2012 thermal energy baseline draft 2 - sustainable northwest

Oregon’s Thermal Energy Baseline

By Claire Remington, Chad Davis, and Matt Krumenauer (ODOE)

This paper presents fi ndings from an initial inquiry into

Oregon’s thermal energy consumption. The purpose of this

project is to increase understanding of Oregon’s thermal

energy demand and identify data gaps necessary to establish

a thermal energy baseline. This working paper details the

current thermal energy needs of the state by sector (Residen-

tial, Commercial, and Industrial), a snapshot estimate of the

renewable percent of total thermal energy load, data sources,

accuracy of the estimates used, and additional data needed.

Recommendations are provided at the end of the paper for

future research necessary to establish a thermal energy baseline

for the state of Oregon.

This paper is the result of a joint project between Sustainable

Northwest and the Oregon Department of Energy (ODOE). The

purpose of the partnership was to conduct an initial investiga-

tion for Oregon’s thermal baseline, summarize information

about communities and Oregonians not served by natural gas

utilities, and profi le industrial process heat use.

The data for this report were gathered from publically available

sources. The majority of the analysis is based on estimates

made by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported

in the State Energy Database System (SEDS). Secondary data

sources include the Oregon Public Utility Commission’s (PUC)

annual publication of the Utility Statistics Book (Stat Book); the

EIA Combined Heat and Power (CHP) database; and surveys

performed by the EIA: Residential Energy Consumption Survey

(RECS), Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey

(CBECS), and the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey

(MECS). The various uses of these sources are discussed in

detail by energy source below.

RESOURCES

Sustainable Northwest August 2012

Thermal energy is energy used for space, process,

and water heating. It can be generated from

many sources, including: electricity; natural

gas; petroleum-based fuels such as heating oil,

propane and kerosene; biomass; geothermal;

and solar.

Space heating is the heating of a space (e.g.

room, building) by appliance, fuel, or

solar radiation.

Process heating is the use of heat, usually in the

form of hot air or steam, used for an industrial

process.

Natural gas is a fl ammable, gaseous mixture of

hydrocarbons found underground. It is used

for space heating, water heating, cooking, and

electricity generation.

Petroleum is a flammable, liquid mixture

of hydrocarbons found underground.

Petroleum is refined to produce (among

other things) kerosene, distillate fuel oil,

residue fuel oil, and liquid petroleum

gasoline. These refi ned products are used

for space heating, water heating, cooking,

electricity generation, and transportation.

Geothermal energy is produced from the internal

heat of the earth. It can refer to energy produced

by heat pumps.

Estimating Renewable Share of Oregon’s

Thermal Energy Consumption


Sustainable Northwest, August 2012

1 Source: http://www.eia.gov/state/state-energy-profi les-data.cfm?sid=OR#Consumption

Thermal Energy Demand of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors

In 2009, Oregon’s total thermal energy demand was 263.4 trillion BTUs (TBTU). Oregon’s thermal demand was 24.7% of Oregon’s total energy consumption in 2009 (1066.5 TBTU according to EIA)1. The remaining energy demand is for transportation, electricity, and other non-thermal energy uses.

The table below summarizes the results generated by this preliminary thermal energy baseline by sector. The industrial sector accounts for 51% of Oregon’s thermal energy load, followed by the residential sector which accounts for 32%.

Across all sectors (including residential, commercial, and industrial), natural gas is the largest fuel source for Oregon’s thermal energy needs (Figure 1). Combined with electricity and petroleum, the three sources account for over 90% of the total thermal load. This presents a signifi cant opportunity to replace these with local renewable thermal energy sources.

TABLE 1: Oregon’s Thermal Energy Consumption (TBTU) In The Year 2009

A Thermal energy in trillion BTU (TBTU) aggregated from estimates made by sector and by fuel type; data sources to be discussedB Calculated from data from the EIA: “EIA - U.S. States - Oregon - Data.” Energy Information Administration, n.d. http://www.eia.gov/state/state-energy-profi les-data.cfm?sid=OR#Consumption.

Sector Thermal Energy (TBTU)A % By sector of Oregon’s thermal load

Thermal energy as % of total energy consumption

in the sectorB

Residential 84.2 32% 30.7%

Commercial 45.3 17% 21.8%

Industrial 133.8 51% 53.1%

Oregon Total 263.4 100% 24.7%

FIGURE 1: Fuel Sources of Oregon’s Thermal Energy Demand in 2009

Natural Gas: 52.2%

Electricity: 28.1%

Petroleum: 10.3%

Biomass: 7.6%

Geothermal: 0.4% Solar: 0.7%

Coal: 0.7%



Residential Sector

The residential sector is composed of households, which may be characterized by a number of variables that impact thermal energy consumption (e.g. location, occupants, age of residence). Residential units use thermal energy for water heating, space heating, and space cooling. Rather than address this variability in a preliminary analysis, households were aggregated.

In 2009, the residential sector in Oregon consumed 84.2 TBTUs of thermal energy. This represents 30.7% of the total energy consumed in the residential sector. Figure 2 depicts the fuel sources for thermal load in the residential sector. Renewable sources account for 14.4% of the direct-use thermal load. The thermal load of electricity generated from renew-able fuels is considered an indirect use of renewables and is excluded from the estimate. This is discussed further on pg. 6.

It is possible to make the following observations and recommendations based on data in Figure 2:

1. The majority of Oregon’s residential thermal en-ergy consumption is sourced from natural gas and electricity. However, there is limited characterization of natural gas and electricity consumption by end-use in the residential sector specifi c to Oregon. A future baseline would benefi t from knowing Oregon-specifi c statistics and thermal fractions.

2. After natural gas and electricity, biomass is the next largest source of thermal energy. The residen-tial biomass estimate is constructed from the ACS Household Heating Fuel surveys and surveys of Residential Wood Consumption data in the four most populous states (Texas, California, Florida, and New York). Future releases of data will include more highly-detailed data on an additional 16 states,2 however not including Oregon. There is a need for Oregon-specifi c data, as the accuracy of current data is dependent on the accuracy of the ACS Household Heating Fuels survey, the accuracy of the Residential Wood Consumption survey in other states, and the transferability of survey results between states.

3. Petroleum-based fuels, such as heating oil, are a relatively minor source of thermal energy in the residential sector at the state level (7.6%). However, this number is likely more pronounced for rural residents which are largely not served by natural gas utilities (see Figure 5). Given the increase in petroleum prices over the past 18 months, there is an opportunity to reduce energy expenditures for homeowners and expand the use of renewable sources of thermal energy. The fuels included in the petroleum consumption estimates are those that are used for space and process heating. However, petroleum can be used for other end-uses such as kerosene for cooking. It would be of use to characterize more fully the end-use consumption of petroleum.

4. The solar and geothermal values are small, but signifi cant. It is likely that their combined value (less than 3%) is an over-estimate. For example, the numbers may include some energy that goes toward non-thermal energy end-use (e.g. electricity generation from solar panels). Oregon is poised to expand utilization of both solar and geothermal resources for thermal uses. For example, non-profi ts like Solar Oregon3 and research centers like the Geo-Heat Center provide resources and technical assistance for installation and maintenance of solar water heaters and geothermal heat pumps.

2 “EIA Household Energy Use Data Now Includes Detail on 16 States.” Energy Information Administration, n.d. http://www.eia.gov/consumption/Residential/methodology/states.cfm.3 “Residential Solar — Solar Oregon.” Solar Oregon, n.d. http://solaroregon.org/Residential-solar.

FIGURE 2: Fuel Sources of Oregon’s Residential Sector Thermal Energy Demand in 2009

Natural Gas: 46.2%

Electricity: 31.8%

Petroleum: 7.6%

Biomass: 11.8%

Geothermal: 0.3% Solar: 2.3%



Commercial Sector

According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), commercial buildings are those in which more than half of the physical space is used for non-residential, non-industrial, and non-agricultural purposes. The designation of “commercial” in this report includes buildings like schools, correctional institutions, and churches.4 Like the residential sector, thermal energy in this sector is used in water heating, space heating, and space cooling.

The total thermal energy demand in the commercial sector in Oregon for 2009 was 45.3 TBTU which is 21.8% of the total energy consumed in the sector. Figure 3 shows the fuel sources for thermal load in the commercial sector. Renewable sources account for 5.3% of the direct-use thermal load.


1. Considering that both the residential and commercial sectors use thermal energy for the same purposes, it was expected that the energy demand source profi les are similar. Both Figures 2 and 3 show the residential and commercial sectors’ reliance on electricity and natural gas, followed by biomass and petroleum.

2. The EIA reported null values for both solar and coal, which means de minimis use in the statewide statistical sense.

3. Like the residential sector, the petroleum consumption values in the commercial sector are comparatively low, however much of rural Oregon is not served by natural gas utilities (see Figure 5) and relies heavily on petroleum-based fuels to provide space heat at community facilities such as schools and hospitals. This fact has been recognized by the Oregon Department of Energy and the Governor’s offi ce with the inclusion of incentives for renewable thermal installations through programs such as Oregon Cool Schools.5

4. Similar to the residential sector, there are some issues with the biomass data collection. The commercial estimate is extrapolated from the residential estimate. More research into this fuel source would be valuable.

4 “Energy Information Administration -Commercial Energy Consumption Survey.” Energy Information Administration, n.d. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/contents.html.5 “State of Oregon: ODOE: Cool Schools Program.” Oregon Department of Energy, n.d. http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/SCHOOLS/COOL_SCHOOLS/.

In 2009, thermal

energy demand in

Oregon’s commercial sector

was 45.3 trillion BTUs

FIGURE 3: Fuel Sources of Oregon’s Commercial Sector Thermal Energy Demand in 2009

Natural Gas: 56.6%

Electricity: 24.9%

Petroleum: 13.2%

Biomass: 4.2%Geothermal: 1.1%



Industrial Sector

The EIA defi nes the industrial sector as manufacturing, mining, construction, agriculture, fi sheries, and forestry industries.6 In general, thermal energy in the industrial sector can be referred to a process heat, or energy used in an industrial process like pulping, food pack-aging, etc. The forest products sector has long been a consumer of renewable thermal energy in their manufacturing processes, using biomass as a source to provide steam to kiln dry lumber.

Compared to the residential and commercial sectors, in 2009, thermal energy load was the highest in the industrial sector, equating to 133.8 TBTUs, and accounted for 53.1% of the total energy consumed by the sector. Figure 4 shows the fuel sources for thermal load in the industrial sector. Renewable sources account for 6.3% of the direct-use thermal load.


1. The industrial sector follows similar trends to the residential and commercial with regards to the share of thermal energy provided by electricity and natural gas. However, as described within the data sources section of the report, the calculations used to generate the quantity of natural gas consumed in the industrial sector may warrant further exploration.

2. The industrial biomass consumption, like the natural gas estimate, was calculated and therefore should be considered a rough estimate. Additional data is needed to hone in on the quantity of biomass used in the industrial sector.

3. The EIA estimated negligible consumption of solar energy by the industrial sector. Compared to the residential and commercial sectors, there is less potential for solar thermal energy in the industrial sector due to the nature of the type of energy needed (higher temperature and pressure) for manufacturing processes.

6 “Energy Effi ciency Report--Glossary.” Energy Information Administration, n.d. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/effi ciency/ee_gloss.htm.

In 2009, thermal

energy accounted for

53% of total energy

consumption in Oregon’s

industrial sector.

FIGURE 4: Fuel Sources of Oregon’s Industrial Sector Thermal Energy Demand in 2009

Natural Gas: 54.5%

Electricity: 26.8%

Petroleum: 11.0%

Biomass: 6.1%Geothermal: 0.2%

Coal: 1.4%



Opportunities for Renewable Thermal Energy in Oregon

This map shows the communities and geography served by natural gas utilities in the state of Oregon. While many of the urban population centers have access to natural gas for residential and commercial space heating, most rural communities not located on major transportation corridors (such as I-5, I-84, and Hwy 97) must rely on petroleum-based thermal energy sources (heating oil or propane) or electricity.

Across much of this geography (includ-ing places like John Day, Lakeview and Enterprise), communities are engaging in collaborative eff orts to increase the scale of forest restoration in order to reduce the risk of unnatural wildfi res. This restoration work produces large quanti-ties of woody biomass that until recently had no value in the wood products

marketplace. In partnership with businesses and regional non-profi t organizations, these communities have developed a regional strategy to utilize the byproducts of forest restoration projects to heat local schools and municipal buildings. To learn more about what communities are doing to localize their energy supply see case studies available on the Sustainable Northwest website:

Local Energy in John Day: http://www.sustainablenorthwest.org/programs/dfi z/local-energyFive Community School Heat Projects: http://www.sustainablenorthwest.org/resources/biomass-case-studies

Oregon has a unique opportunity to continue eff orts like these to develop markets for previously valueless woody biomass and to increase the use of renewable energy at the community level. In addition to the biomass resource, much of eastern Oregon has a prime geothermal resource for thermal energy.

As stated on page 2, Oregon’s total thermal energy demand was 263.4 TBTU. For the purposes of this baseline report, the following direct-use sources were tabulated as ‘renewable’ sources of thermal energy: biomass, geothermal, solar. The report recognizes that a signifi cant portion of Oregon’s thermal load is met with electricity (28.1%, see Figure 1, page 2), primarily driven by the state’s historic dependence on inexpensive hydroelectricity. The electricity used to generate thermal energy includes an additional percentage of renewable sources required in part by Oregon’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). The report distinguishes between these indirect sources and direct-use renewable thermal applications, and excluded electricity’s contribution to the ‘percent renewable’ calculations.

Under this framework, less than one tenth of Oregon’s thermal energy demand was met by renewable sources. The highest percentage of renewable sources was exhibited in the residential sector profi le at 14.4%. The similar metric for the commercial and industrial sectors were only 5.3% and 6.3%, respectively. These values point to an opportunity to promote renewable thermal energy sources across all three sectors.

FIGURE 5: Oregon Natural Gas Utility Service Territories

Source: Oregon Department of Energy, 2012



Data Sources, Assumptions, and Comparisons

A cursory examination of the thermal energy sector in Oregon revealed a multitude of state and Federal agencies and non-governmental organizations involved with the stewardship of the thermal energy resources. This includes market and project development, reporting, and regulation. However, most entities engaged in thermal energy interact specifi cally by fuel type. For example, Sustainable Northwest has been an advocate for utilizing woody biomass as an alternative source of thermal energy. The Geo-Heat Center maintains in-depth information regarding opportunities to expand geothermal sources. The Oregon Department of Energy administers the State Home Oil Weatherization Program (SHOW) to provide incentives to heating oil users to complete energy effi ciency upgrades. As a result, there has not been a coordinated eff ort to understand and promote the role that thermal energy plays in Oregon’s energy future.

The only source of broad, comprehensive, public data regarding thermal energy consumption is the Energy Information Administration (EIA), reported in the State Energy Database System (SEDS).7 The aim of SEDS is to provide estimates of energy production, consumption, prices, and expenditures by energy source (e.g. coal, biomass), and sector (residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation). It is assumed that the EIA surveying methodology is consistent, enabling a comparison across states, energy sources, and sectors.

To establish an initial estimate of Oregon’s thermal energy baseline, data sourced originally from the EIA SEDS was processed to provide greater detail and compared to other available sources to assess accuracy. Table 2 provides a visual to detail the various data sources used in conjunction with the EIA SEDS estimates.

7 “SEDS | State Energy Data System - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)”, n.d. http://205.254.135.7/state/seds/.8 For the purpose of this report “thermal fraction” is defi ned as the fraction of energy resource used for space/process heating

TABLE 2: Data Source Mosaic

Consumption Natural Gas Electricity Biomass Geothermal Petroleum Coal Solar

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

A A C E C F C

A A C E C F F

B A D E C C F

A

B

C

D

E

F

EIA SEDS data compared with data reported by the Public Utility Commission (PUC); and thermal fraction8 applied to estimate

EIA SEDS compared with data reported by the PUC; EIA SEDS estimate corrected by PUC estimate; and thermal fraction applied

Only data source is EIA SEDS; value reported by EIA assumed to be a ceiling estimate

EIA SEDS data compared with data reported by the EIA in its Combined Heat and Power (CHP) report

EIA SEDS data compared with data reported by the Geo-Heat Center (GHC)

Data not provided by EIA SEDS; assumed to be negligible in statewide aggregate.

Note: Each of the six data categories above (A through F), will be examined in greater detail.



EIA SEDS vs. PUC Data in the Reporting of Natural Gas and Electricity Data

To prevent the exploitation of utility monopolies, state-level Public Utility Commissions (PUCs) regulate and monitor investor-owned utilities. The PUC of Oregon annually publishes a Utility Statistics Book (Stat Book) that details energy load and consumption at the state level.9 Included in this Stat Book are data on natural gas and electricity production and consumption by sector. The natural gas data is sourced from FERC Forms 2 & 2A fi led with the PUC by each utility.10 The electricity data are sourced from FERC Form 1 fi led with the PUC.11

To generate thermal energy consumption estimates generated by electricity and natural gas, it is necessary to calculate “thermal fractions” since the data does not currently exist to this detail. Thermal fractions are the fraction of the fuel employed for space and water heating, and process heating versus other end-uses such as lighting, air conditioning, etc. A survey of the literature revealed no Oregon-specifi c surveys on energy consumption by end-use, but for the purposes of this report thermal fractions were generated and are shown below from data collected by the EIA and reported in the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS),12 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS),13 and Manufacturing Energy consumption Survey (MECS).14

The sections below compare data sourced from the PUC and the EIA for electricity and natural gas.

Electricity

Tables 3 and 4 on the following page compare estimates of electricity consumption as reported by the EIA and the PUC. Note that the PUC reports a combined electricity consumption value for the commercial and industrial sectors. Table 5 presents the calculated values of mean and standard deviations of the estimates made. All standard deviations are less than 10 per-cent of the mean calculated and are therefore considered accurate for the purposes of this initial exercise.

Tables 3 through 5 on the following page provide unadjusted estimates of net electricity consumption. The values reported include electricity consumption for all uses including non-thermal energy use. To account for the non-thermal end-use of electricity, end-uses were researched and thermal fractions calculated for each sector (see Tables 17 through 19 in Appendix A) using EIA data15. Table 6 provides a summary of total electricity consumed (TBTU) in 2009 along with the thermal fractions for each sector used in the calculation.

9 PUC. “Public Utility Commission About Us.” Public Utility Commission, n.d. http://www.puc.state.or.us/PUC/about_us.shtml.10 “FERC: Documents & Filing - Forms - Form 2 & Form 2A - Major and Non-major Natural Gas Pipeline Annual Report”, n.d. http://www.ferc.gov/docs-fi ling/forms/form-2/elec-subm-soft.asp.11 “FERC: Documents & Filing - Forms - Form 1 - Electric Utility Annual Report”, n.d. http://www.ferc.gov/docs-fi ling/forms/form-1/elec-subm-soft.asp.12 “Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)”, n.d. http://205.254.135.7/consumption/Residential/.13 “Energy Information Administration -Commercial Energy Consumption Survey.” Energy Information Administration, n.d. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/contents.html.14 “Energy Information Administration - Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey”, n.d. http://205.254.135.7/emeu/mecs/contents.html.15 The most recent is 2009, least recent is 2003.



TABLE 6: Summary Table of Electricity Consumption by Thermal End-Use; Total Electricity Consumption Values from 2009 and Thermal Fractions Calculated in Tables 17 through 19 (in Appendix A, pgs. 20-21)

SectorTotal Electricity

Consumption (TBTU)Thermal Fraction

Thermal End-Use of Electricity (TBTU)

Residential 67.6 39.57% 26.7

Commercial 54.5 20.67% 11.3

Industrial 40.1 89.50% 35.9

Total 162.2 45.57% 73.9

TABLE 5: Means and Standard Deviations of EIA/PUC Estimates of Electricity Consumption by Sector in Oregon in 2009

Source: www.oregon.gov/PUC/commission/statbook.pdf

Sector Total electricity (TBTU)

Residential 67.6 ± 0.0 TBTU

Commercial+

Industrial89.3 ± 7.5 TBTU

Total 156.9 ± 7.5 TBTU

TABLE 4: Public Utility Commission (PUC) Estimates of Electricity Consumption by Sector in Oregon in 2009



Residential 67.576052

Commercial+

Industrial83.874866

Total 151.45091

TABLE 3: EIA SEDS Estimates of Electricity Consumption by Sector in Oregon in 2009

Source: http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-states.cfm?q_state_a=OR&q_state=Oregon#undefi ned


Residential 67.6

Commercial 54.5

Industrial 40.1

Total 162.2



Natural Gas

The calculations for natural gas consumed for thermal energy were approached in the same way as the electricity calculations. However, there were greater discrepancies between the EIA and PUC data (Tables 7 and 8).

As seen in Table 8 above, the PUC reports a volume of natural gas delivered in the “transportation sector.” This refers to non-utility natural gas delivered by the utility companies. In 1985, the Federal Energy Regulation Commission (FERC) issued order 436, which “authorized blanket certifi cates for interstate pipeline companies if they off ered open access transportation on a fi rst-come, fi rst-served basis.”16 This order was reinforced by FERC in 1992 when they issued Order 636, which “requires pipeline companies to provide open-access transportation and storage, and to separate sales from transportation services completely.” These two orders represent a signifi cant restructuring of the gas industry. They allow customers to circumvent utility providers and interstate pipeline companies and purchase natural gas directly from producers; they also provide incentives for interstate pipeline companies to transport third-party gas. The separation of transportation and sales is known generally as “unbundling.”

No unbundled service programs for residential customers exist in Oregon.17 Therefore, the transportation sales are attributed to the commercial and industrial sectors. Table 9 on the following page compares the means and standard deviations of EIA/PUC estimates of natural gas consumption in Oregon in 2009. The transportation value in Table 8 is included in the estimate for ‘Commercial + Industrial’ and compared with the sum of commercial and industrial in Table 7.

TABLE 7: EIA SEDS Estimates of Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, 2009


Sector Total natural gas (TBTU)

Residential 46.0

Commercial 30.5

Industrial 58.8

Total 135.3

TABLE 8: Public Utility Commission’s (PUC) Estimates of Electricity Consuption by Sector, 2009


Sector Total natural gas (TBTU)

Residential 46.4

Commercial + Industrial 41.1

Transportation 64.6

Total 152.1

16 Energy Policy Act Transportation Study: Interim Report on Natural Gas Flows and Rates (Energy, n.d.), http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/energy_policy_act_transportation_study/pdf/epactch2.pdf.17 “Retail Unbundling - Oregon,” Energy Information Administration, n.d., http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/restructure/historical/2002/state/or.html



Unlike the electricity consumption values presented in Table 5, the standard deviation for the ‘Commercial + Indus-trial’ sector estimate is larger than 10% of the mean. While this represents but a preliminary and incomplete statistical analysis of the two methods , it does indicate a discrepancy between the two data collection methods. In order to tease out a more accurate set of numbers, the following assump-tions were made:

1. The PUC is more reliable and accurate as it is collected on a supplier-by-supplier basis as compared to the EIA data that relies on a survey methodology.

2. The “transportation” volume reported by the PUC is largely attributable to the industrial sector. The industrial customers, more likely than commercial customers, are those demanding natural gas in such volumes that it is logical to purchase by bulk via unbundled sales for heat-intensive industrial processes.

3. The residential and commercial sector natural gas consumption estimates as reported by the EIA can be used and assumed accurate given the lack of diff erence between EIA and PUC residential estimates and the similarity between residential and commercial sectors’ use of natural gas.

Therefore, leading from these assumptions, the residential and commercial natural gas consumption estimates used in this report are those reported in Table 8. Industrial natural gas consumption estimates were calculated using the assumptions above as follows:

Industrial Natural Gas Consumption= Total Natural Gas Consumption (PUC Estimate) – Residential Natural Gas Consumption (PUC Estimate)– Commercial Natural Gas Consumption (EIA Estimate)

Thermal fractions were calculated for each sector of natural gas consumption. For detailed information regarding end-use consumption in each sector, see Tables 20, 21, and 22 in Appendix A. Table 10 presents the summary of Oregon’s natural gas consumption for thermal energy uses and includes the thermal fractions used in the calculation.

TABLE 9: Means and Standard Deviations of EIA/PUC Estimates of Natural Gas Consumption by Sector in Oregon in 2009


Residential 46.2 ± 0.3 TBTU

Commercial+

Industrial97.5 ± 11.6 TBTU

Total 143.7 ± 11.9 TBTU

TABLE 10: Summary Table of Natural Gas Consumption for Thermal Energy; Total Natural Gas Consumption Values from 2009 and Thermal Fractions Calculated in Tables 20, 21 and 22 (in Appendix A, pgs. 21-22)

SectorTotal Electricity Consumption

(TBTU)Thermal Fraction

Thermal End-Use of Electricity (TBTU)

Residential 46.0 84.62% 38.9

Commercial 30.5 84.19% 25.7

Industrial 75.2 96.98% 72.9

Total 151.7 90.66% 137.5



Biomass

This section describes the methodology used to establish the biomass estimate for the industrial sector only. As previously discussed, the EIA SEDS data does not distinguish between end-uses for biomass used in either the residential or commercial sectors. Therefore, this report assumed the EIA SEDS values were primarily used for thermal energy end-uses and includes those values as ceiling estimates.

To estimate thermal load in the industrial sector for biomass, there are two distinct methods the EIA uses to survey how much biomass is used. The fi rst is through the EIA SEDS survey methodology (discussed in previous sections) and the values are presented in Table 11. The second is in the EIA’s Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Database. The CHP Database provides monthly and annual data on fuel generation and fuel consumption.

The calculation of the values in Table 12 was completed for the purpose of this report. From the CHP Database, data from each power plant and industrial entity located in Oregon that use biomass were extracted and then tabulated to yield an annual value for the sector.

TABLE 11: EIA SEDS Estimates of Industrial Biomass Consumption in Oregon for Years 2004 – 2009

YearIndustrial Consumption of

Biomass (TBTU)

2004 26.2

2005 26.9

2006 28.8

2008 26.3

2007 30.4

2009 26.1


TABLE 12: CHP Database Estimates (Calculated) of Industrial Biomass Consumption in Oregon for Years 2004 – 2009

YearIndustrial Consumption of

Biomass (TBTU)

2004 6.77

2005 12.86

2006 14.86

2008 13.03

2007 14.26

2009 12.41

Source: http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia906_920.html

Tables 11 through 13 reveal a large discrepancy in the EIA’s two methods of obtaining a value of industrial biomass consumption. Both estimates contain biomass used for non-thermal end-uses (ie. electricity generation). Both sets of data have their pros and cons.



The CHP database contains greater specificity and transparency. The EIA mandates that each industry that generates its own process heat and electricity submit yearly data through the CHP surveys. This enables use of the data-base to chart how and for what an industry like Warm Springs Forest Products (located in Warm Springs, OR) consumes fuel year-by-year. In addition, the CHP survey distinguishes between electricity generation and thermal energy output. The CHP provides narrow and detailed data that does not match the aggregated data presented by SEDS.

For the purpose of this current report, a combination of the two sources was used to establish the estimates reported. The total EIA SEDS values were used as a base value; the CHP Database information was used to determine what fraction of energy produced from biomass is used for thermal energy. Table 14 gives yearly values of total fuel consumption and electricity fuel consumption.

TABLE 13: Means and Standard Deviations of EIA CHP/SEDS Estimates of Industrial Biomass Consumption in Oregon from 2004 – 2009

Year Industrial Biomass Consumption

2004 16.5 ± 13.7 TBTU

2005 19.9 ± 9.9 TBTU

2006 21.8 ± 9.9 TBTU

2008 19.7 ± 9.4 TBTU

2007 22.3 ± 11.4 TBTU

2009 19.3 ± 9.7 TBTU

TABLE 14: Generation of Thermal Fraction for Industrial Biomass Consumption Estimate from EIA CHP Data

Year

2004

2005

2006

2008

2007

2009

Total Fuel Consumption (TBTU)

6.77

12.86

14.86

13.03

14.26

12.41

Electricity Fuel Consumption (TBTU)

2.60

6.40

7.14

7.63

8.71

6.26

Thermal Fuel Consumption (TBTU)

3.34

5.17

6.18

4.32

4.44

4.93

Thermal Fraction (%)

49.3

40.2

41.6

33.2

31.1

39.7

Average: 39.2 ± 6.5

If we take the average thermal fraction for the past six years as generated in Table 14, 39.2%, and apply it to the EIA SEDS 2009 estimate for biomass consumption, we derive a value of 8.12 TBTU consumed in 2009 for thermal end-use.



Geothermal

Data housed at the Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT) Geo-Heat Center (GHC) shows that the eastern two thirds of Oregon has known or potential geothermal resources.22 Geothermal energy is used for electric power generation and direct-use thermal energy applications. Direct use applications of geothermal energy include: heating of pools/spas, greenhouses, aquaculture facilities, space and district heating, snow melting, agricultural drying, other industrial applications, and ground-source heat pumps.23 The map below shows areas (in red and blue) that are available for direct use application, and also shows that the entire U.S. is capable of using geothermal heat pumps.

The EIA data for geothermal energy are known to be estimated and are sourced from the GHC. Included in the Appendix are more detailed data collected and presented by the GHC for direct-use of the geothermal in Oregon in 1997.

Table 15 shows the values for geothermal reported by the EIA SEDS. In contrast, the GHC reported a total of 0.58 TBTU geothermal energy consumption for Oregon in 1997.24

The discrepancy in data is attributable to 1) estimation methodology used by the EPA, and 2) heat pump use in Oregon which is not included in the GHC data. Since the data on the GHC website hasn’t been updated since 1997, this report uses the EIA data and assumes it to be a conservative estimate due to potential sampling inaccuracies.

22 Andrew Chiasson, The Economic, Environmental, and Social Benefi ts of Geothermal Use in Oregon, GHC Bulletin (Geo-Heat Center, November 2011), http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull30-3/art1.pdf.23 John W. Lund et al., “The United States of America Country Update” (presented at the World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, April 24, 2005), http://www.cres.gr/kape/pdf/geotherm/3.pdf.24 Source: http://geoheat.oit.edu/state/or/or.htm

FIGURE 6: Map of U.S. Geothermal Resource Areas

Source: Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), 1995

Temperature above 100°C (212°F)

Temperature below 100°C (212°F)

Areas suitable for Geothermal Heat Pumps (entire U.S.)

TABLE 15: Geothermal Energy Consumption for Oregon in 1997 as Reported by EIA SEDS


Sector Geothermal energy (TBTU)

Residential 0.1

Commercial 0.2

Industrial 0.1

Total 0.4



Data Limitations With EIA SEDS

EIA SEDS data is the only publically-available data source for some fuel types and sectors. For the present moment, the data reported by EIA SEDS includes:

• Residential and commercial sectors’ consumption of biomass; • Residential, commercial,25 and industrial sectors’ consumption of petroleum; • Industrial sector’s consumption of coal; and the residential sector’s consumption of solar do not have secondar data

sources available for comparison.

The EIA does not distinguish between thermal and non-thermal end-use for these fuels when reporting in SEDS. Therefore, the values presented in Table 16 were assumed to be ceiling estimates in this report for fuel consumed for thermal energy.

25 The State of Oregon’s Building Codes Division maintains records of Oregon’s boiler and pressure vessels. Unfortunately, this record is neither complete nor up to date. It lacks information on boiler fuel type and yearly consumption values. An updating/completion of this database would be a potentially helpful endeavor in pushing for renewable thermal energy replacements for petroleum.

Data Not Provided by EIA SEDS

The following data are not provided by the EIA SEDS and are therefore assumed to be negligible: residential and commercial consumption of coal; and commercial and industrial consumption of solar.


TABLE 16: Fuels Consumed (in TBTU) for Thermal Energy in the Year 2009; Data Provided by EIA SEDS

Consumption

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Biomass

9.9

1.9

0

Petroleum

6.4

6.0

14.8

Coal

0

0

1.9

Solar

1.9

0

0



Conclusion

Oregon’s energy demand increases annually with population growth and improvements in living standards. While to date little attention has been paid to the potential of promoting local and renewable thermal energy, this initial report suggests that there is ample opportunity to include thermal energy in Oregon’s pursuit of sustainable solutions to our energy future.

In 2009, about one fourth (24.7%) of Oregon’s total demand had a thermal end-use (e.g. space heating and cooling, water heating, process heating). This equates to a energy market of 263.4 trillion BTUs. The fuels used to meet this thermal energy demand were: electricity, natural gas, coal, solar, biomass, geothermal, and petroleum. A very rough, initial estimate suggests that approximately 8.7% of Oregon’s thermal energy demand was met by direct-use renewable sources.

Both residential and commercial sectors employ thermal energy similarly (for space heating and cooling, and for water heating); the pursuit of renewable thermal energy opportunities can occur similarly in both sectors. Thermal energy accounts for just under one third of total energy consumption in the residential sector.

As identifi ed in this report, the industrial sector represents a more vague opportunity for renewable thermal energy opportu-nities. While thermal energy accounts for more than half of total energy consumption in the sector, there is a need for more data and research into the industrial sector’s energy demand. There are signifi cant gaps in the data to be able to accurately estimate the industrial sector’s biomass and natural gas consumption for process heating.

The following recommendations are provided for future attempts to establish a thermal energy baseline for the state of Oregon:

• Investigate petroleum consumption in Oregon. Where and how does the EIA derive this value? Does it include petroleum consumed for non-thermal end-uses?

• Perform primary biomass consumption surveys across all three sectors. The EIA biomass estimates are generated from extrapolations, estimates, and surveys performed in across the country. The initial estimate of Oregon’s consumption of biomass is signifi cant (7.6% of Oregon’s thermal energy demand in 2009); it would therefore be valuable to know at a state-specifi c level where and how that demand is met.

• Perform top-down and bottom-up research into industrial biomass consumption and residential/commercial oil consumption. When possible, match up macro estimates from reports like EIA SEDS with account-level databases like EIA CHP and Oregon’s Building Division’s oil boiler database.26

• Clean up industrial estimates. Separate industrial and commercial estimates in the PUC Stat Book to facilitate parsing of trends (particularly with regards to the natural gas transportation estimate).

26 Chapter 10 Boilers, Water Heaters and Pressure Vessels.” In 2010 Oregon Mechanical Specialty Code, n.d. http://ecodes.biz/ecodes_sup-port/free_resources/Oregon/10_Mechanical/10_PDF/Chapter%2010_Boilers_Water%20Heaters%20and%20Pressure%20Vessels.pdf.



Bibliography

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12. API, “API SALES OF NGL&LRG Details,” global.ihs.com, February 6, 2012, <http://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?currency_code=USD&customer_id=225433E4B0A&oshid=225433E4B0A&shopping_cart_id=2827483328494034495A2D28320A&rid=API&country_code=US&lang_code=ENGL&item_s_key=00363942&item_key_date=88003>.

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15. Andrew Chiasson, The Economic, Environmental, and Social Benefi ts of Geothermal Use in Oregon, GHC Bulletin (Geo-Heat Center, November 15, 2011), <http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull30-3/art.pdf>.

16. John W. Lundetal., “The United States of America Country Update” (presented at the World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, April 24, 2005), <http://www.cres.gr/kape/pdf/geotherm/3.pdf>.



17. “Geo-heat Center”, n.d. <http://geoheat.oit.edu/>.

18. U.S. EIA, “Section 5. Renewable Energy,” State Energy Data 2009: Consumption, 2009, <http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/sep_use/notes/use_renew.pdf>.

19. “2004 December EIA-923 Monthly Time Series File,” “2005 December EIA-923 Monthly Time Series File,” “2006 December EIA-923 Monthly Time Series File,” “2007 December EIA-923 Monthly Time Series File,” “2008 December EIA-923 Monthly TimeSeries File,” and “2009 December EIA-923 Monthly Time Series File.” The Energy Information Administration (EIA). U.S. Dept of Energy.Sources: EIA-906/920 and EIA-860. Data downloadable from: <http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia906_920.html>

20. Kaplan, Stan. “Making Adjustments to Survey Data When Collected Data do not Meet Expectations.” Presentation to the ASA Committee on Energy Statistics: April 2006. Electric Power Division, EIA.

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22. Danny S. Parker. Research Highlights from a Large Scale Residential Monitoring Study in a Hot Climate. Cocoa, FL: Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), January 2002. <http://consensus.fsu.edu/FBC/Pool-Effi ciency/FSEC-PF-369-02.pdf>.

23. Kevin Geraghty, David Baylon, and Bob Davis. Residential Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pump Retrofi t Monitoring. Bonneville Power Administration, June 2009. <http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/doc/BPA-Report_Ductless-Heat-Pump-June2009.pdf>.

24. Nigel Isaacs, Michael Camilleri, Lisa French, Andrew Pollard, Kay Saville-Smith, Ruth Fraser, Pieter Roussouw, and John Lowett.Energy Use in New Zealand Households: Report on the Year 10 Analysis for the Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP). Study Report. Energy Use in New Zealand Households. Branz Inc., 2006. <http://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=bab6dd06f50e83e6a84b29b68a989472502ed>.

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26. “Buildings Energy Data Book”, n.d. <http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/TableView.aspx?table=3..5>.

27. Mark Rebman, and Min Yu. An End-Use Intensity Study of the Residential Sector. 2008 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Effi ciency in Buildings. BCHydro, 2008. <http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2008/data/papers/7_390.pdf>.

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29. Joelle Michaels, and Alan Swenson. 2003 CBECS Detailed Tables. Energy Information Administration, n.d.<http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/detailed_tables_2003.html#enduse03>.

30. Table 5. End Uses of Fuel Consumption, 2006. Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. U.S.: Energy Information Administra-tion, n.d. <http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/pdf/Table5_.pdf>.

31. Table 5.8 End Uses of Fuel Consumption, 2006; Level: National and Regional Data. Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. Energy Information Administration, 2006. <http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/pdf/Table5_8.pdf>.



32. KEMA. End-Use Load Data Update Project Final Report, n.d. <http://www.kema.com/Images/KEMA%20End%20Use%20Catalog%20Report.pdf>.

33. NW Natural, “NW Natural 20 Modifi ed Integrated Resource Plan”, n.d., <https://www.nwnatural.com/uploadedFiles/20_Modifi ed_IRP.pdf>.

34. Natural Gas and Oil Production, Pipeline and Energy Services, Electric and Natural Gas Utilities, Construction Services, and Con-struction Materials and Contracting (Montana-Dakota Utilities, n.d.), <http://www.mdu.com/proxymaterials/Documents/2009_ANNUAL_REPORT.pdf>.

35. Avista Utilities, “Avista Utilities 2009 Natural Gas Integrated Resource Plan”, December 3, 2009, <http://www.avistautilities.com/inside/resources/irp/electric/Documents/2009%20Natural%20Gas%20IRP-FINAL.pdf>.

36. Linda Martin. “Questions About Stat Book.” Telephone, January 24, 2012.

37. Savage, John and Ackerman, Susan, “2009 Oregon Utility Statistics” (Portland Utility Commission, n.d.),<http://www.oregon.gov/PUC/statbook2009.pdf>.

38. Energy Policy Act Transportation Study: Interim Report on Natural Gas Flows and Rates (Energy, n.d.), <http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/energy_policy_act_transportation_study/pdf/epactch2.pdf>.

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41. “Glossary - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA),” U.S. Energy Information Administration, n.d., <http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=L>.

42. Section 4. Petroleum, Section 4, State Energy Data 2009: Consumption (Energy Information Administration, 2009), <http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/sep_use/notes/use_petrol.pdf>.



TABLE 17: 2009 RECS Estimates of Residential Electricity Consumption by End-Use; Thermal Energy Consumption Calculated from Sub-Totals

Electricity End-Use Quadrillion BTU Billion KWhs Share of Total

Space Cooling 1.11 326 23.87%

Color TVs 0.34 100 7.31%

Furnace Fans + Pumps 0.14 41 3.01%

Clothes Washers 0.03 10 0.65%

Lighting 0.71 207 15.27%

Space Heating 0.29 84 6.24%

Cooking 0.11 31 2.37%

Other Uses 0.9 264 19.35%

Water Heating 0.44 129 9.46%

Clothes Dryers 0.19 54 4.09%

Dishwashers 0.09 27 1.94%

Total Consumption 4.65 1363 100%

Refrigeration 0.36 107 7.74%

Personal Computers 0.18 53 3.87%

Freezers 0.08 23 1.72%

Thermal Consumption 1.84 39.57%

Source: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=96&t=3

TABLE 18: 2003 CBECS Estimates of Commercial Electricity Consumption by End-Use; Thermal Energy Consumption Calculated from Sub-Totals

Electricity End-Use

Space Heating

Lighting

Computers

Cooling

Cooking

Other Uses

Ventilation

Refrigeration

Total Consumption

Water Heating

Offi ce Equipment

Thermal Consumption

Trillion BTU

167

1340

156

481

24

418

436

381

3560

88

69

736

Share of Total

4.69%

37.64%

4.38%

13.51%

0.67%

11.74%

12.25%

10.70%

100%

2.47%

1.94%

20.67%

Source: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/e03a.pdf

Appendix A: Electricity Consumption by End-Use Data



TABLE 19: 2006 MECS Estimates of Industrial Electricity Consumption by End-Use; Thermal Energy Consumption Calculated from Sub-Totals

Electricity End-Use

Conventional Boiler Use

Machine Drive

Facility Lighting

Other Nonprocess Use

CHP and/or Cogeneration Process

Electro-Chemical Processes

Other Facility Support

End Use Not Reported

Process Heating

Other Process Use

Onsite Transportation

Total Consumption

Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Facility HVAC

Conventional Electricity Generation

Thermal Consumption

Trillion BTU

12,109

422,408

58,013

2,208

0

60,323

17,644

7,634

101,516

13,181

2,197

835,382

60,381

77,768

0

747,686

Share of Total

1.45%

50.56%

6.94%

0.26%

0%

7.22%

2.11%

0.91%

12.15%

1.58%

0.26%

100%

7.23%

9.31%

0%

89.50%

Source: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/pdf/Table5_1.pdf

TABLE 20: 2005 RECS Estimates of Residential Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use for the Pacifi c Census Region; Thermal Energy Consumption Calculated from Sub-Totals

Natural Gas End-Use

Space Heating

Total Consumption

Water Heating

Thermal Consumption

Home Appliances and Lighting

Air Condition

Quadrillion BTU

0.26

0.65

0.29

0.55

0.1

0

Share of Total

40.00%

100%

44.62%

84.62%

15.38%

0%

Source: http://205.254.135.7/consumption/Residential/data/2005/#Home2



TABLE 21: 2003 CBECS Estimates of Commercial Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use for The Pacifi c Census Region; Thermal Energy Consumption Calculated from Sub-Totals

Natural Gas End-Use

Space Heating

Total Consumption

Water Heating

Thermal Consumption

Cooking

Other

Trillion BTU

1420

2100

348

1768

164

168

Share of Total

67.62%

100%

16.57%

84.19%

7.81%

8.00%

Source: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/e07a.pdf

TABLE 22: 2006 MECS Estimates of Industrial Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use; Thermal Energy Consumption Calculated from Sub-Totals

Natural Gas End-Use

Conventional Boiler Use

Machine Drive

Facility Lighting

Other Nonprocess Use

CHP and/or Cogeneration Process

Electro-Chemical Processes

Other Facility Support

End Use Not Reported

Process Heating

Other Process Use

Onsite Transportation

Total Consumption

Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Facility HVAC

Conventional Electricity Generation

Thermal Consumption

Trillion BTU

1,245

126

367

8

814

0

0

164

2,417

136

3

5,357

31

426

19

5,195

Share of Total

23.24%

2.35%

6.85%

0.15%

15.20%

0%

0%

3.06%

45.12%

2.54%

0.06%

100%

0.58%

7.95%

0.35%

96.98%

Source: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/pdf/Table5_1.pdf



Appendix B: Geothermal Data

Research for this project proved the Geo-Heat Center (GHC) at the Oregon Institute of Technology in Klamath Falls, to be preeminent in the fi eld of geothermal expansion. They collect data, provide technical expertise, and practice what they preach by relying on geothermal direct-use for heat at their physical location. The tables included in this Appendix share data found to be relevant to this project, but they also depict the extent and range of the GHC’s expertise and focus. At one end of the spectrum, GHC acts as a centralized data-collecting body. At the other end, it is a technical body, capable of acting as consultant and engineer. GHC is a very good example of a non-governmental organization’s capacity to act as a source of authority in the otherwise decentralized fi eld of renewable energy.

TABLE 23: Geothermal Energy Consumed (Therms) by Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Customers in Oregon in 1997; Data Collected by The Geo-Heat Center (Part 1)

Type

Greenhouse

Agricultural Drying

Space Heating

Site

The Greenhouse

Aq Dryers

Hunters Hot Springs

Klamath County Jail

Liskey Greenhouses

Breitenbush Hot Springs

Jackson Hot Springs

Klamath County Shops

Cove Hot Spring

Henley High School

Klamath Apartment Buildings

Klamath Residence

Jackson Greenhouses

Hot Lake RV Park

Klamath Churches

Location

Lakeview

Vale

Lakeview

Klamath County

Klamath Falls

Marion Co

Ashland

Klamath Falls

Cove

Klamath Falls

Klamath Falls

Klamath Falls

Ashland

Union Co

Klamath Falls

Annual Energy Consumed (therms)120,000

65,000

20,000

230,000

150,000

38,000

44,000

38,000

10,000

65,000

140,000

960,000

7,000

20,000

38,000

Klamath Schools Klamath Falls 200,000

Medical Hot Springs Union County 10,000

Lakeview Residences Lakeview 10,000

Merle West Medical Center Klamath Falls 200,000

Vale Residences Vale 20,000

Langel Valley Bonanza 1,000

Olene Gap Klamath County 1,000

Vale Slaughter House Vale 7,000

Maywood Industries of Oregon Klamath Falls 70,000

Radium Hot Springs Summer Lake 38,000

YMCA Klamath Falls 30,000



TABLE 24: Geothermal Energy Consumed (Therms) by Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Customers in Oregon in 1997; Data Collected by The Geo-Heat Center (Part 2)

Type

District Heating

Snow Melt

Industrial

Aquaculture

Spas and Pools

Site

City of Klamath Falls

Summer Lake Aquaculture

Austin Hot Springs

Belknap Hot Springs

Oregon Institute of Technology

City of Klamath Falls

Bagby Hot Springs

Oregon Trail Mushrooms

Oregon Institute of Technology

Baker’s Bar M

Breitenbush Community

Gone Fishing

Highway De-Icing

Baker Swimming Pool

Location

Klamath Falls

Summer Lake

Clackamas County

Belknap

Klamath Falls

Klamath Falls

Clackamas County

Vale

Klamath Falls

Adams

Detroit

Klamath Falls

Klamath Falls

Baker

Annual Energy Consumed (therms)352,000

280,000

10,000

55,000

300

30,000

72,000

Blue Mountain Hot Springs Guest Ranch

Prairie City 72,000

543,000

300

72,000

72,000

280,000

25,000

72,000

Cove Swimming Pool Cove 72,000

Jackson Hot Springs Ashland 72,000

Crystal Crane Hot Springs Burns 72,000

Kah-nee-ta Warm Springs 280,000

Public Swimming Pool Lakeview 17,000

Hunter’s Lodge Lakeview 72,000

Klamath Swimming Pools Klamath Falls 44,000

Ritter Hot Springs Ritter 72,000

J Bar L Guest Ranch Canyon City 72,000

Lehman Hot Springs Ukiah 72,000

Summer Lake Hot Springs Summer Lake 72,000

Total (Parts 1 & 2) 5,800,300

Tables 23 and 24 above describe the geothermal energy use by type (e.g. agriculture, aquactulture, spas/pools), the name of the facility, the location, and the annual energy consumption. The total is a fair estimate for Oregon’s geothermal energy consumption.

Table 25 on the next page presents data on Oregon’s geothermal resources and those communities “collocated,” or located proximate enough to the resource to use it for direct-use applications. Population size of community, temperature of geother-mal resource, and current use of geothermal resource is shared so as to illustrate the potential of geothermal exploitation.



TABLE 25: List of Collocated Communities in Oregon with Described Uses and Resource Temperature

Community County Population Resource Temperature (˚C) Current Use

Haines Baker 405 57 None

Lorella Klamath Rural 61 None

Nyssa Malheur 2629 84 None

Sumpter/Bourne Baker 119 57 None

Adel Lake 75 121 None

Ontario Malheur 10,400 168 None

Government Camp Clackamas 350 121 None

Lakeview Lake 2526 113 Greenhouse

Riverside Malheur 15 63 None

Powell Butte Crook 600 57 None

New Pine Creek Lake 395 89 None

Vale Malheur 1491 115 None

Burns Harney 2913 71 None

Paisley Lake 350 111 Irrigation

Breitenbush Hot Spring/Idanha

Marion 289 89 None

Crane Harney 150 82 None

McCredie Hot Springs Lane Rural 73 None

Silverton/Scott Mills Marion 5635 72 None

Fields Harney 20 97 None

McKenzie Bridge Lane 300 89 None

Lehman Springs Umatilla Rural 61 None

Harney Harney Rural 72 None

Jeff erson Linn 1805 58 None

Pondosa/Medical Springs

Union Rural 61 None

Lawen Harney 60 57 None

Adrian Malheur 131 79 None

Union Union 1847 85 None

Bonanza Klamath 323 94 None

Beulah Malheur Rural 60 None

Kah-nee-ta Wasco 100 56 None

Klamath Falls Klamath 37,191 105 District heating system, space heating, greenhouses

Harper/Little Valley Malheur 150 70 None

813 SW Alder Street, Ste 500

Portland, Oregon 97205

MAIN LINE (503) 221-6911

SustainableNorthwest.org

For more information about the contents or purpose of this report please contact Sustainable Northwest ([email protected]) or Oregon Department of Energy:

Matt Krumenauer, Oregon Department of [email protected], (503) 378-6043

Sustainable Northwest brings people, ideas, and innovation together so that nature, local economies, and rural communities can thrive.

Acknowledgements

This project and initial baseline is the product of research and eff ort of Claire Remington. Sustainable Northwest and Oregon Department of Energy extend their gratitude to Claire for the signifi cant eff ort she put into this project.

Claire would like to thank all those who contributed to her research eff ort: “In particular, I’d like to thank everyone who received an email or phone call and responded; the wonderful people at Sustainable Northwest: supervisor Chad Davis and general superstars Dimitra Giannakoulias and Renee Magyar; and my supervisors at the Oregon Department of Energy: Matt Krumenauer and Rebecca O’Neil. A fi nal thank you is owed to the beautiful state of Oregon: Alis volat propriis.”