agigantic construction project thatlasted 15 years. Still further down,we came across a paradox that ischaracteristic of all developed soci-

eties: we want clean water to drinkyet still want to be able to use it todump all of our rubbish! We nallyarrived in Shanghai, where we foundourselves in a society, which, longago, realised that, if you want to

Loc and Georoy de La Tullayes documentary flm, Yangtze Expedition.An adventure by the La Tullaye brothers, shows just how crucial access to water is or human lie.

Here, they answer questions put by Katerina Markelova (UNESCO Courier).

The Yangtze, near Yushu.

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Benetsfrom investing in water

11

have drinking water, you have totreat your wastewater.As we travelled down the Yang-

tze, we witnessed a whole seriesof stages in human development,marked by access to water, master-ing it, making it secure, and manag-ing it over the long term.

You were able to see the

worlds largest dam, the ThreeGorges. It made navigation on

the river possible, and there-fore brought development. But

it is also causing some seriousenvironmental problems.

g: This dam has really turned theYangtze into a growth highway, link-ing the developed East with the un-derdeveloped West. Since the riverhas been navigable, the port city ofChongqing, which is upstream ofthe dam, has been mushrooming: athousand people settle there eachday! It now has a population of over32 million.l: Having said that, most of its

wastewater still goes directly intothe Yangtze. This polluted waterthen reaches the dam, where itstagnates, loses all of its oxygenand undergoes eutrophisation. Insome places on the river, the layerof algae is 30 cm thick.If the Yangtze dies, so will the

600 million people who live in theriver basin - 10% of the planetspopulation. If the Chinese do notact quickly, they will turn the Three

Gorges reservoir into an enormouscesspit, an open-air sewage dump.And everyone knows this. If noth-ing is done, the treatment that theChinese will have to apply to makethe Yangtze water drinkable will bea lot more complicated than it is to-day, and may even be impossible. InChina, surface water is still the mainsource of drinking water, not un-derground water, which is practi-

cally untapped.What about the Yangtze riversbiodiversity?

g: In 2006 pollution, the dam, in-creased river trafc, and extensive

the Yangtze or a journeY through time

()

It is estimated that for every US$ 1 invested in improved water supplyand sanitation there will be gains of from US$ 3-34.The overall economic loss in Africa alone due to lack of access to safe

water and basic sanitation is estimated to be some US$ 28.4 billion per yearor around 5% of GDP (WHO, 2006).A study in the MENA region noted that groundwater resource depletion

appears to have reduced the GDP of certain nations (Jordan by 2.1%,Yemen 1.5%, Egypt 1.3% and Tunisia 1.2%)In China, there is local evidence that action on water management

has delivered measurable improvements in local GDP terms. The 335counties in China with completed primary electrication from hydropowershowed a doubling of GDP compared with those without rural electricity.Annual average income per farmer increased by 8.1% per year, nearly 3%

above the national average.

shing led to the extinction of theYangtze dolphin. The disappearanceof this symbolic species causedquite a reaction, but there are stilla great many other threatened spe-cies that we dont hear about. Likethe Yangtze nless porpoise, whichis also endemic to the river.The extinction of the dolphin is an

alarm signal. Even if we talk aboutthe overpopulation of the planet, wemight wonder if the next mammal to

become extinct wont be man. Everyyear nearly three million people indeveloping countries die of water-related illnesses. Every 17 secondsa child dies of diarrhoea. So wemight say the process has alreadystarted Having said this, the aim of our ex-

peditions was not to criticise, but toprovide tools so that people can in-terpret their environment a little bet-ter, and do something to preserve it.

Shanghai docks (China).

Shanghai-bound boats waiting for lock entry,Three Gorges dam.

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Daily life in Miao Ajigen village.

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ustralias newly-created Murray-Darling Basin Authority is aboutto embark on a world-rst venture.Chief Executive, Rob Freeman, ischarged with putting together a plancovering the basin, which is the sizeof France. It has never been donein the world at this scale, he said.No-one has tried to return a sys-tem that is over-allocated [back tosustainability].Mr Freeman said the over-alloca-

tion is a legacy of the past, com-pounded by the early onset of cli-mate change and on top of that we

have one of the worst droughts onrecord.The legacy is the issuing of water

licences for over 5000 gigalitres(billion litres) a year, in wetter times.The Murray River historically had anannual inow of 8900 GL a year.But drought struck seven years

ago; in the last three years theannual inow has averaged just1783 GL.

The basin is highly vulnerable toclimate change, because just fourpercent of the rain that falls on thebasin ends up in the river (com-pared with 39% in Europe and52% in North America). If the tem-

perature rises one degree andthis has been happening underclimate change 15% less waterows into the river.Before the drought struck, the

Murray-Darling Basin supported40% of the countrys farm produce,including most of its irrigated agri-culture, worth $A15 billion.Its waters support over two million

people, including Australias fth big-gest city, Adelaide, but in the lastthree years they have endured se-vere water restrictions. In Adelaide,for example, gardens can only be

watered with hand-held hoses for amaximum of three hours a week.Irrigation allocations have been

slashed. Along the river, grapevines and citrus trees have beenbulldozed. Wetlands are drying out,and huge old river red gums are dy-ing.At the end of the river lie the lower

lakes, separated from the ocean byman-made barrages. Those lakes

are facing ecological catastrophe,according to South AustraliasCommissioner for Water Security,Robyn McLeod. As the lakes dry,their acid sulphate soils becomedangerously acidic when they are

retunin n ve-llcte syste t sustinility hile ctinthe hul eects clite chne n uht these e the chllenes tken n

y the ne muy-dlin bsin authity, une in 2008. In seven yes the nnul inf ne austlis lest ive sins hs e nely 80%..

exposed to air. There is not enoughfresh water in the Murray-Darling tokeep the lake beds covered. Lettingin salt water might halt the acidity,but, Ms McLeod said they will be-come hypersaline very quickly andit will be a dead sea.

Measures called orAdelaide takes up to 90% of itsdrinking water from the Murray,but it is developing other sour-ces. It recycles 30% of its water,and is aiming for 45% by 2010.New housing estates have two

sources of water; puried wateris used in the kitchen for drinking,while recycled water, deliveredthrough distinctive purple pipes,is used for toilet ushing, washingclothes and watering gardens.Adelaide is also building a desal-

ination plant that will provide onequarter of its needs by 2011.Arguments over the water of the

Murray River, which is shared by

New South Wales, Victoria andSouth Australia, nearly haltedFederation, which occurred in1901. The States retained con-trol over water, and the argumentsabout the use of the water of the

()

auStraliaS water revolution

Clayton Sailing Club Jetty, high and dry (Clayton, Lake Alexandrina,South Australia - Lower Lakes of Murray-Darling River)

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Murray-Darling Basin Authority.Before, states were powerless

to do anything about other statesthat breached the limits set forwater extraction. South Australia,for instance, suffered uctuationsin its water supply because NewSouth Wales was taking more thanits share upstream and limiting theamount of water owing down-stream to South Australia.The new Authority will have thepower of enforcement, notably to

issue injunctions to stop overdraw-ing of water. It will need it, because

irrigation allocations are certain tobe reduced.Mr Freeman said the new sustain-

able diversion limits will be based onhow much water we need to retainto preserve key environmental as-sets and key ecosystem functions.The limits will be based on how muchwater we need scientically, not howmuch we traditionally extracted.It will be a huge revolution in water

use, and the world will be watchinghow Australia does it.

sa Wahlquist,Australian journalist

Murray-Darling Basin continued.In 1991 it was clear the rivers

were stressed when a one thou-sand kilometre long, stinking, lu-rid blue-green algal bloom infest-ed the Darling River.In 1994 the Council of Austra-

lian Governments, comprisingministers from the State Govern-ments and the Federal Govern-ment, agreed on a new waterpolicy. The health of the river hadto be factored into all water de-cisions; water subsidies had toend and water licences had to

be separated from land so theycould be freely traded in a newwater market.Mike Young is Executive Direc-

tor of the Environment Instituteat the University of Adelaide. Heargues that policy made Australia aworld leader. I am now spendingquite a bit of time around the worldadvising people on how to get to asystem which has the best of the

Australian bits and pieces in it.Central to the Australian systemare clearly dened, tradeable sharesin the available water supply. Profes-sor Young said this took us downa pathway looking at competition

auStraliaS water revolution

()

Demonstrators outside South Australianparliament protesting bad watermanagement.

as a way to solve problems and tofacilitate and expedite change. Thathas been a very powerful driver ofreform that they havent had in otherparts of the world.As the value of water has risen,

farmers have moved from wastefulopen channels and huge overheadsprays to computer-controlled dripirrigation. Water has been tradedfrom low value-uses like oodingpaddocks for cattle feed, to high-value fruit, grape and vegetablegrowing.

Australiaon the cutting edgeBut in 2006, as the severe droughtgripped the Murray Darling, it wasclear more changes were needed.In 2007 the Federal Governmentoffered a radical plan: if the stateswould sign over responsibility forthe water in the Basin to the FederalGovernment, it would spend $A10billion buying back over-allocatedwater licences and upgrading ir-rigation infrastructure. It took 15months before the states agreed.In December 2008, a new era in

Australian water management be-gan with the establishment of the

L

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Hose for sullage waste water, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

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Whats new since the lastreport, published three yearsago? Is it possible to outline

the latest developments?

What has happened over the lastthree years in terms of the more ma-

jor problems is that we have recordedconsiderable progress in some ar-eas and met frustration in others.Safe drinking water, for instance as a result of the ambitious cam-

paign championed by the UN andagreed to by the international com-munity, the Millennium Develop-ment Goals target seems likely tobe met. Unfortunately Sub-SaharanAfrica is a huge regional exception,

embedded in food or other com-modities needed in production.This becomes important vis--viseconomic growth, when in emerg-ing economies, people start eatingmore meat rather than, say, grainsor rice, or start eating three insteadof two meals; it means a lot morewater to produce the food. Also tomanufacture the cars they want to

Olcay nver talks about thelatestUnited Nations WorldWater Development Report,

a comprehensive assessmento the planets reshwater

resources, which was launched

last month in Istanbul (Turkey).Excerpts rom an interview

by Cathy Nolan (UNESCO)

we e nt exeiencin ll te cisis, sys olcy nve,

cint the World Water Assessment Programme (wwap).but hile te cises ein lcl, clite chne is ll, n e hve t n ll

slutins le tht thetens the utue the lnet.

waterin a changing world

()

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Cover of latest United Nations WorldWater Development Report

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Olcay nver, coordinator of the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP).

which will need specic attention.Some Arab countries are also hav-ing difculty.Sanitation goals on the other

hand are not very likely to be metif current trends continue. We areobviously urging the internationalcommunity to provide more re-sources for sanitation []When economies develop and

buying power increases, people

tend to consume more water. Thereport gives examples to show thatactually it is not the water we drink,its the water we eat. The conceptis called virtual water or waterfootprints the amount of water


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drive and other consumer productsdemanded. On top of this you haveto add the pollution that comes froma lot of these activities. That is anotherdriver. It inuences water resources.[]Another message of the report is

that water problems are createdand potentially solved by decisionmakers that are not the actual wa-ter managers. When I talk aboutleaders, I am talking in a broadersense, not leaders in the water

sector. The past two reports andthe processes have provided agood consensus among water re-sources professionals and leader-ship in the water community. Butnow we need to get out of the wa-ter box and get the broader frame-work involved in the identicationand solution of water problemsand preventing further water crisis.

The report encourages more

investment in water?

The report has a complete sectionon the investment aspect. Obvious-ly the current crisis will have impacton water. What we are saying isthat water infrastructure is not to beneglected and that investment inwater infrastructure is to be accele-rated.We are saying that, in order to deal

with the current crisis, water infra-

structure and governance are moreimportant than ever. Investing in wa-ter provides benets not only to thesociety but to the economy.

Does the report makerecommendations for averting

a water crisis?

This is not a prescriptive report. Thereare water crises around the world,but hydrology is local, meteorology is

global. We have now water crisesaround the world but we are nottalking about a global water crisis.We are warning against one if theexisting crises are not addressedproperly and if water is not made an

integral component of broader deci-sion making frameworks. An excel-lent example is the food sector. Youmay want to increase production,but if you dont have the resources irrigation water you have a con-straint. You cannot only resolve thefood crisis - you create pressure onwater resources that could turn intocrisis.

With increasing water scarcity,water becomes increasingly

a political issue. Does thereport address this aspect?

Its a fact, when you have abun-dant resources, everybody ishappy. When demand increasesor the resource decreases, thenyou start seeing competition, thenyou start managing the demand inmany ways. It can be economic, so-cial, legal or a combination. As the

()

water in a changing world

situation worsens, you may have toreallocate water from some sectorsto others, and competition can turninto conict. Managing the compe-tition is very important so that con-ict will not arise. There are plenty ofexamples of the report on how na-tions or river basins or municipali-ties have dealt with these issues.There are statistics and examplesof conicts as well. Again, thereare general recommendations. Thereport avoids sweeping generaliza-

tions and indicates at the beginningthat, like water problems, solutionsdepend on circumstances in thecountry or society resource en-dowment, nancial resources, cul-ture, legal framework. Each countryshould look for their own solutions,using what can be learned fromothers who have successfully dealtwith them.

With the current crisis, water infrastructures and governance are more important than ever.Malagasy woman drawing water from a fountain.

UNESCO/Isa

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Young mountain gorilla (Rwanda).

Savingournearest

relativeshitys sst ti, t i, is i .dt, i iti

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i tis Itti Y t gi, 2009.

T i ti t Itti Y t gi

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Tis is it it s tis

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focus

the others to feeding sites andtakes responsibility for the safetyand well-being of all.

Younger males, called black-backs, may serve as backup pro-tection. Males will slowly beginto leave their original troop whenthey are about 11 years old, trav-elling alone or with a group ofother males for 25 years beforethey attract females to form a newgroup and start breeding. Goril-las are vegetarian but silverbackshave been known to kill the young

child of their predecessor. Theywill then mate with the femalewhose child they killed.Gorillas only breed every three

or four years. Because of their mi-gratory lifestyle, they require a lot

e

very animal species is valuableand has a part to play in main-taining the ecological balance

of its natural habitat, but thecause of the gorilla elicits particularsympathy because they are so similarto us. So much so that their name,has its root the Greek word gorillai,meaning tribe of hairy women, usedby the Carthaginian, Hanno the Navi-gator, who sailed along the coast ofWest Africa in the 5th century B.C.and spotted hirsute creatures, somekind of ape if not actual gorillas, on

his voyageIn the absence of visual evi-dence from Hannos journey, it isimpossible to tell whether goril-las are indeed the hairy womenhe named. Up to date complete

data about the gorillas is stillnot always available, but modernscience divides them into two

species - Eastern and Westerngorillas - and four subspecies(see box).

Social organizationEach subspecies has feeding,physiological and life style differ-ences. But all gorillas are migra-tory and live in groups of ve to30 individuals dominated by onesilverback adult male, typically

12 years of age or older. Thesilverback is the strong, domi-nant leader who is the centre ofattention, makes all decisions,mediates conicts, determines themovements of the group, leads

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EclairaGE

Thewst l gi(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)is estimated to have declined by more than 60% over the

last two decades due to death from hunting and disease,notably Ebola. Population was estimated at 100,000 inthe 1980s, but populations which had not been count-ed before were discovered in remote swamp forests inthe northern part of the Democratic Republic of Congobringing total estimates up to 150,000 - 200,000 mainlyin Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Gabon, Con-go, and Equatorial Guinea. The subspecies is the small-est and lightest of the four subspecies.

The css ri gi (Gorilla gorilla diehli) is arecently recognized subspecies of Western Gorilla liv-

ing in tropical and subtropical broadleaf forests at el-evations of 200 to 2000 metres on the northern Cam-eroon-Nigerian border in an area of less than 10,000km. They are found in eleven localities most of themconnected by continuous forest. The subspecies, total-ling a mere 300 individuals, is critically endangered. It isparticularly shy of humans and only few direct sightingshave been made. Most information on their ecology andbehaviour derives from observations of sleeping nests,feeding trails and reports by local hunters. The mainmorphological difference between the Cross RiverGorilla and the Western Lowland Gorilla concerns the

shape of their heads.The high forest mti gi (Gorilla beringeiberingei) is believed to total only 650 to 680 individu-

als, living in two isolated groups within protected areasin the Virunga Massif along the borders of the DRC,

Rwanda, and Uganda, in the Virunga National Park(DRC), the Volcanoes National Park (Rwanda) and theMgahinga Gorilla National Park (Uganda). A separatepopulation of Mountain Gorillas is found in the BwindiImpenetrable National Park in southwest Uganda. A2003 census of the Virunga Volcanoes Mountain Go-rilla population showed a 17% increase since 1989.But the subspecies remains critically endangered dueto habitat loss, poaching, human disease and war. It isvery black and densely furred, with a broad face andmassive jaws. The small of the back of mature malesturns grey with age, hence the name of silverback for

mature males.est l gis (Gorilla beringei grau-eri) have been severely affected by instability and warin much of its natural habitat since the 1990s. An in-crease in hunting of Eastern Lowland gorillas has beenobserved in war-torn eastern DRC, and their habitat isunder stress due to mining for coltan ore, agricultureand charcoal production. Anecdotal evidence sug-gests a signicant decline over the past 20-30 years.In the mid-1990s, population was estimated at 17,000.The Eastern Gorilla tends to be larger than the West-

ern, with longer, blacker hair.

r. a.

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- est wst is -

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FourSubspeciesof Gorillas

Young lowland gorilla hitching a ride (Congo).

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of space, which is why UNESCOfavours the denition of large land-scapes for their preservation, ar-eas that include a wide buffer zonewith biosphere reserves where peo-ple can nd sustainable livelihoods.Education projects to help the in-habitants understand, respect andmaximize the benets of sustainableresource management are essentialfor the success of these preserva-tion projects.

All species

are importantMambaele Mankoto of UNESCOsNatural Science Sector is heartenedby the recent increase observed ingorilla populations in the VirungaNational Park, a UNESCO WorldHeritage site. This improvementcan be attributed to ambitious pro-grammes for conservation of biodi-versity in regions of armed conictlaunched by UNESCO in 2000with the United Nations Foundationand the European Union. The proj-ects have focused heavily on help-ing forest guards carry out their all-important work. But conicts arestill latent and we must not lowerour guard, cautions Mankoto, whohighlights the need to convincedonors to provide funds for proj-ects that specically target gorillapreservation.One way to reduce hunting for

bushmeat and traditional medicineis to convince local populationsthat gorillas are worth more alivethan dead. Conservation institu-tions in the RDC and the RwandanNational Parks Ofce have con-cluded an accord whereby gorillasthat come from RDC to Rwandaare visited by tourists there andRwanda pays a share of the prot,US$ 30,000 per annum on aver-

age, back to the RDC. Mankotowelcomes this as a ne example oftransboundary cooperation withinUNESCOs mandate of peace-building with the gorillas as am-bassadors.

Nevertheless, gorilla tourism mustbe managed with care, as contactwith humans can have a negativeimpact on these great apes whoseimmune systems are unpreparedfor some of the diseases we carry.Humans also continue killing goril-las not just for bushmeat but alsofor cultural reasons. While somepeople still believe that placing agorilla bone in a babys bathwa-ter will fortify the child, the majorthreats facing our closest animalcousins remain deforestation,

road-building, traps laid for otheranimals and mining.Mankoto for his part hopes that

the International Year of the Gorilla -launched by the United Nations En-vironment Programmes Conven-tion on Migratory Species (CMS),the UNEP/UNESCO Great ApesSurvival Partnership (GRASP) and

the World Association of Zoos andAquariums (WAZA) - will serve asa plea for this animal which, in cap-tivity, has proven it can acquire animpressive mastery of human signlanguage.In their natural habitat, gorillas

provide valuable services in foresthusbandry as they make clearingsalong their migratory path, allowingthe sun to reach the underbrush,and digest seeds of species whichthey disseminate in their faeces.Mankoto reminds us of the need to

resist anthropocentrism: All spe-cies are important; the loss of anyspecies represents an impoverish-ment of the environment physical,cultural and spiritual.

Roni Amelan

(UNESCO)

Old Titus with a group of mountain gorillas (Congo).

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EclairaGE

19

focus

Martyn Colbech lming gorillas in Rwanda.

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protecting gorillaSBeginS with education

lik ts, is ity

sis tt i s.

csi s sis is t t

i s t t ti

tis t tit

t sti t

titi t iis.

Tis qis ti

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Y t gi t stt tis k.

Family of gorillas in Uganda.

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The main axes for UNESCOsactivities in favour of the gorilla areits World Heritage Centre and the

Man and the Biosphere (MAB)Programme. But education projectshave also contributed to theseprogrammes, particularly now, duringthe Decade for Education forSustainable Development.UNESCO recently granted US

$100,000 for GRASP scholarshipsfor young researchers who spent

two years studying issues pertainingto great apes.TheRegional School on Integrated

Management o Tropical Forests andTerritories (ERAIFT) [Ecole Regionale

post-universitaire d Amenagementset gestions Intgrs des Forets etTerritories tropicaux] was created byUNESCO ten years ago at KinshasaUniversity with support from the RDC,the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, the European Unionwhich has just announced a fourmillion-Euro allocation within theframework of the 10th EuropeanDevelopment Fund (2009-2013),Belgium, France and several partners

such as the World Wide Fund orNature (WWF). The school bringstogether young postgraduatesspecializing in human andsocial sciences with geographers,

sociologists and economists alongwith agronomists, forest managers,biologists, and ecologists.They follow an 18-month Mastersprogramme which includes six monthsof eldwork. This allows forcross-disciplinary training, favouringa multidisciplinary grasp of issueswhich can help open thestudents eyes to new approaches.Eighty-one masters from 12 Africancountries have been trained to date

along with three PhDs.A further 60 people will hopefullybe trained by 2013.

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Monuments o Nubia,past and uture

In 1959, the governments of Egyptand Sudan asked UNESCO for

assistance in safeguarding monu-ments that the construction of the

Aswan High Dam threatened to sub-merge. This inspired a major cam-paign by UNESCO to safeguard

cultural heritage. The success of theCampaign inspired the development

and adoption in 1972 of UNES-

COs World Heritage Conven-tion and the inscription of sites onUNESCOs World Heritage List onwhich the Nubian Monuments from

Abu Simbel to Philae were inscribedin 1979. To mark the 50th anniver-

sary of the appeal to save the monu-ments of Nubia, UNESCOs ofcein Cairo organized a conference incooperation with the Egyptian and

Sudanese ministries of culture.

uNEsco : NEws

Safeguarding Nubian monuments: detached head of Great Temple colossus in storage.

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The UNESCO Courier 2009 N3

Conronting Climate Change in the ArcticThe rapidly changing climate in the Arctic is putting pressure on hundreds of thousands of indigenouspeople in the circumpolar North.In March 2009, UNESCO organized a conference in Monaco to address the concerns of the Arcticcommunity and identify strategies for the sustainable development of the region.

Education or Sustainable DevelopmentThe UNESCO World Conference on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) will be held from 31 Marchto 2 April in Bonn (Germany). The event brings together some 700 experts and stakeholders. Graa Machel,international advocate for womens and childrens rights and former Minister of Education and Culturein Mozambique, will present a keynote speech.The conference will underline the relevance of ESD to all of education; promote international exchange on ESD,especially between North and South; assess results of the United Nations ESD Decade (2005-2014); anddevelop strategies for the future.

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coNtacts

The UNESCO Courier is published bythe United Nations Educational, Scienticand Cultural Organization.7, place de Fontenoy75352 Paris 07 SP, France

http://www.unesco.org/couriergn inquiis, int n oution [email protected]

ditoSaturnino Muoz Gmez

eito in chifJasmina opova - [email protected]

eitoi ssistnKaterina Markelova - [email protected]

EDITORS

abiBassam Mansour - [email protected] by Zaina Dufour - [email protected]

chinsWeiny Cauhape - [email protected] Nolan - [email protected] Lcia Guimares et Nelson Souza [email protected]

russinVictoria Kalinin - [email protected]

SnishFrancisco Vicente-Sandoval - [email protected]

photoFiona Ryan - [email protected] Ariane Bailey

pdF lyoutGilbert Franchi

wb ptfomStephen Roberts, Fabienne Kouadio, Chakir [email protected] and photos credited UNESCO may bereproduced and/or translated providing the credit linereads Reproduced from the UNESCO Courierand includes date and hyperlink. Photos withoutUNESCO credit require specic authorization.

Articles express the opinions of the authors and do notnecessarily represent the opinions of UNESCO.Boundaries on maps do not imply ofcial endorsementor acceptance by UNESCO or the United Nationsof the countries and territories concerned.
http://www.unesco.org/couriermailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.unesco.org/courier

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