2012 birth of agriculture
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Ms. Patten2012
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agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food and fiber
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WHEN and WHEREThroughout history until about 10,000 BCE
South Asia, East Asia and Southwest Asia
Two men return from a hunt. The Hadza are one of the few contemporary African societies that live primarily by foraging.
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SIZE AND ORGANIZATIONSmall populations of 25-250
Some prosperous areas could sustain more people
large amounts of landclan/family structureproperty held in common
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DIVISION OF LABORrigid rolesgender specialization:
men hunted and women gathered
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ACTIVITIESnomadic lifestylehunting animalsfishinggathering nuts and berries, bugs,
seeds, roots
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LIFESTYLE VALUESfew possessions as life was extremely mobilegroups needed to be able to pack up and
move on at any time
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FOOD SUPPLYinsects, nuts, roots, berries,
meat, fish (fresh and dried)Fish trapped in times of low
tide, stone trapsHarpoons and baskets, spearsHooks made from wood,
bone, seashells and hornMost modern day hunters
and gatherers have been pushed onto marginalized land: dry, cold and inhospitable
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TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGYPoisoned spears and
axes from wood, bone, stone, clubs (used to hit and throw) , sticks, bows/arrows, poisoned waterholes
Fire (used to make food digestible and to drive animals off cliffs or into traps)
dugout canoe, sticks to carry carcasses, sleds, baskets
Rudimentary metal working, stone pots, grinders
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SOCIALsmall populations and familiesmobilefire became symbol of community no carbohydrates meant no cavities = healthy
teeth
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WHEN10,000BCE or 12,000 yadomestication of plants and animals occurred
simultaneously in several parts of the world, leading to the 1st Agricultural RevolutionIndependent invention
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WHERENile River, Mesopotamia, Indus River, Yellow
Riverfirst conscious cultivation of plants may have
involved root crops and occurred in S and SE Asia
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WHERE
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Plant and Animal Domestication
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Plant and Animal Domestication
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Plant and Animal Domestication
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Ancient Culture Hearths
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SIZE AND ORGANIZATIONfirst permanent settlementssmall amounts of landstratified classes based on
jobagriculture enabled people
to settle permanently in one area with the assurance that food would be available in seasons to come
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DIVISION OF LABORstatus of women fallsspecialization originatesland held in common
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ACTIVITIESdomestication of plants and animalscultivation of plantscontrolled reproduction of animalsstorage of goods
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LIFESTYLE VALUESsedentary lifestyle emerges
This enabled animal domestication (8000-14,000 ya) Animals first as pets Animals may have attached
themselves to human settlements as scavengers or for protection against predators
possessions begin to hold value
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FOOD SUPPLYflora and faunameats, grains, dairy (?)subsistence agriculturetimliness of planting and harvesting…storage of productsfood surplus/shortages
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TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGYmetal weaponsearliest use of plowsSedentary = civilization???
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SOCIALmore kidsoutmigration of farmers
and absorption of foraging peoples
spread of diseaseshorter lifespan due to
disease, war, childbirth and poor sanitation
modest population growth
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WHEN and WHERElate middle ages-1900coincided with the industrial revolution
began in several discrete widely scattered places
Europe
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SIZE AND ORGANIZATIONindividual land ownershipintensive and commercial agriculture
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DIVISION OF LABORless people employed in agriculturegreater production per worker due to
technological advances
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ACTIVITIEScrop rotationselective breeding of livestocknitrogenlegumes for nitrogen valuefallow fields
Townshend’s Four Field System
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LIFESTYLE VALUESgreater diversificationsurpluscommercial farms
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FOOD SUPPLYyield increasecereal grainsturnip as animal feednitrogen rich crops
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TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGYseed drill as alternative to
broadcastingthreshing machinestractors replacing animal
powercotton ginfertilizerfield drainage brought new
land under production for the first time
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
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SOCIALdrastic population increase
Made possible the clustering of even larger populations
larger families
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WHEN1940’s-presentAlso called the Green Revolution
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WHEREBegan in MDC's and spread to LDC's
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SIZE AND ORGANIZATIONlarge scale commercial farming
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DIVISION OF LABORintensive and extensive agriculture with the
assistance of machines
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ACTIVITIESexpanded farm acerageheightened role of technology in crop
productiondouble cropping-S. Asiabesides cultivation (p) farmers also involve
themselves in the manufacturing and sales of their product
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LIFESTYLE VALUESfewer farmers< 2% in the US are in agricultureexpansion of secondary and tertiary sector
employment
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FOOD SUPPLYwheat, rice, millet, corn: miracle grains most
affected
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TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGYBiotechnology
Genetically engineered foodSelective breedingcloning
Irrigation systemsfertilizerspesticides
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SOCIALpopulation growthEnvironmental damage
pollutionerosion