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Libyan Civil War Libyan Civil War Libyan Civil War Libyan Civil WarandInternational military InterventionSince February 17th up to March 30th, 2011

Wikipedia Articlesas at March 31, 2011

Part One

Articles:Libyan Civil War. UN Security Council Resolution.

Military Intervention. Casualties. Timeline.Domestic Reactions. International Reactions


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Map of the Wikipedia Articles

2011 Libyan civil war

ProtestsInternational reactions • Domestic responses • Casualties • Timeline BattlesFirst Battle of Benghazi • Tripoli clashes • Battle of Az Zawiyah • Battle of Misurata • Battle of Gharyan • First Battle ofBrega • Battle of Ra's Lanuf • Battle of Bin Jawad • Second Battle of Brega • Battle of Ajdabiya • Second Battle of Benghazi •Battle of Az Zintan • Late March rebel offensive • International military intervention (Operation Ellamy – Operation Odyssey

Dawn – Opération Harmattan – Operation MOBILE ) • Operation Unified Protector •PlacesBab al-Azizia • Green Square • Maydan al-Shajara PeopleMuammar Gaddafi • Saif al-Islam Muammar Al-Gaddafi • Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil • Abdul Fatah Younis • HafizGhoga • Hussein Sadiq al Musrati • Mohammed El Senussi • Idris al-Senussi • Fathi Terbil • Mohammed Nabbous • Mahmoud

Jibril • Khalifa Belqasim Haftar • Ali Tarhouni • Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi • Iman al-Obeidi ForcesAnti-Gaddafi forces (Libyan People's Army – Free Libyan Air Force – NCLO) • Military of Libya (Libyan Army – Libyan AirForce – Libyan Navy) • Revolutionary Guard Corps Related

National Transitional Council • Abu Salim Prison • Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane • People's Hall, Tripoli • Topple theTyrants • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 ( Internationalreactions to the intervention – Protests against the intervention – US domestic reactions to the intervention )


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2011 Libyan civil warFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this messageuntil the dispute is resolved. (March 2011)

• Cities controlled by pro-Gaddafi forces• Cities controlled by anti-Gaddafi forces (supported by coalition forces)• Ongoing fighting/unclear situation (situation as of 29 March 2011)

Date 15 February 2011 – presentLocation LibyaStatus Ongoing

Belligerents

National Transitional Council • Free Libyan Air Force • Libyan People's Army • National Conference for the Libyan Opposition

• Anti-Gaddafi tribes[2]

UN member states enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973:

• NATO Qatar [3] UAE[4]

full list[show] •

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libyan Armed Forces Libyan Army Libyan Air Force Libyan Navy Foreign mercenaries [5][6][7][8][9]

Commanders and leaders

Mustafa Abdul Jalil [10] Omar El-Hariri[11] Abdul FatahYounis[12] Suleiman Mahmoud[13] Khalifa Belqasim Haftar

Charles Bouchard[14]

Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi Khamis al-Gaddafi Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr

Strength

Approximately 17,000[15] (1,000 trained men)[16]

International Forces: Numerous air and maritime forces (see here)10,000–12,000 (Al Jazeera estimate)[17]

Casualties and losses

1,567–2,049 opposition fighters killed (see here)

International Forces: 1 USAF F-15E Strike Eagle crashed (both pilots survived) [non-combat loss][18]

585–663 soldiers killed (see here)

Estimated total killed on both sides including civilians: 2,000–10,000


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The 2011 Libyan civil war (Arabic: ھ ب ) is an ongoing armed conflict in the North African country of Libya against Muammar Gaddafi's 42-year rule, with protesters calling for new leadership and democratic elections.[citation needed ] The situation

began as a series of protests and confrontations on 15 February 2011. Within a week, this uprising had spread and Gaddafi wasstruggling to retain control across the country.[24] Gaddafi responded with military force and other such measures as censorship and

blocking of communications. With his soldiers across the country defecting, Gaddafi allegedly recruited foreign mercenaries tosupplement his forces. From a diplomatic angle, Gaddafi offered talks with opposition leaders through a representative but the rebelshave rejected any form of dialogue; they pledge to keep fighting at all costs until either Gaddafi resign or be defeated militarily. [25]

The situation then escalated into armed conflict, with rebels establishing a coalition named the Transitional National Council based inBenghazi. The International Criminal Court warned Gaddafi that he and members of his government may have committed crimesagainst humanity.[26] The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution freezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten membersof his inner circle, and restricting their travel. The resolution also referred the actions of the government to the International Criminal

Court for investigation.[27]

In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities beforeattacking Benghazi. A further resolution authorized member states to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya.[28] The Gaddafi governmentthen announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it. A collection of states began enforcing the no-fly zone on 19 March by disablingGaddafi's air defenses.[29] BackgroundHistory Main article: History of Libya under Gaddafi Gaddafi has been the de-facto ruler of Libya since the overthrow of King Idris I in 1969.[30] WikiLeaks' disclosure of confidential US diplomatic cables has revealed US diplomats there speaking of Gaddafi's"mastery of tactical maneuvering".[31] While placing relatives and loyal members of his tribe in central military and government

positions, he has skilfully marginalized supporters and rivals, thus maintaining a delicate balance of powers, stability and economicdevelopments. This extends even to his own children, as he changes affections to avoid the rise of a clear successor and rival.[31]

Petroleum revenues contribute up to 58% of Libya's GDP. [32] Governments with "resource curse" revenue have a lower need for taxesfrom other industries and consequently feel less pressure to develop their middle class. To calm down opposition, they can use theincome from natural resources to offer services to the population, or to specific government supporters. [33] Libya's oil wealth being

spread over a relatively small population has allowed for a relatively high living standard compared to neighboring countries.[34]

Despite one of the highest unemployment rates in the region at 21% (latest census), there was a consistent labor shortage with over amillion migrant workers present on the market.[35] These migrant workers formed the bulk of the refugees leaving Libya after the

beginning of hostilities.Libya's purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP per capita in 2010 was US $14,878; its human development index in 2010 was 0.755;and its literacy rate in 2009 was 87%. These numbers were lower in Egypt and Tunisia. [36] Indeed, Libyan citizens are considered to

be well educated and to have a high standard of living.[37] This specific situation creates a wider contrast between good education,high demand for democracy, and the government's practices (perceived corruption, political system, supply of democracy).[36] Theuprising has been viewed as a part of the 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests which has already resulted in the oustingof long-term presidents of adjacent Tunisia and Egypt with the initial protests all using similar slogans.[38] Social media had played animportant role in organizing the opposition.[39] [edit] CorruptionGaddafi amassed a vast fortune during his 42-year rule.[40]

Much of the country's income from oil, which soared in the 1970s, was spent on arms purchases and on sponsoring militancy andterror around the world.[41][42] According to The Economist , the eastern parts of the country, once a breadbasket of the ancient world,have fared badly under Gaddafi's economic theories.[43][44] Libya's corruption perception index in 2010 was 2.2, which was worse thanthat of Egypt and Tunisia, two neighboring countries who have faced an uprising before Libya.[45] [edit] Human rights

Further information: Human rights in Libya According to the 2009 Freedom of the Press Index, Libya is the most-censored country in the Middle East and North Africa. [46] Some453 Basic People's Congresses meeting quarterly form the legal basis of the government. Each elects a secretariat and various

People's Committees as its executive branch. The Basic Congresses and their Committees are overseen by Revolutionary committees which report to Gaddafi via a Permanent Revolutionary Committee. Revolutionary committees are embedded throughout mostgovernment-controlled organizations including enterprises and the education sector. According to the U.S. State Department, 10 to 20

percent of Libyans work in surveillance for these committees, a proportion of informants on par with Saddam Hussein's Iraq or KimJong Il's North Korea.[47] Engaging in political conversations with foreigners is a crime punishable by three years of prison in most

cases.[citation needed ] During late 1980s and early 1990s western languages were removed from the school curriculum.[48][49] Thegovernment has reportedly paid for assassination of its critics around the world.[47][50] As of 2004, Libya still provided bounties forcritics, including US$1 million for Ashur Shamis, a Libyan-British journalist.[51] The regime has often executed opposition activists

publicly and the executions are rebroadcast on state television channels.[47][52] Anti-Gaddafi movementBeginnings of open protest Between 13 and 16 January, upset at delays in the building of housing units and over political corruption,

protesters in Darnah, Benghazi, Bani Walid and other cities broke into and occupied housing that the government was building.[55][56] On 24 January 2011, Libya blocked access to YouTube after it featured videos of demonstrations in the Libyan city of Benghazi byfamilies of detainees who were killed in the 1996 Abu Salim prison massacre. The blocking was criticized by Human RightsWatch.[57] By 27 January, the government had responded to the housing unrest with a US$24 billion investment fund to providehousing and development.[58] In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internetfor demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings. He wasarrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers, and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty

International claimed that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason forthe present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations. [59] In early February, Gaddafi, on behalf of the Jamahiriya, met with

political activists, journalists, and media figures and warned them that they would be held responsible if they disturbed the peace orcreated chaos in Libya.[60]


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Uprising and civil war The protests and confrontations began in earnest on 15 February 2011. On the evening of 15 February, between 500 and 600 protesters chanted slogans in front of the police headquarters in Benghazi. The protest was broken up violently by police, resulting in 38 injuries.[61][62] The novelist Idris Al-Mesmari was arrested hours after giving an interview with Al Jazeera about the police reaction to protests.[61] In Al Bayda and Az Zintan, hundreds of protesters in each town called for an end of theGaddafi regime and set fire to police and security buildings.[61] In Az Zintan, the protesters set up tents in the town centre. [61] The

protests continued the following day in Benghazi, Darnah and Al Bayda, leading to four deaths and three injuries.[63] Hundredsgathered at Maydan al-Shajara in Benghazi, and authorities tried to disperse protesters with water cannons.[64] A "Day of Rage" inLibya and by Libyans in exile is planned for 17 February.[60][65][66] The National Conference for the Libyan Opposition asked that allgroups opposed to the Gaddafi regime protests on 17 February, in memory of demonstrations in Benghazi two years earlier.[60] The

plans to protest were inspired by the 2010–2011 Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings.[60] In early February, Jamahiriya spokespersonMuammar Gaddafi met with Libyan political activists, journalists, and media figures and warned them that they would be held

responsible if they disturbed the peace or created chaos in Libya.[60]

Organization See also: National Transitional Council Many opposition participants called for return to the 1952 constitution andtransition to multi-party democracy. Military units who have joined the rebellion and many volunteers have formed an army to defendagainst Jamahiriya attacks and to work to bring Tripoli under the influence of Jalil. [67] In Tobruk, volunteers turned a formerheadquarters of the regime into a center for helping protesters. Volunteers reportedly guard the port, local banks and oil terminals tokeep the oil flowing. Teachers and engineers have set up a committee to collect weapons. [44] The National Transitional Council (Arabic: ط , al-Majlis al-Waṭanī al-'intaqālī ) was established on 27 February in an effort to consolidate effortsfor change in the rule of Libya.[68] The main objectives of the group did not include forming an interim government, but instead tocoordinate resistance efforts between the different towns held in rebel control, and to give a political "face" to the opposition to

present to the world.[69] The Benghazi-based opposition government has called for a no-fly zone and airstrikes against theJamahiriya.[70] The council refers to the Libyan state as the Libyan Republic and it now has a website.[71] Former Jamahiriya JusticeMinister Mustafa Abdel Jalil said in February that the new government will prepare for elections and they could be held in threemonths.[72] On 29 March the political and international affairs committee of the Council presented its eight-point plan for the country

in The Guardian newspaper, stating they would hold free and fair elections and draft a national constitution.[73]

An independentnewspaper called Libya appeared in Benghazi, as well as rebel-controlled radio stations. [74] Some of the rebels oppose tribalism andwear vests bearing slogans such as "No to tribalism, no to factionalism".[44] Libyans have said that they have found abandoned torturechambers and devices that have been used in the past.[75] Composition of rebel forces The rebels are composed primarily of civilians, such as teachers, students, lawyers, and oil workers, anda contingent of professional soldiers that defected from the Libyan Army and joined the rebels.[76][77] Gaddafi's administration hadrepeatedly asserted that the rebels included al-Qaeda fighters.[78] NATO commander Admiral Stavridis stated that intelligence reportssuggested "flickers" of al-Qaeda activity were present among the rebels, but also added that there is not sufficient information toconfirm there is any significant al-Qaeda or terrorist presence. [79] [80] Denials of al-Qaeda membership were issued by the rebels. [81] Gaddafi's response Main article: Muammar Gaddafi's response to the 2011 Libyan civil war Gaddafi has accused his opponents asthose who have been influenced by hallucinogenic drugs put in drinks and pills. He has specifically referred to substances in milk,coffee and Nescafé. He has claimed that Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda are distributing these hallucinogenic drugs. He has also blamedalcohol.[82][83][84][85] He later also claimed that the revolt against his rule is the result of a colonialist plot by foreign countries,

particularly blaming France, the US, and the UK, to control oil and enslave the Libyan people. Gaddafi vowed to cleanse Libya house by house until he had crushed the insurrection.[86][87][88][89][90] Gaddafi declared that people who don't "love" him "do not deserve tolive".[87][89] A Swedish arms trafficking watchdog organization observed flights between Tripoli and Belarus, including visits to adedicated Belorussian military base that only handles stockpiled weaponry and military equipment.[91] Blocking of communications and media See also: Iman al-Obeidi Gaddafi shut down all Internet communications in the country,and arrested Libyans who had given phone interviews to the media.[92][93] International journalists were banned by the Libyanauthorities from reporting from Libya except by invitation of the Gaddafi government.[94][95][96] International journalists who haveattempted to cover the events have been attacked by Gaddafi's forces. A BBC News crew was beaten and then lined up against a wall

by Gaddafi's soldiers, who then shot next to a journalist's ear and laughed at them.[97] A journalist working for The Guardian andanother Brazilian journalist have been detained. An Al-Jazeera journalist Hassan Al Jaber was murdered, and was apparentlydeliberately targeted.[98] On 21 February, The New York Times reported that Gaddafi had tried to impose a blackout on informationfrom the country.[99] Several residents reported that cellphone service was down, and even landline phone service was sporadic.[99] The26 March incident with Iman al-Obeidi, a Libyan woman who had been forcibly silenced and detained after she attempted to tell the

international media of her alleged gang-rape by Gaddafi's troops, was seen by the media as representative of the trend.[100][101] Mercenaries and human shields There have been reports of Gaddafi employing foreign nationals to attack Libyan civilians. French-speaking fighters apparently come from neighbouring African countries such as Chad and Niger .[102] However, some have urgedcaution, noting that Libya has a significant black population who could be mistaken for mercenaries but are actually serving in theregular army.[6] Also, many Chadian soldiers who fought for Gaddafi in past conflicts with Chad were given Libyan citizenship. [6] There have been reports of Gadaffi employing mercenaries from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Sudan, Tunisia, Kenya and

possibly even Asia and Eastern Europe.[6][103] Speculation that members of the Zimbabwe National Army were covertly fighting inLibya grew as Zimbabwe's Defence Minister Emmerson Mnangagwa avoided giving a clear answer to a question on the topic posedin Parliament.[104] Some of Gaddafi's mercenaries stated they were deceived and forcibly airlifted to shoot demonstrators. [105] HumanRights Watch has argued that there has been no evidence of mercenaries being employed in Libya. [106] Hysteria created by the allegeduse of mercenaries has led to numerous attacks on black Libyans and African migrant workers with subsequent mob lynching in rebelcontrolled areas.[107] According the International Federation for Human Rights, thousands of migrants would have been forced to jointhe army and are being used as front-line fighters or simple human shield for Libyan soldiers in street fights. [108] Cases such as

handcuffing truck drivers to steering wheels to prevent them from running away have been documented.[109] Treatment of dissidents Amnesty International has called Gaddafi's policy to kill those who oppose him unacceptable. [110] Theorganization reported that writers, intellectuals and other prominent opposition sympathizers disappeared during the early days of theconflict in cities controlled by Gaddafi. There are fears they may be subjected to illegal detention, torture or may have been killed. [111] Amnesty International reported that Gaddafi's forces are targeting paramedics who help injured protesters. [112] In multiple incidents


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people have also documented Gaddafi's forces using ambulances in their attacks.[113][114] Injured demonstrators have been deniedaccess to hospitals and ambulance transport. The regime also banned giving blood transfusions to people who have taken part in thedemonstrations.[115] Gaddafi suppressed the protests in Tripoli by distributing automobiles, money and weapons for hired thugs todrive around Tripoli and attack people showing signs of dissent.[116][117] Military commanders appear to summarily execute soldierswho refuse to defend Gaddafi.[118][119] The International Federation for Human Rights reported a case where Gaddafi's commandersexecuted 130 soldiers who had refused to support Gaddafi.[120] Gaddafi's commanders have burned alive soldiers who have refused tofight protesters.[121] On 24 February, the International Federation for Human Rights concluded that Gaddafi is implementing a strategyof scorched earth and seeks to eliminate and suppress Libyan citizens who stood up against his regime.[122] Paid protesters Libyans studying in the US have received phone calls from the Libyan embassy urging them to take part in pro-Gaddafi demonstrations or lose government-funded scholarships. Gaddafi has a history of using paid demonstrators for publicrelations, including paying US$2,000 to each hired demonstrator in a pro-Gaddafi rally when he visited the United Nations

headquarters in New York City in 2009.[123]

Battles between Gaddafi and opposition Main article: Timeline of the 2011 Libyan civil war By 23 February, headlines in onlinenews services were reporting a range of themes underlining the precarious state of the regime – former justice minister MustafaMohamed Abud Al Jeleil alleged that Gaddafi personally ordered the 1988 Lockerbie bombing,[124] resignations and defections ofclose allies,[125] the loss of Benghazi, the second largest city in Libya, reported to be "alive with celebration"[126] and other citiesincluding Tobruk and Misrata reportedly falling[127] with some reports that the government retained control of just a few pockets, [125] mounting international isolation and pressure,[125][128] and reports that Middle East media consider the end of his regime all butinevitable.[129] By the end of February, Gaddafi had lost control of a significant part of the country, including the major cities ofMisrata and Benghazi, and the important harbors at Ra's Lanuf and Mersa Brega.[130][131] After taking over the city of Zawiyah on 24February, Gaddafi's troops attacked the outskirts of the city on 28 February, but were repelled. The town of Nalut, on the Tunisian

border, had also fallen to the opposition forces. On 2 March, government forces attempted to recapture the oil port town of Brega, butthe attack failed and they retreated to Ra's Lanuf. Rebel forces advanced following their victory and on 4 March, the oppositioncaptured Ra's Lanuf . On the same day, government troops started a full-scale assault on Zawiyah with tank, artillery and air strikes.

On 6 March, the rebel advance along the coastline had been stopped by government forces at the town of Bin Jawad. Governmenttroops ambushed the rebel column and dozens of rebels were killed. At the same time, Gaddafi's forces attempted an attack on Misrataand managed to get as far as the centre of the city before their attack was stopped and they retreated to the city's outskirts.[132] Gaddafi counteroffensive On 6 March, the Gaddafi regime launched a counteroffensive, retaking Ra's Lanuf and Mersa Brega,

pushing towards Ajdabiya and Benghazi. Gaddafi has remained in continuous control of Tripoli,[133] Sirte,[134] Zliten[135] andSabha,[136] as well as several other towns. On 10 March, Zawiyah and Ra's Lanuf were retaken by Gaddafi's forces.[137][138] By 15March, the town of Brega had also been recaptured by Gaddafi's forces and the rebel city of Ajdabiya, the last town before Benghazi,was surrounded.United Nations intervention On 17 March, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution to impose a no-fly zone inLibyan airspace.[139] As a result of the UN resolution, on 18 March, Gaddafi's government declared an immediate ceasefire, but a fewhours later, Al Jazeera reported that government forces were still fighting with rebels. [140] Even after the government-declaredceasefire, artillery shelling on Misrata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued approaching Benghazi.[141][142]

BBC News reported that government tanks entered the city on 19 March while hundreds fled the fighting.[143] Artillery and mortars

were also fired into the city.[144]

The same day, a Mig-23BN belonging to the Free Libyan Air Force was shot down over Benghazi,after being engaged by rebel ground forces in error.[145] The Libyan government subsequently argued that the rebels had violated theno-fly-zone resolution by using a helicopter and a fighter jet to bomb Libyan armed forces.[146] Coalition suppresses Libyan air defenses Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya See also: Operation Ellamy , OperationOdyssey Dawn , Opération Harmattan , Operation MOBILE , and Operation Unified Protector A French Navy rescue helicopter , fromthe French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, lands aboard the American command ship USS Mount Whitney At 1600 GMT 19March, the BBC News reported that the French Air Force had sent nineteen fighter planes over Benghazi to prevent any attacks on therebel-controlled city.[147] French jets attacked government armour southwest of Benghazi, destroying four tanks.[148] By 2031 GMT,the US and British naval vessels had fired at least 114 Tomahawk cruise missiles at twenty Libyan integrated air and ground defensesystems.[149] Three U.S. B-2 Spirit stealth bombers reportedly flew non-stop from the United States to drop forty bombs on a majorLibyan airfield with US fighter jets searching for Libyan ground forces to attack. [150][151] Twenty-five coalition ships, including threeUS submarines, began operating in the area.[152] Also on 20 March, Free Libyan Air Forcepilot Mohammed Mukhtar Osman crashedhis plane into the Bab al-Aziziya barracks in Tripoli. Khamis al-Gaddafi was allegedly killed in the attack.[153] On March 20, the Free

Libyan Air Force carried out a suicide attack on the Bab al-Aziziya barracks in Tripoli, one of Gaddafi's residences, when pilotMuhammad Mukhtar Osman crashed his plane into the barracks. Khamis al-Gaddafi was allegedly killed in the attack. Widespreadreports stated that Khamis had sustained severe burn injuries, and died in intensive care several hours later. U.S. officials confirmedthat they had unconfirmed reports that one of Gaddafi's sons may have been killed. Gaddafi's regime denied the reports. [154] LibyanState TV reported that Libyan forces had shot down a French warplane over Tripoli, a claim denied by France.[155] On 20 March,several Storm Shadow missiles were launched against Libyan targets by British jets. [156] Sustained anti-aircraft fire was reported inTripoli throughout the night.[157] Gaddafi's forces claimed they had shot down two planes, a claim denied by the US. [158] An AmericanF-15E Strike Eagle fighter jet on a bombing mission crashed after experiencing equipment failure. The pilot and weapons officerejected and were recovered by US rescue teams.[159][160] By 22 March, US forces had fired 161 Tomahawk cruise missiles againstLibyan targets.[159] The UK also fired US-made Tomahawk missiles; two fired from a British submarine had hit Gaddafi's compoundin Tripoli on 21 March.[161] On 25 March, NATO announced that it would be taking over the command of the no-fly-zone operations,after several days of heated debate over who should control operations in Libya. The US had continuously reiterated that it wished tohand over command to an international organization.[162]

Second rebel advance Main article: Late March 2011 Libyan rebel offensive After airstrikes began, rebel forces began a renewedoffensive towards Tripoli. They advanced 150 miles along the coast, and retook all lost ground, while international airstrikes targetedgovernment armour and supply columns. Government forces put up resistance in Ajdabiya, which fell to the rebel push after intenseairstrikes. Rebels took Brega, Ra's Lanuf , and Bin Jawad. Airstrikes inflicted heavy losses on government forces, and forced them intoa chaotic retreat eastward. Gaddafi's soldiers left behind military equipment, uniforms, and rations as they fled, and their morale


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significantly dropped.[163] On 28 March, heavy fighting took place near Gaddafi's home town of Sirt, and government troops managedto halt the rebel advance. Due to increasing airstrikes targeting military vehicles, government troops increasingly replaced armourwith civilian vehicles fitted with weapons. On 29 March, government forces launched a counteroffensive, forcing the rebels into achaotic retreat from Bin Jawad toward Ra's Lanuf. On 30 March, the rebels said that they were pulling out of Ras Lanuf due to heavytank and artillery fire from loyalist forces. The rebels also pulled back from Ajdabiyah, and hundreds of cars and small trucks headingeast clogged the highway on the approaches to Brega. [164] Gaddafi's forces subsequently pushed forward, retaking lost ground, asairstrikes on government targets throughout Libya took place. [165] The Coalition began considering whether to supply arms to therebels.[166] Humanitarian situation Medical supplies, fuel and food have run dangerously low in the country. [167] On 25 February, theInternational Committee of the Red Cross launched an emergency appeal for US$6.4 million to meet the emergency needs of peopleaffected by the violent unrest in the country.[168] On 2 March, the ICRC's director general reminded everyone taking part in the

violence that health workers must be allowed to do their jobs safely.[169]

Fleeing the violence of Tripoli by road, as many as 4,000 people were crossing the Libya-Tunisia border daily during the first days of the uprising. Among those escaping the violence wereforeign nationals including Egyptians, Tunisians and Turks – as well as Libyans.[170] By 1 March, officials from the United NationsHigh Commissioner for Refugees had confirmed allegations of discrimination against sub-Saharan Africans who were held indangerous conditions in the no-man's-land between Tunisia and Libya. [171] By 3 March, an estimated 200,000 refugees had fled Libyato either Tunisia or Egypt. A provisional refugee camp was set up at Ras Ejder with a capacity for 10,000 was overflowing with anestimated 20,000 to 30,000 refugees. Many tens of thousands were still trapped on the Libyan side of the frontier. By 3 March, thesituation was described as a logistical nightmare, with the World Health Organization warning of the risk of epidemics.[172] With amigrant population of about two million, countries that border Libya, especially Egypt and Tunisia, have been receiving a flow ofmigrants and nationals escaping the violence. Migrants workers as well as Libyan nationals have been finding their way to the bordercities of Sallum in Egypt and Ras Ajdir in Tunisia creating a humanitarian crisis. According to the International Organization forMigration, as of 7 March, 115,399 migrants had arrived in Tunisia (19,184 of them Tunisians, 47,631 Egyptians and the rest fromvarious nationalities), 101,609 in Egypt (of which 65,509 were Egyptian), 2,205 in Niger (1,865 Nigerians) and 5,448 in Algeria.[173]

African migrants attacked by anti-Gaddafi mobs Al Jazeera reported that African migrant workers were being attacked, injuredand perhaps killed by anti-government mobs according to witnesses. "We were being attacked by local people who said that we weremercenaries killing people. Let me say that they did not want to see black people," Julius Kiluu, a sixty-year-old building supervisor,told Reuters. "Our camp was burnt down, and we were assisted by the Kenyan embassy and our company to get to the airport," hesaid. Al Jazeera was told by Seidou Boubaker Jallou, a Malian citizen, that he fled Libya after many black migrants were attacked.Some injured migrants were unable to seek medical treatment for fear of being killed. Saad Jabbar, deputy director of the North AfricaCentre at Cambridge University, confirmed that Africans have become targets of anti-government Libyans and that they "will beslaughtered in Libya" Jabbar said. Human Rights organisations claim that some anti-Gaddafi protesters mistakenly associate Africanworkers with state-sponsored violence. "African immigrants are now linked to state-orchestrated violence and mass killings, and wemay therefore fear the worst about the violent backlash that may follow particularly after Gaddafi is ousted," said Hein de Haas, asenior fellow with the International Migration Institute. "I think it is urgent to do something about it now, otherwise, a genocideagainst anyone who has black skin and who doesn't speak perfect Arabic is possible," said Jabbar.[174] Casualties Main article: Casualties of the 2011 Libyan uprising Independent numbers of dead and injured in the conflict have still

not been made available. Estimates have been widely varied. Conservative estimates have put the death toll at 1,000,[175]

TheInternational Criminal Court estimated 10,000 killed on 7 March.[23] The numbers of injured were estimated to be around 4,000 by 22February.[176] On 2 March, the International Federation for Human Rights estimated a death toll as high as 3,000 and the World HealthOrganization estimated approximately 2,000 killed.[20] At the same time, the opposition claimed that 6,500 people had died.[177] TheLibyan Human Rights League estimated 6,000 killed on 5 March.[21][21] Later, rebel spokesman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga reported that thedeath toll reached 8,000. [22] On 20 March, it was reported by the anti-Gaddafi Al Manara Media that Khamis al-Gaddafi had diedfrom his injuries sustained when pilot Muhammad Mokhtar Osman allegedly crashed his plane into Bab al-Azizia a week earlier.However, this had not been confirmed by any other independent media. The crashing of the plane itself had also not been previouslyreported or confirmed by any other independent media except Al Manara and the Algerian Shuruk newspaper, which is closelyconnected to Al Manara, and with it there is a possibility of the reports being part of the rebel propaganda operations.[178][179][180][181] Domestic responses Main article: Domestic responses to the 2011 Libyan protests Resignation of government officials In response to the use of force against protesters, a number of senior Libyan public officialseither renounced the Gaddafi regime or resigned from their positions. Justice Minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil and Interior

Minister Major General Abdul Fatah Younis both defected to the opposition. Oil Minister Shukri Ghanem and Foreign MinisterMussa Kussa fled the country, with the latter defecting to the UK. [182][183] Libyan Prosecutor General Abdul-Rahman al-Abbar resigned his position and joined the opposition.[184] A number of senior military officials defected to the opposition, including MajorGeneral Suleiman Mahmoud, Brigadier General Musa'ed Ghaidan Al Mansouri, Brigadier General Hassan Ibrahim Al Qarawi andBrigadier General Dawood Issa Al Qafsi. Two Libyan Air Force colonels each flew their Mirage F1 fighter jets to Malta, andrequested asylum, after being ordered to carry out air strikes against anti-government protesters in Benghazi [185][186] Colonel NuretinHurala, the commander of the Benghazi Naval Base also defected.[187] The staff of a number of diplomatic missions of Libya haveeither resigned or condemned the action of the Gaddafi regime. The ambassadors to the Arab League, European Union and United

Nations have either resigned or stated that they no longer support the government.[188][189][190] The ambassadors to Bangladesh,Belgium,[189] People's Republic of China,[188] France,[191] India,[188] Indonesia,[183] Malaysia, Nigeria, Poland,[192] Portugal,[193] Sweden,[194] and the US[195] also renounced the Gaddafi regime or formally resigned.Economic, religious and tribal The Arabian Gulf Oil Company, the second-largest state-owned oil company in Libya, announced

plans to use oil funds to support anti-Gaddafi forces.[196] Islamic leaders and clerics in Libya, notably the Network of Free Ulema –

Libya urged all Muslims to rebel against Gaddafi.[183][197] The Warfalla, Tuareg and Magarha tribes announced their support of the protesters.[130][198] The Zuwayya tribe, based in eastern Libya, threatened to cut off oil exports from fields in its part of the country ifLibyan security forces continued attacking demonstrators.[198] Libyan royal family Libyan-throne claimant, Muhammad as-Senussi, sent his condolences "for the heroes who have laid down theirlives, killed by the brutal forces of Gaddafi" and called on the international community "to halt all support for the dictator with


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immediate effect."[200] as-Senussi said that the protesters would be "victorious in the end" and calls for international support to end theviolence.[201] On 24 February, as-Senussi gave an interview to Al Jazeera where he called upon the international community to helpremove Gaddafi from power and stop the ongoing "massacre". [202] He dismissed talk of a civil war saying "The Libyan people and thetribes have proven they are united". He later stated that international community needs "less talk and more action" to stop theviolence.[203] He asked for a no-fly zone over Libya but does not support foreign ground troops. [204] In an interview with Adnkronos,Idris al-Senussi, a pretender to the Libyan throne, announced he was ready to return to the country once change had been initiated. [205] On 21 February, Idris made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss the uprising.[206] In March, it was reported Idris hadheld meetings at the State Department and Congress in Washington with US government Officials. It was also reported attempts atcontact had been initiated by French and Saudi officials.[207] On 3 March, it was reported that Prince Al Senussi Zouber Al Senussi had fled Libya with his family and was seeking asylum in Totebo, Sweden.[208] International reactions Main article: International reactions to the 2011 Libyan uprising

Official responses A number of states and supranational bodies condemned Gaddafi's use of military and mercenaries against Libyancivilians. However, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega, North Korean leader Kim-Jong-il, Cuban political leader Fidel Castro andVenezuelan President Hugo Chávez all expressed support for Gaddafi.[209][210][211] Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi initiallysaid he did not want to disturb Gaddafi, but two days later he called the attacks on protesters unacceptable.[212][213] The Arab League suspended Libya from taking part in council meetings at an emergency meeting on 22 February and issued a statement condemningthe "crimes against the current peaceful popular protests and demonstrations in several Libyan cities". [214][215] Libya wassuspended[when?] from the United Nations Human Rights Council by a unanimous vote of the United Nations General Assembly, citingthe Gaddafi government's use of violence against protesters. [216] On 26 February, the United Nations Security Council votedunanimously to impose strict sanctions against Gaddafi's government and, refer Gaddafi and other members of his regime to theInternational Criminal Court for investigation into allegations of brutality against civilians. [217] Interpol issued a security alertconcerning the "possible movement of dangerous individuals and assets" based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution1970, listing Gaddafi himself and fifteen members of his clan or his regime. [218] A number of governments, including Britain, Canada,Switzerland, the United States, Germany and Australia took action to freeze assets of Gaddafi and his associates. [219] The Gulf

Cooperation Council issued a joint statement on 8 March, calling on the United Nations Security Council to impose an air embargo onLibya to protect civilians.[220] The Arab League did the same on 12 March, with only Algeria and Syria voting against the measure.[221] Evacuations During the uprising, many countries evacuated their citizens.[222] China set up its largest evacuation operation ever withover 30,000 Chinese nationals evacuated, as well as 2,100 citizens from twelve other countries. [223][224][225] On 25 February, 500

passengers, mostly Americans, sailed into Malta after a rough eight-hour journey from Tripoli following a two-day wait for the seas tocalm.[226] South Korea evacuated 1,200 residents[clarification needed ] of Libya, utilizing cars, airplanes and ferries, to nearby countries,including Malta.[227][228] Bulgaria evacuated some of its citizens with planes, along with Romanian and Chinese citizens.[229] TheIndian government launched Operation Safe Homecoming and evacuated 15,000 of its nationals.[230] The Turkish government sentthree ships to evacuate a reported 25,000 Turkish workers and return them to Istanbul. [231] The Irish Department of Foreign Affairs assisted over 115 Irish nationals in leaving Libya.[232] Several Russians, twenty-one Tadjiks and some Kazachs were evacuated byRussia authorities.[233] A number of international oil companies decided to withdraw their employees from Libya to ensure theirsafety, including Gazprom, Royal Dutch Shell, Sinopec, Suncor Energy, Pertamina and BP. Other companies that decided to evacuatetheir employees included Siemens and Russian Railways.[234][235] The evacuations often involved assistance from various military

forces. The United Kingdom deployed aircraft and the frigate HMS Cumberland to assist in the evacuations.[236][237][238]

China's frigate Xuzhou of the People's Liberation Army Navy was ordered to guard the Chinese evacuation efforts. [224][239] The South Korean Navy destroyer ROKS Choi Young arrived off the coast of Tripoli on 1 March to evacuate South Korean citizens. [240] The UK Royal Navy destroyer HMS York docked in the port of Benghazi on 2 March, evacuated 43 nationals, and delivered medical supplies and otherhumanitarian aid donated by the Swedish government.[241][242] Canada deployed the frigate HMCS Charlottetown to aid in theevacuation of Canadian citizens and to provide humanitarian relief operations in conjunction with an US Navy carrier strike group,led by the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise.[243] Two Royal Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft with British SpecialForces onboard evacuated approximately 100 foreign nationals, mainly oil workers, to Malta from the desert south ofBenghazi.[244][245] A subsequent joint evacuation operation between the UK and Germany evacuated 22 Germans and about 100 otherEuropeans, mostly British oil workers, from the airport at Nafurah to Crete.[246][247][248] An attempt by the Royal Netherlands Navy frigate HNLMS Tromp on 27 February to evacuate a Dutch civilian and another European from the coastal city of Sirte by helicopterfailed after its three-man crew was apprehended by Libyan forces loyal to Gaddafi for infiltrating Libyan airspace withoutclearance.[249][250] The civilians were released soon after and the crew was released twelve days later, but the helicopter was

confiscated.[251] A cruise ship arrived to save the 7,913 Filipinos in Libya from the destruction. They stopped in Greece and thensafely made it home to the Philippines.[citation needed ] Mediation proposals There have been several peace mediation prospects during the crisis. Early in the conflict, Gaddafi's sonreportedly requested that former British Prime Minister Tony Blair , who had dealings with Gaddafi in the last few years, mediate thecrisis. Blair, however, bluntly refused and downplayed his dealings with the Libyan regime. [252] The South African government

proposed an African Union-led mediation effort to prevent civil war.[253] Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez also put himself forwardas a mediator. Although Gaddafi accepted in principle a proposal by Chávez to negotiate a settlement between the opposition and theLibyan government, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi later said there was no need for any foreign mediation. [254] The proposal has also beenunder consideration by the Arab League, according to its Secretary-General Amr Moussa.[255] The Libyan opposition has stated anydeal would have to involve Gaddafi stepping down. The US and French governments also dismissed any initiative that would allowGaddafi to remain in power.[256] Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan, the 2010 winner of the al-Gaddafi prize for Human Rights,has offered to mediate the crisis, and proposed that Gaddafi appoint a president acceptable to all Libyans as means of overcoming thecrisis.[257]

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (no-fly zone and other measures) Countries committed to enforcement: Belgium[258] Bulgaria[259] Canada[260] Denmark [261] France[262] Greece Italy[263] Jordan[264] Netherlands[265] Norway[266] QatarRomania[267]


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Spain[268] United Arab Emirates[264] United Kingdom[269] United States[270]

Main articles: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 and 2011 military intervention in Libya On 28 February, UK PrimeMinister David Cameron proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Gaddafi from airlifting mercenaries and using military aircraftagainst civilians.[271] A number of states indicated they would support a no-fly zone if it was backed by the UN.[272] US Secretary ofDefense Robert Gates was initially skeptical of this option, warning the US Congress that a no-fly zone would have to begin with anattack on Libya's air defenses.[273] Russia and China, both holding UN Security Council veto power , indicated they were opposed tothe implementation of a no-fly zone.[274][275][276][277] Romania,[278] India[279] and Turkey[280] also indicated they were opposed to theimplementation of a no-fly zone. On 7 March, a UN diplomat confirmed to Agence France-Presse, on condition of anonymity, thatFrance and the UK were drawing up a resolution for the UN Security Council to authorize a no-fly zone over Libya. [281][282] The

foreign ministers of the Arab League agreed at their 12 March meeting to ask the UN to impose a no-fly zone over Libya. The rebelsconcurrently stated that a no-fly zone alone would not be sufficient, because the majority of the bombardments were coming fromtanks and rockets, not aircraft.[283] The US changed its position, as Gadaffi forces were quickly approaching Benghazi, and voicedsupport for the no-fly-zone concept.[284] On 17 March, the UN Security Council approved UN Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011), authorizing a no-fly zone, amongst other measures, by a vote of ten in favor, zero against, and five abstentions. The resolution

bans all flights in Libyan airspace in order to protect civilians.[284][285] A collection of countries began enforcing the no-fly zone on 19March.[286] On 29 March, in his position as Foreign Minister of Libya, Mussa Kussa wrote to UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon,nominating the former foreign minister of Nicaragua's socialist Sandinista government and one-time president of the UN GeneralAssembly, Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann as Libya's new ambassador to the UN. The letter stated that Brockmann was nominated, asAli Abdussalam Treki, also a former General Assembly president who was their first choice, was denied a visa to enter the US underUN SCR 1973.[287] Reactions to the international intervention See also: International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya , Protestsagainst the 2011 military intervention in Libya , and US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya The

International Federation for Human Rights stated that it welcomed the resolution which finally offers protection to civilians in Libya,who are the targets of crimes which can be considered crimes against humanity.[288] The Human Rights Watch stated that the UNSecurity Council at last lived up to its duty to prevent mass atrocities. It further commented the Arab League's role, stating that "theleague had watched silently as Sudan's Omar al-Bashir committed crimes against humanity in Darfur – or, less recently, as Iraq'sSaddam Hussein massacred Shia and Kurds, and Syria's Hafez al-Asad destroyed the town of Hama. But the league apparently sensedthe winds of change wafting through the Middle East and North Africa, and felt compelled to respond. The Egyptian presidentialaspirations of the league's secretary-general, Amr Moussa, certainly helped as well."[289] al-Qaeda have also stated that they supportthe uprising against Gaddafi and at least a few dozen fighters have al-Qaeda connections.[290][291] Egypt has also been shipping armsover the Libyan border to arm the rebels. [292] According to a French Institute of Public Opinion (IFOP) poll, only 36% of the

population supported French participation in any military intervention in Libya in the run-up to the intervention. However, an IFOP poll conducted after the intervention began showed 66% supported the intervention, with no difference of opinion between the left-wing and right-wing.[293] In the US, opposition before the intervention was as high as 74%, according to CNN/Opinion ResearchCorporation,[294] while after the intervention a CBS News poll indicated 66% of Americans support the air and naval strikes, with 70%of democrats and republicans, and 65% of independents approving of missile and airstrikes. However, only 20% expect the no-flyzone to be "very effective" in protecting civilians and rebels from Gaddafi's forces.[295] China, India, Russia and Turkey condemnedthe strikes by international forces.[296] Amr Moussa, the head of The Arab League, expressed great concern over civilians, clearlydefining his position as supporting the UN Security Council resolution but not a bombing campaign.[297] However, Amr Moussa laterclarified that his comments were misinterpreted, and that he does in fact support the air strikes, and reiterated his support for

protecting civilians.[298] Turkey specifically singled out French leadership for ignoring the NATO alliance, which was left divided andsplit over the operation.[299][300] NATO members Germany and Poland are not participating in the campaign, and Malta did not offer itsairports for use by coalition forces.[301][302] In Britain the intervention has been broadly supported, though it has also provoked strongopposition from a minority including former MP George Galloway and MPs Jeremy Corbyn and Caroline Lucas. [303] [304] In the US,some politicians have voiced opposition to military action without congressional approval, or have requested clarifications and debateabout US goals and how they will be achieved, including Democratic and Republican congressional representatives, Speaker of theHouse John Boehner ,[305] House Armed Services Committee Chairman Buck McKeon,[306] and Democratic House Caucus chair JohnLarson.[307] Richard Haass, president of the Council on Foreign Relations, has expressed doubts over the possibility of a better regimeemerging if the rebels are victorious. [308] See also

Human rights portal

Libya portal

Politics portal

• 2011 Egyptian revolution • Human rights in Libya • List of modern conflicts in North Africa

• Topple the Tyrants • Tunisian Revolution

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60. ^ a b c d e Mahmoud, Khaled (9 February 2011). "Gaddafi Ready for Libya's 'Day of Rage'". Asharq Al-Awsat .Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5wP31PQo1. Retrieved 10 February 2011.

61. ^ a b c d Staff (16 February 2011). "Libyan Police Stations Torched – Clashes Reported Across the Country, asSecurity Forces and Government Supporters Confront Demonstrators". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16

February 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5wYDLZMdr . Retrieved 26 March 2011.62. ^ Edwards, William (16 February 2011). "Violent Protests Rock Libyan City of Benghazi". France 24.http://www.france24.com/en/20110216-libya-violent-protests-rock-benghazi-anti-government-gaddafi-egypt-tunisia-demonstration. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

63. ^[clarification needed ] " ت ھ ء أ" (in Arabic). Al Jazeera. 16 February 2011.http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/871A467F-6874-4D2B-B512-AE3850189202.htm?GoogleStatID=9.

64. ^[clarification needed ] " ء ر م 16ط 2011 " (in Arabic). Al-Manar . 16 February2011. http://www.almanar.com.lb/adetails.php?eid=7871&frid=31&seccatid=71&cid=31&fromval=1. Retrieved 16 February2011.

65. ^ Staff (4 Febrary 2011). "Calls for Weekend Protests in Syria – Social Media Used in Bid To Mobilise Syrians forRallies Demanding Freedom, Human Rights and the End to Emergency Law". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8February 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5wLygnerq. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

66. ^ Debono, James. "Libyan Opposition Declares 'Day of Rage' Against Gaddafi". Malta Today. Archived from the

original on 10 February 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5wP2V8iey. Retrieved 10 February 2011.67. ^ Gillis, Clare Morgana (4 March 2011). "In Eastern Libya, Defectors and Volunteers Build Rebel Army". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/03/in-eastern-libya-defectors-and-volunteers-build-rebel-army/72018/. Retrieved 12 March 2011.

68. ^ Golovnina, Maria (28 February 2011). "World Raises Pressure on Gaddafi". National Post .http://www.nationalpost.com/news/Rebels+down+Libyan+aircraft+nations+pressure+Gaddafi/4358376/story.html.Retrieved 13 March 2011.

69. ^ Staff (27 February 2011). "Libya Opposition Launches Council – Protesters in Benghazi Form a National Council'To Give the Revolution a Face'". Al Jazeera. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011227175955221853.html#.Retrieved 13 March 2011.

70. ^ Sengupta, Kim (11 March 2011). "Why Won't You Help, Libyan Rebels Ask West". The New Zealand Herald .http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10711553. Retrieved 13 March 2011.

71. ^ Staff (undated). "The Council's Statement". National Transitional Council. http://ntclibya.org/english/. Retrieved

13 March 2011.72. ^ Staff (27 February 2011). "Libyan Ex-Minister Wants Election". Sky News Business Channel.

http://www.skynewsbusiness.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=582519&vId=. Retrieved 13 March 2011.73. ^ A vision of a democratic Libya, The interim national council, The Guardian, 29 March 201174. ^ Staff (25 February 2011). "New Media Emerge in 'Liberated' Libya". BBC News.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12579451. Retrieved 13 March 2011.75. ^ Staff (1 March 2011). "Evidence of Libya Torture Emerges – As the Opposition Roots Through Prisons, Fresh

Evidence Emerges of the Government's Use of Torture". Al Jazeera.http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/03/20113122102545671.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011.

76. ^ "Libya's ragtag rebels". http://news.yahoo.com/s/time/08599206111100. Retrieved 30 March 2011.77. ^ Garcia-Navarro, Lourdes. "As Tide Turns, Rebels' Dream Of 'Free Libya' Dims". NPR.

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^ Golovnina, Maria. "Upbeat Gaddafi fires trademark blast at West and Qaeda" . Reuters.http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/02/us-libya-gaddafi-idUSTRE7213FX20110302. Retrieved 30 March 2011.

79. ^ Winnett, Robert; Gardham; Duncan (29 March 2011). "Libya: al-Qaeda Among Libya Rebels, Nato Chief Fears".The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8414583/Libya-al-Qaeda-among-Libya-rebels-Nato-chief-fears.html. Retrieved 30 March 2010.

80. ^ Simpson (29 March 2011). "Halt To Rebel Advance Creates Libyan Divide". BBC News.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12901820. Retrieved 30 March 2010.

81. ^ Gillis, Clare Morgana (29 March 2011). "Libyan Rebels: 'We're Not al-Qaeda'". USA Today.http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-03-30-libyans30_ST_N.htm. Retrieved 30 March 2010.

82. ^ Williams, Davis; Greenhill, Sam (25 February 2011). "Now Gaddafi Blames Hallucinogenic Pills Mixed with Nescafe and bin Laden for Uprisings... Before Ordering Bloody Hit on a Mosque". Daily Mail .http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1360343/Libya-Gaddafi-blames-Osama-bin-Laden-hallucinogenic-pills-Nescafe-uprising.html. Retrieved 18 March 2011.

83.

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84. ^ al-Atrush, Samer (24 February 2011). "Kadhafi Says Al-Qaeda Behind Insurrection". Agence France-Presse (viaYahoo! News). http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110224/wl_afp/libyapoliticsunrest_20110224180942. Retrieved 18 March2011.

85. ^ Ben Gedalyahu, Tzvi (2 March 2011). "Yemen Blames Israel and US; Qaddafi Accuses US – and al-Qaeda" .Arutz Sheva. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/142629. Retrieved 18 March 2011.

86. ^ Staff (9 March 2011). "Gadhafi: US, Britain, France Conspiring To Control Libya Oil – Spokesman for Rebel National Libyan Council Says Victory Against Libya's Longtime Leader Will Only Come When Rebels Get a No-Fly Zone,an Issue That Western Nations Are Seriously Debating". Haaretz . http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/gadhafi-u-s-

britain-france-conspiring-to-control-libya-oil-1.348104. Retrieved 11 March 2011.87. ^ a b Blomfield, Adrian (23 February 2011). "Libya: 'More Than 1,000 Dead' – More, Than 1,000 People Are

Thought To Have Died in Violence in Libya as Government Forces Continue To Crackdown on Protesters Demanding an

End to Col Gaddafi's Regime". The Daily Telegraph.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8342543/Libya-more-than-1000-dead.html.Retrieved 26 March 2011.

88. ^ Staff (22 February 2010). "Gaddafi: 'I Will Not Give Up', 'We Will Chase the Cockroaches'". The Times.http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110222/local/gaddafi-in-fighting-speech-i-will-not-give-up. Retrieved 26March 2011.

89. ^ a b Ajbaili, Mustapha (26 February 2011). "Gaddafi Seen Unlikely To Step Down and Face Trial – ThreeScenarios for End of Gaddafi: Psychologist". Al Arabiya. http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/26/139381.html.Retrieved 26 March 2011.

90. ^ Staff (9 March 2011). "Libyan Jet Passes Greece En Route to Egypt: Source – Gaddafi Warns of al-Qaeda Spread'Up to Israel'". Al Arabiya. http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/03/09/140782.html. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

91. ^ Shuster, Simon (2 March 2011). "The Tyrant of Belarus: Gaddafi's Friend Far, Far to the North?". Time.http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2056420,00.html. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

92.

^ Ackerman, Spencer (22 February 2011). "Desperate Gaddafi Bombs Protesters, Blocks Internet". Wired UK .http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-02/22/libya-gaddafi-bombs-protestors. Retrieved 26 March 2011.93. ^ Staff (20 February 2011). "Libya: Governments Should Demand End to Unlawful Killings – Death Toll Up to at

Least 233 over Four Days". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/20/libya-governments-should-demand-end-unlawful-killings. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

94. ^ Williams, Jon (19 February 2011). "The Editors: The Difficulty of Reporting from Inside Libya". BBC News.http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2011/02/reporting_from_libya.html. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

95. ^ Staff (20 February 2011). "Libya Fights Protesters with Snipers, Grenades". ABC News.http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/02/20/3143581.htm. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

96. ^ Staff (23 February 2011). "Libya Witness: 'It's Time for Revolt. We Are Free'". Euronews.http://www.euronews.net/2011/02/23/libya-witness-its-time-for-revolt-we-are-free/. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

97. ^ Spencer, Richard (9 March 2011). "Libya: BBC Crew Beaten and Given Mock Executions – A BBC TelevisionCrew Seized at a Checkpoint in Western Libya Were Held, Beaten and Given Mock Executions in the Most Extreme Case of

the Gaddafi Regime's Harassment of International Journalists". The Daily Telegraph.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8372139/Libya-BBC-crew-beaten-and-given-mock-executions.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

98. ^ Staff (13 March 2011). "Killing of Al Jazeera Journalist Condemned". Amnesty International.http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/killing-al-jazeera-journalist-condemned-2011-03-13. Retrieved 27 March2011.

99. ^ a b (registration required) "Qaddafi's Grip Falters as His Forces Take On Protesters". The New York Times. 21February 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/world/africa/22libya.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&hp.

100. ^ (registration required) Kirkpatrick, David D. (26 March 2011). "Libyan Woman Struggles To Tell Media of HerRape". Associated Press (via The New York Times). Archived from the original on 26 March 2011.http://www.webcitation.org/5xTYsF5Kd. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

101. ^ Staff (27 March 2011). "Libyan Woman Bursts into Hotel To Tell Her Story of Rape". CNN.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/26/libya.beaten.woman/. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

102.

^ Godwin, Dennis (18 February 2011). "Muammar al-Gaddafi Is Accused of Hiring Soldiers from Chad, Dozens ofPeople Dead in Benghazi". WNCNews. http://www.worldnewsco.com/3214/muammar-al-gaddafi-accused-hiring-soldiers-chad-dozens-people-dead-benghazi/. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

103. ^ Namunane, Bernard (25 February 2011). "Kenya: 'Dogs of War' Fighting for Gaddafi". Daily Nation (viaAllAfrica.com). http://allafrica.com/stories/201102250009.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

104. ^ Staff (25 February 2011). "Zimbabwean Army Helping Gaddafi in Libya". SW Radio Africa (via TheZimbabwean). http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37590:zimbabwean-army-helping-gaddafi-in-libya-&catid=31:weekday-top-stories&Itemid=30. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

105. ^ Meo, Nick (27 February 2011). "African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate – MercenariesCaptured in Libya Are Facing an Uncertain Future, Writes Nick Meo in Al-Bayda". The Daily Telegraph.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8349414/African-mercenaries-in-Libya-nervously-await-their-fate.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

106. ^ Staff (2 March 2011). "HRW: No Mercenaries in Eastern Libya". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Retrieved 29

March 2011.107. ^ Mietzner, Peter (5 March 2011). "Rebels Target Suspected Mercenaries in Libya". iNamibia.com. Retrieved 29

March 2011.108. ^ Staff (10 March 2011). "Gaddafi Forces Enrollment of African Migrants in His Army". International Federation

for Human Rights. http://www.fidh.org/Colonel-Qaddhafi-forces-enrollment-of-African. Retrieved 27 March 2011.


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109. ^ Loyd, Anthony (21 March 2011). "Strikes Turn Tide in Battle for Benghazi". The Times (via The Australian).http://www.theaustralian.com.au/strikes-turn-tide-in-battle-for-benghazi/story-fn7ycml4-1226025191950. Retrieved 27March 2011.

110. ^ Staff (23 February 2011). "Security Council and African Union Failing Libyan People". Amnesty International.http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/security-council-and-african-union-failing-libyan-people-2011-02-23.Retrieved 27 March 2011.

111. ^ Buck, Tobias (17 March 2011). "Fears Mount for Safety of Gaddafi Foes". Financial Times.112. ^ Staff (4 March 2011). "Libyan Paramedics Targeted by Pro-Gaddafi Forces". Amnesty International.

http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/libyan-paramedics-targeted-pro-gaddafi-forces-2011-03-04. Retrieved 27March 2011.

113. ^ Cole, David (25 February 2011). "Mercenaries in Ambulances Killing Injured". allvoices.com.

http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8300956-mercenaries-in-ambulances-killing-injured-libya. Retrieved 14 March2011.114. ^ Vella, Matthew (25 February 2011). "'Mercenaries in Ambulance Shot at My Libyan Associate' – Maltese

Entrepreneur". Malta Today. http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/libya/mercenaries-in-ambulance-shot-at-my-libyan-associate-maltese-entrepreneur . Retrieved 14 March 2011.

115. ^ Staff (18 February 2011). "Libya – Towards a Bloody Revolution". International Federation for Human Rights.http://www.fidh.org/Libya-Towards-a-bloody-revolution. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

116. ^ Staff (26 February 2011). "Armed Pro-Gadhafi Gangs Roll in Libyan Capital". Associated Press (via The WallStreet Journal ); abstract (subscription required) for full article.http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703796504576169303240637650.html?mod=WSJ_article_related.Retrieved 27 March 20211.

117. ^ Heba Saleh, Heba; Peel, Michael; England, Andrew (23 February 2011). "Gaddafi Forces Open Fire onProtesters". Financial Times.

118.

^ Staff (undated (uploaded to YouTube 21 February 2011)). "CNN: Moammar Gadhafi's Libyan Soldiers Burnedfor Refusing Orders To Kill Demonstrators" (video; requires Adobe Flash; 00:01:26)). CNN (via YouTube).http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wot4bl0b5c&feature=related. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

119. ^ Staff (24 February 2011). "Gruesome Footage of Executed Soldiers in Libya". The Malta Star .http://www.maltastar.com/pages/r1/ms10dart.asp?a=14347. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

120. ^ Staff (23 February 2011). "Libya – 130 Soldiers Executed". Agence France-Presse (via News24).http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Libya-130-soldiers-executed-20110223. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

121. ^ Waghorn, Dominic (27 March 2011). "Libya: Soldiers Were 'Burned Alive' Comrades". Sky News.http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Libya-Soldiers-Were-Burned-Alive-By-Their-Own-Forces-For-Refusing-To-Fignt-Protesters/Article/201102415941510?f=rss. Retrieved 24 March 2011.

122. ^ Press release (24 February 2011). "Libya: Strategy of Scorched Earth, Desire for Widespread and SystematicElimination". International Federation for Human Rights. http://www.fidh.org/Libya-Strategy-of-scorched-earth-desire-for .Retrieved 27 March 2011.

123.

^ Hill, Evan (17 February 2011). "Libyans in US Allege Coercion – Ambassador Denies Students' Claims EmbassyThreatened To Cut Scholarships If They Missed Pro-Gaddafi Rallies". Al Jazeera.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011217184949502493.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

124. ^ Staff (24 February 2011). "Muammar Gaddafi Ordered Lockerbie Bombing, Says Libyan Minister". News Limited . http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/muammar-gaddafi-ordered-lockerbie-bombing-says-libyan-minister/story-e6frfku0-1226011070628. Retrieved 17 March 2011. – citing an original interview with Expressen in Sweden: Julander,Oscar; Hamadé, Kassem (23 February 2011). " Khadaffi gav order om Lockerbie-attentatet [Gaddafi Ordered the LockerbieBombing]" (in Swedish). Expressen. http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/1.2341356/khadaffi-gav-order-om-lockerbie-attentatet. Retrieved 17 March 2011. English translation (via Google Translate).

125. ^ a b c Staff (23 February 2011). "Pressure Mounts on Isolated Gaddafi". BBC News.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12550719. Retrieved 18 March 2011.

126. ^ Dziadosz, Alexander (23 February 2011). "Benghazi, Cradle of Revolt, Condemns Gaddafi". Reuters (via TheStar ). http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/2/24/worldupdates/2011-02-

23T222628Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-550982-4&sec=Worldupdates. Retrieved 17 March 2011. "The eastern city ofBenghazi... was alive with celebration on Wednesday with thousands out on the streets, setting off fireworks"

127. ^ Staff (24 February 2011). "Gaddafi Loses More Libyan Cities – Protesters Wrest Control of More Cities as UnrestSweeps African Nation Despite Muammar Gaddafi's Threat of Crackdown". Al Jazeera.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011223125256699145.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011.

128. ^ Staff (23 February 2011). "Protesters Defy Gaddafi as International Pressure Mounts (1st Lead)". DeutschePresse-Agentur (via Monsters and Critics).http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/africa/news/article_1621425.php/Protesters-defy-Gaddafi-as-international-

pressure-mounts-1st-Lead. Retrieved 17 March 2011.129. ^ Staff (23 February 2011). "Middle Eastern Media See End of Gaddafi". BBC News.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12553076. Retrieved 17 March 2011.130. ^ a b Staff (23 February 2011). "Gaddafi Defiant as State Teeters – Libyan Leader Vows To 'Fight On' as His

Government Loses Control of Key Parts in the Country and as Top Officials Quit". Al Jazeera.

http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/20112235434767487.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.131. ^ "Middle East and North Africa Unrest". BBC News. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January

2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5w5dpTRTE. Retrieved 24 February 2011.132. ^ Staff (16 March 2011). "Civil War in Libya". CNN. Retrieved 19 March 2011.


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133. ^ Staff (24 February 2011). "Libya Protests: Gaddafi Embattled by Opposition Gains". BBC News.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12564104. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

134. ^ Sherwell, Philip (6 March 2011). "Libya's Bloody Rebellion Turns into Civil War – Fighting Leaves 30 Dead asTanks Shell Houses and Snipers Shoot at Everyone on the Streets". Irish Independent . http://www.independent.ie/world-news/middle-east/libyas-bloody-rebellion-turns-into-civil-war-2567776.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

135. ^ Staff (28 February 2011). "World Powers Edge Closer to Gadhafi Solution". Agence France-Presse (via TheVancouver Sun). http://www.vancouversun.com/news/World+powers+edge+closer+Gadhafi+solution/4362220/story.html.Retrieved 19 March 2011.

136. ^ Staff (27 February 2011). "Ghaddafi's Control Reduced to Part of Tripoli". afrol News.http://www.afrol.com/articles/37458. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

137. ^ Staff (10 March 20110). "Libya's Zawiyah Back under Kadhafi Control: Witness". Agence France-Presse (via

Google News). http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ixCyR-WVF7l99m8SOdunWxHmzu0g?docId=CNG.27b799659739bb00ab0094711b9d039c.171. Retrieved 17 March 2011.138. ^ Staff (11 March 2011). "Gaddafi Loyalists Launch Offensive – Rebel Fighters Hold Only Isolated Pockets of Oil

Town after Forces Loyal to Libyan Leader Attack by Air, Land and Sea" . Al Jazeera.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201131041228856242.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011.

139. ^ Staff (18 March 2011). "Libya: UN Backs Action Against Colonel Gaddafi". BBC News. Retrieved 18 March2011.

140. ^ Staff (18 March 2011). "Libya Declares Ceasefire But Fighting Goes On". Al Jazeera.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011318124421218583.html. Retrieved 18 March 2011.

141. ^ Staff (18 March 2011). "Libya Live Blog – March 19". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 March 2011.142. ^ Amara, Tarek; Karouny, Mariam (18 March 2011). "Gaddafi Forces Shell West Libya's Misrata, 25 Dead".

Reuters. Retrieved 19 March 2011.143. ^ Staff (19 March 2011). "Libya: Gaddafi Forces Attacking Rebel-Held Benghazi". BBC News.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12793919. Retrieved 19 March 2011.144. ^ Staff (19 March 2011). "Gaddafi Forces Encroaching on Benghazi – Libyan Leader's Army Assault RebelStronghold as French Warplanes Conduct Reconnaissance Overflights Across Country". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 March2011.

145. ^ Rayment, Sean (19 March 2011). "Libya: Moment a Rebel Jet Crashed to Earth in Flames – Plummeting to Earthin Flames, This Is the Dramatic Moment When a Rebel Libyan Fighter Jet Was Apparently Brought Down over Benghaz".The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8393237/Libya-moment-a-rebel-jet-crashed-to-earth-in-flames.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

146. ^ Staff (19 March 2011). "Fighter Plane Shot Down in Libya's Benghazi: Al Jazeera". Xinhua News Agency.http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/19/c_13787579.htm. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

147. ^ Staff (27 March 2011). "Gunfire, Explosions Heard in Tripoli". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 March2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xJ3rqxGl. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

148. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8393128/Libya-British

2011 libyan war on wikipedia as march 30th

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