2012 hsc-exam-physics

Physics

4000

2012H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E

E X A M I N AT I O N

General Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes

• Working time – 3 hours

• Write using black or blue penBlack pen is preferred

• Draw diagrams using pencil

• Board-approved calculators maybe used

• A data sheet, formulae sheets andPeriodic Table are provided atthe back of this paper

• Write your Centre Number andStudent Number at the top ofpages 13, 17, 19, 23, 25 and 27

Total marks – 100

Pages 2–28

75 marks

This section has two parts, Part A and Part B

Part A – 20 marks

• Attempt Questions 1–20

• Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Part B – 55 marks

• Attempt Questions 21–30

• Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part

Pages 29–39

25 marks

• Attempt ONE question from Questions 31–35

• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section II

Section I

Section I75 marks

Part A – 20 marksAttempt Questions 1–20Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1–20.

1 The diagram shows a device connected to a meter.

What device is shown in the diagram?

(A) AC motor

(B) DC motor

(C) AC generator

(D) DC generator

2 What is currently used to define the standard metre?

(A) The speed of light

(B) The signals from GPS satellites

(C) The wavelength of light from a krypton lamp

(D) The distance between two lines on a platinum iridium bar

N S

Meter

0 2

– 2 –

3 What part of a cathode ray tube allows a person to observe the position of an electronbeam?

(A) A maltese cross

(B) A heated filament

(C) A fluorescent screen

(D) A uniform magnetic field

4 The graph shows how the gravitational potential energy (Ep) of a satellite changes withits altitude.

What is the change in gravitational potential energy of the satellite when its altitude isreduced from 14 000 km to 4000 km?

(A) –8.8 × 109 J

(B) –2.8 × 109 J

(C) 2.8 × 109 J

(D) 8.8 × 109 J

–10

Altitude (km)

Ep

(109

J)

–9

–8

–7

–6

–5

–4

–3

–2

–1

00 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000

– 3 –

5 Which of the following could be added to a crystal of silicon to create a p-typesemiconductor?

(A) Carbon

(B) Copper

(C) Gallium

(D) Phosphorus

6 The diagram represents the electric field around a negative charge.

If the magnitude of the charge were doubled, which diagram would best represent thenew electric field?

–

–2

–2

–2

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

–2

– 4 –

7 In moving-coil galvanometers, the coil experiences a torque because of the currentflowing through it.

What ensures that this torque is directly proportional to the current flowing through thecoil?

(A) A return spring

(B) A radial magnetic field

(C) A laminated soft iron core

(D) A constant cross-sectional area of the coil

8 A current-carrying wire passes through a region of uniform magnetic field, magnitude0.05 T, and as a result experiences a force of magnitude 0.03 N.

What is the current I?

(A) 1.5 A

(B) 1.7 A

(C) 3.0 A

(D) 6.0 A

9 Compared to a geostationary orbit, which row of the table correctly describes the relativeproperties of a low Earth orbit?

30°30°

B

0.2 m

I

Orbital velocity Orbital period

Higher Higher

Higher Lower

Lower Higher

Lower Lower

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

– 5 –

10 Which of the following ideal transformers could be used to convert an input voltage of20 volts AC to an output voltage of 2 volts AC?

11 Which of the following is correct about the forces acting during a rocket launch?

(A) Equal and opposite forces act on the rocket. This enables it to continue to accelerateeven in the vacuum of space.

(B) The engines exert an upward thrust on the rocket. This thrust exceeds thedownward force of the engines on the air.

(C) The rocket engines exert a downward force on the gases being expelled. Thesegases exert an upward force on the engines.

(D) The expelled gases exert a force against the launch pad. The launch pad then exertsan equal and opposite force on the rocket causing it to accelerate.

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

4 turns 10 turns 20 turns 3 turns

20 turns 10 turns 3 turns 30 turns

– 6 –

Use the data below to answer Questions 12 and 13.

12 What is the centripetal force experienced by the Moon due to Earth’s influence?

(A) 2.0 × 1020 N

(B) 1.6 × 1022 N

(C) 4.7 × 1026 N

(D) 7.6 × 1028 N

13 What is the orbital period of an Earth satellite having an orbital radius half that of theMoon?

(A) 5.9 × 105 s

(B) 8.3 × 105 s

(C) 1.2 × 106 s

(D) 7.5 × 106 s

Orbital period of the Moon around Earth 2.36 × 106 s

Mean orbital radius of the Moon 3.83 × 108 m

Mass of Earth 6.0 × 1024 kg

Mass of the Moon 7.35 × 1022 kg

– 7 –

14 The graph shows variation in magnetic flux through a coil with time.

Which graph best represents the corresponding induced emf in the coil?

15 A magnet can be levitated above a superconductor, when the superconductor is below itscritical temperature.

Which statement best describes how this occurs?

(A) All of the magnet’s field is absorbed by the superconductor.

(B) The superconductor creates currents in the magnet, resulting in a repulsive force.

(C) Cooper pairs are exchanged between the superconductor and the magnet throughits field.

(D) Some of the magnet’s field is excluded by the superconductor, resulting in arepulsive force.

Time

Magneticflux

Time

Inducedemf

(A)

Time

Inducedemf

(B)

Time

Inducedemf

(C)

Time

Inducedemf

(D)

– 8 –

16 An ideal electric motor connected to a DC voltage source rotates at a constant rate of200 revolutions per minute. There is no load on the motor.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the operation of the motor?

(A) The applied voltage must exceed the back emf in order to keep the motor running.

(B) There is no back emf because it is only produced in AC motors due to the changingflux.

(C) The back emf is equal to the applied voltage because no work is being done by themotor.

(D) The back emf must exceed the applied voltage to prevent the motor’s speed fromincreasing.

17 The following equipment is attached to a DC power supply.

What current must be flowing through the wires to result in a force of 2.50 × 10–3 Nbetween them?

(A) 0.224 A

(B) 5.00 A

(C) 12.5 A

(D) 25.0 A

2.00 mm2.00 mm 1.00 m

Copper wires

– +

Liquid conductor

NOT TOSCALE

– 9 –

– 10 –

18 The gravitational force, due to Earth, on a mass positioned at X is Fx and on the samemass positioned at Y is Fy. The diagram is drawn to scale.

What is the value of ?

(A) 1.5

(B) 2.0

(C) 2.25

(D) 4.0

19 The diagram represents an induction cooking system.

Which row in the following table shows the set of conditions that would result in the mostrapid heating of the base of the cooking pot?

AC voltage frequency Electrical resistance of pot base

Low Low

Low High

High Low

High High

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Base of the cooking pot

Ceramic cooktop

AC voltage source

Earth

X Y THIS DIAGRAM ISDRAWN TO SCALE

F

Fx

y

20 A company wishes to develop a semiconductor sensor to detect thermal radiation frompeople. The sensor will work on the same principle as a solar cell.

Using the information provided, which semiconductor would be most suitable for thispurpose?

(A) HgCdTe

(B) InSb

(C) Si

(D) GaN

Inte

nsity

10 20

Wavelength (mm)

Typical Human Blackbody Radiation Curve

Semiconductor Band gap (eV)

HgCdTe 0.03

InSb 0.17

Si 1.1

GaN 3.4

– 11 –

BLANK PAGE

– 12 –

© Board of Studies NSW 2012

2012 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Physics

Section I (continued)

Part B – 55 marksAttempt Questions 21–30Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expectedlength of response.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Question 21 (6 marks)

(a) Outline a first-hand investigation that could be performed to measure a value foracceleration due to gravity.

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(b) How would you assess the accuracy of the result of the investigation?

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(c) How would you increase the reliability of the data collected?

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(d) How would you assess the reliability of the data collected?

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1

1

1

3

– 13 –4001

Centre Number

Student Number


A bar magnet is placed on a sensitive electronic balance as shown in the diagram. Ahollow solenoid is held stationary, such that the magnet is partly within the solenoid.

The solenoid is then lifted straight up without touching the magnet. The reading onthe balance is observed to change briefly.

(a) Why does a current flow in the solenoid?

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(b) Explain the reason for changes in the reading on the electronic balance as thesolenoid is removed.

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N

Solenoid Copper wireshort circuit

Bar magnet

Electronic balanceS

42.42 g

2

4

– 14 –


Consider the following thought experiment.

Two towers are built on Earth’s surface. The height of each of the towers is equal tothe altitude of a satellite in geostationary orbit about Earth. Tower A is built at Earth’sNorth Pole and Tower B is built at the equator.

Identical masses are simultaneously released from rest from the top of each tower.Explain the motion of each of the masses after their release.

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Tower A

Tower B

NOT TOSCALE

4

– 15 –

BLANK PAGE


– 16 –


Physics

Section I – Part B (continued)


(a) Using a labelled diagram, outline the differences in the energy bands ofconductors, semiconductors and insulators.

(b) Explain why a current is able to flow in a pure semiconductor when an electricfield is applied across it.

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2

3

– 17 –4002

Centre Number

Student Number

BLANK PAGE

– 18 –



Physics



(a) Why have transistor circuits largely replaced thermionic devices?

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(b) Assess the impact of the use of transistors on society.

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2

5

– 19 –4003

Centre Number

Student Number


A transmission line is to be used to supply 100 MW of power from a power station toa substation 100 km away. Three possible designs are shown below.

Question 26 continues on page 21

Power station120 MW

output

Substation100 MW input

33 kV input

Design A – Low voltage

100 km

Power stationwith step-uptransformer,

508 kV output

Design B – High voltage

40 W totalline resistance

Substation100 MW input500 kV input

100 km

100 km

Powerstation

Substation100 MW input

Design C – Superconducting

Superconductingtransmission line

The cooling requirements for the superconducting transmission line consume 30 kW per km of line

– 20 –

Question 26 (continued)

Using physics principles and appropriate calculations, evaluate each design to determinethe best way of transmitting power from the power station to the substation.

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End of Question 26

6

– 21 –

BLANK PAGE

– 22 –



Physics



A toy bird is launched at 60° to the horizontal, from a point 45 m away from the baseof a cliff.

Calculate the magnitude of the required launch velocity such that the toy bird strikesthe base of the wooden building at the top of the cliff, 34 m above the launch height.

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45 m

34 m NOT TOSCALE

4

– 23 –4004

Centre Number

Student Number

BLANK PAGE


– 24 –


Physics



(a) Outline ONE piece of evidence supporting Einstein’s theory of relativity.

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(b) What criteria are used to test and validate a theory?

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(c) The distance between the cathode and screen in a cathode ray tube is 40 cm.

If an electron travels through the tube at 3.0 × 107 m s–1, what is the apparentdistance from the cathode to the screen in the electron’s frame of reference?

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2

3

2

– 25 –4005

Centre Number

Student Number

BLANK PAGE

– 26 –



Physics



How is the motor effect used to produce different sounds in a loudspeaker? Include alabelled diagram.

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5

– 27 –4006

Centre Number

Student Number


The diagram shows the paths taken by two moving charged particles when they entera region of uniform magnetic field.

(a) Why do the paths curve in different directions?

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(b) Why are the paths circular?

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(c) How do the properties of a particle affect the radius of curvature of its path in auniform magnetic field?

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1

2

Path P

Path Q

B = 1.0 T

2

– 28 –



Physics

Section II

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 31–35Allow about 45 minutes for this section

For Questions 31–34• answer parts (a)–(c) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 1.• answer parts (d)–(e) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.Extra writing booklets are available.

For Question 35• answer parts (a)–(b) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 1.• answer parts (c)–(d) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.Extra writing booklets are available.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 31 Geophysics ........................................................................... 31–33

Question 32 Medical Physics ......................................................................... 34

Question 33 Astrophysics ......................................................................... 35–36

Question 34 From Quanta to Quarks ............................................................. 37

Question 35 The Age of Silicon ............................................................... 38–39

– 29 –4007

BLANK PAGE

– 30 –

Question 31 — Geophysics (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)–(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) Jean Richer observed that a pendulum clock, which was accurately calibrated inParis, lost about 150 seconds per day when it was used on the equatorial islandof Cayenne.

Outline the effects of TWO variables that changed the behaviour of the clock.

(b) (i) Why does Earth’s magnetic field change over time?

(ii) A website used the following model to explain Earth’s magnetic field.

Analyse the validity of this model.


3

3

2

NN

SS

Barmagnet

Axis ofrotation

GeographicNorth Pole

– 31 –


(c) (i) Data obtained from a shot-geophone analysis is shown on the followinggraph.

Outline what the lines C1 and C2 on this graph represent.

(ii) Account for the behaviour of P waves and S waves represented by thefollowing graph.


Time forsignal arrival

C1

C2

Distancefrom shot

Distancefrom shot

2

4

6

Velocity(km s–1)

Depth (km)

1000 2000 4000

S wave

P wave

3000 5000

8

10

12

14

4

2

– 32 –


Answer parts (d)–(e) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d) (i) What is the significance of the magnetic anomalies associated with rocksadjacent to mid-ocean ridges?

(ii) Other than the geometric fit of continents or magnetic evidence, whatevidence supports the theory of plate tectonics?

(e) How is remote sensing used to obtain information about Earth?

End of Question 31

6

3

2

– 33 –

Question 32 — Medical Physics (25 marks)


(a) (i) The first X-ray image of a human was made in 1895 but it was not until1972 that CAT scan imaging was developed.

Account for the time interval between the development of these tworelated technologies.

(ii) Contrast the information provided by PET scans and CAT scans.

(iii) Contrast the production of radiation used for PET scans and CAT scans.

(b) (i) What effects do the pulses of radio waves have on hydrogen nuclei in thebody of a person having a magnetic resonance image scan?

(ii) Outline how advances in physics in the 20th century contributed to thedevelopment of magnetic resonance imaging.

(c) Describe the properties that make a radioactive isotope useful for medicalimaging. Include a specific example of a radioactive isotope in your answer.


(d) Explain how endoscopes obtain images of internal organs.

(e) Discuss the range of information obtained from, and the limitations of,ultrasound medical imaging technology.

3

3

2

3

2

3

3

6

– 34 –

Question 33 — Astrophysics (25 marks)


(a) (i) Why do astronomers use both apparent and absolute measurements inphotometry?

(ii) Compare how astronomers obtain photometric and spectroscopic data.

(b) (i) Describe the problems associated with ground-based optical astronomyin terms of resolution.

(ii) How can the resolution of ground-based optical telescopes be improved?

(c) (i) Draw a flow diagram for stellar evolution using the following celestialobjects:

• Black hole

• Main sequence star

• Neutron star/pulsar

• Planetary nebula

• Red giant

• Supernova

• White dwarf.

(ii) All naturally occurring elements have been synthesised within stars.Explain how this occurs.


(d) (i) Explain how trigonometric parallax is used to determine the distances tostars.

(ii) Outline ONE limitation of using trigonometric parallax to determinedistances to stars.


1

4

3

1

3

2

3

2

– 35 –


(e) Astronomers have obtained the following data about stars in a binary system.

Analyse the above data to write a detailed description of this binary system.

End of Question 33

Star A Star B

Apparent magnitude 0.34 13.16

Spectral class F5 A4

Luminosity (relative to Sun) 7.3 0.0063

Average separation 2.2 × 109 km

O10–4

10–2

1

102

104

+15

+10

+5

0

–5

–10

B ASpectral type

Herzsprung-Russell Diagram

Lum

inos

ity (

sola

r un

its) A

bsolute magnitude

F G K M

1.0

0 10 30 50Time (years)

Light Curve for the Binary System

Rel

ativ

e br

ight

ness

70

6

– 36 –

Question 34 — From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)


(a) (i) Using diagrams and text, outline Bohr’s explanation of the Balmerseries.

(ii) Outline TWO observations from atomic emission spectra that could notbe fully explained by the Rutherford-Bohr model.

(b) (i) What are the requirements for an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction?

(ii) How does the equivalence between mass and energy relate to whatoccurs during the natural radioactivity process?

(c) How can neutrons be used to probe the positions of nuclei within the structure ofa metal crystal? Make reference to the work of Louis de Broglie in your answer.


(d) (i) Explain how the internal structures of the proton and neutron determinetheir properties.

(ii) How are accelerators used to investigate the structure of matter?

(e) Describe the role of conservation laws in the development of atomic physics.

3

6

3

2

3

4

2

2

– 37 –

Question 35 — The Age of Silicon (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)–(b) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) A circuit and a graph of the thermistor characteristic curve are shown. In thecircuit the thermistor and R5 are firmly attached to a metal block, and all threeare at the same temperature.


–

+

+15 V

R1 12 kW R3 20 kW

R4 47 kW

R2 10 kW

R5 40 W

X

Box A

Metal block

+15 V

Objects within dotted box are thermally connected

100 000

10 000

1000

1000 20 40 60 80 100

Thermistor characteristic curve

Temperature (°C)

Res

ista

nce

(W)

– 38 –


(i) Classify the circuit on the opposite page as an electric circuit or anelectronic circuit and justify your choice.

(ii) Identify the functions of the TWO transducers in this circuit.

(iii) Draw a set of axes in your booklet and sketch how the voltage at point Xvaries with temperature.

(iv) Describe the function of the circuit in Box A.

(v) Calculate the equilibrium temperature achieved by the metal block inthis circuit, assuming that the block is thermally connected to thethermistor and R5.

(b) Explain the use of relays, rather than transistors, to switch large currents incircuits.

Answer parts (c)–(d) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(c) For the logic circuit shown, construct a truth table.

(d) Analyse how the development of modern electronics has been influenced by ourincreased understanding of the properties of materials and the development ofcomplex manufacturing techniques.

End of paper

3

O0

I0

I1

I2

3

2

3

4

2

6

2

– 39 –

BLANK PAGE


– 40 –

– 41 –

DATA SHEET

Charge on electron, qe –1.602 × 10–19 C

Mass of electron, me 9.109 × 10–31 kg

Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 × 10–27 kg

Mass of proton, mp 1.673 × 10–27 kg

Speed of sound in air 340 m s–1

Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s–2

Speed of light, c 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Magnetic force constant, 2.0 × 10–7 N A–2

Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

Mass of Earth 6.0 × 1024 kg

Planck constant, h 6.626 × 10–34 J s

Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1.097 × 107 m–1

Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 × 10–27 kg

931.5 MeV/c2

1 eV 1.602 × 10–19 J

Density of water, ρ 1.00 × 103 kg m–3

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 × 103 J kg–1 K–1

k ≡⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

μπ0

2


Physics

4008

– 42 –

E Gm m

r

F mg

v u

v u at

v u a y

x

p

x x

y y y

= −

=

=

= +

= +

=

1 2

2 2

2 2 2 Δ

Δ uu t

y u t a t

r

T

GM

FGm m

d

E mc

l

x

y y

v

Δ = +

=

=

=

1

22

3

2 2

1 2

2

2

4π

== −

=

−

=

−

lv

c

tt

v

c

mm

v

c

v

v

0

0

0

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

v f

Id

v

v

i

r

EFq

RV

I

P VI

VI

=

=

=

=

=

=

∝

λ

12

1

2

sin

sin

Energy tt

vr

t

av

ta

v u

t

F m

av

av avtherefore

=

= = −

=

ΔΔ

ΔΔ

Σ aa

Fmv

r

E mv

W Fs

p mv

Ft

k

=

=

=

=

=

2

212

Impulse

FORMULAE SHEET

– 43 –

FORMULAE SHEET

dp

M md

I

I

m m

A

B

m mB A

=

= − ⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

=

+ =

−( )

1

510

1005

1 2

log

44

1 1 1

2 3

2

2 2

0

π

λ

λ

r

GT

Rn n

hmv

AV

V

f i

= −⎛

⎝⎜⎜

⎞

⎠⎟⎟

=

= out

iin

out

in

f

i

V

V

R

R= −

F

lk

I I

d

F BIl

Fd

nBIA

V

V

n

n

F

p

s

p

s

=

=

=

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=

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1 2

sin

cos

θ

τ

τ θ

qqvB

EV

d

E h f

c f

Z v

I

I

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r

sinθ

λ

ρ

=

=

=

=

=−⎡⎣ ⎤⎦

+0

2 12

2 112⎡⎣ ⎤⎦

– 44 –

112

Cn

Cop

erni

cium

9 F19

.00

Fluo

rine

17 Cl

35.4

5C

hlor

ine

35 Br

79.9

0B

rom

ine

53 I12

6.9

Iodi

ne

85 At

Ast

atin

e

7 N14

.01

Nitr

ogen

15 P30

.97

Phos

phor

us

33 As

74.9

2A

rsen

ic

51 Sb12

1.8

Ant

imon

y

83 Bi

209.

0B

ism

uth

5 B10

.81

Bor

on

13 Al

26.9

8A

lum

iniu

m

31 Ga

69.7

2G

alliu

m

49 In11

4.8

Indi

um

81 Tl

204.

4T

halli

um

107

Bh

Boh

rium

108

Hs

Has

sium

109

Mt

Mei

tner

ium

110

Ds

Dar

mst

adtiu

m

111

Rg

Roe

ntge

nium

87 Fr

Fran

cium

88 Ra

Rad

ium

89–1

03

Act

inoi

ds

104

Rf

Rut

herf

ordi

um

105

Db

Dub

nium

106

Sg

Seab

orgi

um

57 La

138.

9L

anth

anum

89 Ac

Act

iniu

m

1 H1.

008

Hyd

roge

n

PE

RIO

DIC

TA

BL

E O

F T

HE

EL

EM

EN

TS

KE

Y

2 He

4.00

3H

eliu

m

3 Li

6.94

1L

ithiu

m

4 Be

9.01

2B

eryl

lium

Ato

mic

Num

ber

Sym

bol

Stan

dard

Ato

mic

Wei

ght

Nam

e

79 Au

197.

0G

old

6 C12

.01

Car

bon

8 O16

.00

Oxy

gen

10 Ne

20.1

8N

eon

11 Na

22.9

9So

dium

12 Mg

24.3

1M

agne

sium

14 Si28

.09

Silic

on

16 S32

.07

Sulf

ur

18 Ar

39.9

5A

rgon

19 K39

.10

Pota

ssiu

m

20 Ca

40.0

8C

alci

um

21 Sc44

.96

Scan

dium

22 Ti

47.8

7T

itani

um

23 V50

.94

Van

adiu

m

24 Cr

52.0

0C

hrom

ium

25 Mn

54.9

4M

anga

nese

26 Fe55

.85

Iron

27 Co

58.9

3C

obal

t

28 Ni

58.6

9N

icke

l

29 Cu

63.5

5C

oppe

r

30 Zn

65.3

8Z

inc

32 Ge

72.6

4G

erm

aniu

m

34 Se78

.96

Sele

nium

36 Kr

83.8

0K

rypt

on

37 Rb

85.4

7R

ubid

ium

38 Sr87

.61

Stro

ntiu

m

39 Y88

.91

Yttr

ium

40 Zr

91.2

2Z

irco

nium

41 Nb

92.9

1N

iobi

um

42 Mo

95.9

6M

olyb

denu

m

43 Tc

Tech

netiu

m

44 Ru

101.

1R

uthe

nium

45 Rh

102.

9R

hodi

um

46 Pd10

6.4

Palla

dium

47 Ag

107.

9Si

lver

48 Cd

112.

4C

adm

ium

50 Sn11

8.7

Tin

52 Te12

7.6

Tellu

rium

54 Xe

131.

3X

enon

55 Cs

132.

9C

aesi

um

56 Ba

137.

3B

ariu

m

57–7

1

Lan

than

oids

72 Hf

178.

5H

afni

um

73 Ta18

0.9

Tant

alum

74 W18

3.9

Tun

gste

n

75 Re

186.

2R

heni

um

76 Os

190.

2O

smiu

m

77 Ir19

2.2

Irid

ium

78 Pt19

5.1

Plat

inum

79 Au

197.

0G

old

80 Hg

200.

6M

ercu

ry

82 Pb20

7.2

Lea

d

84 Po

Polo

nium

86 Rn

Rad

on

58 Ce

140.

1C

eriu

m

59 Pr14

0.9

Pras

eody

miu

m

60 Nd

144.

2N

eody

miu

m

61 Pm

Prom

ethi

um

62 Sm 150.

4Sa

mar

ium

63 Eu

152.

0E

urop

ium

64 Gd

157.

3G

adol

iniu

m

65 Tb

158.

9Te

rbiu

m

66 Dy

162.

5D

yspr

osiu

m

67 Ho

164.

9H

olm

ium

68 Er

167.

3E

rbiu

m

69 Tm

168.

9T

huliu

m

70 Yb

173.

1Y

tterb

ium

71 Lu

175.

0L

utet

ium

90 Th

232.

0T

hori

um

91 Pa23

1.0

Prot

actin

ium

92 U23

8.0

Ura

nium

93 Np

Nep

tuni

um

94 Pu

Plut

oniu

m

95 Am

Am

eric

ium

96 Cm

Cur

ium

97 Bk

Ber

keliu

m

98 Cf

Cal

ifor

nium

99 Es

Ein

stei

nium

100

Fm

Ferm

ium

101

Md

Men

dele

vium

102

No

Nob

eliu

m

103

Lr

Law

renc

ium

Act

inoi

ds

Lan

than

oids

Ele

men

ts w

ith a

tom

ic n

umbe

rs 1

13 a

nd a

bove

hav

e be

en r

epor

ted

but n

ot f

ully

aut

hent

icat

ed.

Stan

dard

ato

mic

wei

ghts

are

abr

idge

d to

fou

r si

gnif

ican

t fig

ures

.E

lem

ents

with

no

repo

rted

val

ues

in th

e ta

ble

have

no

stab

le n

uclid

es.

The

Int

erna

tiona

l Uni

on o

f Pu

re a

nd A

pplie

d C

hem

istr

y Pe

riod

ic T

able

of

the

Ele

men

ts (

Febr

uary

201

0 ve

rsio

n) is

the

prin

cipa

l sou

rce

of d

ata.

Som

e da

ta m

ay h

ave

been

mod

ifie

d.

2012 hsc-exam-physics

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