2011 winter newground canada

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A grower-to-grower Arysta LifeScience publication for farm management professionals

Herbicide Mixtures – Best practices for resistance management“If we can find some practical cost-effective mixtures, then we expect that will be better than rotation.”

After the RainsIn Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba farmers are regrouping post “crazy, crazy, crazy” flood conditions in 2010.

IS INDECISIONHURTING YOURBUSINESS?

14ANNUAL GRASSY WEEDS SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE

02Q&A WITH DR. BRIAN JENKS

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GRAIN MARKETINGin a minute-to-minute market

Full-value

Newground_WINTER 2010 CAN_DEC21.indd 1 10-12-21 9:40 AM

After the RainsA whole lot of Prairie farmers had to park their seeders when it rained and then rained some more.

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Always read and follow label directions. EVEREST, the EVEREST logo, SELECT and the SELECT logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. “Flush after flush”, Newground, the Newground logo, PRE-PARE and the PRE-PARE logo are trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. Arysta LifeScience and the Arysta LifeScience logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience Corporation. All other products mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. ©2011 Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. ESTC-136

Printed in Canada

Readers are invited to reproduce the contents of this publication with an acknowledgement to read: Originally published in Newground byArysta LifeScience, Cary, NC.

The views expressed are not necessarily those of the publisher. Please send us questions or comments on anything you’ve read in Newground. We’d love to receive them. If you have a story idea, we’d like to receive that, too. You can email us at:[email protected]

Fax (403) 291-2365

Send a letter to:Newground, PO Box 2170, Cary, NC27512-2170

Executive AdvisorsCraig Brekkas Linda FrerichsPatrick HaikalHugh MacGillivray Kevin Staska

EditorEllen Flookes

Researchersand WritersKieran Brett John Dietz Donna Fleury Ellen Flookes Eric Howling

Art Directionand DesignBill Harris

Editorial Assistanceand Production Shannon Anderson Sarah Taylor Amanda HendersonPeggy HustonKathi Legault

C O V E R S T O R Y

Full-Value Grain Marketing in a Minute-to-Minute Market

02Annual Grassy Weeds Spread Like WildfirePlanning a burndown for next season? Take a hard look at your grassy weeds.

04Farmers’ Roundtable – Working with Residual HerbicidesThree farmers share their expertise and experiences working with residual herbicides.

12Precision Ag – GPS Integration of computers and data streamlining are taking agriculture to the next level.

Q&A with Dr. Brian Jenks on Green Foxtail Resistance and ControlDr. Brian Jenks, weed scientist and researcher at North Dakota State University.

Is Indecision Hurting Your Business?What happens when a quick decider and a slow thinker run a farm together?

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Noxious Weeds – Control them. It’s the law. Nationwide, annual costs of invasive plants to the agricultural community are estimated at $2.2 billion.

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Assuming that we don’t screw it up with a mutually destructive trade war, the global economy is going to continue to grow, and to offer new, rapidly growing markets. Of course, the other side of this coin is that it’s also going to produce new, rapidly expanding competition. Rapidly developing countries are modernizing their agriculture, boosting yields, and their labour costs are far lower than ours.

If I’m right that the future of farming is in tailored crops and niche markets, and in the use of new tools and methods of marketing farm products, then there is no reason why farming cannot be a profitable industry that attracts young people for the income as well as the lifestyle. I know this is not the commonly-held view of farming, but if we keep doing the same things, the financial attractiveness

of farming will continue to decline. But if we want to talk about the future of farming, then we have to talk about how it can be successful, not just how we can manage the decline.

mail to: [email protected] website: www.futuresearch.com

Be Our Guest:

Futurist Richard Worzel, C.F.A.

The Future of Farming, Sunrise or Sunset?

“ Hang on for the ride and make it work.”

08Herbicide Mixtures – Best Practices for Resistance ManagementIn the proverbial nick of time: a new resistance management tool.

We want to know what YOU think.Check in online at www.newgroundmagazine.ca/whatyouthink and tell us what you think of Newground magazine. Arysta LifeScience wants to meet your information needs. Your input is valuable in helping us select stories that address topics of interest to you.

Newground_WINTER 2010 CAN_DEC21.indd 2-3 10-12-21 9:40 AM

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In your haste to plan perennial weed control, don’t forget about your annuals.

W I L D F I R EAnnual grassy weeds spread like

Using a spring application of glyphosate with PRE-PARE tends to clean up weed pressure early in the season.

W I N T E R 2 0 1 1

Annual grassy weeds have increased. According to Alberta Agriculture, wild oat, green foxtail, barnyardgrass, cheatgrass, cleavers, stinkweed, shepherd’s purse, and downy brome are now common weed problems in wheat stubble. Some growers are also battling the spread of Persian darnel as well as Japanese brome.

Green foxtail and wild oat are two annual grasses of economic importance. Wild oat has received the greatest attention from weed scientists, probably because wild oat is one of the most prevalent weeds – and one of the most costly to control.

Wheat yield loss due to wild oat weed competition is attributed to a decrease in tillering. Even when soil fertility is topped up and the crop seeding rate is adequate, research shows that wheat tillering gradually declines with an increase in wild oat density. When wild oats exceeds 200 plants per square meter (sq. m.) tillering is shown to be reduced by greater than 50 percent.

foxtail, and especially foxtail resistant to Group 1 herbicides, has become a serious problem. “A very high proportion of the green foxtail plants that get sprayed in a given field with Group 1 herbicides are surviving,” says Dr. Howatt. (Please see the Dr. Brian Jenks Q&A on green foxtail resistance on page 20 in this issue of Newground.)

Of the annual grasses found in wheat fields of the Great Plains and Western Canada, two – wild oat and green foxtail – are often targeted by cereal producers, but the brome family of annual weeds has started catching the attention of growers and researchers. “Wild oat and green foxtail have been a focus of growers for the past several years, but more recently the brome species, especially downy brome, are getting a lot of attention,” says Dr. Howatt. “Growers are realizing that once downy brome is heavily infested in a field and very well established, they will have a hard time getting on top of a management program to reduce the populations.”

Plan early controlSteve Larocque with Beyond Agronomy at Three Hills, Alberta, says, “We use several strategies for control of grassy weeds. One strategy is to mix up the herbicide rotation. Growers are also using strategies such as burndown control with PRE-PARE™ prior to crop emergence followed by a range of in-crop choices with different modes of action.”

Reduced tillering of wheat has also been observed with green foxtail. Growers with extensive infestations can expect substantial wheat yield losses as a result of green foxtail competition. According to Manitoba Agriculture Food and Rural Initiatives, green foxtail can cause yield reductions of about 25 percent in wheat when foxtail populations reach 400-500 plants per square meter (sq. m.).

Green foxtail is a heavy seed producer and one plant can produce 34,000 seeds, which can germinate right through the summer and into the fall. Germination occurs at temperatures from 68 to 77 degrees F (20 to 25 degrees C) – common temperatures during late May and early June. However, germination can continue into September. The best approach is to control green foxtail early, before it goes to seed.

Dr. Kirk Howatt with the Department of Plant Sciences at North Dakota State University at Fargo says that within certain fields,

A spring pre-emergence application with glyphosate is a good option for controlling annuals and some perennials in no-till spring cereal systems. “Spraying glyphosate in fall or spring helps to reduce downy and Japanese brome weeds already out of the ground,” explains Dr. Howatt. “Using a spring application of glyphosate with something like PRE-PARE tends to clean up weed pressure early in the season. However, we still recommend that growers plan to come back in with some kind of post-emergent application.”

Dr. Howatt adds that a number of studies have been conducted that show an application of glyphosate with a soil residual herbicide like PRE-PARE, before planting wheat, improves yield by a few bushels. Some studies are showing 10 to 20 percent yield increases, while others only 3 to 5 percent, but there does tend to be a yield improvement even if weed pressure is low. Because growers can apply both in one burndown application, there is only the added cost of the soil chemical, often making it a profitable decision.

When it’s time to plan weed control, annual grassy weeds tend to take a backseat to perennial weeds. Although perennial weeds often steal the show, a summer annual weed control plan shouldn’t be overlooked for several reasons.

Some experts have acknowledged that with global climate change there is an increasing need to consider the management of species that are present very early in the spring.

Annual weeds that germinate in the spring complete their lifecycle by the end of the summer. Warm-season annual weeds start growing in the spring and hang around through the growing season. The best way, and really the only way, to get control of annual weeds is to get rid of them before they go to seed again. “ALS inhibitor products are good options for combined wild oat, foxtail and brome control in cereals,” says Dr. Howatt.

Early and extended weed control gives wheat a jumpstart on the season. “Prevention of early season weed establishment extends the period in which the crop is growing without competition in the early part of the growing season,” explains Dr. Howatt.

The impact of weed infestations on yield depends on whether the weeds emerge prior to the crop, at the same time as the crop, or after the crop has already emerged and is more competitive. PRE-PARE, tank-mixed with glyphosate for spring burndown, offers early season weed control plus residual grass control.

Dr. Phil Stahlman, research weed scientist with Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center at Hays, Kansas sums up the importance of early weed control this way: “Anything a grower can do to give the wheat crop an advantage over the weeds will pay off.” ❦


FARMERS’ROUNDTABLE

to establish. Then when we went back with our herbicide, the oats that were major flushes were of a size that made them easier to control.

HOGG – This past year, EVEREST’s residual worked at probably about 90 percent control. We sprayed a field but we were actually quite concerned about it. I phoned the field man and he came out. That first week it looked like the weeds weren’t dying; they didn’t show any discolouration. They seemed to be at the same point as when we sprayed them. The seedbed was very thick with wild oat’s in this quarter.

The next week, we saw more dying leaves. Then about 14 days later we looked at the field again and we could see the weeds were turning brown. They had stopped growing, and the crop was coming up. We’d used the full rate of EVEREST on them. We actually didn’t have go back in and do the re-spray. It was surprising; EVEREST took care of 90 percent of the problem. You can’t complain about that – you can’t ask for any more than 90 percent.

LAING – I was counting on PRE-PARE to clean the weeds out of the fields prior to seeding and keep them clean. PRE-PARE did that, which also preserved moisture in the ground. I’d rate this product “excellent

satisfaction” all the way around. PRE-PARE is easy to use – no mess, no clean-up, no jug rentals. I’ve been recommending PRE-PARE to producers in my area.

Newground: How did your PRE-PARE burndown work out?

AYRE – When we were just about ready to spray in-crop, my guys came back to me and said, ‘What did you do in that field?’ There was a line, a square box full of wild oats that hadn’t been sprayed. The headlands on the north side were clean. I didn’t even need to go and look myself; I knew exactly what it was. The difference was like night and day.

HOGG – I’d say the PRE-PARE gave us about 85 percent control so I was very happy. With the PRE-PARE residual I got way more than just a straight burndown. It got the weeds that weren’t germinated at the time we did the burndown.

LAING – PRE-PARE worked very well for me in 2010. If I continue to have wild oat issues next season, I’ll definitely use PRE-PARE again in 2011. It’s an awesome chemical.

Newground: We’re happy to hear that EVEREST and PRE-PARE are giving you the control you expected. Thanks for your time and good luck in 2011. ❦

Newground: What kind of weed flushes do you normally battle?

AYRE – Sometimes we think we’ve got every weed known to man, but kochia is a big concern because

resistance seems to be creeping in. Our major concerns are kochia and wild oats. Barnyardgrass is a problem in wet seasons. We also have some bad wild oats on some land that I rented from a neighbour. Unless we use an extremely effective herbicide, multiple flushes would kill the crop, just smother it right out.

HOGG – Wild oat is also one of our biggest weed problems. It seems to grow through various sprays and causes the most havoc for us. Wild oats are one of our flushing weeds. As far as chickweed goes, I really don’t have a problem. Thistles can be a problem and perennial sow thistle is another one.

LAING – I’m dealing with wild oats, annual cleavers, Canada thistle, and to top it off, Roundup Ready® and LibertyLink® Canola volunteers.

Newground: What made you decide to use a residual herbicide?

AYRE – If we used something like Express® SG we were trying to control volunteer canola. That was our reason. We understand that with PRE-PARE™ and EVEREST® we can also control the volunteer

canola. If we can get a head start on controlling specifically the wild oats then we know that will really benefit us. If we get a wet season like in the past, then it’s always hard to get back in the field and get those wild oats under control before they establish in a crop.

HOGG – We use a residual to control multiple flushes of weeds. When wild oats germinate maybe a week or 10 days after application, EVEREST will get them.

LAING – Since I was targeting wild oats, cleavers, Canada thistle, and volunteer canola, I figured a burndown with residual might be my best bet. I had used EVEREST for years when I starting reading about PRE-PARE in the print media and received an Arysta LifeScience mailing. Then I did my own research and was impressed by what I learned. I think I may have been the first farmer in this district to use PRE-PARE. I wanted to try it so I requested that my retailer put in a special order.

Newground: Did you see evidence that the residual control worked for you?

AYRE – Yes, the residual action of PRE-PARE is what we are pleased with. I think it gave us what we wanted with our wheat, and that was to give us a window that would allow our wheat

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Andrew Ayre farms about 2,100 acres of wheat, pedigreed barley, flax, oats, and commercial canola as Southern Seed Ltd. at Minto, Manitoba.

Bruce Hogg farms barley, canola, flax, corn and sunflowers at Huxley, Alberta, southeast of Red Deer.

Donald Laing farms hard red spring wheat and canola at Gallivan, Saskatchewan, east of North Battleford.

ResidualWorking with

Herbicides

“If we can get a head start on controlling specifically the wild oats then we know that will really benefit us.”

“With the PRE-PARE residual I got way more than just a straight burndown. It got the weeds that weren’t germinated at the time we did the burndown.”

B R U C E H O G G : A N D R E W AY R E :


CBC News on July 8, 2010, reported: “Normally, about 32 million acres for crops like wheat and canola are seeded in Saskatchewan, but this year, about 12 million acres are either under water now or could not be seeded earlier in the season.” In August 2010, another estimated million acres had been added to the total. Service Canada’s estimation, dated August 17, 2010 put the figure at 13 million flooded acres.

At Wishart, Saskatchewan, Clayton and Melinda Stefankiw’s farm was pounded with at least 45 inches of rain, which is four times

the annual average. Clayton Stefankiw says that the first big dump hit them towards the end of May. “We tried a couple of times to get in the field, but there was no way the land could support the equipment. Basically, we got rained out. We’d never seen anything like it. As far as fertility and weed control for next year, nothing is clear cut.”

“In terms of next season, I don’t think there will be a wholesale change in the weeds producers currently have in their fields,” says Clark Brenzil, provincial weed specialist with Saskatchewan

Agriculture in Regina. “The weeds may vary in proportions and absolute numbers a little bit from historical levels, but new weeds are not going to magically appear in high numbers out of nowhere.” Brenzil says this holds true for broadleaf and grassy weeds. “These types of changes tend to occur over five- to 10-year time frames, and the climate would need to remain as it was this year. Weed populations took roughly this long to change following the adoption of direct seeding systems, and that is a more dramatic and consistent change than the weather could ever be.”

How fast the weed’s seed coat breaks down may prompt early weed flush action. “We may see a bigger first flush of weeds that have impermeable seed coats as a method of dormancy,” says Brenzil. “With the ample moisture that’s been around this year, microbial activity would have been very high. Microbial activity is the method of hard seed coat decay and the method by which hard seed dormancy is broken.”

Stefankiw says, “If there’s a good side, it’s that last fall we cleaned up some really bad volunteer canola that grew like wildfire. But as far as fertility plans for next season, we just don’t know. One good thing is that we only used about 30 percent of the fertilizer we pre-bought last year.”

Fertility planning for the 2011 season is posing a lot of unknowns for flooded-out farmers. Soil scientist Dr. Jeff Schoenau with the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon says that fields that weren’t seeded, but dried out later in the season and were kept free of weeds, would be anticipated to have elevated available nutrients.

“This is a scenario similar to fallow,” says Dr. Schoenau. “If the fields remained flooded over the season, they would be expected to have less or no gain in nutrients. For areas that were seeded and fertilized and then flooded, especially over an extensive period of time, I would expect that a significant portion of the fertilizer nitrogen applied could have been leached or lost to the atmosphere. This will be highly variable and dependent on when the fertilizer

was applied relative to the duration of flooding. Nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium are not susceptible to downward leaching or gaseous losses and would remain accessible.”

Nitrogen and sulphur are the most sensitive to downward movement in the soil with excess water. Nitrogen is also readily lost to the atmosphere as dinitrogen and nitrous oxide gases when soils are flooded.

The first step in planning fertility 2011? Analyze and soil test the flooded-out areas separately from the rest of the field. These areas will probably have different fertilizer requirements.

“Whole fields that were not seeded and essentially remained fallow are likely to differ in available nutrients from fields that were seeded and a crop harvested. Benefits are likely to be realized in improved fertilizer use efficiency when the fertility differences are known and the areas and fields are managed separately,” says Dr. Schoenau.

Stefankiw also resorted to tilling his no-till field last fall to dry it out. “We didn’t want to, but without working it I don’t think we’ll stand a chance of seeding it next year.”

“One thing we do know is that working the soil will distribute weed seeds through the tillage layer and extend the period of emergence versus leaving weed seeds on the surface,” says Brenzil.

“It’s been a frustrating year for producers,” says Brenzil. “We just have to work on the things we can control. Inconsistency seems to be the only consistent thing about Prairie weather.” ❦

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after the rainsIn Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba farmers are regrouping post “crazy, crazy, crazy” flood conditions in 2010.

“We tried a couple of times to get in the field, but there was no way the land could support the equipment. Basically, we got rained out.”

A Saskatchewan-based Facebook post dated July 8, 2010, spoke to the persistent rain and spooky weather conditions that plagued Prairie farmers last spring and summer. “We were driving along only a couple minutes outside Saskatoon. Blue

skies, fluffy white clouds. Then BANG. Dark skies and visibility only two or three feet ahead ... hail began pummelling us ... then blue skies once again. It was absolutely bizarre.”

How fast the weed’s seed coat breaks down may prompt early weed flush action.


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“Herbicide rotations and herbicide mixtures are two cornerstone practices for managing herbicide resistance,” explains Dr. Hugh Beckie, weed scientist, with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. With

herbicide mixtures, two different modes of action are applied either in a tank-mix or sequentially within the same growing season.

the four years or one in two years, one in three years and one in four years. The mixture treatment consisted of ethametsulfuron + bromoxynil/MCPA, which was applied each year.

“We started with 5 percent ALS/Group 2 resistant stinkweed in the seed bank, and after four years we found that herbicide mixtures were much better than rotation in delaying herbicide resistance,” says Dr. Beckie. “With the herbicide mixtures, there was no increase in the level of resistance over what we started with at the beginning of the four years. However, with herbicide rotations, even after one ALS/Group 2 application, the resistance jumped to 60 percent. This dramatically illustrates the fact that, if possible, herbicide mixtures should be better than herbicide rotations.”

When considering herbicide mixtures, there are three important criteria. The herbicide partners should have a different mode of action. They should be similar in their control of the target weed, and they should have similar soil persistence.

“If you are trying to delay resistance in certain target weeds, such as stinkweed or cleavers, then both of those tank-mix partners or sequences must have a different mode of action,” explains Dr. Beckie.

For example, if you are trying to delay ALS/Group 2 resistance, then the tank-mix partner should be different and lower risk chemistry such as a Group 4 or 6. The partners should also be equally effective on that target weed, and should be equally soil persistent, especially for weeds that occur in flushes over the growing season.

Although the study shows that herbicide mixtures are an important management strategy, researchers still advocate using herbicide rotations as a cornerstone to resistance management. “Using herbicide rotations and different modes of action is an important strategy for growers,” says Dr. Phil Stahlman, research weed scientist, Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center at Hays, Kansas. “Crop rotation is also important, such as rotating a winter crop with a summer crop. Generally there are going to

“Various computer simulation models have predicted that herbicide mixtures will delay resistance longer than herbicide rotations,” explains Dr. Beckie. “We recently completed a four-year field experiment at two sites in Saskatchewan to determine if we could verify those computer simulation model experiments. We found that herbicide mixtures are best adapted to broadleaf weed resistance management.”

In the study, researchers monitored changes in the level of ALS/Group 2 stinkweed resistance in wheat between herbicide rotations and herbicide mixtures. In the experiments, various ALS/Group 2 (ethametsulfuron or Muster®) treatments were rotated with bromoxynil/MCPA treatments, applied either continuously over

be different weed species in the rotation, so you are not placing selection pressure on the same weed species every cropping season or every year.”

Growers should use recommended rates and proper timing for target weed species. “It has become fairly obvious, particularly as we learn more about glyphosate-resistant weeds, that one of the fastest ways to select for herbicide resistance is to use minimal rates of a product,” says Dr. Stahlman. “All biological populations vary in their susceptibility to any pesticide, so if you continuously use low rates, then a smaller proportion of the population is being eliminated and over time the remaining population can develop a tolerance which may lead to resistance.”

H E R B I C I D E M I X T U R E SBest practices for resistance management

Recent research indicates that herbicide mixtures are more effective than rotations in mitigating the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds.

“We found that herbicide mixtures were much better than rotation in delaying herbicide resistance.”

Pay attention to growth stage and environmental conditions at the time of application. “Many people don’t adjust their application rates for weeds that are relatively small and actively growing compared to weeds that are larger and under some stress,” says Dr. Stahlman. For example, when trying to control weeds after a wheat harvest in a fallow period when conditions are typically hot and dry weeds are often larger and have endured some environmental stresses, making them harder to kill than weeds that are smaller and actively growing. Field scouting and monitoring, either after spraying or after harvest, can help to identify weed patches that may not have been controlled because of resistance.

Industry is working toward offering growers more herbicide mixture options, including pre-mixtures and partner tank mixtures. “In Canada, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) recently changed their requirements. Companies are now allowed to use any mixtures they want without having to have that mixture registered, as long as the partners are registered in that crop,” Dr. Beckie points out. “This is an important step forward in terms of trying to facilitate mixtures to delay resistance in some of our key economic weeds. If we can find some practical cost-effective mixtures, then we expect that will be better than rotation in terms of delaying, in particular, broadleaf weed resistance.” ❦


When it’s time to control grassy weeds in peas, flax, lentils, canola and other broadleaf crops, keep it

simple. Use the herbicide that works the first time, every time – SELECT® Herbicide. Made with Genuine

Clethodim and packaged with AMIGO®, the optimized adjuvant to work with SELECT, you know SELECT is

the trusted herbicide you can count on. To learn more, see your retailer or visit arystalifescience.ca/select.

Life is complicated.Your herbicide shouldn’t be.

Always read and follow label directions. SELECT and the SELECT logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. Arysta LifeScience and the Arysta LifeScience logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience Corporation. All other products mentioned herein are trademarks of their respected com-panies. ©2011 Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. SEL-047

Always read and follow label directions. EVEREST and the EVEREST logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. “Flush after flush” is a trademark of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. Arysta LifeScience and the Arysta LifeScience logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience Corporation. ©2011 Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. GBX-013

StAy in control of the gAme with croSS-Spectrum eVereSt® gBX.There’s only one word you need to know for cross-spectrum control of grassy and broadleaf weeds in wheat: EVEREST® GBX. It’s formulated with multiple modes of action to control your most critical and resistant weeds with just one pass, including flush after flush™ control of green foxtail and wild oats. EVEREST GBX is tough on weeds, but easy on you, with a wide application window and excellent tank-mix flexibility. In a word, it’s not only the control you need – it’s the control you’ve always wanted.


Dave Thom at Velva, North Dakota, and Brad Reimer at Boissevain, Manitoba, each farm roughly 4,000 acres of wheat and other crops. Both producers approach grain marketing as a

make-or-break enterprise that puts substantial demands on their time and commitment. Each has a marketing strategy, but their approaches to marketing plans differ.

“My grain marketing plans are based on my debt-servicing needs,” says Reimer. “Is it a structured marketing plan? No. My plan is based on timing – when I think I can get the most value for my grain in terms of when I have to pay down the debt. I do projections for the crops I plan to plant and when I’ll need the money. I do this on a year-to-year basis.”

Thom’s plan is based on locking in “a decent enough profit” then proceeding to forward contract. He says: “I make a marketing plan, but I focus more on locking in a profit then forward contracting. I try to sell grain with any significant move in the market, and usually I do this all year long.”

Thom says that, regardless of the markets, he sticks close to his crop rotation schedule. “I don’t plant for market price; we keep our rotation. I use the cost of production as my base line. Once you know your cost of production you know when to start selling or lock in a price.”

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“ Hang on for the ride and make it work.”

Live feedsReimer relies on published material and his iPhone to stay current with market prices and direction. “My iPhone has become my biggest marketing tool,” he says. “I download apps on my iPhone and they give me live feeds – instant information about what’s going on in world markets and conditions. I also use Internet sites like www.barchart.com.”

He stays current with reports on agricultural conditions throughout the world and watches the market if an area reports dry conditions, for example, that can affect supply and demand. He also keeps tabs on how the U.S. dollar affects grain pricing. “There are always a lot of situations to watch like the developing biofuel industry, but I’ve learned from farming to try to keep it simple,” Reimer says.

Thom keeps an eye on markets every day or so via the Internet “unless something unusual is going on.” If that’s the case, he checks in daily. “Argentina has been having harvesting issues, so I’ll watch the markets more often to see how far this issue is going to push the market.”

Thom belongs to a marketing club and reads U.S. Department of Agriculture reports, which he considers important trend indicators. “A Russian deal can all of a sudden play into the market. Once you hear about it you can dig into it more to get an idea about how the markets could be affected.”

Gathering sufficient information to make an informed marketing decision is a place to start, but pulling the trigger on a 6,000 bushel sale can still be gut-wrenching. “Basically I sell on a percentage basis of the farm’s total production,” says Reimer. “Then we’ll start pre-selling a percentage of that at what we think are decent levels for our farm. You can’t look at your neighbour and guess what he’s going to make. It’s better to be happy with what you’re pre-selling and be prepared to take advantage of quick swings like when Russia was dry [2010].”

Hold out?No matter how high the price, it’s always tempting to hold out and wait for even higher prices. Says Reimer: “I learned from ’08 that that’s not the way to do it, at least not for our farm. We sell in roughly 10 to 15 percent increments in a year, usually year round.”

Thom says he constantly tries to answer the question: What is the potential of my grain? The potential is a calculated price average. “Based on how much grain I have, I average my prices. I try not to wait and guess where the top is going to be. In these last few years, the market can make a huge swing of a dollar in a day. When I started farming back in the ‘70s, if the market moved, it was two or three pennies a day, and a big swing was 10 cents. Sometimes it would take all week to move 10 cents.”

Thom uses his elevator contacts to put in buy or sell orders. The wait-and-see situation isn’t for everybody. If the market hits the specified price level, then Thom has a deal and moves some grain. If not, he starts the process over. But he says that he likes sell orders because he doesn’t end up taking a lower price because the market fluctuated in a five-minute interval that he didn’t catch. “If I’ve got the buy order in, then the grain goes. Whereas if I’m working here on the farm and trying to follow the market, I might miss that five-minute opportunity.”

Putting in buy and sell orders has relieved Thom of the pressure of trying to ‘watch and guess and then second guess again’ the markets. “If there are five or six days of good market moves, then the way I see it, there’s some potential left where maybe I might add on another 15 or 20 cents. I’ll go after that added value and sell some grain.”

Reimer checks futures prices and sometimes locks in, but so far hasn’t used put options. Like Thom, he also puts in buy-sell orders. “We sometimes throw a target price into the elevator if it looks like it’s reasonably attainable. But a lot of what drives our marketing decisions is maturing debt. We’re trying to do forward selling to crop insurance levels so we never go higher than 20 bushels on the acre; that’s the cap. We don’t want to get caught.”

Last fall Thom signed some new-crop contracts on wheat and beans. He’s also no stranger to forward selling into the next year, but says he’s never sold more than one year out. “Some guys go two years or maybe even three years out, but I’m not that big a gambler. Most of my forward selling is in the range of 5,000-bushel increments. You’ve always got to have Act-of-God events in the back of your mind – you may not be able to produce the bushels.”

He says he forward sells about 50 percent of his grain potential or about half of his normal production in a normal year. “If you know you’re going to end up short of storage, it’s nice to have some grain sold because most of the time the elevators will give priority to the contracted grain.”

On the Reimer farm, grain deals have recently been tied to storage issues. This is one of the reasons the Reimers sold a portion of their grain at harvest. “Sometimes our hands are tied, and we have to make a grain deal just to get the grain off the combine and into the elevator. That’s not the kind of marketing we like to do. We recently added more land, which plays into the market because we ran out of bin space. We’re addressing our bin space issues in order to get full value for our grain.”

When asked for marketing advice for other farmers, Reimer says: “I’d say your farm is your farm. You can’t worry about what other people are doing or buying. What’s important is to make sure that you’re profitable and servicing your debt load.”

Thom says: “Hang on for the ride and make it work. When it comes to grain marketing, look out for your own operation. When I’m satisfied with the price, the next guy might not be.” ❦

“Based on how much grain I have, I average my prices. I try not to wait and guess where the top is going to be.”

Full-Value Grain Marketing In A

MINUTE-TO-MINUTE MARkET


An elderly couple was once asked to reveal the secret of their long and happy marriage. It’s simple, they explained: the wife handles all the minor decisions and the husband makes all the major ones. “As it turned out,” the husband added, “nothing really major has come up.”

Some people like to make decisions. Others just don’t. Some of us briskly review the facts and promptly choose a course of action. Others prefer to think things over, postponing the verdict in case tomorrow or the next day brings game-changing information.

What happens when a quick decider and a slow thinker run a farm together? It’s a recipe for conflict on personal, operational and strategic issues. Elaine Froese, a Manitoba-based family farm business coach, has seen this dynamic at work over many years. Unless a family can make and implement decisions, something’s bound to end badly.

“I know a farmer in his early 40s who farmed for many years with his bachelor uncle,” says Froese. “The uncle promised the nephew that his years of work would be rewarded, but the uncle died without making a formal agreement. Before you knew it, other family members came in and scooped up the farm’s assets because the nephew’s claim had no legal basis.”

If only the uncle had put his wishes in writing. If only the nephew had found a way to make the uncle comfortable doing so.

14 15


HURTING YOUR BUSINESS?

“There’s a saying that everything that is known about the market is in the market,” he says. “There may be more information coming tomorrow, but don’t forget, that information will be available to everybody. People need to have a plan, follow through on that plan and forget the idea that one individual will somehow outsmart the market. Put your thinking into the plan and execute it on schedule.”

Getting to yesIs there a decision-phobe in your life? If so, you need a way to work with them. In Froese’s experience, people avoid decisions for reasons they consider valid. Her advice: identify those reasons and address them.

“There are four main management communication styles,” says Froese. “First, some people are action-oriented and like to get things done. Second, others are all about process. They might agree with the concept, but they want to understand how it’s going to work. A third group won’t agree unless they understand how the change will affect people. Finally, the last group is motivated by ideas, and they just need lots of time to explore the plan from different angles.”

Enough alreadyPeople who avoid decisions may believe their approach makes sense. After all, things move so quickly, why close off options you might need later? As Bill Brown explains, the world’s procrastinators now have a powerful enabler on their side.

“There is a cost and benefit to doing anything,” says Brown, who teaches farm business management at the University of Saskatchewan. “But today, the Internet has greatly lowered the cost of gathering information. You can now gather a large amount of information relatively cheaply. Of course, if you’re always waiting and waiting to make decisions, it will cost you.”

Circumstances have a way of making decisions on our behalf. For example, if a farm family lacks the will to price their crop proactively, they’ll eventually be forced to accept the cash price. Dale Nordquist, an extension economist at the University of Minnesota’s Center for Farm Financial Management, has met his share of foot-draggers. One of the Center’s key recommendations is that producers have and execute a plan to market their crops. Nordquist believes that producers who are reluctant to pull the trigger on price are only hurting themselves.

Iowa-based consultant and speaker Jolene Brown will tell you she brings four tools to every client meeting: a mirror, a box of tissues, a roll of duct tape and a two-by-four. She’s kidding, of course, but the joke speaks volumes about the emotional stakes of family farm decision-making and the reluctance of some people to commit.

Toolbox aside, Brown has found practical ways to work with even the most stubborn people.

“You need to figure out what’s most important to them,” she says. “It could be control, it could be peace in the family, it could be financial security. Maybe they just want the plan fleshed out in greater detail. When you know this, you know how to prepare and address the resistance so results happen.”

Brown is a big believer in scheduled family meetings with a clear process and planned agenda. She recommends that an overview of the farm business be drafted in outline form. This is then posted in a neutral place where all stakeholders have access. These people circle the items they want discussed. Only the items noted and circled can be addressed, and the chair of the meeting keeps the process on track.

This way, everyone knows what’s coming, people arrive prepared, time isn’t wasted and serial avoiders have less room to hide. The chair also summarizes the actions, responsibilities and decisions made at the meeting. Accountability is key.

Says Brown: “Different family members will have their own styles, but at the end of the day, everyone has a responsibility for moving things forward.” ❦

Some people are born decision-makers. Others analyze, agonize and avoid. Here’s why that matters and how to find common ground.

“Different family members will have their own styles, but at the end of the day, everyone has a responsibility for moving things forward.”

I S I N D E C I S I O N


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N E W G R O U N D

NOXIOUSW E E D S

There are an estimated 486 weedy or invasive alien plant species in Canada. When left to their own devices, invasive plant species out-compete native plants and agricultural crops for space, moisture

and nutrients.

Economic losses attributed to invasive weeds are staggering. Annual costs of invasive plants to the agricultural community are estimated at $2.2 billion on an agricultural land.

In an effort to control officially designated noxious weeds, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia have each put a Weed Control Act into law. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is also on board with invasive weeds policy development. The CFIA has developed a pilot project, ‘Least Wanted Invasive Plants,’ to identify and evaluate plants that could pose a serious threat to Canada’s plant resource base. Such plants could be regulated under the Plant Protection Act and Plant Protection Regulations.

“Invasive plants are harmful plant species whose introduction or spread threatens the environment, economy and society,” says Lisa Gauthier with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) in Ottawa. “Some have been introduced into Canada from other countries or continents or spread from one region of Canada to another by different pathways.”

“Jointed goat grass is a major concern in cereal production throughout the United States,” says Chris Neeser, weed science researcher with Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. “Another one is yellow nutsedge, which has the potential to become a serious problem in southern Alberta, especially in row crops. Neither of these weeds is currently established in Alberta, and we would like to keep it that way.”

Noxious weeds such as downy and Japanese brome are already well established but continue to extend their range northward. Neeser says these two weeds can be particularly troublesome in winter cereals. “They’re innocuous looking grasses, but if left unchecked, they can cause serious losses and can be difficult to eradicate.”

Neeser points out that the CFIA recommends that new weed species be reported. “In Alberta I would also recommend that farmers

report any new weed species to their ag fieldman, especially if the specie is regulated under The Weed Control Act.”

Alberta’s Weed Control Act regulations came into effect on June 16, 2010. According to the Alberta Invasive Plants Council, based in Okotoks, one of the most significant changes in the legislation is an expanded list of invasive plants organized into two designations: ‘prohibited noxious’ and ‘noxious.’

Prohibited noxious weeds are species that are not established but have demonstrated detrimental effects in other provinces or states. Hopefully identification will prevent them from establishing in the province.

Noxious weeds pose a significant economic hardship once established. Controlling the spread of noxious weeds is critical to protecting areas that are not infested.

The Invasive Species Council of Manitoba maintains an extensive website (invasivespeciesmanitoba.com) with full colour specie identification photos and an online form ‘Report A Sighting.’ Under Manitoba’s Noxious Weed Act, an inspector may serve notice. It may be news to some producers that kochia and lambsquarters have been officially designated noxious weeds. A full schedule of official noxious weeds in Manitoba can be found at the end of Manitoba’s Noxious Weed Act. (To access, enter “Manitoba Noxious Weed Act” in your Web browser.)

In Saskatchewan, the 1984 Noxious Weeds Act is provincial legislation that “empowers municipalities to enforce control of noxious weeds by landowners within the boundaries of the municipality and prevent the spread of noxious weeds.” Weed inspectors are enforcement agents appointed by municipalities to enforce the Act. For a comprehensive list of noxious weeds visit the Government of Saskatchewan’s website by entering ‘Invasive weeds in Saskatchewan’ in your browser. The Saskatchewan Weed Identification Guide is extensive and illustrated.

A collective effort will control and curb the spread of noxious weeds. Stay on top of your weed identification and report any suspicious weeds. Your economic interests, and those of your neighbours, are at stake. ❦

Control them. It’s the law.

Controlling the spread of noxious weeds is critical to protecting areas that are not infested.

Nobody wants an official with a shovel showing up at the door.

Dr. Old suggests, “Nothing displaces a bad weed except a worse weed.” He warns that bur chervil (Anthriscus caucalis) is currently displacing yellow starthistle, which had displaced downy brome, which initially replaced the native bunchgrasses.

Dr. Richard Old is a weed identification specialist and innovator in weed ID software for Cooperative Extension Service at Washington State University.

Courtesy of Alberta Invasive Plants Council.

Dr. Richard Old’s 10 Defining Characteristics of Invasive Plants

W I N T E R 2 0 1 1

1. Invasive – moving into unoccupied territory. Examples: lambsquarters and purslane.2. Aggressive and competitive, i.e, they capture sites that are already occupied.

Examples: dandelions and teasel.3. Highly reproductive.4. Display rampant growth.5. Favoured by habitat disturbance.6. Highly variable, both genetically and morphologically.7. Broad ecological amplitude and are plastic in their response to different environments.8. Mobile – disperse easily, and sometimes in more than one way.9. Persistent – difficult to get rid of.10. Non-native. This is true of most weeds and is the trump card.


N E W G R O U N D

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precision ag – gpsIntegration of computers and data streamlining are taking agriculture to the next level.

Precision agriculture has come into its own. At a 2010 precision ag conference conducted by South Dakota State University and the local Extension office in Aberdeen, South Dakota, 71 percent of the producers

responding to a clicker survey said they collect GPS corrected yield information. Eighty percent said they make management decisions based on collected yield data.

Brent Wiesenburger, precision ag manager with the South Dakota Wheat Growers based in Aberdeen, says one reason GPS technology has caught on is that it’s less expensive than it was 10 years ago. “Producers have migrated toward technology. Early adopters were the successful farmers, not necessarily the big-acre farmers,” Wiesenburger says. “They’ve gotten accustomed to working with computers and pulling information off screens and phones. A lot of them also understand that precision ag is an aspect of the business that will take agriculture to the next level.”

Ryan Molitor with Raven Industries in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, says that GPS advances are more refined and will continue to improve production efficiency and lower the cost of production. “GPS in the future will improve every feature and function of

fertilizing, tilling, planting, spraying and harvesting,” Molitor says.

Wireless technology already allows for a more efficient method of delivering high-level corrections like RTK to a farmer’s cab. “We can expect site-specific management to continue to improve by integrating field computers and streamlining the way data is managed and transferred,” says Molitor.

Raven is making their Slingshot™ and Raven Viper Pro™ AgX compliant. AgX is a data standard being developed by SST (Single Source Technologies). “By working together with SST, we can streamline the way data is not only transferred, but also the way it is managed,” says Molitor. “A grower can set up the entire farm, including field information, as well as chemical or hybrid information before going to the field. This way, everything is set up exactly how it needs to be for the farmer’s records. Farmers can then take that data and use it for the next phase of their operation.”

One major hurdle to get over is the producer’s perception that the technology is too complicated and comes with built-in frustration. And sometimes it does. Wiesenburger says GPS systems don’t come glitch-free. He says he is frequently asked by growers: Why does my GPS signal fail sometimes in the late afternoon?

“Some days in the late afternoon we can tell people are having problems because our phone at South Dakota Wheat Growers starts ringing, and we’ll start to get inundated with text calls. We’ll

receive 50 calls in a matter of 10 minutes from growers in the field whose GPS signal has failed,” says Wiesenburger. “Very often it’s simply solar activity that is interrupting the satellite signal. There’s nothing we can do about it, just sit tight and wait. Next spring we’re going to provide a service where we send our users text messages in the morning on what time to expect trouble.

“A way to reduce issues like these is to make sure any future GPS equipment investments are GLONASS compliant. This virtually doubles the number of satellites your system has in view.”

Solar-induced outages are a challenge, but more producers than ever are cutting cost and improving efficiencies with GPS. Molitor points out that some major breakthroughs in precision ag technology such as the cellular RTK system have already eliminated line-of-sight issues. “This opens the doors to what can be done by bringing high-speed wireless connectivity to the cab. Internet access, wireless data transfer, vehicle observation and remote support have all made farming operations simpler and more efficient.”

Wiesenburger says if he could wave a magic wand over GPS systems to improve them he would go first to the ISOBUS 11783 protocol – the standard communication platform agricultural industries are working toward. There are several different layers of compatibility to ISOBUS, and not all manufacturers are compliant to the top level.

“So in theory, you could back up your brand new John Deere ISO-compatible tractor then plug in your CASE IH ISO-compatible corn planter and some of the components will work and some won’t, and nobody can seem to explain which ones will work and which ones won’t,” says Wiesenburger.

In another example, a local machinery company near Aberdeen builds air seeders and installs Agtron™ electronics. “We can plug that ISO-compliant device into an AGCO or CNH display and it’s full featured and most everything works,” says Wiesenburger. “You can plug that same air cart into a John Deere display and control all the tanks, but only get variable rate with one of them. So you can see why farmers get frustrated. It’s complicated even for people in the technology end of the business.”

Regardless of persistent compatibility issues, farmers continue to invest in precision ag. “The technology has become much simpler to use,” says Molitor. “We know that learning to operate the system can be a challenge, but producers are motivated by the discovery of greater efficiency and return on investment.” ❦

Wireless technology already delivers high-level corrections like RTK to a farmer’s cab.

gps cool facts • First GPS satellite was launched in 1978.

• Current system is composed of second-generation GPS satellites, called Block II.

• First Block II satellite was launched in 1989.

• Defense Department declared GPS fully operational in 1995.

• When the system was first introduced, miscalculations (called SA - Selective Availability) were programmed into GPS transmissions to limit the accuracy of non-military GPS receivers. This operation was cancelled in May 2000.

• There are 24 GPS satellites in orbit at this moment.

• The 24 satellites cost an estimated $12 billion to build and launch.

• Each satellite weighs about 1,735 pounds.

• Satellites are orbiting about 12,500 miles above the Earth.

• Satellites take 12 hours to orbit the Earth once.

• The Russians have a system identical to the U.S. system called GLONASS.

W I N T E R 2 0 1 1

Courtesy of Virginia Cooperative Extension.

Producers have migrated toward technology.

A grower can set up the entire farm, including field information, as well as chemical or hybrid information before going to the field.


20

N E W G R O U N D

Q&A with Dr. Brian Jenks on

Green Foxtail Resistance and Control

“EvErEst works so good, it’s a big problem.”Amanda Henderson, MB

Always read and follow label directions. EVEREST and the EVEREST logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. “Flush after flush” is a trademark of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. Arysta LifeScience and the Arysta LifeScience logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience Corporation. ©2011 Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. ESTC-104

They’re taking a stand. Because one early application of EVEREST® gets rid of all green foxtail, wild oats and key broadleaf weeds Flush after flush™, their husbands aren’t out in the fields worrying about flushing weeds. Instead, they’re trying to help around the house and showing up at the office. Getting in their hair. And EVEREST wives have had it. Hear what they’re saying at www.everestwives.ca

Wives everywhere are fed up with EVEREST®.

“Everywhere I turn, he’s there.”Shannon Anderson, SK

“I want my house back!”Sarah Coates, AB

DR. BRIAN JENKS, WEED SCIENTIST AND RESEARCHER AT NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, HAS RECENTLY CONDUCTED RESEARCH ON THE ISSUE OF FOxTAIL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

Newground: What’s been changing about foxtail resistance?

DR . JEN K S: We bel ieve we’ve been seeing more occurrences of resistance to Group 1 herbicides. We have done some testing of fields around the north-central, north-western regions of North Dakota, and we know it’s out there. We just don’t know how widespread it is.

My hunch is there’s foxtail that’s not being controlled and growers may be attributing that lack of control to weather or later flushes. Most, but not all, of the foxtail populations we sampled came out as resistant to Group 1s. They were not resistant to the Group 2s. We didn’t test, but we know Group 3 resistance is out there, as well.

Newground: Who actually contacted you with resistance concerns?

DR. JENKS: I recall two of the concerns were from growers and probably two company reps and a couple of crop consultants. Green foxtail resistance has been in our Weed Guide for years. It just happened, by coincidence really, that these individuals called me and said, ‘We’ve got problems here, can you test these samples?’ Since we’ve got a greenhouse, we agreed to do it.

Newground: Do you think foxtail resistance is confined to the northwest?

DR. JENKS: I have no doubt that it’s more widespread than just the northwest.

Newground: What’s the history of green foxtail resistance?

DR. JENKS: I’m not sure when it was first identified, but it’s not new. Canadians

have reported green foxtail resistance for years. We know there’s nothing magical about the border, so I have no doubt that we have it here in North Dakota as well. We just don’t do the intensive surveys and testing of populations like the Canadians do. Green foxtail resistance has been confirmed before in the U.S., but it’s been individual samples and individual fields. Last year [2009], was the first time that we collected seed from about half a dozen different fields and confirmed resistance to Group 1.

Newground: How serious was the level of resistance in these fields?

DR . JENK S: It was signif icant. A n overwhelming portion of the seeds were resistant to Puma®, a little less to Axial®. There was a little resistance to Assure® II, but there did not seem to be any resistance to SELECT®. We did not test other Group 1s like Discover® or Achieve®. We only looked at Puma and Axial. We didn’t have that much seed to work with, so we couldn’t test all the herbicides.

Newground: What about EVEREST® in Group 2?

DR . JENKS: Yes, in fact we did test EVEREST. The green foxtail did not appear to be resistant to EVEREST. The Group 2 products look like they would still be effective.

Newground: Does this change any recommendations?

DR. JENKS: What we recommended last winter and what we’ll re-emphasize again this winter [2010] is don’t always assume that poor foxtail control was due to environment or weather only. Once you spray the foxtail you need to come back in a week or two, or both, and evaluate to see if the foxtail is dying or not. Was it just another flush that came after you sprayed? Or was it weather? Or is it a resistant weed? You’ll need to monitor the

field again, probably within a week. Then go look at it again two and three weeks later and see what’s happening.

Newground: So scouting is more important than ever?

DR. JENKS: Yes. Absolutely.

Newground: What should wheat growers focus on?

DR. JENKS: We have to be aware of what product Groups we’re using and how well the grasses are being controlled so that we can plan for the future. If we’re dealing with resistance, then we have to take a different approach to our crop planning and to our herbicide planning.

Newground: What should growers plan to do to keep green foxtail in check?

DR. JENKS: If a grower has had problems with Puma in his wheat, he should probably move to a Group 2. EVEREST is a Group 2 that works well on green foxtail. Rimfire® is weaker on green foxtail as is GoldSky®. So if you primarily have green foxtail, your best choice could be EVEREST.

Newground: So a producer should talk to a consultant to make the best choice?

DR. JENKS: Yes, the crop consultants are familiar with the difference in control, for example, between green and yellow foxtail. It’s more that farmers may not work with these herbicides as much as we do. That’s where our educational opportunities come in – to get this type of information to the growers.

Newground: Are any programs planned?

DR. JENKS: Well, if we were made of time and money, we would do more extensive surveys. The main reason we haven’t done more screening is just because we don’t have the time and resources to do it. ❦


Always read and follow label directions. PRE-PARE and the PRE-PARE logo are trademarks of Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. Arysta LifeScience and the Arysta LifeScience logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience Corporation. All other products mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. ©2011 Arysta LifeScience North America, LLC. PREC-081

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2011 winter newground canada

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