1. . 1. 3 2. , 4 3. , , , 7 4. , , 9 5. , 10 . 1. 15 2. 16 3. 18 4. 20 . 1. 25 2. 28 3. UN WMD 34 . 1. 43 2. 50 3. 61 . 1. 75 . 75 . 78 2. 83 . 83 . 83 . 86 . 87 . 88

2. 3. 91 . 91 . 92 . 93 . 101 . 103 . 106 . 107 . 108 . 108 . 110 . 110 . 111 . 111 . 112 . 1. 117 2. 119 3. 121 4. 122 5. 123 6. 125 7. 126 8. . . 127 9. 128 10. 129 11. 131 . 1. 137 2. 148 3. 150 4. 155 5. 156 TheGreatSocialistPeople'sLibyanArabJamahiriya 3. . 159 . 1. 171 2. 3 173 3. Omar Muktar 183 4. 186 4. I. 5. 3 I. 1. : (The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) : , , , , , : : 176 8 , : 640 ('09 , ) : (110 ) : (68 ), (39 ), (35 ), (32 ), (31 ) : (Berber) , (Tuareg) - 48%, 20%, 12%, 15%, 5% : , . : , 97% : (Jamahiriya ) : 1951 12 24 6. 4 : 9 1 ( ) : (Col. Muammar Al-Qadhafi, Leader of the Great Al-Fateh Revolution) : 688 ('09) 1 : 18,186 ('09) : 372 ('09) : 220 ('09) : 992 ('09, ) ( ) : 415 ('09, 8 ) ( ) : 50.1Tcf('09) 1 : 155 ('09) 2. , . , 1,820 , , , , 1,775,500km 8 4 . 3 , (Tripolitania), (Cyrenaica), (Fezzan) , 90% 7. 5 < ( ) > - ( , Jefara) , . (Jabal) - km , . < ( ) > - , 600m , . (Jabal Akhdar, Green Mountain) (Benghazi), (Derna) . - (Sirte) , 100m . - , . 100m - (Tibesti Ranges) , < ( ) > - (Sebha) , (Tibesti : 3,376m). . , 8. 6 - , - (Gibli) 15 20C , , . (12-2 ) , . (Garian) ( 80km, 500-600m) 1-2m . , 40-45C 27-32 . , 50C 10C , 10mm 500mm 200mm , 5-6 15-20 , . , . - 67 , 9. 7 ( ) , , , , . , , , , , , , 69 , , , , , . , , , 3. . 10 5 (54, 64, 73, 84, 95, 06) , 06 5,321,320 , : 102.6:100 09 620 , 90% 50 ( 120 ) - 110 , 68 , 39 , - 35 , 32 , - 31 10. 8 . 69 , . - . , , , 9-10 , , ( ) - , . , , , (Zuwarah) (Jadu) 40 . , . , , . - , , 11. 9 . , 97% 2 ( , ), 2009 50,000 ( ) 4. , , . (National Flag) . Green Book ( ) . - 77.3 (Sadat) . (National Emblem) ' ' 69 , . . 12. 10 . (National Anthem) ' ' 56 , (Abdullah Shamsedin) , (Mahmoud Sharif) " " . 5. . (2011 ) 2 15 3 2 3 28 - 9 1 (Eid Al-Fitr) 8 30 9 1 (Eid Al-Adha) 11 6 8 10 7 ( ) : . : 1 2 . . . - (Sirte, ) 07:30-13:00 / 16:00-18:30 , 4-9 07:00-14:00 / 17:00-19:00 , 13. 11 - 07:00-14:00, 08:00-15:00, , . - : 10:00 - 13:00 / 17:00 - 21:00 - : 22:00 - 02:00 , 2 3 (Hajj) 14. . 15. 15 . 1. , , , . BC 1000 ( , Tripolitania) , BC 800-700 3 , (Leptis Magna), (Oea, ) (Sabratha) - ( ) BC 517 BC 631 (Cyrenaica) , (Cyrene) ( ), (Apolonia) . , BC 322 (Ptolemios) BC 96 . (Numidia, ) , BC 86 AD 4 - (Africa Nova) . - , , , ' ' , AD 193 ( ) (Septimus Severus) 16. 16 (Vandal) , AD 431 100 , . 2. - (Amr bin Al-As) ( ) 642 1 , 644-645 2 (Tripoli) , 8 , - (Haroun Al-Rashid) 800 - (Ibrahim bin Al-Aghlabid) - (Kairouan) (Aghlabid Dynasty) , 10 (Fatimid Caliphate) 972 . 11 (Zirid Amir) 1049 , 500 . 11 (Bani Hilal) , (Bani Salim) , 17. 17 , , 1551 1 . - 1510 , (Malta) St. John - 1551 (Sinan Pasha) - 1711 (Ahmad Karamanli) ( ) 1835 - 1835 , . - 1 , , , (Sanusi) 7-11 - 4 ( ) - 661 ( , ) - , (732 Tour , ). - - , 758 - , 1258 , 5 - (786-809) - , (756-1031) 18. 18 3. 19 1911.9.29 , 10.3 , . 1 , , . - , (Sanusi) - 1914 - (Ramadan Al-Sueihli) (Sirte) 1 , - (Nuri Pasha), - (Abu Al-Rahman Azzam) - - - (Osman Fuad) , (Ishag Pasha) , - , - (Said Mohammed Idris) , . 19. 19 1918 1 (Gharian) - , , - 1921 1922 , 1925 , , - (Said Omar Al-Mukhtar) , 1930 1931 , , , " " . 19 , , . - , , , , , - , , 20. 20 4. . 2 1942 , . 2 , 49.12 UN , 1951.12.24 - 51.10 3 ( , , ) , . - , 52.2 , ' ' ' ' - (Bashir Bey Al-Sa'adawi) , 52 54 53.3 , - 53.7 20 , 100 275 . 21. 21 - 54.9 , 20 4 . - 55 , 57 , 56.5 , . , . . < > 55- 56 , 60 35 , 93,000 , 62-66 62 8 66 7 60- 63 63.3 (Mohieddin Fekini) 63.4 ( , 24 , ) 1963.4.27 . < > , 22. 22 - 62 , 63 , , - 64.1 (Mahmoud Muntasser) , , - 66.2-3 < - > 67.6 - 6 . - , , , - (Hussain Maziq) , - (Abdul-Qadir Badri) , 67.10 - (Abdul-Hamid Bakkoush) , , , , 68.9 - (Wanis Al-Qaddafi) 23. . 24. 25 . 1. . (69.9 ) 1969.9.1 27 - (Muammar Al-Qaddafi) , , 12 (Revolution Command Council, RCC) (Libyan Arab Republic) - , 83 93 , , 70 Esso, Shell, ENI , , . (73.4 ) 3 (73.5 ) 73.4 73.5 3 - , . ' (Jamahiriya)' (77.3 ) 77.3 25. 26 (Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) , (General People's Congress, GPC) , 26 (General People's Committee) - ( ) ( ) , . (79.9 ) (People's Bureau) , . (85.8 ) , , , 5 , , . Green Perestroika (88.6 ) , ' ' - , , , 26. 27 . (91.10 ) 91.10 GPC 92 , GPC . (98 ) 98 - , , , (African Union, AU) - , ( - ), ( ) , . , 97 , 02 30 . 01 , 02 IMF , 02.1 , WTO , , 2003.6.13 (Ghanim) , 2006.3.2 29 - (Al-Mahmoudi) , 27. 28 09 , 3 - , - ' , ' , 10.2 - , , 2. . ' ( ') 77 , , Green Book 3 (Third Universal Theory) , Green Book , . - , 28. 29 - ' - (Basic People's Congress, BPC) , - BPC ( 720 ) , 77 , ( ) , 10.1 , 09.3 . < (General People's Congress : ) > 92.10 (GPC) BPC 2 , (Trade Union) , BPC 29. 30 - 09.3 32 (municipality) 468 BPC - GPC BPC GPC 88 2 (3 9 ) , . GPC , ( ) GPC (General Secretariat) , GPC . 2010.1.27 GPC 11 6 , , , , , 5 (Secretary General) - (Mohamed Belgasim Al-Zawi) (Secretary for Congress Affairs) (Ibrahim Abdulrahman Ibjad) (Secretary for People's Committee Affairs) (Huda Fatehi Ben Amer) (Secretary for Syndicates, Unions & Professional Associations Affairs) (Mohamed Belhassien Jebriel) (Secretary for Women's Affairs) (Salima Shaban Abdujabar) (Secretary for Foreign Affairs) - (Suleiman Sassi Al-Shehoumi) (Secretary for Legal Affairs & Human Rights) - - (Hosni Al-Wahishi Al-Sadig) 30. 31 < (General People's Committee : ) > (Secretary General) , (Secretaries) GPC , GPC . 87 (Misurata), (Sirte), (Ras Lanuf) , (Tripoli) . . (General People's Committee) ( 10.2 ) - (Secretary of GPC) : Al-Baghdadi Ali Al-Mahmoudi( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Foreign Liaison & Int'l Cooperation) : Mussa Mohammed Kussa( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Planning and Finance) : Abdulhafith Mahmoud Alzeletni( ) - . . (Sec. of GPC for Industry, Economy & Trade) : Mohamed Ali Aljweij( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Utilies) : Matoug Mohammed Matoug( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Justice) : Mustafa Mohammed Abduljalili( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Public Security) : Abdulfattah Yunis Alabidi( ) - . (Sec. of GPC for Health and Environment) : Mohamed Mahmoud Alhijazi( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Education and Scientific Research) : Abdulkabeer Mohammed Alfakhiri( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Transportation) : Mohamed Ali Zaidan( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Social Affairs) : Ibrahim Alzaroug Alshareef( ) - (Sec. of GPC for Agriculture, Animal and Marine Resource) : Abudulmajeed Almabrouk Rajab Gaoud( ) 31. 32 . 09.3 (Municipality) 32 , (Sub Municipality) 40 , (Locality, 675) , ( ), 1 BPC(10.1 : 468) - Municipality . 1992.10.8 GPC BPC 1,500 (06.7 3,000 ) (Mahallat) , 2000 ( 300 ) - , , (Small Jamahiriya) - BPC( ) , BPC 5 - 94 , 95.10 387 BPC 13 BPC , 98.10 GPC (Region, 13 ) (Shabiat, 26 ) , 02 , , 32. 33 ' (90.3 GPC Supreme Leader )' ' (Supreme Commander)' ( ) , GPC , - : - (Col. Muammar Abu Minyar Al-Qadhafi) - : 1942 (Sirte) - : 1955 63 , - 1964 ( ) 1965 1966 , 1969 9 1 1969 9 13 , . 1970 . , , 1979 3 1 1990 3 - 1 ( ) (Safia, , ) - (Saif Al-Islam, , ), - (Al-Saadi, , ), (Aisha, , ), (Mutassem, , 77 ), (Hannibal, ), (Khamis) . '86.4 (Hanna) 33. 34 3. UN WMD (03.12 ) . UN 88 (Lockerbie) 89 UTA 3 , UTA : 89.9 UTA DC 10 , 171 . 4 , . , UN 1 ( 748 ) 1993.12.1 2 ( 883 ) , 71 , , UN, , UN 98.2 (International Court of Justice, ICJ) 98.6 , UN , '98.8 3 ( ) , 34. 35 98.10 UN UN , 1999.4.5 , UN (Zeist) 00.5 , 01.1 2 1 , 1 , - (Al-Megrahi) 2002.3.14 5 , < UN > UN 731 - 19 92.1.21 731 , , UTA - 3 UN UN 748 ( 1 ) - 1992.3.31 1992.4.15 748 10, 5 ( , , , , ) - : , , , 120 4 - 92.6 ' (fair and just) ' , UN 35. 36 - (1 ) : 3 , 1992.8.12 120 - (2 ) : 1992.12.9 , , (Oil Embargo) - (3 ) : 1993.4.15 7 300 - (4 ) : 1993.8.13 4 , 1993.10.1 , 1993.8.13 3 UN (2 ) - 1993.11.10 731 748 883 , 12 1 , , 1993.12.1. , , , , endorse , , 1994.1.15 UN , , (11.26), (12.2) , 36. 37 < UN > - 94.3 2 (ICJ) , (Orgahization of Africa Unity, OAU), (Non-Aligned Movement, NAM) 3 , ICJ , ICJ . UTA - 1996.7.5 UTA Jean Loutis Bruguire 11 , , , 20 - '97.5 7 4 2 6 '99.1 , '99.3 - , 29 '99.9 . OAU, - OAU (UN ) 1997.1.31 , (OAU 5 7 ) 2 2 ICJ ICJ 37. 38 - 99.6 OAU , '98.9 UN UN . - 98 UN , UN - UN 1998.8.27 UN (1192 ) , - - UN UN- , - UN - 1999.4.6 UN , , 90 UN UN - 1999.4.6 2 UN , 38. 39 . WMD 2003.12.19 (Weapons of Mass Destruction, WMD) - 03.3 - 3 , WMD 2004.2.26 1 - - - - WMD, 2004.6.28 ( 24 ) 2004.9.20 2005.9.28 2006.5.15 , - - 2006.5.15 - 2006.5.31 - ( 6.30 ) - 08.12 (Gene A. Cretz) 39. 40 WMD (WMD) IAEA MTCR( ) ( 300 , 500 ) , NPT, IAEA, CWC, BWC 40. . 41. 43 . 1. . < > , , , , , , , , (AMU) ('89.2 ) , 42. 44 < > 69.12 70.11 , , 3 71. 9 , , 72. 8 '73 74. 1 80. 1 ( ) 80. 9 82. 4 84. 9 86 85. 3 87. 6 89. 3 , , , AMU 90. 3 96. 5 (Arab Union) 98. 8 UN 02.10 , , 03. 5 , 10. 3 10.10 43. 45 . 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'09.6 , 13 AU - '09.8 , AU '10.1 , 14 AU - , , '10.7 (Kampala), 15 AU '10.10 , 33 2 - - 3 . - (Sahel-Sahara) (CEN-SAD) '98.4 - , , , , 6 '99.4 1 , '00.2 (N'Djamena) , , , , 11 46. 48 '01.2 , 3 - , , , , , 16 2002.3 , 4 ( , , 18 ) - AU , , '03.3 (Niamey), 5 '04.5 (Bamako), 6 - , , 3 , 21 '05.6 (Ouagadougou), 7 - , , 23 '06.6 , 8 - - AU - (ECOWAS) - - Union for Peace in Somalia , UN, UNDP , '07.6 , 9 - 21 , AU - , 25 47. 49 '08.6 (Cotonou), 10 - , , , 28 '09.5 (Sabratha), 11 '10.7 , 12 - - . - . (Arafat) - (Gaza-Jericho) , , UN , '01.3 1 (Isratine : Israel+Palestine) '06.7 . UN - , , ( ) UN - UN , , 48. 50 - (Double Standard) NPT(Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty) - NPT , - , NPT , NPT . ('03) , , UN , UN UN , , '91 , '01 , , '03 2. . , (state sponsor of terrorism) . '80 '81 , '91 , 49. 51 '92.4 UN , , 3 . - '99.4 20 01.9.11 , , , '01.10 '02.1 , '02.10 '03.8 1 '04.6 , 2006.5.15 - (2006.5.31 ) < > 73.10. 9 , , 79.12. 5 , 80. 5. 6 , 81. 5.19 , , 81. 8.10 2 81.12. 1 ( , ) 82. 3.10 2 ( , 85.11. 50. 52 86. 1. 8 , , 86. 3. , 86. 4.15 , 86. 6. 88. 9. , 89. 1. , 2 89. 1. , ( ) 91. 4. , 48 91. 8. , 32 91.11.14 , PAN AM 96. 4. 4 , 96. 8. 5 , (ILSA , D'Amato ) 97. 1. 2 , 1 98. 1. 2 , 1 99. 1. 2 , 1 99. 6.11 UN - 99.11.25 , 00. 3.25 4 (3.25-27) 00. 3.28 , - 51. 53 00.11. , 1 01. 1. , 6 01. 1.31 (1 , 1 ) 01. 8. 6 5 ( 2 , 5 ) 01. 9.19 , 01. 9.20 , 01. 9.27 01.10. - , 01.11.27 , 1 02. 1. 4 , 1 02. 1.12 - , 2 02. 2.23 02. 3.14 ( ) 02. 6. 6 , 3 02. 7.10 , CNN 02.11.22 1 02.12. 2 - , 03. 1. 3 1 03. 3.11 03. 8. 04. 6. 52. 54 06. 5.15 , - (5.15 06. 5.31 06. 6.30 , 08. 1. , 08. 9. 08.12.27 . ( ) , , UN '99.4 UN '01.5 (Ivanov) '01.11 '08.4 '08.10 53. 55 < > 63. 9. 72. 3. 74. 5. , 75. 5. , 76. 4. , , 76. 6. 76.12. , , 81. 4. , 83. 3. 84. 5. 92. 4. UN 92. 6. 95. 6. 24 ( ) 96. 3. , 98.10. , 98.12. 99. 6. , , 00. 5. 00. 6. 01. 5. 5 01. 6.14 54. 56 01.11. 1 06. 8. 08. 4. 08.10. . - UN , , '94 , < > 71. 6.11 , 78. 8. 9 , 78. 9.10 80. 1.18 90 ('79.6 ) ('80.1 ) 80. 3. 92. 4. UN 748 93.11. UN 883 94. 3. , 94. 6. ( ) 94. 6. ( 5 ) 55. 57 95. 2. , ( , , , ) 96. 1. 96.12. 1 98. 5. , 98.10. 8-11 00. 3. 2 - - 01. 5.18 01.12.23 02. 4.13 06. 1.17 . ( , , , , ) 5 (50% ), , '99.4 UN , , , '98.7 56. 58 1999.4.6 (Dini) , (D'Alema) , 1999.12.1-2 , , 2000.3.13 8.8 , ( , , , ) , '02.10 (Berlusconi) '03.6 (Franco) , '04.2 8 , '08.8 ' ' , '09.6 , - , 20 50 , , (Chirac) ( .) '98.11 - . 57. 59 '99.4 UN , '00.8 2002.10.18 (Villepin) '85.10 (Dumas) 2002.10.21 , , , , , '04.11 - 3 - , , '07.7 (Sarkozy) , , '84 ( ) '99.7 , , '02.8 (O'Brien) - , WMD 2004.3.25 (Blair) , - 58. 60 < > 00. 4. , 01. 1. 01. 1.24 01. 1.29 01. 3. 1 01. 3.17 01. 4.14 01. 4.17 01. 4.26 01. 6.30 01. 8.13 EU 01. 9. 2 01.10. 1 02. 2. 02. 8. 6 02.10.18 02.10.22 02.10.28 02.12.11 03. 5.14 - 03. 6. 5 04. 3. 04. 4. 04.10. 59. 61 04.11. 07. 5. 07. 7. 08. 8. , 09. 6. 09. 7. , G8 09.11. 10. 8. , 2 3. . '73 (Camp David) 80 '88 - , - , 1 , , , , 60. 62 < > 71. 9. 75. 9. - 76. 7. , 77. 5. 22 , 77. 7. 77.11.24 77.12. 81-84. 85. 7. 5 86. 3. , 89. 5. , , 85 90. 3. , , 90. 9. , 90.10. , , , 90.12. 4 , , 10 91. 2.15 , 91.11. , PANAM 94. 6. ( ) 95.10. , UN 61. 63 96. 1.18 , ( , , , AMU, - ) 96. 3. , 3 96. 5.24 , ( 3 ) 96. 6. , ( , UN ) 96.12. , 3 ( , , ) 97. 6. ( ) 98. 6. , , 98. 7. , 99. 3. , 00. 1. , , 3 00. 4. , 3 01. 3. 5 , 01. 5. 7 01. 7.23 01. 8.31 , 62. 64 01. 9.16 01.12. 02. 2. 02. 3.28 02. 6.25 02.10. 1 02.11.10 03. 1.17 03. 4.19 , , 03. 5.25 ( ) 06. 6. 1 ( - ) 07. 9.24 . 70 - , 70 , '87.11 (Ben Ali) (AMU) - , UN 63. 65 < > 74. 1. - 76. 6. , 77. 5. 78.10. 80. 1. 82. 1. , 85. 8. , 3 85. 9. , 87.12. 88. 8. , (Mixed Unionist Projects) 89. 3. 90. 4. , 94.11. 96.10. , 98. 2. 11 ( ) 98. 8. 98.10. , 00. 3. 3 00. 6. , - AMU 01. 2. 64. 66 01. 4. 01. 6. 01. 9. 01.12. 02. 5. 02. 6. 02. 8. 02.12. 03. 5. 06.12. 08. 8. . '87.7 (Bashir) '90.3 , , '95.6 , 65. 67 < > 70.11. , , 75. 9. - 76. 7. 78. 2. 81. 6.22 81. 9. 85. 4.23 ( ) 89. 7. 89.12. 90. 3. 4 ('94 ) 94. 9. , 25 95. 1. - ( ), 95. 9. , 26 97. 4. , , 99. 6. , 01. 2. - 01. 5. 9 01. 7.17 , OAU 02. 3. 4 09. 3.26 66. 68 . (Aouzu) , '94.2 (ICJ) '94.5 '00.2 - 9 , , , < > 60. 8. , (Frolinat) 73. 5. ('75 ) 80. 6. ( 6,500 , 200 , ) 80.12. - , 81. 1. 81. 6. OAU , , 81.11. , 83. 6. , 84. 9. , 87. 1. , (3,500 , 2,500 , 10 ) 87. 9. , , OAU 67. 69 89. 8. ( ) 91. 9. 94. 2. (ICJ), 94. 5. , 94. 6. 94. 7. ( , , ) 94. 9. , 25 95. 9. , 26 96. 3. 97. 8. 98. 5. , 98. 8. 00. 2. , - 9 00. 4. 01. 3. 01. 6. 01. 8. 02. 2. 02. 8. 02.10. 68. 70 . 72. 77. 1. 80. 4. 81. 6. 84. 9. 86. 8. , 89. 3. 94. 2. , 99.11. ( ) 01. 1.15 01. 3.11 01.11.15 02. 3. 5 02. 5.26 10. 5.31 , . , - '95 69. 71 < > 81-85. , , , 86. 1. 86.11. 87. 6. , 89. 3. 91.11. , 94. 2. 94. 3. 94. 7. 8 ( ) 94. 9. 26 95. 4. ( ) 95. 8. - ( ) 01. 3.19 01. 8. 5 ( ) 02. 2.23 02.11. 4 . 80.10.23 81.12.31 98.10. UN 70. 72 99. 4. , 2 03. 3. '91 - . ( ) 05-06. ( ) 71. . 72. 75 . 1. . 03.9 UN '04.9 '99 - ( ) : 03 140, 04 167, 05 284, 06 385, 07 388, 08 607, 09 358 95%, GDP 60% - : 04 92 , 05 140 , 06 175 , 07 390 , 08 387 (495 LD), 09 385 (492 LD) ( ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (100 ) GDP(10 ) 5.4 28.4 5.5 19.1 5.6 24.5 5.7 31.8 5.9 50.4 6.1 59.9 6.2 73.4 6.3 95.2 6.4 68.8 1 GDP($ at PPP) 12,609 13,493 14,304 16,086 17,190 18,186 GDP (%) (%) ( LD) (GDP %) (FOB, $10 ) (FOB, $10 ) ($10 ) ( , $10 ) ( BIS , $10 ) ( , ) ( , LD:$) 3.4 -8.8 72 2.2 10.98 8.0 4.82 3.68 14.8 4.5 0.61 3.2 -9.8 96 15.7 9.85 7.4 0.12 14.3 4.4 1.32 1.27 9.1 -1.3 72 7.8 14.7 7.2 3.2 19.6 4.2 1.43 1.29 5.4 -3.4 104 18.6 17.4 8.8 4.6 25.9 4.1 1.55 1.30 10.9 2.7 182 28.9 29.8 11.2 14.9 39.7 4.3 1.64 1.31 5.6 1.8 228 14.5 37.5 13.2 22.2 59.5 4.5 1.71 1.31 5.0 6.3 310 34.3 47.0 17.7 28.5 79.6 5.0 1.71 1.26 2.7 10.4 495 37.5 62.0 21.7 35.7 * 92.5 5.6 1.72 1.22 -0.7 2.4 492 14.6 37.2 22.0 10.1 99.2 5.9 1.55 1.25 : Economist Intelligence Unit('10.8 ), IMF('09.10 )/ * ' 08 1,360 73. 76 < > 90 , '03 04 UN - ('97 , '02 ) - ('02.1 6 ) - 360 ('03.12 ) - ('04.3 ) - ('04 , ) - WTO ('04.7 WTO ) - ('05.8 ) - / ('05.11 ) - 10 ('08.6 ) - 3 ('10.2 ) , Joint Venture, - '10 , , 10 , (LISCO), - '07 5 6 86 , 57 , , 74. 77 < > '10 33 (NOC) EPSA- - 11 , : Eni, BG, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, Tatneft, Total, Repsol, RWE, Wintershall, OMV, Gazprom - 70-80 8 UN , '05 : ExxonMobil, Amerada Hess, PetroCanada, Chevron Texaco, Occidental, Vernex, Shell, Petrobras( ) - , , , 11 '05.10 EPSA- 2 : (Japex, Inpex, Nippon Oil, Mitsubishi), (ONGC, Indian Oil, Oil India), (CNPC), (CPC), (TAPO), (Pertamina) 170 , 15-17 300 - NOC AGOCO, ZOC, WOC 3 60% , 40% , - NOC , '04 , '05 , NOC 220 100 EPSA- 1-4 99 121 75. 78 '07.12 4 '10 - '10.10 < , , , , > 08 12 600 LD(480 ) 53 , , , , , - '08 5,225MW '20 16,400MW , 08-25 20 , IPP(Independent Power Producer) - , , , , , - GECOL ('07.10 -'08.9 ) . < > 90-91 8% , 92-94 UN '95 1.5% . , '99 '99 0.7%, '00 2.6%, '01 3.4%, '02 3.2% 76. 79 , '03 9.1%, '04 5.4%, 05 5.6%, '06 5.9%, '07 5.6%, '08 5.9% '09 -0.7% < > 25-30% ( , ) '89 , , '94.8 '00.5 ( 30%) , '10 75% < > 99 UN , , '04 '05 2.7%, '06 1.8.%, '07 6.3%, '08 10.4% '09 2.4% < > '92 61 , 10.2 '93 '93 39 (BIS) UN '93 '93 29.9 '94 , '01 148 77. 80 ' 03 '03 195 , '04 255 , '05 397 , '06 595 , '07 796 , '08 925 ( '08 1,360 ), '09 992 < > 80 $1=0.3LD , 90 92 $1=0.30LD '99 $1=0.49LD '97.3 , '97.8 $1=LD1 2002.1.1 $1=0.69LD 51% $1=1.309LD . $1=1.3 1.2LD < > UN , UN , , '93 7 , '94 , , '96 12.5 , '97 19 '98 4 '99 20 , '01 36 , '03 32 , '04 54 , '05 130 , '06 222 '07 285 , '08 374 , '09 101 78. 81 < > , , , , , , 90 . 92-96 , '97 , '98 , '99 GDP 1% ('99 '98 140 108 ) '00 '02 , , '04 , '04 103 LD, '05 182 LD, '06 228 LD, '07 310 LD, '08 495 LD, '09 492 LD, '10 575 LD ( : LD) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 - - - 7,239 3,575 3,664 - 10,375 4,138 6,237 - 18,272 7,167 11,105 - 22,828 7,997 14,831 - 31,043 11,873 19,043 - 49,470 10,856 33,925 4,622 49,172 18,757 21,500 8,915 ( ) < > , '91 ( ) , '99.4 UN , '00 , '05 , 79. 82 - , , , - '05.8 * (3,500 ) , '09.1 4% 10% , (2 5%), (5 150%), (1%) (* 08 ) - , '07 , '08 , '09 10% < > ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(e) - - 6,160 10,980 820 2,450 9,850 7,400 7,460 14,660 7,200 8,660 17,420 8,760 18,800 29,620 10,820 24,254 37,473 13,219 29,269 46,970 17,701 42,544 67,326 24,781 , , 90%, 5%, 5% , , ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10,500 9,400 14,000 16,700 30,458 38,207 45,801 60,711 480 450 660 720 900 980 1,169 1,239 * 05 08 : IMF 2009 Article Consultation 80. 83 '08 44.6%, 9.9%, 8.3%, 5.9%, 5.6% EU 80% ( ). '08 35.3%, 15.1%, 10.1%, 8.2%, 5.6%, 4.9% (11.1%), (9.8%) , (6.3%), (5.8%), (5.5%), (4.5%) 9.8% , 3 ( ) 2. . 17 / ( ) / LAFICO(Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company) . < > (Central Bank of Libya, CBL / : ) , ( .) 81. 84 Gumhouria Bank 1969 143 100% Natioanl Commercial Bank 1970 49 100% Sahara Bank 1964 20 07.9 , BNP Paribas 19% Wahda Bank 1972 59 08.2 , Arab Bank 19% Aman Bank 2001 Alijmae Alarabi Bank 2001 Wafa Bank 2001 Waha Bank 2001 Libyan Arab First Bank 08.12 (Libyan Arab Foreign Bank, LAFB), (Agricultural Bank) (Real Estate Investment Bank) . - LAFB '72 60 , '10.8 87 , 174 '08.5 91 (Certificates of Deposit) , IMF CD (auction) < > 3 3.5 - (6 ), (5.3 ) ('05 GDP 9.9%). '08 7 , Libya Insurance Company '64 10 Libyan Pounds('51 71 ) '08 57 , ESDF (Economic Social Development Fund) 82. 85 United Insurance Company of Libya '97 10 , 55% , , , : African Insurance Company('04 , ) LIBO(05 , ) Sahara Insurance Company('05 , ) Trust Insurance Company('07 , ) Arab Reinsurance( ) < > (LSM) , , '07 (IPOs) '10.12 11 , 70 LD( 7 ), 67,860 . 83.82%, 14.82%, 0.29%, 1.07% - : Sahara Bank, Wahda Bank, Gumhoria Bank, Bank of Commerce & Development., Assaray Bank - : United Insurance, Libya Insurance, Insurance Sahara - : L.S.M( ) - : A.C.C(Al-Ahliya Cement Company), Mediterranean '11 (Libyan Iron & Steel Co., LISCO) (Al-Arabiya) < (Libyan Investment Authority, LIA) : > LIA '07 . Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company(LAFICO), Libya African Investment Portfolio(LAP), Long-term Investment Portpolio, Oil Investment Co. LIA 500 '09 700 75% 83. 86 . < (Income Tax)1) > ) 1 , LD100 4 (3, 6, 9, 12 10 25 ) , 1%, 12% ) ( ) (trading profits) : 15% ( ) (industry and handcraft profits) : 10% partner partner : 10% : 15% - 12,000 LD : 5%, 12,000 LD : 10% : Single - 1,200LD, Married 1,800LD, Married with Children 2,400LD : 5% < (Company Tax) > ) ) ( ) : 20%( ) < (JIHAD Tax) > - - : 3%, 4% - < (Registration Tax) > - 1% 60 1) Income Tax Law (Law no. 7/2010, 2010.1.28 General People's Congress) 84. 87 - 0.1% 60 < (Stamp Duty) > 1. 2. 3. 4. LD. 50 LD. 0.2/ LD. 0.1/ 0.2% 1. LD 50 2. , , 3. 4. ( ) 2% 1% 1% 0.5% . '05 8.1. ( '08 ) , 10%( 4% ) (2009.2.15 ) , 123 0 2% 5 150% (2009.4.29. ) < > ) (Commercial Invoice) Packing List Israel Boycott freight manifest 85. 88 ) (customs declaration) ) (Inspection) . 2) Green Book , , ' ' , , '04 , < > 09.4 (GPC for Manpower, Training & Employment) (Labour and Vocational Training Authority) ( ) , , 7 . '10 75% , '10.9 30% < > , , , , , (Job Seekers System) ID 2) Law no. 12/2010 86. 89 ( 7 ) , 3 , 1 1 , ( 67 ) < > 30 50 20 45 , 15 ( 31 ). ( 32 ). 65 45 . . 3 ( 33 ). ( 35 ). - : 20 (1 ), : 2 (1 ), : 4 10 , (disciplinary measures) ( 36 ). < > . 30 . , 2 ( 71 ). . ( 73 ). 87. 90 - - , - - - - 20 10 - - 5 1 1/2, 1 ( 78 ). , 120 , 180 , . 73 . 1 ( 80 ). < > 5 1/2 , 6 1 < ( , Law No.13,1980) > 15% , 11.25%, 3.75%(1991.6.1) : , : Insurance Association for Social Security(INAS) (Social Security Benefits) - ( , , ) 88. 91 - ( / , ) - 5 ( ). 3. '08 98%, 90%, GDP 65% (IMF) , '88 , , '04 . ( 95%) 2% . '08 GDP 2.5%(EIU) 10~500mm , 100mm 5% , , , , , , '84 13 ha , '10.4 1,2 , 3 1 ( 70%, 28%, 2% : '09 ) 89. 92 ( /LD) : -9.00 > -1.95 > -0.79 > -0.74 , , , 75% 1,685 57,000 - 24 . 08 GDP 4.2%(EIU) 12% , , , , , , '81-85 , , . '09 1.7 , '12 2 '04.1 360 , '05 IMF 216 , 144 , 66 620 . EU , , , 90. 93 . < > '53 '56 , '57 (Esso) - '55 (Petroleum Committee) ('63 , ) ' 59 , '61 , '62 OPEC , '69 4 . '69.9 BP, Esso, Mobil - '70 (Revolutionary Law) , (NOC) , , NOC - 51% NOC NOC 100% '80 - , , (Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement, EPSA) - NOC 75:25, 70:30, 65:35 , '05 EPSA IV 10% 91. 94 < > (Sulphur Free Sweet Light Crude) < > ) (National Oil Corporation, NOC) ' 70 , , , '06.3 NOC , '06.3 , NOC - , , upstream downstream : AGOCO(Arabian Gulf Oil Co.), SOC(Sirte Oil Co.), ZOC(Zwetina Oil Co.), WOC(Waha Oil Co.) NOC 60% , 40% : National Oil Wells Drilling and Workover Co., Al-Jowfe Oil Technology : , , , , 5 : Rasco(Ras Lanuf Oil and Gas.), National Petrochemicals : Brega Petroleum Marketing Co.( ), Oil Invest ( ) Oil Invest Tomoil 92. 95 : Petroleum Research Center, Petroleum Training and Qualifying Institute ) (NOC ) Agoco : Arabian Gulf Oil Company. '71 ( 60 ), NOC 100% , Sarir, Nafoora, Magid Hamada Waha : Oasis . '62 , Dahra, Defa, Waha, Gialo ( 52 ) - NOC 59.2%, 40.8% , '89.12 NOC 100% , '04 Waha Sirte : '81 Esso Libya Esso Sirte . Zelten, Raguba, Hatiba ( 15 ) Zueitina : Occidental , Intisar, Augila, Zella, Sabha ( 9 ) Agip Libya : Bu Attifel Bouri ( 24 ). Agip NOC NOC 81%, Agip 19% Veba Oil Libya : '63 . Ora, Hofra, Amal ( 8.2 ). Veba Oil NOC NOC 83%, Veba 17% Elf : Meheriga . NOC 85%, Aquitaine 15% < > '09.1 437 (EIA ) 93. 96 - ( 80%, 90%, EIA) , . - 76 Bouri ( 125km, 20 ) . (ft) API (10 ) Sirte Sarir 1961 NOC 242 8,300 37-38.7 5-6 Messla 1971 66 8,550 36 Amal 1959 83 11,130 34-39 4.25 Bu Attifel 1974 Eni 47 14,000 40.6 1.0 Intisar 1967 NOC 73 9,810 25.8-51.4 1.5 Beda 1959 27 3,500 32-36.5 Defa 1959 151 5,300 35.6-36.5 2.0 Waha 1960 40 6,140 35.4-38.4 1.0 Nasser 1959 131 7,120 36.8-38.5 2.2 Hofra 1958 NOC / Petro-Canada 6 2,700 29.2-47 0.7 Nafoora 1965 NOC 101 10,000 31-39.6 5.75 Ghani 1978 39 5,070 35.8-41 Zenad 1978 9 5,260 38 Zella 1960 25 5,500 41 Mabruk 1959 Total 2,800 35 Gialo 1961 NOC 207 10,290 25.8-39.4 4.0 NC-125 1982 Eni 3 14,800 41.8 En Naga 1998 NOC / Petro-Canada Murzuq El Sharara 1998 Repsol 80 43.5 Elephant 1997 Eni 30 44 5.7 Murzuq 2000 Repsol 2 44 Offshore Bouri 1976 Eni 55 8,300 26.1 2 94. 97 < > ( ), , - , , , . '05 (EPSA-IV) 4 - . NC-174 ( 750km ) - '10 : NOC 88%, Eni 8%, 4%( , SK, , ) - '90 , '01.10 ( 5 ) '04 15 ( : 6.6 ) ENI ( ) NC41, 100A North, 100A South, 100B,82,NC125,NC40A,NC189A,Bouri , Bahr, Essalam, NC174, Area161/1, Area1612&4, Area176/3, Area 186 Petro- Canada ( ) NC84A, 9, 10, 11N, 11S, 12, 13E, 13N, 13S, 57NE, 57NW, 57SE, 57SW, 72N, 72S, Area137/3&4 BG ( ) Area123/1, Area123/2 Occidental ( ) Area59/3&4, Area 106, Area 124, Area131, Area163 Shell ( ) NC211~215 Amerada Hess ( ) Area54 Oil India/ Indian Oil ( ) Area86, Area102/4 Chevron Texaco ( ) Area177 ONGC ( ) Area81/1, Area43 Exxon Mobil ( ) Area44, Area20 Japex ( ) Area40/3&4, Area176/4 Sonatrach ( ) Area65 Mitsubishi ( ) Area81/2, Area82/3 Vernex ( ) Area47 95. 98 Nippon ( ) Area2/1&2 Woodside ( ) Area 35, 36, 52, 53, NC 205~209, 210V Inpex ( ) Area113/3&4 Joint Oil ( ) 7th November Repsol ( ) Area137/3&4, NC115, 186, 187, 190, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 CPC ( ) Area162/1&2 Pertamina ( ) Area17/3, Area123/3 RWE ( ) NC193~198 Statoil ( ) Area94, Area171 CNPC ( ) Area17/4 Tatneft ( ) Area82/4(05.10), Area69, Area82/1(06.12), Area98/2&4(06.12) Wintershall ( ) Area201, 96, 97/1, 97/2, 97/3 TPAO ( ) Area147/3&4, NC188, NC189 OMV ( ) Uaddan Block, NC103A Total ( ) Area42/2&4, 137N, 137S, Mabruk, NC191, NC192 Gazprom ( ) Area19, Petrobras ( ) Area18 Norsk Hydro ( ) Area146/1 < > '61 '70 332 b/d , 70 150-200 b/d, 80 90-120 b/d '90 NOC 170 b/d 140-150 b/d '03 150 b/d , '07 171 b/d, '08 172 b/d '09 OPEC 155 b/d '12 300 b/d , 96. 99 (00-07) ( : ) 2002 2003 2004 2005 1.297 1.534 1.615 1.693 474 560 591 618 -8.4 18.3 5.6 4.5 0.941 1.184 1.256 1.336 344 432 460 448 -10.6 25.8 6.4 6.0 2006 2007 1.761 1.830 643 668 4.0 3.9 1.423 1.471 519 537 6.5 3.4 * source : '08 IMF Country Report No. 08/301, Statistical Appendix < > ( API ) , ( 1/3) , '08 90% , , , , 4 76% , 3) ( b/d) 1,500 523 210 137 104 102 255 (%) 100 35 14 9 8 7 17 * : (5%), (4%), (3%), , , , , , , , , , 3) Source: Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis Briefs(Libya), www.eia.doe.gov Global Trade Atlas 97. 100 < > 5 38 ( 30 ) , (Tamoil Italia), (Hoborn), (Gatoil), ('98 ) 30 ( : b/d) Ras Lanuf Zawiya Tobruk Brega Sarir 38 22 12 2 1 1 30 16 10 2 1 1 : NOC ( , ) , - Ras Lanuf refinery NOC UAE (TransAsia Gas + Star Petro Energy) 240,000b/d ('09) - Zawiya Tobruk ( 24,000b/d 120,000b/d ) < > '77 330,000 Marsa El-Brega , '80 2 330,000 2 UREA , 2 '89-90 Marsa El-Brega , '91-93 , , , UREA '89 0.9 , '93 1.3 M/TON 98. 101 '87 Ras Lanuf 300,000 2 , , BUTADIENE NOC , , - Dow Chemical Ras Lanuf 15 ('07.4 ) < > . - Sidra line, Zwetina line, Gulf line, Waha line, Agoco line, Green Stream( ) 11 , Es Sider, Marsa El-Brega, Las Lanuf, Tobruk, Zawiya, Zwetina . 70 , 90 . '71 , , 00 Western Libyan Gas Project4) ( Wafa area-Melita) Green Stream5) (Melita-Sicily) Mellitah Gas Compressor Station Sicily Receiving Terminal 4) WLGP Eni NOC 50:50 Joint Venture 5) Eni 75% 99. 102 EIA6) '08 562Bcf, 194Bcf , 2012 50% < > '08 1.54 (54 cf) 1% . 75% Free Gas, 25% Associated Gas , 25Tcf Hateiba, Attahadi, Zelten, Bour, Wafa < > ENI NOC 66 Wafa Bouri Melitah , (Greenstream, 370 , '04.10 ) Western Libyan Gas Project , '05 100 80 NOC '07.12 (EPSA-IV) , (Gazprom), (Shell), (RWE), (PGNIG), (Occidental), (Sonatrach), (Oil India, Indian Oil) 15 Shell 6.43 LNG LNG ('08.1 ) < > Zuetina -Benghazi, Wafa-Melita, El Brega-Khoms, Defa-El Brega, Sarir-Gialo, Bu Attifel-Intisar, Khums -Melita(154km, ), Sabratha-Gabes( , ) 6) Energy Information Administration (US government) 100. 103 < > LPG '79 . 20 , LPG 1 2 , 1 LPG '71 Marsa El-Brega LNG , OPEC . , LNG 1 78 /d, 20,000b/d . < > '91 Enagas 20 10 LNG '92 18 LNG , '92.6 Total '93-94 30 LPG LPG , '00 Gaz 24 20 '08 368Bcf , 348.5Bcf , 19.5Bcf LNG . 5 ( , ) WLGP Green Stream . < > (GECOL)7) , , , IPP8) . 7) GECOL(General Electricity Company of Libya) : 8) IPP(Independent Power Producer) : 101. 104 '07 . ( ) - : 6,284 MW (68,268 mW) - : 4,420 MW (62,285 mW) - : 25,514 GWh (403,125 GWh) - : 36,331 kM (29,526 kM) - : 60,000 kM (401,485 kM) - : 1,191 (18,039 ) - 1 : 4,158 kWh (7,607 kWh) 07 12 42 , 4,890MW No. Type (MW) 1 ZAWIYA CC CCGT 3 1,215 1999~2005 2 TRIPOLI WEST S/T 4 105 1976 3 TRIPOLI WEST S/T 2 210 1980 4 TRIPOLI SOUTH GT G/T 5 400 1994 5 WEST MOUNTAIN G/T 4 540 2005 6 KHOMS GT G/T 4 500 1995 7 KHOMS ST S/T 4 440 1982 8 MISRATA STEEL ST S/T 6 360 1990 9 ZWITENA GT G/T 4 160 1994 10 BENGHAZI NORTH CC CCGT 2 760 1995~2004 11 DERNA ST S/T 2 100 1985 12 TUBRUK ST S/T 2 100 1985 TOTAL 42 4,890 (KEPCO) '07.10 -'08.9 , . - '08 -'25 '08 '19 , 102. 105 7,000MW. '19 45% , '12 60% , '25 20 , . (MW) WEST SRIR GT 3 684 2010 WEST MOUNTAIN EXT GT 2 250 2010 SABAH GT 3 684 2010 TRIPOLI SOUTH EXT GT 2 400 2011 GULF ST 4 1,400 2011~3 MISRATA STEEL CC 1 656 2012 BENGHAZI NORTH #2 CC 1 656 2012 ZWITENA CC 1 656 2012 TUBREK #2 ST 2 500 2012 TRIPOLI WEST EXT. ST 4 1,400 2012~3 MISTRATA STEEL Co-gen 1 520 2013 TRIPOLI EAST Co-gen 3 750 2015 BENGHAZI WEST Co-gen 3 600 2016 TOTAL 9,236 * GT : Gas Turbine, ST : Steam Turbine, CC : Combine Cycle, Co-gen : * : ST 100%, GT 80% IPP IWPP(Independent Water and Power Producer) IPP '08 Oasis International Power - JV , 51%( 41%, 10%) 49% 103. 106 < > GECOL( ) GECOL 400kv (EHV) , 3,200 EHV , 2,000km . - , 400kv . '15 10 2 , 4 . Siemens , , , , . 95% , 6% , . - (GECOL) , ( Reverse Osmosis) - GECOL Thermal Desalination ( 718,400 /d) (GPC for Public Utilities) '10-'15 10 , 1,400,000 /d, RO 104. 107 . ( 7 , 400 4,800 ) , 700 (32%), (66%), (2%) ( 300 ) - 69 (GMRA) , 84 1-5 270 (07 337 , ) 9) '84 1 ( 200 ) 91.8 , 40 , '90.6 2 ( 200 ) 96.9 46 - 1 '95.2 , 2 '05.6 , '10.9 (Final Acceptance Certificate) 3 -5 (GMMRA) (75:25) Virgin Islands ANC (5 ) ANC : Al-Nahr Company, 93.5 British Virgin Island 2,400 ( 75%, 25%) 9) '01.7 (KEC) '04.12 , , '10 1,2 105. 108 . '06.3 (GPC for Communication and Transportation) '84 (General Post & Telecom Company, GPTC) 135%( 1 ), Al-Madar (GPTC, Ericsson, Orbit '94 ) Libyana ('04 ) (Libyana 83%, Al-Madar 17%) (4) : Libyan Telecom and Technology(LTT), Al-Falak, Modern World Communication(MWC), Sun House(Bait Al-Shams), Libvana, Al-Madar, Al-Jeel . : (Libyan Railroads Project Execution and Management Board) , - - (798 ) CCECC , ( - ) Russian Railway . (DMEC) - - ( ) 106. 109 ( $) 1 Ras Ejdeer( )-Tripoli 170 997 CCECC( ) ( ) Ansaldo( ) 2 Tripoli-Sirte 464 09.10~ 2,950 CCECC( ) DMEC( ) 557 Ansaldo( ) 3 Sirte-Benghazi 550 08.12.18 ~11 4,155 Russian Railway ( ) Koltec (Turkey) 4 Benghazi-Tobruk 628 5 Tobruk-Imsaad( ) 170 6 Hisha-Sabha( - ) 650 1,000 CCECC Gemat Berau (Canada) Ansaldo( ) 2,632 < > (Line B) - : (Libyan Railroads Project Execution and Management Board) - : 3 97 (A:27, B:48, C:22) , - Line B 41km , 27 (21km , 16km , 3km , 1km ) '09 1 '10.12 . 107. 110 . 4 ( , , , ) , , , , , , , , , ( ) 10 . , , '07.9 , '11.3 2,000 15 . 2 Aeroport de Paris, Odbrecht-TAV-CCC , , 4.8 500 , 10 '10 ( ). SNC-Lavalin 1,000 300 , CCC, 2.53 200 . , , ( ), , , , , - , ( ) , . 9 , 1 ('08 4 ), 8 (80 ), 1.5 (80 ), 2 (50 ), 1 (12 ) 108. 111 - , , 13m , 15 16m , 18m - Mott Macdonald National Consulting Bureau , , , , : General National Maritime Transport Company (GNMTC, ), Green Waves( ) . 20 30 (Marada) ( 160 ), 3 , . , - . , - '10 , , . 109. 112 '03.9 10 1 10 : , , , , , , , (IT), , , . UN , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - '09 L/C - , , (NOC) . . , , ( ), ( ), 1800 '04 '06 42,638 125,480 , '07 105,997 . 44%, 37%, 8% , , 110. 113 - : Corinthia Bob Africa, Radisson Blue, Rixos, Waddan, Grand : Tibesti - JW Marriott, Hilton, Sheraton, Intercontineltal 111. . 112. 117 . 1. . AD 643 9-10 , . . ( ) , , , , . . (Arabs) 48%, (Berber) 20%, (Tuareg) 12%, 15%, 3% - , 60% 40% 113. 118 - '67 '69 , , 3 - ( 8 ) 14 , 500 , 300 - , , , , - - ( ), - ( ), - ( ), ( , ), ( ) , ( ), - ( ) . . , 18 , 28 , 26 , ( ) 20,000 - - , . - 3-7 , 15 -1 , 10-20 . '73 - " " 3 114. 119 - , . 3, 5, 7, 15 . 2. . < > AD 622 1400 , (Taqwa, fear of God) < > , (Barracan) . , . < > , ( ) , - , (Green Tea) . 115. 120 . , , , , . . , . . , ( 98%, 2%) (Qur'an, ) , . ' ' ' ' AD 610-632 , 22 - , , , , , 116. 121 5 Shahada : ' ( ) , , ' Salat : 5 . Zakat : , , Sawm : ( 9 ) 1 . Hajj : 1 , ' - ' . 3. . (Social Security Law No.13, '80) : , , , , , , 117. 122 . (Social Security Law) : ( ) : (Social Security Fund) - : ( , , ), ( , ), ( , , ) - : , , , : 75%( 60%), 25% " " , 15% 11.25%, 3.75% . 4. . , ('77 ), 18%, . 6.3.3.4 9 35 , 1 6 6 3 / 4 3 / 4 4-6 118. 123 . 55 University of Libya( ) 73 University of Libya 76 - Garyounis University - Al-Fateh University . '05 American School in Tripoli International(GEMS) School 12 , The College of the US Aggression Martyrs(CUSAM, Oil Company School) Tripoli College . '93.12 , 30 5. . , , '88 . , , , , , 119. 124 - - , , , , X-RAY - , 3 . , . . : ( , , , ), ( , , , ), ( , , , ), : ( , , ), ( , ENT ), ( , ), : IBN SINA ( , ) . , , . 120. 125 6. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . '91 , '99.4 UN , , , , ( ) . . (The Tripoli International Fair, T.I.F.) - 4 , General Board of Fairs 121. 126 . , , , (Decision NO 182, 1993) , , , , 5 7. ( ) , , , . , , , , , - 3km 5LD, 1km 1LD : 9 12 , (0.5LYD) : , , - : , , , : , , , 122. 127 8. , , . : (General Electricity Company) : 230V( ), 380V( ), : 50Hz , (Generator) 4 50LD-100LD . . , , . . . , 1 1 78 , , , . 123. 128 9. . , (Sabratha) (Khoms) 1 (Appollonia, Susah) (Tolmeita) . 1 . , . Al-Kaska Dance : (Zuwarah), (Nalut), (Ghadames) - Al-Sahel(Coast) Dance : (Zliten), (Khoms), (Misurata) - , Al-Remah(Lances) Dance : - , , , . Al-Jabal(Mountain) Dance : (Gharian), (Yefren) - The Gazelle Dance : - ( ) 124. 129 Al-Tabl(Drum) Dance : (Zavia) - 10. . : JANA(Jamahiriya News Agency) . TV , : (LJBC) - : www.ljbc.net TV(68~) : LJBC( , ), Annadi( , , ) LJBC Annadi 7 (57~) : . - Al-Jamahiriya : , - Voice of Africa : ( , , ) 125. 130 . The Tripoli Post : , (www.tripolipost.com) Al-Fajr Al-Jadid(The New Dawn) - '69 , '78 JANA . 40,000 ( ) Al-Jamahiriya : ( ) Al-Shams(The Sun) : ( ) Al-Zahf Al-Akhdar : , ( ) Al-Fateh : , ( ) . Al-Reyatha Al-Jamahiriya : , Al-Eelan : , 2 Al-Mizan : , ( 2 ) Al-Muntijoon : , Al-Talib : , 2 Al-Muwazaf : , 2 Al-Thagaffa Al-Arabiyah : , 126. 131 11. . 5,000 ( ) ' ' , . ( ) , 1600km (Gath) (Acacus) ' '(Herodotos, BC 5 ) ' (Adena, )' (Jerid) , ' ' ' ' (Oea, ), (Leptis Magna), (Ghadames), (Garama), (Cyrenaica) , 5 ( ) . < ( -4. ) > (Sabratha) : 68km . (Leptis Magna) : 123km (Khoms) . (Shahat) : 219km . 127. 132 (Marsa Susah/Apollonia) : 235km . (Tolmeita) : 110km . (Ghadames) : 683km . (Sebha), (Ghaat), - (Wadi Al-Hayat) : . < > , , ( , ) . . < > 1,700 5 -10 , Village . , < > Nasser ( ) , ( , 1LD) 128. 133 < > September St. , 1 . 129. . 130. 137 . 1. . , , '69 Look East ( ) , 70 , UN '78 , UN , , Al-Fateh ('01-03), ('02, '04, '05), , 2003.1.22 , , '03.12 - 131. 138 . 78. 1.23 78. 5. 6 80.12.29 81.11.26 85. 7. 1 ( ) 90. 2. 2 ( ) 99. 9. 3 ( ) 06. 9. 4 ( ) 07.10. , . 77.12. 8. 12. '78 4 78. 8. , 93 , 21 91.12. 1 , . 81. 8. 85. 7. 01. 4. 07. 2. 07. 3. 09. 8. 132. 139 . 1980.9.12 40 , - (Mohammed Ahmed Al Sharif) 1980.9.14 10 '02, '04, '05 3 - ('01-02) '06.8 TV- . 57. 5. ( : ) 59.11. 63. 4. UN , 68. 1. , 8. ( : ) 8. , . 12. 69. 4. , 8. ( : ) , 9.5 9. , 9. ( ) 133. 140 70. 5. ( : ) 71. 5. , 10. (Murtadi ) 72. 6. 5 7. ( Aide- Memoire ) 9. , ( , ) 12. , 73. 3. 11 3. ( ) 9. , , , 74. 2. , 3. 12 7. 7. ( ) 9. , , KOTRA 12. , 75. 1. UN 3. 13 3. , UN 134. 141 3. K. M. Zarrugh, 5. 11. , 76. 2. , 2. , 3. 14 3. , (4.29 ) 5. 5. , 7. , 31 UN ( ) 11. , 77. 3. 15 3. KOTRA , Azzabi 6. 8. , , , 9. 135. 142 10. , 11. - ( ) 12. , (77.12.12, ) 78. 1. 2. , , 3. 16 3. Azzabi (KOTRA ) 4. ( : - ) 5. ( ), , 5. , 4 5. ( : ) 7. (Islamic Center 10 ) 10. 114 ( 93 , 21 ) 79. 1. 3. 17 4. 7. 3 136. 143 7. ( ) 8. , 8. , 8. 9.1 10 10. , 80. 9. - ( ) 12. , 12. 81. 3. ( ) 3. 2 4. ( ) 8. - , MOU ( ) 8. KAL, 11. 82. 6. 83. 4. 5. 8. - 9. - 10. 11. ( 1 ) 12. 137. 144 12. (2 ) 84. 4. 8. 85. 4. , 7. 1 - ( : , ) - , , , 11. ( : ) 86. 9. ( ) 87. 4. (3 ) 11. ( ) 88. 7. ( ) 7. ( ) 89. 9. ( 20 ) 11. - ( ) 11. ( ) 90. 2. 2 ( : , - ) 4. (4 ) 6. 91. 7. - ( ) 8. ( 1 ) 93. 6. (5 ) 138. 145 94. 6. 7. 8. , , 25 9. 25 11. - , 96. 1. - , 3. ( 6 ) 8. , 27 , , , 9. UN ( . ) 11. . 12. - 97. 3. - , 4. ( ) IPU . , , , 6. 9. ( 1 ) 99. 3. (7 ) 4. ( , , - , - ) 5. ( : ) 139. 146 9. ( ) , , , 3 , 00. 3. , , 3. , , 4. 6. , 7. 01. 2. (8 ) 10. 02. 4. ( ) 5. Garyounis ( ) 9. KOICA ( ) 03. 9. 04. 3. ( ) 7. 8. 05. 1. 5. 140. 147 06. 4. 7. , AU 8. TV 9. 07.12. 08. 3. 10. 11. 12. 09. 9. 12. 10. 5. 7. 8. 1 9. 11. 141. 148 2. . '08 3 5 2.8 , , , ( ), , - ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 201 4 196 323 17 305 135 4 131 447 10 437 365 3 362 433 2 431 402 6 396 821 12 809 1,234 3 1,231 ( : Kotis ) . '95 , 80 1 30% '96 32,000 , 115% 4 3 '97 , . , , , 1 6 . 142. 149 98 UN , '97 19.4% '99 , , , 40% ( : 267 ) '99 5 : , , , , '00 L/C , '01 32% 2 , '02 33,000 '03 1.35 , '04 (2.7 ) , , 4.4 ' 05 , , , , 3.5 , '06-07 4 '08 , , 100% 8.2 ' 09 50% 12.4 , '08-09 '07 , ('07 54.5 , '08 15.7 , '09 31.3 ) 143. 150 . . , , , 3. . '77 '09 345 ( , UAE 3 ) '92 UN , '99 UN , 00 , '01.7 13.5 , (91-00 14.6 92%) '01.7 '03.6 2 ( 3 ) , 14 , '91 10 , , 144. 151 '90 ( : ) 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 67 3 - - 2.5 3.9 1.2 - 1 2.3 0.7 1.8 6.6 5.1 1.7 - 0.8 54.5 15.7 31.3 ( , ) 70 80 90 2000 400 (35,77) - (208, 80) (65,80) (56,81) (140,81) (78,81) (95,82) 1 (3,765, 83) 2 (6,086, 90) 2 (176, 95) 1 (115, 96) (68,02) (102, 78) (122,80) - (135,80) - (126,80) - (105,80) (73,80) (86,80) (108,81) 2500 (653,81) 7 (555,81) (310,81) (83,81) (81,81) 3 (179,82) (118,83) 12 (157,83) 1 (102,84) 7 (286,84) 1 (101,85) (57,85) (151,88) (81,91) (143,01) (200,02) (257,03) (495, 07) (541, 07) (145, 08) (33, 08) (226, 09) 750MW (437, 10) 145. 152 70 80 90 2000 (367,80) (109,80) 2 (109,81) (529,82) (40,88) (153,91) 2 A(65,91) 2 B(200,94) 2 (149,95) (252,99) (197,02) (245, 03.6) 400kv (B-T) (142, 07) 855MW (251, 07) (691, 07) 1400mw (1,359, 10) 400kv (S-A) (133, '10) - , , - 05 07 4 - , , , 75% ('10 , ), , , , , , , 146. 153 . 18 ( 13, 5) 43 198.6 - : 6 , 25 , CM/CS 13 ('10.9 ) ( ) 1 GECOL 495.0 07.7-11.1 GECOL 495.0 07.7-11.2 DTID( ) 145.0 08.3-11.3 O&M BMC 8.2 O&M OYIA-Qatar Diar 226.0 09.11-12.1 GECOL 437 10.11-13.5 2 GECOL 252.0 08.04.19-11.04.18(36 ) GECOL 692.0 08.11.16-13.10.15(50 ) - 400kv (470Km) GECOL 142.0 08.05.23-10.11.22(30 ) - 400kv (37 5 ) GECOL 120.0 10.4-13.3(36 ) GECOL 1,359 10.9-15.1 3 1 GMMRA 3,861.0 (84~) FAC (90~) FAC 2 GMMRA 7,070.0 GMMRA 122.0 100% 4 5000 (Fala 1000, 4000) HIB 551.0 07.11-10.11 5000 ODAC 981.0 08.2-11.2 PJ ODAC 148.0 08.10-10.9 Recovery Plan PJ HIB 450.0 08.1-10.12 PJ HIB 132.0 08.4-10.3 5 1,384 ODAC 231.0 07.8.-10.2 616 ODAC 133.0 09.4-11.4 5,000 ODAC 956.1 44 (10 ) 147. 154 ( ) 6 3,000 ODAC 675.0 09.2-12.7 1,000 ODAC 212.0 09.2-12.1 ODAC 39.5 10.6-12.11 7 Zentan 3,300 HIB 416.0 08.12-12.3 8 AMCO Qubba 2,000 ODAC 434.0 09.9-12.12 9 D&I Nalut ODAC 143.0 08.8-11.7 10 Zone 6 ( / ) HIB 171.0 09.10-13.3 11 HIB 79.0 09.4-11.10 12 ( * ) 5.0 07.10-10.2 ( / ) HIB 73.0 09.7.1-13.6.30 13 GECOL 261 08.1-11.12 14 10,000 / CM HIB 26.6 09.1-12.3 10,000 CM HIB 29.8 10.4-14.2 Zone3 CM HIB 2.4 09.1.20-11.7.20 15 GTS E&C ( ) HIB-2 PJ HIB 0.1 09.8.17-13.8.16 Hi Al Zuhur-Hi Al Nazoura CM 4.0 09.4.20-13.4.19 Hi Al Andalus Quarter CM 3.0 09.5.18-13.03.17 Bab Derna Quarter CM 0.6 09.5.4-12.11.3 16 Eng *NUHC 2.3 09.6.10-09.12.23 17 LKCE 1.0 09.06.30-10.12.31 - REB 35.0 09.12.01-13.11.30 Zone6 ( ) 2.5 09.10.01-10.03.30 18 Eng 7 Otober HIB 2.6 09.4.20-12.10.30 HIB 0.6 09.4.20-12.4.20 21,583.6 - 148. 155 (10.7 ) ( ) 3 20 7 6 *ANC (7,974) 285 (3,372) (4,317) 4,993 541 735 3,717 1,565 133 380 1147 1,484 217 184 2,014 2,067 88 113 1,866 2,449 102 139 2,208 123 27 30 66 285 51 36 198 883 87 67 679 121 36 17 68 8 2 4 2 12 5 5 2 83 27 34 22 91 39 3 22 15,438 1,647 (ANC 285 ) 1,780 12,011 4. . (KOICA) : 91-05 100 , 04 2 2 ( , ), 05 3 5 ( , , ) : 91 (94) (95) 1 : 79 98 , 00 06.3 149. 156 - KOICA 4 , (01 03 200 ) - 01.10 , 02.2 , 2002.9.26 ( , , , , , KOICA 250 ) : 07 08(KOICA 100 ) . -GECOL 04 , 05 09 , GECOL 07 08 Planning Electrical Power System Studies for Libya (Demand Forecasting & Generation Expansion Planning Until 2025) . - 96 2 , 3 . , ( ) 81 14 , 90 8 5. 4 3.25 - (ANC) : 1 ( 25%) 150. 157 - : 1.8 (1 +8 (08.6 , Signing Bonus ) 4% (10.9 ) NOC 88%, ENI 8%(10.9 ), 4% 32 3 ( 15 , recoverable reverserves 7 ) - (Gulf ) : 2 ( 49%) Al-Gardabya - : 1 JW Marriott - : 450 ( 30%) 00.3 LADICO , GM 02.9 - LISFA (93.4 ) 151. . 152. 161 . . 1) 1971.12.20 2) , 3) 80 4) 03.12 WMD . 5) - , 06.6 , 08.7 , . . 71.12.30. 74. 1.30. 81.10.26. . 75. 1.21 153. 162 77. 8.23 , , , 79. 4. 4 82.11. 02. 7. 08.11. . ('10.8 ) 1) (6) : , , , 1 , 2 ( ), 2) : , , 100 , 200 300 , 3) : , , 750 , 4) : 300 . 77. 10 79. 250-350 ( 180 ) 80. 1,000 300 , 81. 8. - 154. 163 84.11. 200 ( ) 89. 8. 3 92. 2. ( , ) : . 79. : 500 80. 3 , 5 92. 1-12. , 900 93. 8-11. 120 94. 92 50 ( 3,700 ) 96 36 (3 10 2,220 ) 14 96. , ( 5,538 ), . 1980.7.26. - - , , , . - 68.10. 2 69. 9. , 155. 164 70. 1. ( : ) ( ) 3. ( : ) 4. 71. 5. ( : ) ( ) 6. ( : ) 12. 12. , 72. 3. , 10 8. , 73. 3. , 11 3. ( ) , 74. 1. 3. 4. ( : ) 4. ( : ) 8. 75. 1. - 10. , 30 76. 3. , 6. 6. 156. 165 7. , 8. , 8. , 7 12. ( : ), (12.20 ) 77. 1. , 3. ( : ) ( ) 77. 3. - 6. - ( : ) 8. ( , , , ) 78. 2. 2. 3. - 6. , 8 7. 78. 7. 8. ( : , , , ) 78.10. ( ) 11. , 78.12. (1979.1.4 ) 157. 166 79. 2. ( : ) 79. 4. - 80. 3. 80. 5. 81. 8. , 11. 12. - 82. 4. 6. 10. , ( ) 82.10. - 83. 5. 6. 8. 9. 9.9 84. 8. 9. , 9. 89. 5. 89. 8. ( 20 / , 1 ) 10. , 11. - ( ) 158. 167 90. 9. , 6 90. 7. 90.12. 7 ( : ) 12. 91. 3. 10. - 9.9 12. 7 ( : ) 92.10. 12. - 93.11. - 94. 4. 7. 7. 9. 25 95.10. 11 - ( 2 , , 300 ) 11. 96. 3. 10. 12 - 97. 6. ( ) 98. 8. 159. 168 11. 13 - ( ) ( : ) 99. 5. 6. ( : ) 11. 00. 7. ( ) 02. 7. ( 50 ) 10. 03. 5. 04. 2. - , 06. 6. 6. 08. 7. 10. 6. 160. . 161. 171 . 1. . , , . , , , , 200 , , , . 1 ( ) , ( ). , 1 . , , ( ) 162. 172 30 2 , , , 1 , 2 5 . . - , , , , , ( ) . , , , 1) ( , ) , , 2) , , 163. 173 . , , , , , ( , , , ) , . 2. 3 (Green Book) 1969.9.1. 3 , 76-79 3 Green Book . 3 1) , ' ' , , , 164. 174 2) , 3) , 3 Green Book , 73 77 ' (Jamahiriya)' . 3 1) 3 - , 3 2) : 49% 51% (majority) , , , (People's Congress) 3) : , . ' ' , , . 165. 175 . Green Book 1 ( 3 ) - - , , . - . 51% 49% , 51% , - - , - - - , - , . , . 166. 176 : - , , , , , , . - , . - , , - . . - , 3 , . - , , , . - , , ( ) , - , , , 1 . 167. 177 - ( ) , . - , , , . - , . - , . - , , . 2 ( ) - - . - , , . 168. 178 - , , , . - , . - , . - . . - . - . - , - , . - . 169. 179 - ( ) , 3 . - , . ( ) - , , , . - , . . 3 : 3 - . ( ) - , , . - . - , , ' ' , . 170. 180 - . . . - , . - , , , , , . - , , , , , , , , , , , , , - , , . - , . , , , . - . . - , . , , , , , , , , , . 171. 181 - , , , , , , , - , . - . - , , , , . - , , , . - , , . - , , , . - . , . 172. 182 - , , , , . - , . - . , . - / , / , / , / , / , / , . - . . - ' ' , , , . - . - , . 173. 183 3. OMAR MUKHTAR(1858 - 1931) ' ' 20 ( : ) . 1858 (1860 ) , - (Al-Khusru) (Janzour) ' (Munfa)' . , 16 ' (Jaghbub)' ( (Sanusi) ) 8 , , , , , , , , , (Sabiya, ) , . . - (Al-Idris) - 174. 184 1894 , 9 . - , 1898 , , 1899 , ( ) . - , , 1903 - . 1911 10 , , , 260 - 1931 20 . - , , , . 175. 185 1921 , , 1925 . , , , , 1931 9 (Granize) - 9 15 , 9 16 71 , , . ( ) (Suluk) , . 176. 186 - 50km . " 69 " , 4. . (Sabratha) 68km ( , , ) , 177. 187 ( , Emporium) , (Osdia) BC 6 , BC 146 . AD 1 , , . Marcus Antonius : AD 161-180 , , , . . , , AD 455 AD 633 , AD 642 , . 1,300 , 1923 , , . - ( ) 100m AD 2 , ( ), AD 1 , , , - 1km 4 3 , , (AD 186 178. 188 ), ( ) . . (Leptis Magna) 123km (Khoms) BC 6 , ( ) . BC 194 , , 179. 189 BC 146 , , Lucius Septimus Severus : AD 193-211 , , . (199 ), , , AD 4 5 , ( ) Justinianus : AD 527-565 , , . , , . 540 . 562 , 6 , 12 (Leptha) , , , , , 1923 . , AD 203 180. 190 - 300m AD 11 (Chalcidium, ) , , BC 8 . - 200m . AD 53 ( . ) . - , , , , , , , , 600 14 , . . (Cyrene, Shahat) 219km 621m . BC 631 (Thera, ) 181. 191 (Battus) 1 , (Pindar) " " BC 400 . BC 440 , BC 332 AD 96 . AD 115 (Trajan) , , AD 527 , AD 642 - (Amr bin Al-As) , , ( ) , , . - , , , , , , , , , , . - , , , , 1 , , , , , , , , , , , , , ( ), , . 182. 192 3 , ( ) . (Apollonia, Marsa Susah) 235km, 16km . BC 7 BC 3 . BC 4 7 , , 4 , , , , , " " , , , , . 183. 193 . (Tolmeita, Ptolemais) 110km , , . - (El-Marj) BC 6 , , AD 297 , , , , , , . , , Villa of Four Seasons, Place of the Columns , , , , Arch-way , , , . 184. 194 , , , . . (Ghadames, Cydamae) 683km ( ) ' ' BC 4 , , , AD 7 - (Amr bin Al-As) (Ugba ibn Naafa) 2 , . 185. 195 . (Fezzan) 1500km , 3 2 . - : 1,004km , , . 69.9 - : 1,555km . 186. 196 . - (Wadi al-Hayat, The Valley of Life) 1,162km ( ) , (Garamantes), (Garama) AD 193-211 , , , , , , , . . < Assal al-Hamura ( ) > 187. 197 (Green Square) BC 7 , , , , , 16 , , . 1551 , 360 , ( ) . 1771 , 2 , , , , ( ). , , 1911 360 . ( , , , , ), ( , , ), , 1969 . - , , , , , , . , 188. 198 < > , AD 163 . 4 . < > , 189. 2011 1 2011 1 2 37 (02)2100-8081 (02)2100-8089 TEL.(02)730-8241