2012 06-07 nahb leading suppliers council - zeh final
TRANSCRIPT
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Driving Innovation in Housing Technology
Building Towards Net Zero
Amber Wood
Manager, Energy Programs
NAHB Leading Suppliers Council
June 7, 2012
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NAHB Research CenterUpper Marlboro, MD
Housing R&D and laboratory testing Promote innovation Enhancing quality & affordability Promoting high standards for the
building industry
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Building America
Private/public R&D partnership sponsored by DOE
Energy-efficient solutions for new and existing housing Technologies/Systems Whole-House Test Homes Quality Processes
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5Why ZEH?
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What is ZEH?
Efficient Envelope
Renewable energy
systems
Efficient Equipment
Annually producing as much energy as consumed
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Types of ZEH
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Builder-Installed Electric nZEH Production Accounts for All Builder-Installed End-Uses
All Electric nZEHProduction Accounts for All Electric
Total House nZEHProduction Accounts for All Electric + Excess to Account for Other Fuels
Net Producing HouseProduce > Consume
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ZEH Disclaimer
A Zero Energy Home is NOT:
Zero energy consumption Utility independent Energy rationed Energy unlimited
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The Basics
1. Decrease total energy use
2. Produce energy from renewable sources
Hathaway home, Purcellville, VA. NREL photo archive
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An Energy Efficient HomeHouse Shell:Added insulation, low-e windows, insulated foundation, overhangs, orientation
Heating & Cooling Equipment:High Efficiency, programmable thermostat, sealed ducts, ventilation
Water Heating: Solar preheat, efficient delivery, low-flow fixtures
Appliances: ENERGY STAR® Label
Lighting:Fluorescent fixtures/ bulbs, daylighting
Plug Loads & Appliances:Homeowner’s choice to decrease use
Air-sealing:Seal vents, holes and gaps through walls and roof
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Effect of Efficiency Upgrades
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Heating Cooling Water Heating Ventilation Air All Other Loads
Primary Energy Category
An
nu
al C
on
su
mp
tio
n (
kW
h)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
Pe
rce
nt
Re
du
cti
on
in U
se
Base House Net-Zero Design Reduction in Use
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Example ZEH Energy UseBaltimore, MD
PV System 5,700 W 500 sqft area Produce 8,266 kWh
Energy End Use
Base House Annual
Consumption (kWh)
Percent of
Total (%)
Net-Zero Annual Consumption
(kWh)
Percent of Total (%)
Heating 12,749 47 2,110 26
Cooling 5,100 19 850 11
Water Heating 3,627 13 167 2
Ventilation Air 0 0 175 2
All Other Loads 5,730 21 4,833 59
Annual Consumption 27,206 100 8,135 100
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ZEH Approaches
ZEH
Details Involving Builder, Trades, Government, etc.
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Current ZEH Experience
Over 50% minimum reduction in total energy Typically 50 – 70%
Net-zero electric bill Gas offset unavailable
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Solar Water Heating System
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Solar Electric (PV) Systems
Convert sun energy to electricity Operate daily Output varies
PV Systems are Available, Reliable, & Low maintenance Quiet
ZEH remodel in NJ, courtesy of Bill Asdal
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Utility Connection
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ZEH Utility Requirements
Utility must “net-meter”: credit for electricity fed back to the utility
Utility must “settle” credit not less than once a year
Utility must be ON to have PV power
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Armory Park del SolA Historic Solar Community
John Wesley Miller Companies&
NAHB Research Center
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Armory Park del Sol
Urban in-fill Southern Pacific RR executive
homes Existing infrastructure
Downtown Tucson Rio Nuevo Project Walking distance to downtown &
university Cultural activities, arts, & music
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Armory Park del Sol
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14 acre subdivision Purchased land in 1999 99 lots Construction started 2000
Historic Armory Park/ Armory Park del Sol Designs blend with area Neighborhood embraced
project Increased local property
values
Armory Park del Sol
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Single family homes New technology/
construction methods Southwestern design Concrete construction
Thermal mass Metal framing
Termite-proof Significant energy
savings
Armory Park del Sol
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Energy efficiency construction Thermal mass Exterior insulation Insulation through slab edge Raised heel truss, R-38 ceiling Dual-pane, Low-E & Low SHGC
windows Ducts in conditioned space 14 SEER heat pump HVAC system design with Manual J Optimized (reduced) duct runs Return air pathway from each room Passive ventilation system
Armory Park del Sol
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Solar Electric Technology 1.5 kW Photovoltaic (PV) system minimum Garage roof mount (parapet wall) Utility approved components & systems;
annual utility inspection
Armory Park del Sol
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Solar System Attributes One solar subcontractor (The Solar Store) Subsystems & components from major manufacturers
BP PV Modules Trace Inverters
Meets TEP SunShare requirements (ACC approved) Compliance
IEEE National Electric Code TEP Service Requirements Book
Armory Park del Sol
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Single family homes Information age design
Minimum 3 telecom ports Digital Satellite Service CAT5e wiring Pre-wired for fiber optics
Security system Central vacuum
Armory Park del Sol
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Utility collaboration Tucson Electric Power 5 year A/C guarantee
TEP inspects each home during construction Guarantee qualifies Armory Park del Sol for reduced
residential utility rates Guarantees heating & cooling portion of annual bill
Armory Park del Sol
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Utility Collaboration / Solar Electric System State & federal tax credits Homeowner qualifies for TEP cash rebates Output offsets highest Time-of-Use rate TEP inspects solar electric system annually City permit fee credit up to $1,000
Armory Park del Sol
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Solar Energy Homes in Downtown Tucson
An Award Winning Community!
SAHBA Builder of the Year, 2003
City of Tucson Most Energy Efficient Builder, 2003
Sonoran Institute Livable Community Award, 2005
NAHB Builder of the Year Award Winner, 2005
Metropolitan Pima Alliance Common Ground Award, 2006
Armory Park del Sol
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APdS Standard Homes Predicted to use less than half the energy of a
typical regional home
Armory Park del Sol
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John Wesley Miller Companies’ Net Zero Energy Home Project
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Zero Energy Home Construction
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Zero Energy Home at APdS
Natural extension of work at APdS
Engineering work funded by DOE through NREL
Goal of net-zero annual energy use
Started with clean sheet of paper
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Zero Energy Home Design Team
NAHB Research Center, Inc.Project Management
Design SupportMonitoring
Project SummaryInformation Dissemination
Armory Park Del SolBuild
Define ConstraintsConsumer Education
Solar StoreDesign
Manufacturer ContactSolar Components
ManufacturersDesign Support
Product SpecificationInstallation Requirements
ConsumerInformationFeedback
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Zero Energy HomeConstruction Features
Concrete walls with 2” polyiso R-41 attic U-0.32, SHGC-0.35 windows SEER 18 AC Combined solar (128 sf) space and water
heating system with tankless backup 4.2 kW PV array PEX piping (with some copper) Fluorescent lighting throughout Outdoor living spaces Ceiling fans without light kits Energy Star appliances
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Masonry Walls
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2” Polystyrene
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Radiant Roof Decking
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Window & Porch Overhangs
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Air Admittance Valves
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Systems in Conditioned Space
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4 kW PV System
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Tucson ZEH at Armory Park del SolMonthly Total Energy Use and Cost
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
Oct
-03
No
v-03
Dec
-03
Jan
-04
Feb
-04
Mar
-04
Ap
r-04
May
-04
Jun
-04
Jul-
04
Au
g-0
4
Sep
-04
Oct
-04
No
v-04
Dec
-04
Jan
-05
Feb
-05
Mar
-05
Ap
r-05
May
-05
Jun
-05
Jul-
05
Au
g-0
5
Sep
-05
Oct
-05
No
v-05
Dec
-05
Jan
-06
Feb
-06
Mar
-06
Ap
r-06
May
-06
Jun
-06
Jul-
06
Au
g-0
6
Ele
ctri
c E
ner
gy,
kW
h;
So
lar
Inso
lati
on
, kW
h/m
2
(+
valu
es =
Ho
use
Use
; -
Val
ues
= U
tilit
y F
eed
bac
k)
-$20
-$10
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
Mo
nth
ly E
ner
gy
Co
st
Energy Cost Utility Supply PV Supply PV Insolation
Values less than zero indicate sell-back to the utility
Modifications to solar thermal system complete
Now averaging about $10/mo (including $5.28 monthly base fee)
Average 23 kWh/day Total Average Energy Use
John Wesley Miller Companies’ Zero Energy Home (ZEH)
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Blower, kWh, 663
A/C Compressor, kWh, 1,847
Demand Water Heater, kWh, 1,040
Other, kWh, 3,536
Refrigerator, kWh, 631
Lights, kWh, 651
Data from 9/1/05 to 8/31/06
Utility Supply,
kWh, 1158, 14%
PV Supply,
kWh, 7209, 86%
Tucson ZEHZEH End Uses
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ZEH 1st Year Monitoring
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ZEH Occupied Period Monitoring
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ZEH Monitoring Results
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Year 1 ZEH Monitoring Results
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ZEH Monitoring ResultsInverter-Demand Heater
Compatibility
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ZEH Monitoring ResultsPV System Output
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Plug Loads
The big challenge…
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Energy Simulation Summary
Description
Annual Electrical Consumption
Cooling Heating Fan DHW Lighting Appl/Othr Total
(kWh/yr) (kWh/yr) (kWh/yr) (kWh/yr) (kWh/yr) (kWh/yr) (kWh/yr)
JWM Standard * 3,568 621 772 1,855 1,873 3,687 12,376
ZEH As-Built ** 2,207 200 430 158 779 3,072 6,846
Tucson Standard*** 6,770 669 1,229 4,064 1,873 3,687 18,292
*(includes passive SDHW)**(Option A+B+C+D+E w/ R41 ceiling instead of R43)***Light Frame, R19 ceiling, 10 SEER, double pane wood frame windows
Occupied Use To Date :
Demand Heater = 1,918 kWh, Lighting = 640 kWh, Other = 3,116 kWh
Total Use to Date = 6,406 kWh (26.3 kWh/day)
Estimated Daily = 18.8 kWh
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ZEH Lessons Learned
Project Success, Builder interest PV system
Utility interest prime Knowledgeable installer Inverter compatibility problems (new)
Solar Aesthetics Even with flat roofs
Solar thermal system performance Temperature limitations Controller Losses
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ZEH Lessons Learned
Integration of HVAC & thermal system Simple design/connections
Space and access for thermal storage Thermal mass
Winter penalties? Air admittance valves
Manufacturer design required Plumber reticence Work
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ZEH Lessons Learned
PEX plumbing Design is important Different installation
method Lighting
Whole-house permanent fluorescent lighting options NOT mainstream
New technologies emerging (LED, etc)
Plug loads still need control
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ZEH2 Utility Savings Estimate PV system cost benefit offsets utility-supplied energy
John Wesley Miller Companies’ Zero Energy Home 2 (ZEH2)
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ZEH2 Energy Features Tucson, AZ
Concrete Block Construction
Foundation 12” floating slab
Exterior Insulation 2” exterior insulation (R-13) Attached using z-strips
Ceiling & Roof Insulation R-38 ceiling insulation 1” rigid foam on roof deck
(R-6.5)
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ZEH2 Energy Features(cont.)
High Efficiency Space Heating and Cooling Heat Pump: Trane XL19i Two-stage compressor Variable speed blower Sealed ducts in conditioned
space (22 CFM25 – total) Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical room exhaust fan Fresh air to central return
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Solar Hot Water Preheat System Closed loop 80G storage 64sf collector
Tankless Backup Water Heater
Manifold Distribution System
ZEH2 Energy Features (cont.)
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ZEH2 Energy Features (cont.)
Efficient Windows U-value: 0.35, SHGC: 0.30
Air Sealing Package 740 CFM50
Lighting 90% Hard-wired fluorescent lighting ENERGY STAR fixtures CFL
Appliances ENERGY STAR Refrigerator,
Dishwasher, Washing Machine
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Solar Electric PV System 6.93 kW (DC) PV
System Net Metered > 100%
Predicted Energy Savings with PV
ZEH2 Energy Features(cont.)
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Code Approval & Programs
Meets all safety, health, and 2006 IBC & 2006 IECC code requirements
Tucson Electric Power’s (TEP’s) Guarantee program 5 year heating/cooling & comfort
Tucson Sustainable Energy Standard Performs 50% better than the Model
Energy Code Builders Challenge Builder Federal Tax Credit Local & State Tax Incentives
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Quality Control RequirementsHigh Performance Home Specifications
Envelope Moisture Control
Foundation drainage/capillary breaks – n/a slab design
Climate appropriate vapor retarder – n/a due to climate & masonry wall construction
Continuous drainage plane – felt paper over fixed polyisocyanurate
Envelope Air Tightness
740 CFM50
Space Conditioning
Equipment and duct sizing per ACCA methodology
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Space Conditioning (cont.)
Distributed whole house mechanical ventilation – exhaust fan and a central fan integrated supply
Local exhaust – bathrooms, kitchen
Filtration – Honeywell electronic air cleaner
Sealed ducts in conditioned space
No combustion appliances or fireplace
System capable of maintaining RH < 60%
Hot Water
SRCC rated collectors for solar hot water system
Quality Control Requirements High Performance Home Specifications
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Neutral Cost Target
Upgrade Costs
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Neutral Cost Target Efficiency Feature Upgrades
Note: PV not included
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Neutral Cost Target Tax Credits & Incentives
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Neutral Cost Target Efficiency Feature Upgrades w/ PV
Note: PV incentives not included for Std Home
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Neutral Cost Target Efficiency Feature Upgrades w/ PV
Note: PV incentives included for Std Home
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Value of ZEH
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ZEH2 Conclusions
APdS demonstrates increasing levels of energy efficiency
ZEH is possible Technologies “off-the-shelf,”
Attention to builder’s marketing effort is necessary Builders Challenge
Green Building
Local Utility Programs
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ZEH1 MonitoringWhole House Energy Comparison – ZEH
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ZEH2 MonitoringWhole House Energy Comparison – ZEH2
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Incentives
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Federal Incentives
Tax Credit: 30% of cost with no upper limit
Expires: December 31, 2016
Details: Existing homes & new construction Principal residences & second homes Rentals do not qualify
79NEXUS EnergyHomes
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Incentive Details
Solar Water Heat Certified by SRCC or equivalent a Must provide ≥ 50% dwelling’s water heating Not apply to swimming pools/hot tub
Photovoltaics Wind Fuel Cells
$500 per 0.5 kW maximum Geothermal Heat Pumps
Meet federal Energy Star criteria
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Solar Renewable Energy Certificates (SRECs)
In SREC states, Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) requires some electricity from solar
The SREC program provides a means for SRECs to be created for every megawatt-hour of solar electricity created. 1 SREC = 1,000 kWh of solar electricity = 1
MWh of solar electricity 10 kW solar capacity = ~12 SRECs per year
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Maryland SREC Market
Energy Year Jan 1 - Dec 31
SREC Useful Life 3 years
Solar Requirement Reaching 2% of total elec generated in 2021
Solar Alternative Compliance Payment (SACP) $400 through 2014
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Summary
ZEH used to be all about cost Still an interest in ZEH, driven by
Increasing utility costs Lower cost of PV Familiarity (owners & trades)
Consumer acceptance Utility acceptance New financing mechanisms
Changing accessibility
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Programs Energy Efficiency Certification
ENERGY STAR DOE Challenge Home
Energy Efficiency Research & Development Building America Program
Green Certification National Green Building Certification Program
Awards
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References
NAHB Research Center Technical Website www.toolbase.org
DOE Energy Information Administration (EIA) www.eia.gov
DOE/EERE Buildings Energy Data Book http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.aspx
ENERGY STAR www.energystar.gov
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) www.dsireusa.org
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Questions?
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Driving Innovation in Housing Technology
Thank You!
Amber Wood
NAHB Research Center
Manager, Energy Programs
400 Prince George’s Blvd Upper Marlboro, MD 20774(direct) 301.430.6309 (fax) 301.430.6180
www.nahbrc.com