2012 international conference on marine environmental ... · session 2 marine protected area...

2012 International Conference on

Marine Environmental Governance: Revisit

and Prospect of the “Post Rio+20”

2012 年海洋環境治理國際學術研討會

September 26-28, 2012

National Kaohsiung Marine University

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

and

Cardiff University

I

Contents

Welcome Speech ................................................................ 3

CONFERENCE ORGANISATION ............................................ 6

AGENDA ......................................................................... 10

CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENTS ...................................... 14

KEYNOTE SPEECH

Challenges of Ocean Affairs Governance in Taiwan

KEYNOTE SPEECH

SESSION 1 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON COASTAL Zone

MANAGEMENT

Coastal And Ocean Governance In The Seas Of East Asia: PEMSEA’s Experience ... 15

Governance Reform In Small-Scale Fisheries: A Development Challenge .......... 17

Climate Change And ICZM: Lessons From North West Europe ..................... 18

Adaptation Capacity Of Coastal To Strenthen Southwest Area Of Taiwan Due To

Climate Change .......................................................... 19

Integrated Management Of Shuang-Chun Coastal Recreational Area .............. 20

Conflict Resolutions In The Implementation Of Marine Resource Policies ......... 22

SESSION 2 MARINE PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT

UNDER RIO REGIME：ITS DEVELOPMENT &

PROSPECT

Marine Environmental Governance With Respect To Marine Protected Area

Management

Fisheries Co-Management In Shiretoko World Heritage Site ....................... 23

Institutional Arrangement For Marine Protected Area Management In Taiwan ..... 25

Zoning Strategies For Marine Protected Areas In Taiwan: Case Study Of Gueishan

Island In Yilan ........................................................... 27

Social Dimensions In The Success Of Marine Protect Area – A Case In A Taiwan

II

Fishing Community ...................................................... 29

SESSION 2-1 TECHNOLOGY IN NEAR SHORE AND WETLAND

MANAGEMENT-TAIWAN AND THAILAND'S

EXPERIENCE

Reductive Dechlorination Of Hexachlorobenzene And Polychlorinated Biphenyls

By Using Indigenous Microbes From Canal Sediments .................... 31

Influencing Of Used Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acid From Schizochytrium

Iimacinum In White Shrimp .............................................. 33

Simulation Of Solar Energy To Treat Dye Contaminated Wastewater, And Its

Implication Of Marine And Natural Cleaning Mechanism ................. 34

SESSION 3 OCEAN GOVERNANCE UNDER RIO REGIME：

NATIONAL EXPERIENCES & LESSONS

Implementing Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Planning: Analyses Of Two North

American Case-Studies .................................................. 36

The Impact Of Institutional Arrangement On Ocean Governance: International

Trends And The Case Of Korea ........................................... 37

Strengthening The Moral Foundation Of And Commitment To Integrated Marine

Environmental Governance .............................................. 38

The Taiwanese Institutional Arrangements For Ocean And Coastal Management

Twenty Years After The Rio Declaration .................................. 40

The Current Development Of The Ocean Governance Mechanism In China........ 42

SESSION 4 MARITIME ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ：ITS

DEVLOPMENT & PROSPECT

Slow Steaming Of Liner Trade: Its Economic And Environmental Impacts .......... 44

Green Shipping Practices And Firm Performance ................................. 45

The Effects Of Slow Steaming On The Environmental Performance In Liner

III

Shipping ................................................................. 46

Green Shipping Management Capability And Firm Performance In The Container

Shipping Industry ........................................................ 48

Factors Influencing Container Carriers’ Use Of Coastal Shipping ................... 49

CURRICULUM VITAE OF SPEAKERS AND COORDINATORS .... 50

2012 海洋環境治理國際研討會計畫目標與效益評估 .................... 84

MAP .............................................................................. 101

附錄 .............................................................................. 102

1

序

自古以來，海洋豐富的資源，不但滋養了人類的文明，

也牽動了國家的發展。近期，亞洲臨太平洋地區的相關國家，

因為南海、東海諸列島的主權而引發國際爭議，更加可見「掌

握海洋，形同掌握世界經濟鎖鑰」的重要性。

1992 年聯合國於巴西里約熱內盧舉行環境與發展會議，

會中發表了著名的「里約宣言」，規範各國在追求發展同時，

必須兼顧環境保護。因此，如何維護海洋資源以達成海洋環

境的永續發展，可以說是國際間長期且共同關注的海洋議

題。現今，「海洋環境治理」不但是海洋事務的重要課題，

更是廣受全球重視的熱門趨勢。

本校是臺灣唯一以「海洋」為特色的科技大學，自 1946

年創校以來，雖然歷經各種學制的變革，但是一路走來，對

於提升海洋產業發展的信念始終如一，迄今已為國家培育數

以萬計的海事專業人才。今年，正逢「里約宣言」20 週年，

本校很榮幸能與英國卡地夫大學共同主辦為期三天的「 2012

年海洋環境治理國際學術研討會」，會中除了邀請學者專家

進行專題演講之外，並且安排「氣候變遷與海岸管理」、「海

洋保護區管理」、「海洋治理」、「海事環境管理」等四項

主題，發表精彩的論文與討論交流。相信藉由本研討會的舉

辦，對於海洋環境治理的改善、海洋事務發展的方針，必定

能夠彙集諸多寶貴意見，不但能夠促進國際間的學術交流，

也可以提供政府作為施政的重要參考。

在此，本人謹代表國立高雄海洋科技大學，竭誠歡迎來

自於各地的學者、專家，以及在場所有與會的嘉賓們，感謝

你們在百忙之中，專程抽空來到本校參加這場國際海洋議題

2

的重要研討會。同時，也要感謝教育部、外交部、國科會、

海巡署、漁業署、環保署、高雄市政府、中華海運研究會、

高雄港務公司，以及大陸的山東大學等單位，對於本研討會

的關心與支持。因為有各位的共襄盛舉，大會必定能夠順利

圓滿成功。

國立高雄海洋科技大學

校長周照仁敬上

101 年 9 月 27 日

3

Welcome Speech

On behalf of the Faculty of National Kaohsiung Marine University

(NKMU), I would like to first express my deepest welcome and

appreciation to all scholars, officials, and professionals, who come to

Kaohsiung to participate in the 2012 International Conference on

Marine Environmental Governance: Revisit and Prospect of the “Post

Rio+20," hosted by the NKMU and Cardiff University, England.

This conference is routinely held every year, in which internationally

prestigious scholars and professionals can demonstrate important

outcomes of the research on climate change, marine protected area

management, ocean governance, and maritime environmental

management, and further share these outcomes with one another.

More importantly, this conference provides a platform for scholars and

professionals to exchange their inspiring ideas and opinions so that they

can struggle together to reach the goal set by Post Rio+20.

Because of ongoing global warming, how to properly govern marine

environments has recently become a heated issue in the world. In order

to protect marine living resources from being destructed by people, our

government has started addressing issues of how climate change

impacts on Taiwanese coastal zones. It is believed that our government

will keep trying its best to maintain the marine environments as well as

possible in the future.

Finally, I believe that this conference will be a big success and thus

make a lot of contributions to related issues of the marine

environmental governance. Again, I very much want to give my sincere

thanks and greetings to all moderators and presenters for you taking

part in this international conference.

Chau-Jen Chow

President


6

CONFERENCE ORGANISATION

Organizer and Chairperson of the ICMEG 2012 Kaohsiung Conference

Professor Chau-Jen Chow

President, National Kaohsiung Marine University

Co-Organisers

Professor Hance D. Smith

School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University

Professor Jung-Fu Huang

Dean of College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung

Marine University

Organisers of the Conference

National Kaohsiung Marine University (Taiwan)

Cardiff University (UK)

Co-organisers of the Conference

Chinese Maritime Research Institute (Taiwan)

Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan)

Environmental Protection Administration, R.O.C.(Taiwan)

Ministry of Education (Taiwan)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (TAIWAN)

Fisheries Agency (Taiwan)

Economic Development Bureau, Kaohsiung City (Taiwan)

Marine Bureau, Kaohsiung City (Taiwan)

http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/earth/

7

National Science Council

Port of Kaohsiung, Taiwan International Ports Corporation, Ltd.

(Taiwan)

Shandong University (China)

CENPRO Technology Co.,Ltd(中環科技事業股份有限公司)

AECOM(艾奕康工程顧問有限公司)

勤智興業有限公司

開群實業有限公司

普天環保科技顧問有限公司

Secretariat of ICMEG 2012 Kaohsiung Conference

Dr Te-Cheng Yu

Conference Secretary-General, ICMEG 2012 Kaohsiung

Conference

Dean of College of Management, NKMU, Taiwan

Dr Rhoda Ballinger


Conference

Senior Lecture of School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff

University,UK

Dr Christ Wooldridge


Conference

Senior Lecture of School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff

8

University,UK

Dr Chin-Cheng Wu

Deputy-Secretary, ICMEG 2012 Kaohsiung Conference

Head of Department of Fisheries Production and Management,

NKMU, Taiwan

Dr KUN-LONG LIN


Associate professor of Department of Fisheries Production and

Management, NKMU, Taiwan

Dr Ching-Chiao Yang


Associate Professor of Department of Shipping and

Transportation Management, NKMU, Taiwan

Dr Meng-Tsung Lee


Associate Professor of Department of Marine Leisure

Management, NKMU, Taiwan

Dr Jui-Chung Kao


Associate Professor of Department of Logistics Management,

NKMU, Taiwan

Dr Rhoda Ballinger

9


Conference

Postdoctor of School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff

University,UK

Dr Azmath Jaleel


Conference

Postdoctor of School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff

University,UK

Miss Ya-Wen Chung


Assistant of of College of Hydrosphere Science, NKMU, Taiwan

Miss Shu-Chuan Tsai


Assistant of College of Management, NKMU, Taiwan, NKMU,

Taiwan

Miss Yi-Ling Chen

Deputy-Secretary, ICMEG 2012 Kaohsiung Conference Assistant

of Department of Fisheries Production and Management,

NKMU, Taiwan

http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=M.phSt/search?q=aue=%22Chen%20Yi-Ling%22.&searchmode=basic

10

AGENDA

Day 1 (September 26th 2012)

日期：2012 年 9 月 26 日(星期三) 地點:台灣西海岸

時間 Time

主題 Theme

09:00-11:00 海報競賽 Poster Contest

11:00-11:30 與校長晤談 (Meeting with the Principal of NKMU)

11:30-13:30 中餐 Lunch (御禾屋)

14:00-17:00 參訪高雄港、旗津 Visit to Kaohsiung port & Qijin

18:00~ 晚餐 Dinner (六合夜市 Night market)


日期：2012 年 9 月 27 日(星期四) 地點: 國立高雄海洋科技大學多功能會議室

時間 Time

主題 Theme

08:30-09:00 報到 Registration

09:00-09:30 貴賓介紹 Guests Introduction

貴賓致詞 Welcome address

09:30-10:00 團體照相 Group photo

中場休息 Refreshment

10:00-11:00 專題演講：我國海洋事務治理之挑戰

演講者：王崇儀副署長

Keynote Speech: Challenges of Ocean Affairs Governance in Taiwan

Speaker: Chung-Yi Wang (Deputy Minister, Coast Guard Administration)

場次一：氣候變遷與海岸管理 Session 1 Climate Change Impact on Coastal Zone Management: Rio Regime and its Influence and

Coastal Management

主持人

Chairman

Dr. Jeanette Reis; 黃榮富博士(高雄海洋科技大學水圈學院院長) Dr. Jeanette Reis; Dr. Jung-Fu Huang (Dean of College of Hydrosphere Science,

NKMU, Taiwan)

11

11:00-11:30 主講人 Invited

Speaker

Governance reform in small-scale fisheries: a development challenge

Dr. Stephen Hall (Director General, Worldfish Center)


Speaker

Climate change and ICZM: Lessons from North West Europe

Dr. Jeanette Reis (Cardiff Uni)

12:00-13:20 午餐 Lunch


Speaker

The impact of climate change on southwest coast of Taiwan

Dr. Tai-Wen Hsu (Professor, NCKU; NTOU, Taiwan)

13:50-14:10 主講人

Speaker Integrated Management of Shuang-Chun Coastal Recreational Area Dr. Chao-Chia Cheng (Ph.D. Student, NCKU, Taiwan)

14:10-14:30 主講人

Speaker Conflict Resolutions in the Implementation of Marine Resource Policies

Dr. Kuei-Chao Chang (Doctor, NCKU, Taiwan)

14:30-15:00 中場休息 Refreshment

場次二：海洋保護區管理

Session 2: Marine Protected Area Management Under Rio Regime: Its Development & Prospect

主持人

Chairman

Dr. David Fluharty (Professor, UW, USA); 李國添博士 (海洋大學名譽教授) Dr. David Fluharty (Professor, UW, USA); Dr. Kuo-Tien Lee (Emeritus Professor,

NTOU, Taiwan)


Speaker

Marine Environmental Governance with respect to Marine Protected Area

Management

Dr. David Fluharty (Professor, UW, USA)

Associate Editor of the Journal of Coastal Management


Speaker

Fisheries co-management in Shiretoko World Heritage

Dr. Hiroyuki Matsuda (Professor, Yokohama National University, Japan)


Speaker

Institutional arrangement for marine protected area management in Taiwan

Dr. Li-Shu Chen (Assistant Research Fellow, NMMST, Taiwan)

16:30-16:50 主講人

Speaker Zoning Strategies for Marine Protected Areas in Taiwan: Case Study of

Gueishan Island in Yilan Dr. Shiau-Yun Lu (Assistant Professor, NSYSU, Taiwan)

16:50-17:10 主講人

Speaker Social dimensions in the Success of Marine Protect Area – a Case in a Taiwan Fishing community

Dr. Dr. Hong-Zen Wang (Professor, NSYSU, Taiwan)

17:10~ 晚餐 Dinner (高雄蓮潭國際會館，Kaohsiung Garden Villa)


日期：2012 年 9 月 27 日(星期四) 地點:國立高雄海洋科技大學小劇場

Session: 2-1 : Technology in Near Shore and Wetland Management - Taiwan and Thailand's Experience

地點：國立高雄海洋科技大學小劇場

主持人

Chairman Dr. Wen-Ling Hong (National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan)

12

14:50-15:20 主講人

Speaker Reductive Dechlorination of Hexachlorobenzene and Polychlorinated

Biphenyls by using Indigenous Microbes from Canal Sediments

Dr. Wichidtra Sudjarid (Sakon NakhonRajabhat University, Sakhon Nakhon,

Thailand)

15:20-15:50 主講人

Speaker Influencing of used highly unsaturated fatty acid from Schizochytrium

limacinum in White Shrimp

Dr. Songsub Arungamol

Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakhon Nakhon, Thailand

15:50-16:20 主講人

Speaker

Simulation of Solar Energy to Treat Dye Contaminated Wastewater, and Its

Implication of Marine and Natural Cleaning Mechanism

Chitsan Lin, Wen-Ling Hong

National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

16:20-17:00 General Discussion

17:10~ 晚餐 Dinner (高雄蓮潭國際會館，Kaohsiung Garden Villa)


日期：2012 年 9 月 28 日(星期五) 地點: 國立高雄海洋科技大學多功能會議室

時間

主題

09:00-09:50

專題演講

Keynote Speech：What have we learned from over two decades of coastal and ocean governance in the Seas of East Asia?

Speaker: Professor Thia-Eng Chua (Chairman of PEMSEA)

09:50-10:00 茶敘 Tea time

場次三：海洋治理 Session 3: Ocean Governance under Rio Regime: National Experiences & Lessons

主持人

Chairman

Dr. Lawrence Hildebrand (Professor, Dalhousie Uni, Canada); 莊慶達博士(海洋

大學海洋事務與資源管理研究所所長)

Dr. Lawrence Hildebrand (Professor, Dalhousie Uni, Canada); Dr. Ching-Ta

Chuang ( Professor, NTOU,

Taiwan)

10:00-10:30

主講人 Invited

Speaker

Implementing ecosystem-based marine spatial planning: analyses of two

North American case-studies

Dr. Wesley Flannery (Doctor, NUIG, Ireland)

10:30-11:00

主講人 Invited

Speaker

The impact of institutional arrangement on ocean governance: International

trends and the case of Korea

Dr. Sung Gwi Kim (Senior Research Fellow, Korea Maritime Institute, Korea)

11:00-11:30

主講人 Invited

Speaker

Strengthening the Moral Foundation of and Commitment to Integrated

Marine Environmental Governance

Dr. Lawrence Hildebrand (Professor, Dalhousie Uni, Canada)

11:30-11:50

主講人 Speaker

The Taiwanese Institutional Arrangements for Ocean and Coastal

Management Twenty Years after the Rio Declaration

Dr. Wen-Hong Liu (Associate Professor, NKMU, Taiwan)

11:50-12:10 主講人

Speaker The Current Development of the Ocean Governance Mechanism in China

Dr. Yen-Chiang Chang (Professor, Shandong Uni, China)

13

12:10-13:30 午餐 Lunch

場次四：海事環境管理 Session 4: Maritime Environment Management: Its Development & Prospect

主持人

Chairman Dr. Chris Wooldridge; 呂錦山博士(成功大學交通管理科學系教授) Dr. Chris Wooldridge; Prof. Chin-Shan Lu (National Cheng Kung Uni, Taiwan)

13:30-14:00

主講人 Invited

Speaker

Environmental Performance: Developing the Culture - Delivering Results

Dr. Chris Wooldridge (Senior Research Fellow, Cardiff Uni, UK)

14:00-14:30

主講人 Invited

Speaker

Slow steaming of liner trade: its economic and environmental impacts

Dr. Kevin Xingang Li (Professor, Chung-Ang University, Korea, Editor-in-Chief of Maritime Policy and Management)

14:30-14:50 主講人

Speaker

Green Shipping practices and firm performance

Dr. Venus Y. H. Lun (Assistant Professor, Hong Kong Polytechnic Uni,

Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics)

14:50-15:10 主講人

Speaker

The effects of slow steaming on the environmental performance in liner

shipping

Mr. Jong-Kyun Woo (PhD. Candidate, World Maritime University,Sweden)

15:10-15:30 主講人

Speaker

Green shipping management capability and firm performance in the

container shipping industry

Dr. Ted T.C. Lirn (Assistant Professor, National Taiwan Ocean Uni, Taiwan)

15:30-15:50 主講人

Speaker Factors influencing container carriers’ use of coastal shipping

Dr. Ching-Chiao Yang (Assistant Professor, National Kaohsiung Marine Uni)

15:50-16:10 中場休息 Refreshment

16:10-16:20 頒獎 Awards Presentation

綜合討論及結論 Roundtable Discussion: Prospect of “Post Rio +20”

16:20-17:20 主持人

Chairman

Dr. Thia-Eng Chua (Chairman, PEMSEA)

Dr. David Fluharty (Professor, UW, USA)

Dr. Lawrence Hildebrand (Professor, Dalhousie Uni, Canada)

Dr. Chris Wooldrige (Senior Research Fellow, Cardiff Uni, UK)

Dr. Chin-Shan Lu (Professor, NCKU, Taiwan)

Dr. Te-Cheng Yu (Dean of College of Management, NKMU, Taiwan)

17:20~ 晚餐 Dinner (大八飯店，Daba Restaurant)

14

CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENTS

1. During the Conference, please turn off the mobile phone or switch

to silent mode.

2. Time allocation

Keynote talks：25 minutes presentation+5 minutes discussion

( total 30 minutes).

Regular talks：17 minutes presentation+3 minutes discussion

( total 20 minutes).

3. During the Presentation, remaining time will be notified with bell

signals as follows:

1st ring: reminding 2 min, presentation left.

2nd ring: end of presentation; discussion time starts.

3rd ring: end of discussion.

15

Coastal And Ocean Governance In The Seas Of East Asia:

PEMSEA’s Experience

Chua Thia-Eng

Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia

(PEMSEA) [email protected]

Abstract

A key lesson learned is that the complexity of managing coasts, seas

and ocean in a sustainable manner requires a comprehensive, integrative

and coordinated approach in terms of policy, legislation, institutional

arrangement, financial investment, management measures, stakeholders

support and participation. The Integrated Coastal Management system

(ICMS) has proven to be effective especially at the local level in forging

integration and coordination of policy and management actions, catalyzing

financial investment, training local capacity, creating an informed public,

enabling local implementation of international conventions/instruments,

incorporating adaptive management and precautionary principles in

decision-making as well as providing a strong coastal governance framework

and processes for strengthening ICM practices and expansion of ICM

benefits. The non-binding “Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of

East Asia” (SDS-SEA), on the other hand has forged stronger regional

cooperation and partnership in undertaking regional implementation of the

Plans of Action of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). A

permanent regional mechanism has been established to continue the

regional efforts over a much longer timeframe, as regional ocean governance

mailto:[email protected]

16

not only requires time and resources but also the much needed regional

leadership and visions. Equally important is the efforts in building up a critical

mass of coastal and ocean managers with management-oriented knowledge,

experience, interpersonal skills and diplomacy. In this context, the region has

pledged its readiness to implement the outcome document of the Rio+20

“The Future We Want” through the implementation of national SDS-SEA

plans and scaling up of ICM practices which are relevant to ensuring a

sustainable blue economy.

17

Governance Reform In Small-Scale Fisheries: A Development

Challenge

Stephen J. Hall

Director General, the WorldFish Center

Abstract

This paper examines two strands of discourse on wild capture fisheries;

one thatfocuses on resource sustainability and environmental impacts and

another related to food security and human well-being. Review of the

available data and research shows that, for countries most dependent on fish

for food security, wild capture fisheries remain the dominant source of supply.

Although, contrary to popular narratives, the sustainability of these fisheries is

not always and everywhere in crisis, securing their sustainability is essential.

Considerable effort is still needed across a broad spectrum of fishery

systems to meet the challenges these fisheries face. An impediment to

achieving this is that the current research and policy discourses on

environmental sustainability of fisheries and food security remain only loosely

and superficially linked. Adopting a sustainability-science paradigm for

improving fishery governance is needed, and doing so will help inform

synergies and trade-offs between food security, resource conservation and

macro-economic development goals. The way societychooses to govern

fisheries is, however, an ethical choice, not just a technical one, and the

addition of an ethical dimension to sustainability science as applied to

fisheries is desirable.

18

Climate Change And ICZM: Lessons From North West Europe

Dr Rhoda Ballinger and Dr Jeanette Reis

Marine and Coastal Environment Research Group, Cardiff University

Abstract

Coastal zones are likely to be directly affected by some of the most

severe impacts of climate change over the next century, including those

associated with potential relative sea level increase and changing weather

patterns and oceanographic circulation. In North West Europe, the

exacerbation of many existing coastal hazards, including coastal erosion and

flooding, is likely to occur, affecting millions of people, particularly those

residing in lowlying areas surrounding the Southern North Sea. In this

region, there has been a long tradition of constructing physical defences

against the sea, going back to Roman Times (more or less two thousand

years ago) and some countries, such as the Netherlands, have arguably

developed and implemented some of the most advanced flood control

measures in the world. However, across the region, new and broader

approaches to coastal risk management are being contemplated, not only in

response to increased coastal risks, but also in response to escalating costs

of maintaining existing, ageing physical defences. This paper will explore

the new approaches and ideas for coastal risk management emerging from

the region and will discuss the extent to which systems-based and integrated

planning and management approaches, including Integrated Coastal Zone

Management, will be required to address the cross-cutting challenges

associated with climate change adaptation. Finally, the paper will explore the

possibilities of transferring some of the ideas and practices to coasts

19

elsewhere, particularly those in East Asia.

20

Adaptation Capacity Of Coastal To Strenthen Southwest Area

Of Taiwan Due To Climate Change

Tai-Wen Hsu1, Yuan-Jyh Lan 1 , Yue-Chen Lin 2 and Ching-Jer Huang 3

1Distinguished Professor

Dean, Office of Research and Development

Director, Research Center for Ocean Energy and Strategies

National Taiwan Ocean University

Abstract

To strengthen southwestern Taiwan against natural calamities the

adaptive capacity of coastal disasters caused by climate change in the future

is investigated in this paper. In Taiwan, the coastal zone suffers from

approximately four typhoons each year, and the exceptionally high sea levels

caused by storm surges frequently results in coastal flooding and hinders the

development of the coastal area. The problems of sea levels rise and

frequent typhoons induced by climate change have threatened coastal

environments. These influences as well as serious land subsidence upon a

scenario year were carried out in the coastal areas. The present study

focuses on the construction of the disaster characteristics on Chiayi and

Tainan Coasts, model establishment for situation analysis of water

environmental factors, impact estimation and indefinite analysis on disasters,

and vulnerability and risk estimation of coastal disasters. An understanding of

the marine and meteorological characteristics in coastal zones is conducive

to raising the efficiency of the defense against coastal disasters. These

results could provide useful information to establish strategies to implement

as well as how to analyze the benefits of such a program.

Keywords: climate change, coastal disaster, adaptation capacity, vulnerability,

risk analysis

21

Integrated Management of Shuang-Chun Coastal

Recreational Area

Chao-Chia Cheng1, Wei-Ting Tseng2 and Jaw-Fang Lee3

1 Ph.D. student, Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National

Cheng Kung University

2 Administrative Assistant, Institute of Philosophy, National Sun Yat-Sen

University

3 Professor, Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National

Cheng Kung University

Abstract

Shuang-Chun recreational area is located at the northern boundary of

Tainan city along the western coast of Taiwan. Maintenance and

development of this area are confronted by difficulties including management

of recreational areas, planning of ecosystems and protection of coastal areas.

In this study, concepts of integrated management are applied to investigate

planning and development of Shuang-Chun coastal recreational area which

integrate tourism, recreation, resource conservation as well as coastal

protections. In view of multiple functioning of Shuang-Chun recreational area,

conflicts among various utilization aspects should be resolved and parallel

developments of tourism, ecological environment and coastal protection be

maintained. The present study suggests that (1) responsible authorities

should be effectively communicated and public and private sectors work

together to eliminate authority diversity, (2) the recreational area should be

planned to keep multiple functions including recreation, resource

conservation and maintaining ecological environment, (3) the planning of

coastal protection should also take care of botanical planting and scenic

views in addition to prevention of coastal erosion problems, (4) ecological

sensitive and low environment carrying areas are suggested to allow only

22

activities with little environment impacts. Sustainable developments of a

recreational area with multiple functions like Shuang-Chun recreation area

are difficult tasks. The present study is intended to provide as a typical

example for development of other coastal areas.

Keywords: integrated management, coastal recreational area, Shuang-Chun

23

Conflict Resolutions In The Implementation of Marine

Resource Policies

Kuei-Chao Chang1*, Ching-Ta Chuang2, Hwung-Hweng Hwung3 1 Ph. D.Candidate, Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National

Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

2 Professor, Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management, National

Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan

3 Professor, Department of Hydraulics and Ocean Engineering, National

Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Abstract

The sustainability of fishery resource is the goal of global marine

resource. States and international organizations must comply with the

UNCLOS when making regional or national marine resource policy. However,

it is ignored whether the internal fishery policy complies with the principle of

international law and can be implemented on the national level. The game

theory is an effective tool to analyze the problems of conflict behavior

regarding the natural resources. General speaking, it is a goal to gain

maximum profits or to choose optimal strategies when stakeholders have to

face the limited resources competition. Therefore, this study applies

cooperative games to analyze the different level of payoff between

stakeholders and policies, and how those policies have been implemented in

Taiwan. This study further used the coalition approach to compare the

influence of different fishery policies with stakeholders, in order to understand

different level of success in promoting policies in the different types of

cooperation.

Keywords: marine protected areas; marine policy; game theory; marine

resource management.

24

Fisheries Co-Management In Shiretoko World Heritage

Hiroyuki Matsuda

Faculty of Environment & Information Sciences, Yokohama National

University

Abstract

World heritage is often regulated by top-down control. Fisheries

management in Japan is done by both top-down regulation and bottom-up

approach. In Shiretoko World Heritage site, coastal fisheries are regulated by

fisheries cooperative associations: seasonal fishing ban, allocation of fishing

grounds, and even reduction of the number of fishing boats for walleye

pollock fishery in 1994. Before Shiretoko was nominated as world heritage,

officials from the Japan Ministry of Environment and the Hokkaido Prefectural

Government promised to local fishers that the future management plan of

Shiretoko Heritage will not include fisheries regulation. The IUCN

(International Union for Conservation of Nature), the reviewer of world natural

heritage, requested the expansion of the marine registered area and an

expedited marine management plan during the review process of Shiretoko

Heritage. To satisfy both the promise to fishers and the request by IUCN, the

scientific council (SC) for the Shiretoko Heritage advised fishers to increase

the conservation level by themselves because the local fishers made a

seasonal fishing-ban area for walleye pollock in 1995. During the review

process, fishers actually expand the fishing ban area and IUCN

recommended approving the nomination of Shiretoko Heritage. In 2008, the

Report of the reactive monitoring by IUCN for Shiretoko World Heritage

applauded the bottom up approach to management through the involvement

of local communities and local stake-holders as “an excellent model for the

management of natural World Heritage sites elsewhere”. In 2010, the

25

International Association for the Study of the Commons selected this episode

as one of the 6 Impact Stories in the world. I encourage cooperation between

municipality, citizens and scientists in local community. An important mission

of scientists is to show a feasible solution to stakeholders and to evaluate the

activities in local community as a universal scientific knowledge.

Keywords: Shiretoko world heritage, Adaptive fishing-ban area, Autonomous

MPA, Man and the Biosphere Program, Fish-breeding forest

26

Institutional Arrangement For Marine Protected Area

Management In Taiwan

Li-Shu Chen1, Chao-Yu Chen2, Wen-Hong Liu2, Chi-Ming Wang2

1 National Museum of Marine Science & Technology-Provisional Office

2 National Kaohsiung Marine University

Abstract

To ensure marine protected area (MPA) can function properly, its policy

development is highly depended on the effective institutional arrangement.

There are three components included political institution, regulation and

society in the institutional arrangement. A summary of the regulations of MPA

management is provided in the text. Institutional arrangements in Japan,

Korea and mainland China are also described. Finally, The study

concentrates on evaluating the current institutional arrangement for MPA

management in Taiwan. Purposive sampling questionnaire survey is used in

the study. There are 49 questions divided into three categories which are

political institution, regulation and society in the questionnaire. People of four

marine affair related parties, which are industry, government, scholar and

NGOs, are chosen to answer those questions. The number of effective

questionnaires used is 126 in the study.

Overall most of the people do not satisfy the institutional arrangement

in marine and coastal zone in Taiwan (disagreed 31.75% and highly

disagreed 14.28%). The top five questions people agreed are list accordingly:

“The marine committee can coordinate MPA plan and management from

different government departments.” (Mean 3.209 ,SE 1,028), “The NGOs and

public actively support the management of MPA by government” (Mean

3.23 ,SE 0.997) , “The parties of scientific, industrial, media and NGOs pay

27

much attention to the management of MPA” (Mean 3.333 ,SE 0.930), “Part of

the funding for MPA management should come from the combination of its

natural resource advantage and ecotourism plan.” (Mean 3.452, SE 1.184),

and “The consequence of different regulation under different authority lead to

each one do things as its own way.” (Mean 3.825 ,SE 0.913). They indicate

all the parties value the importance of MPA. However, the confliction of vary

authorities and the role of marine committee to coordinate them are two

major concerns.

On the contrary, the five ones people disagreed are also list accordingly:

“The funding of local government is enough to manage MPA efficiently.”

(Mean 2.056, SE 1.038), “The funding of government is enough to manage

MPA efficiently. “(Mean 2.016, SE 1.027), “The government has supply

enough manpower and equipment to monitor MPA.“ (Mean 2.222, SE 1.08),

“The enterprise will respect the ecology and environmental protection in MPA

when they progress exploitation in coastal zone. “(Mean 2.222, SE 1.179),

“Fisherman will well treat the ecology and environment in MPA when they

carry marine and coastal activities.“ (Mean 2.492, SE 1.276) They disclose

that people regard both the funding in MPA management and attitude of user

in marine and coastal zone need to be improved.

28

Zoning Strategies For Marine Protected Areas In Taiwan:

Case Study Of Gueishan Island In Yilan County, Taiwan

Shiau-Yun Lu 1＊, Wen-Yen Chiau 2, Cheng-Han Shen 1

1 Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen

University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan

2 Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management, National Taiwan

Ocean University, No. 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan

Abstract

Because of human population growth and the advance of science and

technology, natural resources have decreased dramatically, and

development pressure increased. According to the Millennium Ecosystem

Assessment by the United Nations, global biodiversity has declined

dramatically. The UN appealed to the world and asked each country to take

action to mitigate its environmental impacts. Marine environmental protection

is one of the most critical and urgent issues in the world, and many countries

have begun to establish marine protected areas (MPAs) to implement the

concept of ecosystem-based management (EBM). Planning MPAs is viewed

as one of the simplest and most effective ways to protect marine environment

today. Taiwan has focused on its marine environment recently by increasing

the marine protected area to 12% of its ocean territory to achieve the vision of

a sustainable ocean. To reach the goal, the government faces difficulties of

MPA locations and zoning strategies. This paper aims to establish principles

and a zoning framework for MPAs in Taiwan using Gueishan Island in Yilan

County as a case study site to examine zoning strategies. Three protected

objectives, hydrothermal vents, cetacean, and fisheries resources, are

identified in this paper. Multi-criteria spatial analysis is used to identify the

most significant area to protect with a geographic information system. To

29

understand the stakeholders’ opinions and concerns, in-depth interviews with

experts and stakeholders are also included in this paper based on the

proposed zoning framework. MPAs zoning strategies are formed at the end of

this study to protect critical marine resources and avoid conflicts among

various usages in the marine area.

Keywords: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Ecosystem-Based Management

(EBM), Geographic Information System, Spatial Analysis,

Sustainable Development

30

Social dimensions In The Success of Marine Protect Area – A

Case In A Taiwan Fishing Community

Ya-Ching Yang1, Shui-Kai Chang1* and Hong-Zen Wang2

1 Institute of Marine Affairs, National Sun Yat-sen University

2 Department of Sociology, National Sun Yat-sen University

Abstract

The Houbihu Demonstration Area (HbDA) in southern Taiwan, a no-take

marine protected area (MPA) although not under the name of MPA, was

established in 2004. The establishment was promoted by the joint force of

local tourism industry and the Kenting National Park Headquarters and

beneath the protection of marine resources, the HbDA is functioned mainly

for tourism purposes. The impacts from and to local fishers who live on the

marine resources however have not been considered at that time which has

played an important role in the success of the HbDA.

This research explores the impacts of social change on local community,

which is transformed from a homogeneous to a differentiated society. The

establishment of KNP and the rise of tourism after 1990s attracted urban

tourist engagers to develop business in the community. They utilized

established institutions to collaborate with government and nation-wide

environment groups to set up the HbDA. But the interests of local fisherman

were excluded from the process, which caused the long-term conflicts

between fisherman and pro-conservation group. Pro-conservation group

works with police to guard the HbDA, and puts heavy fines on law breakers,

who were mostly local fishermen. However, local clientelist political

structures and deeply rooted kinship and lineage system become the

weapons of local fisherman to counteract the regulations imposed on them

31

without their consents. The outcome of such a dynamic interaction process

between different stakeholders is that the regulations now are only applied to

outsiders, while local fisherman can utilize the marine resources, secretly,

only for self-consumption or social gift-exchange.

Keywords: Houbihu Demonstration Area, marine protect area, clientelist

political structure

32

Reductive Dechlorination Of Hexacholorobenzene and

Polychlorinated Biphenyls By Using Indigenous Microbes

From Canal Sediments

Wichidtra Sudjarid1*, Jin Anotai2 and I-Ming Chen3

1 Civil Technology and Architecture Program, Faculty of Industry Technology,

Sakhon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakhon Nakhon 47000, Thailand

2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King

Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

3 Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan University

of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan

(*corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the dechlorination of Polychlorinated

Biphenyls (PCBs) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by using indigenous

microbes. Sediment and water samples were collected from Hua Lam Poo

Canal, SamuthPrakarn Province, Thailand. Sediment slurry was prepared

by mixing of sediment to water ratio 1:1 and 1:2 without any external

supplements. The experiments were individually tested, HCB was prepared

in ratio 1:1 and 1:2 but PCBs used only ratio 1:1. The results showed that

HCB could be effectively dechlorinated neither sediment to water ratio 1:1 or

1:2. The dechlorination of HCB could be initiated after 12 days and the

dechlorination completed within 60 days, it suggested that the pre-anoxic

condition did not have any significant effected on the initiating of

dechlorination period. In contrast, only 234-CBp could be dechlorinated,

234-CBp was begun dechlorination after 14 days and dechlorination

completed within 84 days. Unfortunately, all single PCB congeners which

have been tested could not be dechlorinated within 126 days of incubation

33

time. It implies that the potential of steric effect of bulky substitutions on

the opposite ring was substantial significant in the dechlorination of PCBs.

The results suggested that the indigenous microbes in Thailand canal could

initiate the dechlorination of HCB and simple single PCB congeners.It

revealed to the possibility of natural attenuation and bioremediation of HCB

and simple PCB congeners contaminated in these sites.

Keywords: HCB / PCBs / POPs/ Dechlorination / Sediment Slurry

34

Influencing Of Used Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acid From

Schizochytrium Limacinum In White Shrimp

Songsub Arungamol1* and Nontawith Areechon2

1 Agriculture Technology Program, Faculty of Agriculture Technology,

SakhonNakhon Rajabhat University, Sakhon Nakhon 47000, Thailand

2 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University

Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Abstract

This study was conducted by mixing the spray-dried form of

Schizochytrium limacinum as a source of highly unsaturated fatty acid

three levels at 5, 10, and 15 g/kg in shrimp commercial pellet feed.

Litopenaeus vannamei were fed with experimental feed for 30 days and

non-specific immunity from shrimp blood were monitored and compared at

every 10 days. Shrimp that were fed with S. limacinum at 15 g/kg did show

significantly higher values of total haemocyte count and phenoloxidase

activity than the control (P

35

Simulation of Solar Energy To Treat Dye Contaminated

Wastewater, And Its Implication of Marine And Natural

Cleaning Mechanism

Chitsan Lin1, Wen-Ling Hong2

1 Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung

Marine University

2 Department of Ship Architecture and Marine Engineering, National

Kaohsiung Marine University

利用太陽能處理染料廢水及其可能之海洋淨化機制

林啟燦 1、洪文玲 2

1國立高雄海洋科技大學海洋環境工程系

2國立高雄海洋科技大學造船及海洋工程系

摘要

本研究調查利用二氧化鈦(TiO2)為光催化劑，配合可見光太陽能為光源以

處理染料廢水之可行性。結果發現光分解速率和染料之化學結構式很有關連，

在 15 種試驗過之有機染料中 Triphenylmethane Dyes 較容易處理，而

Anthraquinone Dyes 較難，化合物具有親水性離子基者光分解速率較快，預估

是和其對二氧化鈦表面有較強親和力有關；有機染料光分解速率可以用

Pseudo-First-Order 反應動力式來模擬，利用夏日上午戶外太陽光照射，

Methylene Blue 之光分解速率常數為 0.1237 min-1，半衰期為 6.9 分鐘，光

分解速率隨著光源種類及強度而異，其順序為：夏日陽光〉90瓦鹵素燈〉150

瓦探照燈(Spot Light)。結果亦顯示本方法不適用以處理水溶性較差之染料，

同時由於受到遲滯效應之影響，當廢水中存在有 Acetonitrile, Alcohols, HCl,

36

H3PO4, Humic Substances 及 Dissolved Organic Matters (DOM) 時處理效率

亦受影響，反應效率降低原因可能與催化劑表面活性位置被遲滯物質競先吸附

佔據有關，同時水中存在有 Humic Substances 及 DOM 時亦可能因降低透光度

而影響到處理效率。太陽能為自然界存量豐富之能源，研究結果顯示經由妥善

之工程設計本方法可以經濟有效的處理水溶性染料廢水，對於解決國內大量之

染料廢水有其實用之價值。同時，海洋或河口域環境中存在有大量之腐植質、

藻類浮游植物，其相關之可能運用價值，與其所蘊涵之自然淨化機制，值得更

多的科學研究工作者投入。

37

Implementing Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Planning:

Analyses Of Two North American Case-Studies.

Wesley Flannery

Doctor, Department of Geography, School of Geography and Archaeology,

National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.

Abstract

Adopting ecosystem-based marine spatial planning (MSP) is advanced

as one way of resolving marine governance issues such as user conflict,

degradation of fragile environments, and accounting for cumulative impacts

on the ecosystem. The critical examination of marine initiatives which have

adopted some of the key planning principles of MSP can contribute to the

development of good practice. This paper reports analyses of two marine

EBM initiatives: The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary; and The

Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management Initiative. The analyses

indicate that the effective implementation of these principles is frustrated by

fragmented governance, lack of authority, and the persistence of sectoral

thinking and logic. To expedite the transition to MSP, its place-based nature

and integrated management need to be emphasised. MSP lead agencies

need to break with traditional sectoral planning and thinking, need to develop

new cross-sectoral work practices and have clear understanding of how

plans will be implemented.

Keywords: marine spatial planning, ecosystem-based management, marine

governance, planning principles

38

The Impact Of Institutional Arrangement On Ocean

Governance: International Trends And The Case Of Korea

Sung Gwi Kim

Senior Research Fellow, Korea Maritime Institute

Abstract

After the Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 recommended integrated

management for ocean and coastal management system, many countries

undertook institutional arrangement in the government structure for efficient

ocean governance. From such country cases, we can abstract 5 types of

institutional change for ocean governance: type 1) Inter-ministerial

commission or committee; type 2) Administration under the ministerial level of

department; type 3) Administration under the ministerial level plus

inter-ministerial commission or committee; type 4) Ministerial level of

department; Type 5) Ministerial level of department plus inter-ministerial

commission or committee.

It is also supposed that an institutional arrangement can impact on the

ocean governance through their elements in various ways, which was proved

in the case of Korea. In Korea, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fishery

(MOMAF) established in 1996, which belongs to type 4 and had affected the

ocean governance very positively, thus making integrated ocean policy,

excellent coordination among related ministries and increasing the

constituency. However, the dismantlement of MOMAF in 2008 has affected

the ocean governance negatively. Reflecting the frequent government

restructuring, type 1, 3 or 5 can also be more recommended in case of Korea.

This shows how important an appropriate institutional arrangement is for

integrated ocean governance and sheds light on the direction for the future

institutional arrangement of the ocean sectors in each country.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569112000816

39

Strengthening The Moral Foundation Of And Commitment To

Integrated Marine Environmental Governance

Lawrence Hildebrand

Adjunct Professor, Marine Affairs, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada

& Senior Research Fellow, International Ocean Institute

Abstract

Integrated marine environmental governance regimes are well

established in most of the world’s coastal and ocean regions. We have

learned how to construct such collaborative initiatives over the past several

decades and to get most of the relevant actors to these shared tables. Yet,

these initiatives do not always work optimally and/or survive over the long

term. What are we missing? This paper posits two key factors. The first

is that we do not invest enough up-front time in the initial development of

these processes to allow the respective regime actors to have their interests,

objectives, fears and corporate cultures understood and appreciated by

others. We are thus building these governance regimes on a weak moral

foundation. If we do not know, understand and trust our colleagues around

these collaborative tables, how will we work together effectively over the long

term? The second factor is that we tend to treat these collaborative

governance initiatives as ‘extra’ activities; those above and beyond our

day-to-day ‘core’ sectoral roles. It is interesting and fun to attend these

meetings, develop goals and objectives together for a shared marine

environment, and to seek out and secure external funding to undertake

agreed-upon priority initiatives. Yet we often fail to expect or require that

these sectoral actors will commit to, as the United Nations is fond of saying,

40

‘mainstreaming’ the commitment to invest their own resources and change

their behaviors. Thus, if we are to build and sustain these environmental

governance initiatives over the long-term, we must learn to better understand

and appreciate each other and truly commit our own resources to make them

successful and sustainable.

41

The Taiwanese Institutional Arrangements For Ocean And

Coastal Management Twenty Years After the Rio Declaration

Kun-Lung Lin 1, Hao-Tang Jhan 2, Wen-Hong Liu3*, Ya-Chun Wang4,

Pei-Tsen Tsai4

1 Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries Production and Management,


2 Ph. D. Student, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University

3 Director, Master Program of Marine Affairs and Business Management,


Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries Production and Management,


4 Master, Department of Fisheries Production and Management, National

Kaohsiung Marine University

Abstract

This study examines the Taiwanese institutional arrangements for ocean

and coastal management to explore the development of ocean and coastal

management in Taiwan 20 years after the “Rio Declaration on Environment

and Development.” First, we employed purposive sampling to distribute

questionnaires among industry personnel, government officials and

personnel, scholars, and personnel of non-government organizations (NGOs)

involved in institutional arrangements for ocean and coastal management.

We recovered 159 effective copies of the 323 distributed questionnaires, for

an effective recovery rate of 49.2%. Subsequently, we used descriptive

statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Scheffé's method for post hoc

tests to analyze whether the four groups of participants had differing

perspectives or cognition levels of the three dimensions and multiple

sub-dimensions of the institutional arrangements. The results show that (1)

for political institutional arrangements, the four groups all disagreed with the

http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=rssEpx/search?q=aue=%22Tsai%2CPei-Tsen%22.&searchmode=basic

42

Taiwanese government’s institutional arrangements for finance and budget

allocation, and the government officials and personnel and scholars

disagreed with the Taiwanese institutional arrangements for the planning,

implementation, and promotion of ocean and coastal management; (2)for

legal institutional arrangements, the government officials and personnel,

scholars, and NGO personnel believed that the existing Taiwanese laws and

regulations lacked clear roles, authorization, and responsibilities, as well as

coordination and stability; and (3) for social institutional arrangements, the

scholars considered the social institutional arrangements for Taiwan’s ocean

and coastal management insufficient, which differed significantly from the

opinions of the other three groups. This implies that the care and attention

provided by the other three groups to social institutional arrangements was

insufficient.

Keywords: Ocean governance, Marine affairs, Integrated coastal

management, Marine education

43

Factors Influencing Container Carriers’ Use Of Coastal

Shipping

Ching-Chiao Yang1*, Hui-Huang Tai2, Wen-Hsing Chiu3

1 Assistant professor, Department of Shipping and Transportation Management,

National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 2 Associate professor, Department of Shipping and Transportation Management,

National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 3 Deputy Manager, Customs Affairs Team, Kaohsiung Branch, Yang Ming Marine

Transportation Corporation, Taiwan

Abstract

Coastal shipping is one of the most sustainable and economically

competitive modes of transportation. This study employs the Analytic

Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the importance of various

factors influencing container carriers’ use of coastal shipping. A three-level

hierarchical structure with 17 attributes is proposed and tested. A previous

AHP survey in Taiwan has indicated that port policy and infrastructure is the

most critical factor influencing coastal shipping by container carriers, followed

by operational cost, operational strategy, and operational efficiency. Overall,

the results indicate that the five most important attributes influencing the use

of coastal shipping are: simplified customs procedures; leasing a dedicated

terminal; transhipment time; a favourable port charge system and efficient

terminal operations.

Keywords: Container Carriers, Coastal Shipping, Analytic Hierarchy Process

44

Slow Steaming Of Liner Trade: Its Economic And

Environmental Impacts

Kevin Li1 , YIN JINGBO2 , SHEN XULI3

1 Dept. of International Logistics, College of Business & Economics,

Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea

2 Dept. of international shipping,School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and

Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China,

3 IMC Maritime Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,

China

Abstract

Three forces are the drives for slow steaming in the liner industry,

increasing bunker price, continuous over supply of capacity, and environment

pressure to reduce CO2 emissions. This paper analyzes the background and

the recent application of slow steaming. However, slow steaming will

increase transit time and thus prolong the transport chain, solutions to which

are also widely discussed in this paper. The research looks into the questions

on how slow steaming can save bunker consumption and bring benefits to

the environment. A cost model is demonstrated to simulate the impact of slow

steaming on the revenue change, with application to the North Europe – Far

East trade. The final result shows that the optimal speed for the shipowner is

correlated with the designed speed, bunker price and the price of CO2. With

the increase of the bunker price and the price of CO2, the optimal speed will

increase too. That means slow steaming can bring benefits to the

environment.

Keywords: Slow steaming, CO2 emission, Oil bunker price, Carbon trade

45

Green Shipping Practices And Firm Performance

Y.H. Venus Lun, Kee-hung Lai, Christina W. Y. Wong and T.C.E. Cheng

Shipping Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

Global economic development is facilitated by the commercial shipping

industry. Shipping operations contribute to the growth of international trade

activities, which heavily count on ships to carry cargoes from places of

production to places of consumption. Despite its importance, there have been

growing concerns about the environmental impacts caused by shipping

activities in international trade. To balance environmental protection and

productivity, many shipping firms have begun to adopt green shipping

practices (GSPs) to improve their operations in a more

environmentally-friendly manner. GSP consists of six dimensions, namely

Company Policy and Procedure (CPP), Shipping Documentation (SD),

Shipping Equipment (SE), Shipper Cooperation (SC), Shipping Materials (SM),

and Shipping Design and Compliance (SDC). GSP is becoming an important

aspect of shipping operations. It is timely for the shipping industry to evaluate

firm capability in carrying out greening operations, i.e., firms’ “greening”

capability. Firm capability comprises two key elements: one is embedded in

firms’ business routines or activities, and the other concerns firms’ ability in

transforming inputs into outputs. GSPs can be considered as inputs while firm

performance measures as outputs. This study uses an input/output approach

to examine the greening capability of shipping firms. The results indicate that

shipping firms are relatively weak in the practices of SC and SE, while the

capability scores of SM, CPP, SDC, and SD are all close to 1 with an average

score of 0.927, 0.920, 0.924, and 0.978, respectively. Academic and

managerial significance of the findings are highlighted.

46

The Effects Of Slow Steaming On The Environmental

Performance In Liner Shipping

Jong-Kyun Woo1 and Daniel Seong-Hyeok Moon2

1 World Maritime University, Malmo, Sweden. Email: [email protected]

2 World Maritime University, Malmo, Sweden. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Environment issue is one of the significant challenges in the liner

shipping industry. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a

goal to reduce GHG emissions from existing vessels by 20-50% by 2050, and

develop the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as a measure for

the energy efficiency. To achieve the goal, IMO has suggested three basic

approaches; namely, the enlargement of vessel size, the reduction of voyage

speed and the application of new technologies. In recent times, liners have

adopted slow steaming, and decelerated the voyage speed to 15-18 knots on

major routes. This is because slow steaming is helpful in reducing the

operating costs and the amount of GHG emissions. However, it also creates

negative effects, which have influence on the operating costs and the amount

of GHG emissions at the same time.

This study is started from the basic question; is it true that as voyage

speed reduces, the operating costs and CO2 emissions can be reduced at the

same time? If it is true, liners will definitely decelerate their voyage speed

themselves as possible as they can to increase the profits and to improve the

level of environmental performance. However, if not, liners will concentrate

just on increasing their profits by not considering environmental factors. This

has led the authors to set out three objectives. The first objective is to

analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the amount of CO2

47

emissions, and to estimate the changes by slow steaming in liner shipping.

The second is to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the

operating costs on a loop. Moreover, the final objective is to find the optimal

voyage speed as a solution to maximize the reduction of CO2 emissions at

lowest operating cost with satisfying the reduction target of IMO.

48

Green Shipping Management Capability And Firm

Performance In The Container Shipping Industry

Taih-Cherng Lirn1 , Hsiao-Wen Lin2, and Kuo-Chung Shang3

1 Department of Shipping and Transportation Management, National Taiwan

Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung City 202, Taiwan, R.O.C.

2 Department of Business Administration, National Chengchi University, 64,

Sec.2, Zhinan Rd.,Taipei 11605,Taiwan, R.O.C.

3 Department of Transportation Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,

No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung City 202, Taiwan, R.O.C

* Corresponding Authors (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract

This study empirically identifies crucial green shipping management

capability and examines its impact on firm performance using survey data

collected from container shipping firms including shipping companies and

agencies. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis is performed to identify

three critical green shipping management capability dimensions, namely, a

greener policy, greener ships, and greener suppliers. Firm performance in this

study is categorized into environmental performance and financial

performance. The results indicate that a greener policy has an indirect and

positive influence on both the green ships and green suppliers factors.

Greener ship and greener suppliers are found to have an indirect and positive

influence on financial performance through environmental performance.

Accordingly, this study suggests that container shipping managers could focus

on organizational green shipping management capability, specifically regarding

policies, ships and suppliers, to improve their environmental and financial

performance. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings for

container shipping firms are discussed.

Keywords: Container shipping industry, Green shipping management

capability, Firm performance

49

Factors Influencing Container Carriers’ Use Of Coastal

Shipping

Ching-Chiao Yang1, Hui-Huang Tai2, Wen-Hsing Chiu3

1 Assistant professor, Department of Shipping and Transportation

Management, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

2 Associate professor, Department of Shipping and Transportation

Management, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

3 Deputy Manager, Customs Affairs Team, Kaohsiung Branch, Yang Ming

Marine Transportation Corporation, Taiwan

Abstract

Coastal shipping is one of the most sustainable and economically

competitive modes of transportation. This study employs the Analytic

Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the importance of various

factors influencing container carriers’ use of coastal shipping. A three-level

hierarchical structure with 17 attributes is proposed and tested. A previous

AHP survey in Taiwan has indicated that port policy and infrastructure is the

most critical factor influencing coastal shipping by container carriers, followed

by operational cost, operational strategy, and operational efficiency. Overall,

the results indicate that the five most important attributes influencing the use

of coastal shipping are: simplified customs procedures; leasing a dedicated

terminal; transhipment time; a favourable port charge system and efficient

terminal operations.

Keywords: Container Carriers, Coastal Shipping, Analytic Hierarchy Process

50

Dr. Shui-Kai Chang

Current Position:

Associate Professor, Institute of Marine Affairs, National

Sun Yat-sen University

Nationality:

Taiwan

Education:

PhD in Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University

Fields of Specialization:

Fisheries management

Contact:

Address: 70, Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan

Telephone: +886-7-5250050

E-mail: [email protected]

51

Dr. Yen-Chiang Chang

Current Position:

Professor, School of Law, Shandong University, China

Nationality:

Taiwanese

Education:

LL.M (National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan); Ph.D (University of Dundee, UK)


International Law of the Sea

Contact:

Address: No. 5, Hongjialou, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China 250100

Telephone: +86-15275197632


52

Dr. Kuei-Chao Change

Current Position:

Adjunct Lecturer

Nationality:

Taiwan

Education:

Ph. D. National Cheng Kung University


Marine Ecosystem Management, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Conflict

Management

Contact:

Address: No.1 University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan

Telephone: 886-975350762



53

Dr. Lishu Chen

Current Position:

Assitant Researcher

National Museum of Marine Science & Technology

--Provisional Office

Nationality:

ROC

Education:

PhD, Dept. Mar. Biol. JCU


Fish Biology, Marine Conservation, Marine Education

Contact:

Address: 61, Lane 369, Pei-Ling Rd., Keelung 20248, Taiwan

Telephone: 886-2-24696000 ext. 5011

Fax: 886-2-24690507



54

Dr. Mr. Chao-Chia Cheng

Current Position:

Ph.D. Student

Nationality:

Republic of China

Education:

Ph.D. student, National Cheng Kung University


Leisure and Recreation

Contact:

Address: Nantou County, Caotun town, Dongmei Street, Street Lane 88, No.

3-5

Telephone: 0919-330012


http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncku.edu.tw%2F&ei=qGJcUMnqKcHYmAXa6oCQAQ&usg=AFQjCNEujKnpg7g9owpMRdJh6xUNFUFRkA

55

A. Personal Data

English Name Thia-Eng Chua

Citizenship Malaysian

Passport number A24784058

Sex Male

Date of Birth 28 March 1940

Home Tel 60125238977

Fax

Contact Address 235-3 Jalan Daud, Muar 84000,Johore, Malaysia.

E-Mail [email protected]

Hade Visited Taiwan ■ Yes, several times manyyears ago, between 1967 and ~2007

□No, first time

B. Present Job Information

Institution Retired from International Maritime Organization since Dec 2007

Department Marine Environment

Division Position

Regional Programme Director

of Regional Programme on

Marine Environmental

Management in the Seas of

East Asia

Period 1994-2007

Office Address Programme office: c/o Department of Environmental and Natural

Resource, Visayas Avenue, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines

Office Tel 632-9292992 Fax 6329269712

C. Highest Education and Specialized Field

School Name National University of

Singapore Country Singapore

Major Field Fisheries Biology

Period 1971 Degree Ph.D

56

Specialized Field

Coastal and ocean governance

D. Honor and Awards

Honor and Awards

He won the First Gold Medal Award (1995) and Honorary Membership Award

(1998) of the Asian Fisheries Society, the Honorary Life Membership Award

(1994) of the Malaysian Fishery Society.

In recognition of his work, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

conferred him the prestigious “Friendship Award” in October,1997. The Royal

Government of Cambodia conferred him the Sahak Metrey Medal in March 2002

by his majesty King Sihanouk. In 2006, he was recognized as one of the

outstanding alumni of the National University of Singapore for the work he has

done. In September 2011, he was conferred the Honorary Citizen of Xiamen,

China.

E. Biography

He completed his bachelor degree at Nanyang University and later his postgraduate

diploma in fisheries (1965), Masteral (1967) and Doctorate (1971) degrees in estuarine

ecology and zoology respectively at the National University of Singapore. He participated in

the shipboard training organized by the Ocean Research Institute of Tokyo University in

1966 and did his postdoctorate training in Tokyo some years later. He was able to travel and

participated rather extensively through several UNESCO, sida and CIDA fellowships and

later on through various international and regional programs/ consultancies with UN,

World Bank, Exxon, GEF, FAO, IMO, IFS, USAID, ICLARM, etc that enabe his wide exposure to

various issues pertaining to the sustainable development of the coasts and oceans

especially in the developing worlds in Asia and the Pacific, Africa and Latin America.

He began his research and teaching career in fisheries, aquaculture and marine

biology in 1967 as a lecturer at the National University of Singapore until 1972 when he

joined the University of Science in Malaysia as an Associate Professor until 1979. He joined

the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations in 1980 as Senior

Aquaculturist and Training Coordinator. He developed and conducted postgraduate degree

programs for Senior Aquaculturists in Asia and the Pacific region under the Network of

Aquaculture Centers of Asia (NACA). During his term with FAO, he produced more than 100

masteral degree graduates in collaboration with the University of the Philippines in the

Visayas and Seafdec Aquaculture Department in Iloilo.

57

In 1986, he was hired by the International Center for Aquactic Resource Management

( ICLARM, now the World Fish Center) to coordinate and implement a regional project on

Coastal Resource Management supported by USAID in six Asean countries ( Brunei,

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Singapore) where he successfully

implemented the first regional program in coastal resource management and has made

significant contributions in developing, verifying and promoting its concept and practices.

He was subsequently made Director of the Coastal Management Program in ICLARM and

later as the Director of National Support Programme until 1993.

In 1994 he was hired by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to direct a larger

regional program in Marine Pollution Prevention and Management through the auspices of

the Global Environmental Facilities and United Nations Development Programme. Through

the initial and second phases of this program (1994-2007), he was able to develop

integrated coastal management demonstration projects in six countries and later on scaling

up the number of local governments practising ICM to more than 28 provinces and

municipalities in 10 nations including Cambodia, China, DP R Korea, Indonesia, Japan,

Malaysia, Philippines, RO Korea, Thailand and Vietnam. Through the training courses of

PEMSEA and ICLARM , he helped trained no less than 3000 coastal managers and coastal

technicians, academes and local executives in the application of integrated coastal

management and related specialized courses.

He improved the concept and practices of integrated coastal and marine management by

developing a generic management framework and process that enable effective integration of

policy, management and technological interventions based on interdisciplinary knowledge

and participation of all stakeholders, including the civil society, private sector and coastal

communities. This management model facilitates a harmonious relationship between the

people, society and the environment. His working model promotes environmental investment,

thus strengthening natural resource and environmental governance at the local level. The

outcomes and experience of the ICM approach has led to the development of an ICM system

and the ICM code to codify the practices.

He has effectively energized policy changes towards coastal and marine policy development

in the region. Through the Baguio (1990) and Singapore (1991) Resolutions, he was able to

bring political leaders from various countries to commit to sustainable coastal and marine

development, thus paving the foundation for various coastal and marine policy developments

in the Philippines, Indonesia, China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Thailand. He played a

critical role in the formulation of the Arusha Declaration (1993) and the Seychelles

58

Declaration (1996), resulting in the initiation and propagation of coastal and marine area

management practices in East Africa. He was also the key force behind the formulation and

signing of the Bohai Sea Declaration (2000), which signals the commitment of the different

provinces and municipalities bordering the Bohai Sea in China to protect their marine and

coastal environment of the only Chinese Inland Seas.

He has successfully brought the countries in East and Southeast Asia together under a

regional collaborative and partnership framework through the establishment of the

Partnerships in Environmental Management of the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) to

implement a long term regional marine strategy known as the Sustainable Development

Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA), the implementation of which enable the

pooling of regional human and financial resources to address the common threats to

coastal and ocean security of the region. The countries of the region adopted the SDS-SEA

through the “Putrajaya Declaration ( 2003)” by ministers of relevant agencies and further

recognizes PEMSEA as the implementing agency for the SDS-SEA through another policy

initiaitves, the Haiko Agreement (2006). PEMSEA provides the regional platform for regular

regional meetings under its tri-annual East Asian Seas Congress which serves as an

international market place for sharing of management and technical knowledge through

workshops, seminars and meetings during the international conference and policy dialgue

through a tri-annual ministerial forum. The SDS-SEA is the first regional marine strategy

being developed in Asia so far parallel that of the regional marine strategy of the European

Community. In order to continue the regional implementation of the SDS-SEA, eight

countries of the region formally recognized PEMSEA’s international legal personality

through the Manila Agreement in 2010, making PEMSEA effectively an international

organization which is made up of both state and non-state partners.

Over the years, he had established effective networks of natural and social scientists, legal

professionals, resource managers, civil society, private sectors and political leaders in the

region to forge regional cooperation and collaboration. He was the founding president of the

Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences (1972-1973), Asian Fisheries Society (1986-95) and

first president of the World Fisheries Congress. He also led the establishment of a number of

professional networks, thus strengthening the use of scientific knowledge for management

and bringing scientists closer to the policy makers.

In addition to his service to universities and international organizations, he had also served as

as external examiner for the postgraduate programs of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine

Science, University of Agriculture, Malaysia; Department of Zoology, University of

Colombo, Sri Lanka; as well as for a number of masteral and doctorate theses from various

59

universities in the Asia-Pacific region, Europe and the US. He also served as a member of the

International Advisory Committee of the Marine Environment Research and Innovative

Technology (MERIT) centre, City University, Hong Kong from 2004-7 as well as Visiting

Fellow of the Ocean Policy Research Institute of Japan and member of its Research Council

(2004-7) He served as the Associate editor of the Journal of Coast and Ocean Management

(2002-2007)

and as Executive Editor of the Tropical Coasts magazines until his retirement in December

2007..

Currently, he serves as the chair of the East Asian Sea Partnership Council of PEMSEA.

Concurrently he is the Visiting Professor of the Coastal and Ocean Management Institute of

Xiamen University (China) and Chair of its international academic committee since 2003.

F. Publications

He has published extensively over the years with no less than 230 papers, reports and

books. His most recent book (2006) “ The Dynamics of Integrated Coastal

Management –practical Application in the Sustainable Development in East Asia” has been

widely used as text or reference for marine affairs or ICM courses in universities such as

Rhode Island, Delaware (USA) , World Maritime University, Khamar University in Sweden,

Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand), University of the Philippines, Xiamen University

(China) and others. Another recent publication, “Securing the Oceans” (2008), which he

was the senior editor and co-author amongst 25 eminent experts is also another major

contribution to ocean and coastal governance of the world.

60

Dr. Ching-Ta Chuang

Current Position:

Professor and Director

Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management

President, Taiwan Fisheries Economic Development

Association

Nationality:

Taiwan, R.O.C.

Education:

North Carolina State University, U.S.A.


Marine Economics and Fisheries,

Marine Leisure & Island Ecotourism,

Marine Sociology & Community Development

Contact:

Address: 2 Peining Rd. Keelung, Taiwan 20224, National Taiwan Ocean University

Telephone: (02)24622192 ext:5603

Fax: (02)24633986


http://imarm.ntou.edu.tw/~imarm/page/english/teacher01.php

61

Dr. Wesley Flannery

Current Position:

Post-doctoral researcher

Nationality:

Irish

Education:

Ph.D Geogrpahy (National University of Ireland Galway)


Marine spatial planning; stakeholder participation

Contact:

Address: Department of Geography, NUIG, Galway, Ireland.

Telephone: +353864040819

Fax: 353 91 495505



62

Dr. David L Fluharty

Current Position:

Associate Professor, School of Marine and Environmental

Affairs, College of the Environment, University of

Washington

Nationality:

USA

Education:

PhD University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, Ann

Arbor, Michigan


Natural Resources Conservation and Management

MA: Department of Geography, University of Washington

BA: Department of Political Science/Department of Scandinavian Languages,

University of Washington – D

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