2012 women and agriculture · 2012 women and agriculture: closing the gender gap for development...
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Economic and Social Development DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
2012
Women and Agriculture:
Closing the gender gap for development
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Eve Crowley, Officer in Charge & Deputy Director
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)International Coffee Organization
London, 24 September 2012
Economic and Social Development DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Message
Agricultural and rural economies are under-
The State of
Agricultural and rural economies are underperforming because of gender inequalities
Closing the gender gap in agriculture makes good economic sense (productivity, food security, economic and social gains)
We need to address multiple constraints Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
psimultaneously to empower rural women
We know what to do. It is time to do it!
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Economic and Social Development DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Meet Valiben of Gujarat, India
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
70%80%90%
latio
n
Female employment rates vary by region but are always lower than men’s
The State of
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%
%
Mal
es
Fem
ales
Mal
es
Fem
ales
Mal
es
Fem
ales
Mal
es
Fem
ales
Mal
es
Fem
ales
Mal
es
Fem
ales
of to
tal m
ale
and
fem
ale
popu
l
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
F F F F F F
Developingcountries
Sub-Saharan
Africa
LatinAmericaand the
East andSoutheast
Asia
Near Eastand North
Africa
South Asia
% o
Agriculture Industry Services
Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM, 6th Edition).Note: The ILO, KILM data covers only a subset of the countries in each region. Definitions of adult labour force differ by country, but usually refers to the population aged 15 and above. Employed includes self-employed, employed, employers as well as contributing family members. There is no distinction between formal sector employment and informal sector employment.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
60
Female share of the agricultural labour force
The State of10
20
30
40
50
60
Fem
ale
shar
e of
agr
icul
tura
l la
bor
forc
e (%
)
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
0
10
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
East and Southeast Asia Latin America and the Caribbean
Near East and North Africa South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Source. FAOSTAT. Note: The agricultural labour force includes people who are working or looking for work in formal or informal jobs and in paid and or unpaid employment in agriculture. That includes self-employed women as well as women working on family farms. It does not include domestic chores such as fetching water and firewood, preparing food and caring for childrenand other family members.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Women are more likely to be employed in agriculture than men
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM, 6th Edition). Share of employed population by sector and genderNote: The ILO, KILM data covers only a subset of the countries in each region. Definitions of adult labour force differ by country, but usually refers to the population aged 15 and above. Employed includes self-employed, employed, employers as well as contributing family members. There is no distinction between formal sector employment and informal sector employment.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Women are less likely to participate in rural wage employment than men
Panama
The State ofMalawiNigeria
Bangladesh Indonesia
Nepal Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Ecuador GuatemalaNicaragua
Panama
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Ghana Malawi
Men Women
Note: Refers to percentage of the adult population working for a wage.Source. FAO RIGA database
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
but are more likely to be in part-time work
The State ofBangladeshIndonesia
Nepal Tajikistan Viet Nam
Ecuador Guatemala Nicaragua
Panama
Food andAgriculture
2010-110 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ghana Malawi
Nigeria
Bangladesh
Men Women
Source: FAO RIGA database
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
or seasonal employment
The State ofI d i
Nepal
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Ecuador
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Panama
Food andAgriculture
2010-110 20 40 60 80 100 120
Malawi
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Men Women
Source: FAO RIGA database
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Panama
and more likely to hold low-wage jobs*
The State ofBangladesh
Indonesia
Nepal
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Ecuador
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Food andAgriculture
2010-110 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Ghana
Malawi
Nigeria
Men Women
Source: FAO RIGA database*Low-wage jobs are defined as those that pay less than the median agricultural wage
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Women control less land
Bolivia
The State ofGhana
Viet NamTajikistan Pakistan
Nepal Indonesia Banglades
Panama Nicaragua
Guatemala Ecuador Bolivia
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Malawi Madagasc
Average farm size (ha)
Male-headed households Female-headed households
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
and produce less per unit of land...
The State of
-41
-21 -18
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Sorghum Vegetables All cropsPercentage
Food andAgriculture
2010-11Gap between yields on male- and female-controlled plots in Burkina Faso
-45
-40
-35
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
…because they use fewer inputs (e.g. fertilizer)
The State ofViet NamTajikistan
PakistanNepal
Bangladesh
Panama Nicaragua Guatemala
Ecuador Bolivia
Food andAgriculture
2010-110 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Nigeria Malawi
Madagascar Ghana
Percentage of households using fertilizers
Male-headed households Female-headed households
Economic and Social Development DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
This is also true for
The State of
This is also true for
coffee
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
As in contract farming, women coffee farmers are often disadvantaged
The State of
Outgrower companies prefer men
Men usually control the contracts, while women provide much of the family labour
Evidence of benefits to women from contract farming is mixed
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Country Commodity Year ofsurvey
No. employees in ag-industry
Share of female workers
But women dominate employment in many of the high-value agro-industries
The State of
workersCameroon Banana 2003 10,000
Côte d'lvoire Banana and pineapple 2002 35,000
Kenya Flowers 2002 40,000 – 70,000 75%
Senegal French beans 2005 12,000 90%
Cherry tomatoes 2006 3,000 60%
Uganda Flowers 1998 3,300 75%
Zambia Vegetables 2002/3 7,500 65%
Flowers 2002/3 2,500 35%
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
,
South Africa Deciduous fruit 1994 283,000 53%
Mexico Vegetables 1990s 950,000 90%
Colombia Flowers mid-90s 75,000 60-80%
Chile Fruits 1990s 300,000 ca 46%
D. Republic Fruits, veg., flow., plants
1989-90 16,955 ca 41%
Source. For Africa: Maertens and Swinnen (2009), based on several sources. For South America: Deere (2005), based on several sources.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
3.5
4
Lower levels of gender inequality are correlated with higher average cereal yields in developing countries
The State of0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Cer
eal y
ield
(to
nnes
/ha)
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
0
0.5
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
SIGI group:1st = least gender inequality ----- 10th = greatest gender inequality
Source: Cereal yields are from FAOSTAT; Gender inequality is measured by the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), a composite measure of gender discrimination based on social institutions, constructed by the OECD Development centre
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
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FemaleFemale--headed households are hit headed households are hit harder by high food pricesharder by high food prices
The State of
-.5
0.5
ge in
We
lfare
(F
HH
-MH
H)
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
-1.5
-1%
Ch
an
Bangladesh Ghana Guatemala Malawi Nicaragua Pakistan Vietnam
Rural UrbanNational
Note: The graph shows the differential change in welfare between FHH (female-headed households) and MHH (male-headedhouseholds).
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Economic and social gains from closing the gender gap Productivity gains
The State of
Productivity gains• 20 to 30 percent on women’s farms
• 2.5 to 4 percent at national level
Food security gains• 12 to 17 percent reduction in the number of hungry
• 100 to 150 million people lifted out of hunger
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Broader economic and social gains• Better health, nutrition and education outcomes for
children
• Builds human capital, which promotes economic growth
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Greter gender equality in the coffee value chain can
The State of
Increase production and productivity
Speed up the adoption of innovations
Raise household incomes
Ensure significant improvements to child health, nutrition, education
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
, ,
Enhance the potential of value chain development as an agent of sustainable social change
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
The State of
What FAO is doing to close the gender gap in agriculture
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Gender equality & Good governance
Building a world free from hunger
The State of
Eradicate hunger
Build inclusive efficient food and
agricultural
Sustainablysupply goods and services
from agriculture, forestry and
fisheries
Increase resilience of livelihoods to threats and
crisis
Reduce rural
poverty
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
systemscrisis
UN specialized agency191 members (Ministries of Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry,
Land and Natural Resources)128 country, 13 sub-regional and 5 regional offices
Partners: UN, farmer, fisher, forest worker organizations
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Economic and Social Development DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Gender focusAssess trends
Cl th
The State of
A world free from hunger founded
on inclusive-ness and
Knowledge/stats
Instruments
Policy
Capacity/tech.
Promotedecent rural employment
Close thegender gap in
access to resources
(land, tech.)Empower rural
populationseconomically,
socially,
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
ness and equality
for women and men
Communication
Innovation
Partnerships
Strengthenrural
institutionsand voice
Ensure FAOaddresses
both women and men in all
its work
politically
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Warehouse receipt systemWarehouse receipt systemWestern & Southern Africa, IndiaWestern & Southern Africa, India
The State of
Market
Collateral guarantee
Food andAgriculture
2010-11In Niger:33 % increase in stock value (in 4- 6 months of storage) New incomes from off-season cultivation activities18 % of food stocks used for the lean season
Micro-finance institution
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
The State of
What Valiben did
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Organizing (social capital)
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Building capacities and rights (human)
literacy and numeracy training
The State of
literacy and numeracy training
legal awareness
sensitization of men and families about the benefits to them of enabling women to meet, earn, and lead
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
nutrition
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Building natural assets (land, livestock)
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Accessing financial services (savings, credit and insurance)
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Building physical assets and accessing technologies
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
and equipment and tools (library)
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Accessing markets
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Adding value and increasing employment
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Accessing information and services
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Food andAgriculture
2010-11
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
The State of
What you can do
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
In the coffee sector:
Gender value chain analysis
The State of
Gender value chain analysis
Women focused vertical and horizontal linkages
Women’s bargaining power
Women centred value chains Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Women centred value chains
Cooperatives and self help groups
Enhance women’s ownership of assets
Improve data
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Ensure
Gender is earmarked in budgets
The State of
Gender is earmarked in budgets
Agricultural investments are gender smart
Targets for women’s participation are established
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Gender equality is monitored in multilateral and bilateral aid programmes – take the lead
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Expand access to resources, services, assets
Mobilize resources and invest
The State of
Political will, responsive policies
Organize, participate, lead
With the support of men
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Education, extension, skills, information
Rural and urban
OVERCOME BUNDLED CONSTRAINTS TOGETHER
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
The State of
Thank you
We know it needs to be done.
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
We know what to do.
It is now time to do it!